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Aamir Khan
Aamir Khan (born Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan on 14 March 1965) is an Indian film actor, producer, director and television talk show host.
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Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Hasan Khazini (900–971), also called Al-Khazin, was an Iranian Muslim astronomer and mathematician from Khorasan.
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Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
(ابوسهل بیژن کوهی Abusahl Bijan-e Koohi) was a Persian mathematician, physicist and astronomer.
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Abba Yahiyya
Abba Yahiyya or Abu Yahiyya, was the leader of a sect of Afghani Alenzar (Nizariun Hagarenes) who followed an independent Ishmaili Sufi Herat tradition, introduced to the west by Omar Michael Burke in his 1976 book Among the Dervishes.
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Abbas al-Bayati
Natik Abbas Hasan al-Bayati is an Iraqi Shiite Turkmen politician and a member of the Iraqi National Assembly.
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Abbas al-Musawi
Abbas al Moussawi عباس الموسوي; 26 October 1952 – 16 February 1992) was an influential Lebanese Shia cleric, co-founder and Secretary General of Hezbollah. He was killed by the Israel Defense Forces in 1992.
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Abbas Fahdel
Abbas Fahdel (Arabic عباس فاضل) is an Iraqi-French film director, screenwriter and film critic, born in Babylon, Iraq.
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Abbas Gharabaghi
Abbas Gharabaghi (1 November 1918 – 14 October 2000) was the last chief of staff of the Iranian armed forces as well as deputy commander-in-chief of the Iranian Imperial Army during the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran.
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Abbas I of Persia
Shāh Abbās the Great or Shāh Abbās I of Persia (شاه عباس بزرگ; 27 January 157119 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty.
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Abbas Mirza
Abbas Mirza (عباس میرزا) (August 20, 1789October 25, 1833), was a Qajar crown prince of Persia.
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Abboud Qanbar
Abboud Qanbar(عبود قنبر), also known as Abu Haidar, is an Iraqi General.
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Abdel-Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi
Abdel-Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi was a member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council created following the United States's 2003 invasion of Iraq.
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Abdul Amir al-Jamri
Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri (شيخ عبدالأمير الجمري; 1 March 1938 – 18 December 2006) was one of the most prominent Shia clerics and opposition leaders in Bahrain.
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Abdul Aziz al-Hakim
Abdul Aziz al-Hakim (سید عبد العزيز الحكيم; 1952 – 26 August 2009) was an Iraqi theologian and politician and the leader of Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq, a party that has approximately 5% support in the Iraqi Council of Representatives.
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Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi
Sayyid Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi (عبد الملك بدر الدين الحوثي.) is a leader of the Zaidi revolution movement Ansar Allah (Houthis).
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Abdulhadi al-Khawaja
Abdulhadi Abdulla Hubail al-Khawaja (عبد الهادي عبد الله حبيل الخواجة) is a Bahraini-Danish human rights activist.
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Abdulhussain Abdulredha
Abdulhussain Abdulredha (عبد الحسين عبد الرضا) (15 July 1939 – 11 August 2017) was a Kuwaiti actor.
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Abdullah al Samahiji
Abdullah bin Saleh al Samahiji (1675–1722) (عبد الله بن صالح السماهيجي) was a Bahraini Shia Islamic scholar who lived during the Safavid period.
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Abdullah Al-Baradouni
Abdullah Al-Baradouni (1929–1999) was a Yemeni writer and poet.
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Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah
Abu Muḥammad ʿAlī / ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdi Billah (873 – 4 March 934) (أبو محمد عبد الله المهدي بالله), was the founder of the Ismaili Fatimid Caliphate, the only major Shi'a caliphate in Islam, and established Fatimid rule throughout much of North Africa, Hejaz, Palestine and the Levant.
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Abdullah al-Ruzami
Abdullah Eida al-Ruzami was the military leader of Zaidi rebels, known as the Houthis, who fought against the government of Yemen during the Shia insurgency in Yemen.
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Abdyl Frashëri
Abdyl Halid bej Frashëri or Abdullah-Hysni Dume bej Frashëri (Fraşerli Abdül Bey; 1 June 1839 – 23 October 1892) was a prominent Hero of Albania.
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Abolfadl Harawi
Abolfadl Harawi was a 10th-century astronomer from Rey, Persia who, along with al-Khujandi, studied under the patronage of the Buyid dynasty.
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Abolhassan Banisadr
Seyyed Abolhassan Banisadr (Seyyed Abolhasan Banisadr; born 22 March 1933) is an Iranian politician and economist.
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Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Zakariyya al-Shi'i (ابو عبد الله الشيعي, Abū ʿAbd Allāh ash-Shi'ī; died 28 February 911) was a Da'i for the Isma'ilis in Yemen and North Africa, mainly active among the Kutama Berbers, whose teachings and conquest of Ifriqiya gave rise to the Fatimid Caliphate.
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Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
Abū 'l-Aswad Ẓālim ibn ‘Amr ibn Sufyān ibn Jandal ibn Yamar ibn Hīls ibn Nufātha ibn Adi ibn ad-Dīl ibn Bakr, surnamed ad-Dīlī, or ad-Duwalī, or Abū 'l-Aswad al-Du'alī (أبو الأسود الدؤلي),(ca.-16/603–69/689), was the poet companion of 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib and grammarian.
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Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei
Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei (أبو القاسم الخوئي; سید ابوالقاسم خوئی) (November 19, 1899 – August 8, 1992) was an Iranian Shia cleric and one of the most influential Twelver Shia Islamic scholars (marja'), and the predecessor to Ali al-Sistani.
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Abu Firas al-Hamdani
Al-Harith ibn Abi’l-ʿAlaʾ Saʿid ibn Hamdan al-Taghlibi (932–968), better known by his nom de plume of Abu Firas al-Hamdani (أبو فراس الحمداني), was an Arab prince and poet.
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Abu Mikhnaf
Abu Mikhnaf (died 774) (Lut ibn Yahya ibn Sa'id ibn Mikhnaf Al-Kufi) (لوط ابن يحيٰ ابن سعيد ابن مِخنَف الكوفي) was a classical Muslim historian from the 8th century.
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Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
(279/280-333/334 A.H. / 893-945 A.D; أبو محمد الحسن بن أحمد بن يعقوب الهمداني) was an Arab Muslim geographer, chemist, poet, grammarian, historian, and astronomer, from the tribe of Banu Hamadan, western 'Amran/Yemen.
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Abu Nasr Mansur
Abu Nasri Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq (ابو نصر منصور بن علی بن عراق; c. 960 – 1036) was a Persian Muslim mathematician.
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Abu Nuwas
Abū Nuwās al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī al-Ḥakamī (756–814),a known as Abū NuwāsGarzanti (أبو نواس; ابو نواس, Abū Novās), was a classical Arabic poet.
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Abu Tammam
Abu Tammam (أبو تمام), full name Habib ibn Aws Al-Ta'i (حبيب بن أوس الطائي) (788–845), was an Abbasid-era Arab poet and Muslim convert born to Christian parents, best known for his anthology of Arabic poetry, Hamasah.
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Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi (ابو زید احمد بن سهل بلخی) was a Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and scientist.
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Abu Zayd al-Hilali
Abu Zayd Ibn Rizq Al-Hilali was an 11th-century Arab leader and hero of the 'Amirid tribe of Banu Hilal.
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Abu-l-'Atahiya
Abū l-ʻAtāhiyya (أبو العتاهية, full name Abu Isħaq Ismā'īl ibn Qāsim al-ʻAnazī,أبو إسحاق إسماعيل إبن قاسم العنزي, (748–828)) was an Arab poet born in Ayn al-Tamr in the Iraqi desert, near al-Anbar.
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Abu-Mahmud Khojandi
Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn Khidr Khojandi (known as Abu Mahmood Khojandi, Alkhujandi or al-Khujandi, Persian: ابومحمود خجندی, c. 940 - 1000) was a Central Asian astronomer and mathematician who lived in the late 10th century and helped build an observatory, near the city of Ray (near today's Tehran), in Iran.
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Adel Osseiran
Adel Osseiran (Arabic: عادل عسيران) was a prominent Lebanese statesman, a former Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament, and one of the founding fathers of the Lebanese Republic.
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Adham Khanjar
Adham Khanjar (أدهم خنجر) is a Lebanese shia rebel who participated in an attempt to assassinate General Gouraud, the French High Commissioner in Syria and Lebanon.
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Adil Abdul-Mahdi
Adil Abdul-Mahdi al-Muntafiki (عادل عبد المهدي المنتفكي) is an Iraqi Shi'a politician, economist, and was one of the Vice Presidents of Iraq from 2005 to 2011.
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Adnan Zahid Abdulsamad
Adnan Zahid Abdulsamad is a member of the Kuwaiti National Assembly, representing the first district.
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Adunis
Ali Ahmad Said Esber, romanised: ʿAlī Aḥmad Saʿīd 'Isbar (born 1 January 1930), also known by the pen name Adonis or Adunis (أدونيس, Adūnīs), is a Syrian poet, essayist and translator who is considered one of the most influential and dominant Arab poets of the modern era.
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Advice (opinion)
Advice (also called exhortation) is a form of relating personal or institutional opinions, belief systems, values, recommendations or guidance about certain situations relayed in some context to another person, group or party often offered as a guide to action and/or conduct.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Afsharid dynasty
The Afsharid dynasty (افشاریان) were members of an Iranian dynasty that originated from the Turkic Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Persia in the mid-eighteenth century.
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Aga Khan IV
Prince Shah Karim Al Hussaini, Aga Khan IV, (شاه كريم الحسيني، الآغاخان الرابع; شاه کریم حسینی، آقاخان چهارم; شاه کریم حسینی، آغاخان چهارم; Aga Khan is also transliterated as Aqa Khan and Agha Khan; born 13 December 1936) is the 49th and current Imam of Nizari Ismailism, a denomination of Isma'ilism within Shia Islam consisting of an estimated 10-15 million adherents (10—12% of the world's Shia Muslim population).
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Agha Shahi
Agha Shahi (آغا شا ﮨی; 25 August 1920 – 6 September 2006), ''NI'', was a Pakistani career Foreign service officer who was the leading civilian figure in the military government of former President General Zia-ul-Haq from 1977 to 1982.
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Agricultural science
Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture.
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Ahmad Huseinzadeh
Ahmad Huseinzadeh (Əhməd Hüseynzadə) — third Sheikh ul-Islam of the Caucasus, son of Mahammadali Huseinzadeh, maternal uncle of Ali bey Huseynzade.
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Ahmad ibn A'tham
Abū Muḥammad Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī, known as Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī (أبو محمد أحمد بن أعثم الكوفي) (d. AH 314, AD 926-927 A.D) was a Muslim historian.
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Ahmad ibn Yusuf
Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Tammam al-Siddiq Al-Baghdadi (835–912), known in the West by his Latinized name Hametus, was an Arab mathematician, like his father Yusuf ibn Ibrahim (يوسف بن ابراهيم الصدَيق البغدادي).
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Ahmed Al Safi
Ahmed Al Safi (احمد الصافي, born 1971) is an Iraqi sculptor and painter.
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Ahmed Al-Waeli
Ahmed Al-Waeli Al-Laithi Al-Kinani (1928–2003) (الدكتور الشيخ أحمد الوائلي الليثي الكناني.) was a prominent Shi'a Islamic cleric, who preached the Islamic thoughts through books and lectures.
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Ahmed Chalabi
Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi (أحمد عبد الهادي الجلبي; 30 October 1944 – 3 November 2015) was an Iraqi politician, a founder of the Iraqi National Congress (INC) and the President of the Governing Council of Iraq (37th Prime Minister of Iraq) He was interim Minister of Oil in Iraq in April–May 2005 and December 2005 – January 2006 and Deputy Prime Minister from May 2005 to May 2006.
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Ahmed Lari
Ahmed Lari is a member of the Kuwaiti National Assembly, representing the first district.
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Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Akbar Hāshemī Rafsanjānī or Hashemi Bahramani; 25 August 1934 – 8 January 2017) was an influential Iranian politician, writer and one of the founding fathers of the Islamic Republic who was the fourth President of Iran from 3 August 1989 until 3 August 1997.
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Akbar Khan (director)
Akbar Khan is an Indian film actor, screenwriter, producer and director.
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Al Wefaq
Al-Wefaq National Islamic Society (جمعية الوفاق الوطني الإسلامية; transliterated: Jam'īyat al-Wifāq al-Waṭanī al-Islāmīyah), or Al-Wefaq for short, is a Bahraini political party.
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Al-Afdal Shahanshah
Al-Afdal Shahanshah (al-Afḍal Shāhanshāh; Lavendalius/Elafdalio; 1066 – December 11, 1121), born Abu al-Qasim Shahanshah ibn Badr al-Jamali and surnamed al-Malik al-Afdal ("the excellent king"), was a vizier of the Fatimid caliphs of Egypt.
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Al-Azhar Mosque
Al-Azhar Mosque (جامع الأزهر, الأزهر, "mosque of the most resplendent") is an Egyptian mosque in Islamic Cairo.
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Al-Birjandi
Abd Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Husayn Birjandi (عبدعلی محمد بن حسین بیرجندی) (died 1528) was a prominent 16th-century Persian astronomer, mathematician and physicist who lived in Birjand.
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Al-Farabi
Al-Farabi (known in the West as Alpharabius; c. 872 – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951) was a renowned philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic.
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Al-Farazdaq
Hammam ibn Ghalib (همام بن غالب; born c. 641; died 728–730), most commonly known as Al-Farazdaq (الفرزدق) or Abu Firas, was an Arab poet.
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Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
Al-Hadi ila’l-Haqq Yahya (859 – August 19, 911) was a religious and political leader on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal title al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh (الحاكم بأمر الله; literally "Ruler by God's Command"), was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam (996–1021).
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Al-Hilli
Jamāl ad-Dīn Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn-i Mûtahhar al-Hilli (جمال الدين الحسن بن يوسف الحلي), also known as al-Allamah al-Hilli (العلامة الحلي, "the sage from Hilla"),Tehrani, Aga Buzurg, Tabaqat 'Alam il-Shi'ah, v.5 p.52 (Arabic) born December 15, 1250 CE (19 Ramadan 648 AH), died December 18, 1325, was a Twelver Shia theologian and mujtahid.
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Al-Hurr al-Aamili
Muhammad bin al-Ḥasan b. Ali b. al-Ḥusayn al-ʿĀmili al-Mashghari (محمد بن الحسن بن علي بن الحسين العاملي المشغري), commonly known as Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili (الحر العاملي) (1033/1624 - 1104/1693), was a muhaddith and a prominent Twelver Shi’a scholar.
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Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi
Abu ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Amr ibn Tammām al-Farāhīdī al-Azdī al-Yaḥmadī (أبو عبدالرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي; 718 – 786 CE), known as Al-Farahidi, or simply Al-Khalīl, famously compiled the first known dictionary of the Arabic language, and one of the first in any language, Kitab al-'Ayn (كتاب العين).
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Al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi
al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi (679/680 – 743 AD) was an Arabian poet from Kufa that used the language of the Bedouins to write poems in praise of the Umayyads, as well as 'Ali and his family.
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Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin
al-Mansûr ibn Buluggin (Arabic: المنصور بن بلوجن) (died 995) was the second ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya (984–995).
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Al-Masudi
Al-Mas‘udi (أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي,; –956) was an Arab historian and geographer.
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Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
Abu Tamim Maad al-Muizz li-Dinillah (26 September 932 – 19 December 975) (lit), also spelled as al-Moezz, was the fourth Fatimid Caliph and 14th Ismaili imam, and reigned from 953 to 975.
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Al-Mutanabbi
Abu at-Tayyib Ahmad bin Al-Husayn al-Mutanabbi al-Kindi (Abū ṭ-Ṭayyib ʾAḥmad bin al-Ḥusayn al-Muṫanabbī al-Kindī) (915 – 23 September 965 CE) was an Arab poet.
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Al-Nasir
Al-Nasir li-Din Allah (6 August 1158 – 5 October 1225) (الناصر لدين الله) was the 34th Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1180 until his death.
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Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
Abu Hanifa al-Nu‘man ibn Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn Ahmad ibn Hayyun al-Tamimi, generally known as al-Qāḍī al-Nu‘mān also Qāżi Noʿmān (died 974 CE/ 363 AH) was an Isma'ili jurist and the official historian of the Fatimid caliphs.
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Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi, known as al-Shaykh al-Mufid and Ibn al-Mu'allim (c.9481022 CE), was a prominent Twelver Shia theologian.
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Albanians
The Albanians (Shqiptarët) are a European ethnic group that is predominantly native to Albania, Kosovo, western Macedonia, southern Serbia, southeastern Montenegro and northwestern Greece, who share a common ancestry, culture and language.
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Alchemy
Alchemy is a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practiced throughout Europe, Africa, Brazil and Asia.
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Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
Alchemy and chemistry in Islam refers to the study of both traditional alchemy and early practical chemistry (the early chemical investigation of nature in general) by scholars in the medieval Islamic world.
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Ali
Ali (ʿAlī) (15 September 601 – 29 January 661) was the cousin and the son-in-law of Muhammad, the last prophet of Islam.
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Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur
Ali Akbar Mohtashamipour or Mohtashami (سید علیاکبر محتشمیپور; born 1947) is a Shia cleric who was active in the 1979 Iranian Revolution and later became interior minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Ali Al Jallawi
Ali Al Jallawi (in Arabic علي الجلاوي born in 1975 in Manama, Bahrain) is a poet, researcher, and writer.
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Ali al-Sistani
Al-Sayyid Ali al-Husseini al-Sistani (السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني), or Sayyed Ali Hosseini Sistani (سید علی حسینی سیستانی), commonly known as Ayatollah Sistani in the Western world (born August 4, 1930 in Mashhad), is an Iranian Shia marja in Iraq and the head of many of the seminaries (Hawzahs) in Najaf.
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Ali Chamseddine
Ali H. Chamseddine (Arabic: علي شمس الدين, born 20 February 1953) is a Lebanese physicist known for his contributions to particle physics, general relativity and mathematical physics.
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Ali Eid
Ali Eid (14 July 1940 – 25 December 2015) was a Lebanese politician.
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Ali Haider
Ali Haider (Urdu:علی حیدر, born 22 September 1967) is a Pakistani singer.
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Ali Haider Tabatabai
Ali Haider Tabatabai (or Syed Ali Hyder Nazm Tabatabai) born 1854 in Awadh, died 1933 in Hyderabad Deccan, India, was a poet, translator and a scholar of languages.
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Ali Hajimiri
Ali Hajimiri is an academic, inventor, and entrepreneur in various fields of technology including electrical engineering and biomedical engineering.
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Ali Hussain Al-Awadhi
Ali Hussain Al-Awadhi (علي حسين العوضي., born 2 May 1974) is a journalist, former student leader and politician from Kuwait.
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Ali ibn Ridwan
Abu'l Hassan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri, أبو الحسن علي بن رضوان المصري (c. 988 - c. 1061) was an Arab of Egyptian origin who was a physician, astrologer and astronomer, born in Giza. He was a commentator on ancient Greek medicine, and in particular on Galen; his commentary on Galen's Ars Parva was translated by Gerardo Cremonese. However, he is better known for providing the most detailed description of the supernova now known as SN 1006, the brightest stellar event in recorded history, which he observed in the year 1006. This was written in a commentary on Ptolemy's work Tetrabiblos. He was later cited by European authors as Haly, or Haly Abenrudian. According to Alistair Cameron Crombie he also contributed to the theory of induction. He engaged in a celebrated polemic against another physician, Ibn Butlan of Baghdad.
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Ali Javan
Ali Javan (Ali Javān; December 26, 1926 – September 12, 2016) was an Iranian-American physicist and inventor.
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Ali Khademhosseini
Ali Khademhosseini (born October 30, 1975, Tehran, Iran) is the Levi Knight Endowed Professor at the University of California-Los Angeles.
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Ali Khamenei
Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei (سید علی حسینی خامنهای,; born 17 July 1939) is a ''marja'' and the second and current Supreme Leader of Iran, in office since 1989.
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Ali Larijani
Ali Larijani (علی لاریجانی,; born 3 June 1957) is an Iranian conservative politician, philosopher and former military officer who has been Speaker of the Parliament of Iran since 2008.
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Ali Qanso
Ali Khalil Kanso, (علي قانصوه), is a Lebanese politician and is minister of state for parliamentary affairs in the second cabinet of Saad Hariri.
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Ali Salman
Ali Salman Ahmed Salman (علي سلمان أحمد سلمان) is a Bahraini Twelver Shi'a cleric and the Secretary-General of the Al-Wefaq political society.
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Ali Sayad Shirazi
Ali Sayad Shirazi (علی صیاد شیرازی, 13 June 1944 – 10 April 1999) was an Iranian regular military (''Artesh'') officer.
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Ali Shamkhani
Ali Shamkhani (Persian and Khuzestani Arabic: علی شمخانی, born 29 September 1955) is an Iranian Rear Admiral Upper Half.
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Ali Zaidi (politician)
Ali Haider Zaidi is a Pakistani politician associated with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.
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Alid dynasties of northern Iran
Alid dynasties of northern Iran or Alâvids.
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Allahverdi Khan
Allahverdi Khan (اللّه وردی خان, ალავერდი-ხანი) (ca. 1560 – June 3, 1613) was an Iranian general and statesman of Georgian origin who, initially a ghulām ("military slave"), rose to high office in the Safavid state.
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Altamas Kabir
Altamas Kabir (19 July 1948 – 19 February 2017) was the 39th Chief Justice of India.
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Amal Movement
The Amal Movement (or Hope Movement in English, حركة أمل) is a Lebanese political party associated with Lebanon's Shia community.
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Amina al-Sadr
Amina Haydar al-Sadr (آمنة حيدر الصدر), known as Bint al-Huda al-Sadr (بنت الهدى الصدر), was an Iraqi educator and political activist who was executed by Saddam Hussein along with her brother, Ayatullah Sayyid Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, in 1980.
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Amir Kabir
Mirza Taghi Khan Farahani (میرزا تقیخان فراهانی) known as Amir Kabir (امیرکبیر) (1807 – 10 January 1852), also known by the titles of Atabak and Amir-e Nezam; chief minister to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Shah of Persia) for the first three years of his reign and one of the most capable and innovative figures to appear in the whole Qajar period.
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Amrohi Syed
The Sadaat Amroha (سادات امروہہ) or Amrohi Syed امروہی سید) are a community of Sayyids, historically settled in the town of Amroha, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Many members of the community migrated to Pakistan after independence and settled in Karachi, Sindh.
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Aq Qoyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans (Āq Quyūnlū), was a Persianate Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Eastern Turkey, most part of Iran, and Iraq from 1378 to 1501.
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Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon)
The Arab Democratic Party – ADP (translit) or Parti Démocratique Arabe (PDA) in French, is a Lebanese party, based in Tripoli.
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Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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Arabic calligraphy
Arabic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy based on the Arabic alphabet.
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Aras Habib
Aras Habib was a colonel in the Free Iraqi Fighters and the long-term director of intelligence for Ahmed Chalabi and the Iraqi National Congress (INC).
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Arwa al-Sulayhi
Arwa bint Asma (أروى بنت أحمد بن محمد بن جعفر بن موسى الصليحي الإسماعيلية Arwa bint Asma Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar ibn Mūsá ṣ-Ṣulayḥī al-Ismā'īliyyah, c. 1048–1138, died 22nd Shaban, 532 AH) was the long-reigning ruler of Yemen, firstly as the co-ruler of her first two husbands and then as sole ruler, from 1067 until her death in 1138.
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Asghar Farhadi
Asghar Farhadi (اصغر فرهادی; born 7 May 1972) is an Iranian film director and screenwriter.
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Asif Ali Zardari
Asif Ali Zardari (آصف علی زرداری; آصف علي زرداري; born 26 July 1955) is a Pakistani politician and the former co-chairperson of Pakistan People's Party.
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Assassins
Order of Assassins or simply Assassins (أساسين asāsīn, حشاشین Hashâshīn) is the common name used to refer to an Islamic sect formally known as the Nizari Ismailis.
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Assef Shawkat
Assef Shawkat (آصف شوكت‎; 15 January 1950 – 18 July 2012) was the deputy Minister of Defense of Syria from September 2011 until his death in July 2012.
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Astrology in medieval Islam
The medieval Muslims took a keen interest in the study of heavens: partly because they considered the celestial bodies to be divine, partly because the dwellers of desert-regions often travelled at night, and relied upon knowledge of the constellations for guidance in their journeys.
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Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth.
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Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Islamic astronomy comprises the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language.
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Athar Ali (scientist)
Dr.
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Author
An author is the creator or originator of any written work such as a book or play, and is thus also a writer.
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Avicenna
Avicenna (also Ibn Sīnā or Abu Ali Sina; ابن سینا; – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.
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Awadh
Awadh (Hindi: अवध, اوَدھ),, known in British historical texts as Avadh or Oudh, is a region in the modern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (before independence known as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh) and a small area of Nepal's Province No. 5.
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Ayatollah
Ayatullah (or; āyatullāh from llāh "Sign of God") is a high-ranking title given to Usuli Twelver Shī‘ah clerics.
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Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force
The Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force often referred to as the Azerbaijani Air Force (Azərbaycan hərbi hava qüvvələri) is the air force and air defence force of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.
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Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis or Azeris (Azərbaycanlılar آذربایجانلیلار, Azərilər آذریلر), also known as Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan türkləri آذربایجان تورکلری), are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Iranian region of Azerbaijan and the sovereign (former Soviet) Republic of Azerbaijan.
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Azim Premji
Azim Hashim Premji (born 24 July 1945) is an Indian business tycoon, investor, and philanthropist, who is the chairman of Wipro Limited.
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Öljaitü
Öljeitü, Oljeitu, Olcayto or Uljeitu, Öljaitu, Ölziit (Öljeitü Ilkhan, Өлзийт хаан), also known as Muhammad Khodabandeh (محمد خدابنده - اولجایتو, khodābandeh from Persian meaning the "slave of God" or "servant of God"; 1280 – December 16, 1316), was the eighth Ilkhanid dynasty ruler from 1304 to 1316 in Tabriz, Iran.
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Baba Rexheb
Rexheb Beqiri (18 August 190110 August 1995), better known by the religious name Baba Rexheb, was an Albanian Islamic scholar and Sufi.
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Babak Hassibi
Babak Hassibi (بابک حسیبی, born in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian-American electrical engineer who is the inaugural Mose and Lillian S. Bohn Professor of Electrical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
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Badawi al-Jabal
Muhammad Sulayman al-Ahmad (1903– August 19, 1981) (محمد سليمان الأحمد), better known by his pen name Badawi al-Jabal (بدوي الجبل), was a Syrian poet known for his work in the neo-classical Arabic form.
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Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
Bade Ghulam Ali Khan (بڑے غلام علی خان; c. 2 April 1902 – 23 April 1968) was a Hindustani classical vocalist, from the Patiala Gharana.
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Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani
Badi' al-Zamān al-Hamadāni or al-Hamadhāni (بديع الزمان الهمذاني‎; 969–1007 CE) was a medieval Arabo-Persian man of letters born in Hamadan, Iran.
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Badis ibn Mansur
Badis ibn al-Mansur (died 1016), known fully as Abu Manad Badis Nasir al-Dawla (أبو مناد باديس ناصر الدولة), was the third ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya (995–1016).
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Badr Organization
The Badr Organization (منظمة بدر Munaẓẓama Badr), previously known as the Badr Brigades or Badr Corps, is an Iraqi political party headed by Hadi Al-Amiri.
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Badr Shakir al-Sayyab
Badr Shakir al Sayyab (بدر شاكر السياب) (Jaykur, near Basra December 24, 1926 – Kuwait 24 December 1964) was a leading Iraqi poet, well known throughout the Arab world and one of the most influential Arab poets of all time.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.
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Bahrani people
The Baharna (بحراني ، بحارنة) are a Shia Muslim ethnoreligious group who mainly inhabit the historical region of Eastern Arabia.
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Banu 'Amir
Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah (بنو عامر بن صعصعة) was a large and ancient Arab tribe originating from central and southwestern Arabia that dominated Nejd for centuries after the rise of Islam.
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Banu Hilal
The Banu Hilal (Arabic: بنو هلال or الهلاليين) was a confederation of tribes of Arabia from the Hejaz and Najd regions of the Arabian Peninsula that emigrated to North Africa in the 11th century.
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Baqir Jabr al-Zubeidi
Baqir Jabr Al-Zubeidi (باقر جبر الزبيدي), also known as Bayan Jabr Solagh, is a former commander of the Badr Brigades who served as the Finance Minister of Iraq in the government of Nouri al-Maliki.
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Bashar al-Assad
Bashar Hafez al-Assad (بشار حافظ الأسد, Levantine pronunciation:;; born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who has been the 19th and current President of Syria since 17 July 2000.
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Beirut
Beirut (بيروت, Beyrouth) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.
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Bektashi Order
Bektashi Order or Shī‘ah Imāmī Alevī-Bektāshī Ṭarīqah (Tarikati Bektashi; Bektaşi Tarîkatı) is a dervish order (tariqat) named after the 13th century Alevi Wali (saint) Haji Bektash Veli from Khorasan, but founded by Balım Sultan.
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Benazir Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto (بينظير ڀُٽو; 21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996.
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Berbers
Berbers or Amazighs (Berber: Imaziɣen, ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⴻⵏ; singular: Amaziɣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗ) are an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa, primarily inhabiting Algeria, northern Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, northern Niger, Tunisia, Libya, and a part of western Egypt.
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Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
Bilawal Zardari (born 21 September 1988) is the Chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party and the candidate for the Prime Minister of Pakistan in the upcoming Pakistani general election, 2018.
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Biologist
A biologist, is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology, the scientific study of life.
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Bismillah Khan
Ustad Bismillah Khan (21 March 1916 – 21 August 2006) (born as Qamaruddin Khan), often referred to by the honorific title Ustad, was an Indian musician credited with popularizing the shehnai, a subcontinental wind instrument of the oboe class.
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Book of Optics
The Book of Optics (Kitāb al-Manāẓir; Latin: De Aspectibus or Perspectiva; Italian: Deli Aspecti) is a seven-volume treatise on optics and other fields of study composed by the medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham, known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen (965– c. 1040 AD).
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Buluggin ibn Ziri
Buluggin ibn Ziri, often transliterated Bologhine, in full Abu'l-Futuh Sayf al-Dawla Buluggin ibn Ziri ibn Manad al-Sanhaji (أبو الفتوح سيف الدولة بلكين بن زيري بن مناد الصنهاجي; died 984) was the first ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya (972–984).
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Buyid dynasty
The Buyid dynasty or the Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye), also known as Buwaihids, Bowayhids, Buyahids, or Buyyids, was an Iranian Shia dynasty of Daylamite origin.
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Cairo
Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.
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Caliphate
A caliphate (خِلافة) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (خَليفة), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community).
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Campaigns of Nader Shah
The campaigns of Nader Shah were a series of conflicts fought in the early to mid-eighteenth century throughout Central Eurasia primarily by the Persian conqueror Nader Shah.
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Caro Lucas
Caro Lucas Ghukasian (Կարո Լուկաս Ղուկասեան); (کارو لوکاس قوکاسیان.; September 4, 1949 – July 8, 2010) was an Iranian Armenian scientist.
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Cartography
Cartography (from Greek χάρτης chartēs, "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and γράφειν graphein, "write") is the study and practice of making maps.
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Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.
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Chronicle
A chronicle (chronica, from Greek χρονικά, from χρόνος, chronos, "time") is a historical account of facts and events ranged in chronological order, as in a time line.
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Contemporary art
Contemporary art is the art of today, produced in the late 20th century or in the 21st century.
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Contemporary Islamic philosophy
Contemporary Islamic philosophy revives some of the trends of medieval Islamic philosophy, notably the tension between Mutazilite and Asharite views of ethics in science and law, and the duty of Muslims and role of Islam in the sociology of knowledge and in forming ethical codes and legal codes, especially the fiqh (or "jurisprudence") and rules of jihad (or "just war").
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Cosmology
Cosmology (from the Greek κόσμος, kosmos "world" and -λογία, -logia "study of") is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.
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Council of Representatives of Iraq
The Council of Representatives (Majlis an-Nuwwāb al-ʿIrāqiyy; ئهنجومهنی نوێنهرانی) is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Iraq.
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Council of the Islamic Revolution
The Council of the Islamic Revolution (Šūrā-ye enqelāb-e eslāmī) was a group formed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to manage the Iranian Revolution on 10 January 1979, shortly before he returned to Iran.
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Crown prince
A crown prince is the male heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Cumrun Vafa
Cumrun Vafa (کامران وفا; born 1960) is an Iranian-American string theorist from Harvard University, which he first joined as a Harvard Junior Fellow.
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Da'i
A da'i (dā‘īy) is generally someone who engages in da'wah, the act of inviting people to Islam.
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Defence minister
The title Defence Minister, Minister for Defence, Minister of National Defense, Secretary of Defence, Secretary of State for Defense or some similar variation, is assigned to the person in a cabinet position in charge of a Ministry of Defence, which regulates the armed forces in sovereign states.
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Demographics of Iraq
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Iraq, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
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Demographics of Kuwait
This article is about the demographic features of the population of Kuwait.
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Early Islamic philosophy
Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE).
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Ebrahim Al-Arrayedh
Ebrahim Al-Arrayedh (إبراهيم العريّض, born 8 March 1908 – died May 2002) was a Bahraini writer and poet, generally considered to be one of Bahrain's greatest poets and one of the leaders of the Bahraini literary movement in the 20th century.
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Edoardo Agnelli
Edoardo Agnelli (9 June 1954 – 15 November 2000) was the eldest child and only son of Marella Agnelli (born Donna Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto) and Gianni Agnelli, the industrialist patriarch of Fiat.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Egyptians
Egyptians (مَصريين;; مِصريّون; Ni/rem/en/kīmi) are an ethnic group native to Egypt and the citizens of that country sharing a common culture and a common dialect known as Egyptian Arabic.
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Egyptology
Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek -λογία, -logia. علم المصريات) is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD.
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Eldar Mahmudov
Eldar Mahmudov Ahmad oglu (Eldar Mahmudov Əhməd oğlu) is an Azerbaijani politician formerly serving as the Minister of National Security of Azerbaijan Republic.
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Electronics
Electronics is the discipline dealing with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors.
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Elegy
In English literature, an elegy is a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead.
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Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a poem by Thomas Gray, completed in 1750 and first published in 1751.
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Eponym
An eponym is a person, place, or thing after whom or after which something is named, or believed to be named.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Existentialism
Existentialism is a tradition of philosophical inquiry associated mainly with certain 19th and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed.
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Expediency Discernment Council
The Expediency Discernment Council of the System (مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام Majma' Taškhīs Maṣlaḥat Nezām) is an administrative assembly appointed by the Supreme Leader and was created upon the revision to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran on 6 February 1988.
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Experimental physics
Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments.
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Experimental psychology
Experimental psychology refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the processes that underlie it.
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Ezzedine Salim
Ezzedine Salim, (عزالدين سليم), also known as Abdelzahra Othman Mohammed (23 March 1941 – 17 May 2004, عبدالزهرة عثمان محمد), was an Iraqi politician, author, educator, Islamist theorist and one of the leading members of the Iraqi Dawaa Movement between 1980 and 2004.
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Fada'iyan-e Islam
Fadā'iyān-e Islam (فدائیان اسلام, also spelled as Fadayan-e Islam or in English "Fedayeen of Islam" or "Devotees of Islam" or literally "Self-Sacrificers of Islam") is a Shiʿite fundamentalist group in Iran with a strong activist political orientation, founded in 1946, and a registered political party since 1989.
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Faisal Saleh Hayat
Makhdoom Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat (مخدوم سيد فیصل صالح حیات – born in Lahore in 1952) is a Pakistani politician from Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Faisal Subzwari
Syed Faisal Ali Subzwari (born, 4 August 1975) is a Pakistani politician and senior leader of Muttahida Qaumi Movement.
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Fakhar Imam
Syed Fakhar Imam (سید فخر امام) (born 18 December 1942) was the 11th Speaker of National Assembly of Pakistan.
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Fakhruddin T. Khorakiwala
Fakhruddin T. Khorakiwala was an Indian businessman and Sheriff of Mumbai.
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Farah (actress)
Farah Naaz commonly credited as Farah is a leading Bollywood actress of the mid 1980s and early 1990s.
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Farida Mohammad Ali
Farida Mohammad Ali (Arabic,فريدة محمد علي) (born 1963 in Kerbala, Iraq) is an Iraqi singer.
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Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate was an Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
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Ferdowsi
Abu ʾl-Qasim Firdowsi Tusi (c. 940–1020), or Ferdowsi (also transliterated as Firdawsi, Firdusi, Firdosi, Firdausi) was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is the world's longest epic poem created by a single poet, and the national epic of Greater Iran.
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Fereydoon Family
Fereydoon Family (born September 18, 1945) is a leading Persian physicist in the field of nanotechnology and solid-state physics.
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Fiat Automobiles
Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. (originally FIAT, lit) is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (previously Fiat S.p.A.). Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business, and traces its history back to 1899 when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced.
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Finance minister
A finance minister is an executive or cabinet position in charge of one or more of government finances, economic policy and financial regulation.
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Freedom Movement of Iran
The Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI) or Liberation Movement of Iran (LMI; Nahżat-e āzādi-e Irān) is an Iranian pro-democracy political organization which was founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and Mossadeghists".
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French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
The Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (Mandat français pour la Syrie et le Liban; الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان) (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded after the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire concerning Syria and Lebanon.
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Fuzûlî
Fużūlī (Füzuli فضولی, c. 1494 – 1556) was the pen name of the Azerbaijani of the Bayat tribes of Oghuz poet, writer and thinker Muhammad bin Suleyman (Məhəmməd Ben Süleyman محمد بن سليمان).
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Fuzzy mathematics
Fuzzy mathematics forms a branch of mathematics related to fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic.
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Fuzzy set
In mathematics, fuzzy sets (aka uncertain sets) are somewhat like sets whose elements have degrees of membership.
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Gary Legenhausen
Gary Carl (Muhammad) Legenhausen (born 1953, New York City) is an American philosopher who teaches at the Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute, which is directed by Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi.
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General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)
The General Intelligence Directorate (إدارة المخابرات العامة, Idarat al-Mukhabarat al-Amma) is the most important civil intelligence service of Syria and plays an important role in quelling internal dissent.
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Geographer
A geographer is a scholar whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society.
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Geography and cartography in medieval Islam
Medieval Islamic geography was based on Hellenistic geography and reached its apex with Muhammad al-Idrisi in the 12th century.
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George Washington University
No description.
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Georgians
The Georgians or Kartvelians (tr) are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to Georgia.
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German Americans
German Americans (Deutschamerikaner) are Americans who have full or partial German ancestry.
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Ghalib
Ghalib (غاؔلِب, ग़ालिब.), born Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan (Urdu:, मिर्ज़ा असदुल्लाह् बेग खiन), 26 June 1797 – 15 February 1869), was a prominent Urdu and Persian-language poet during the last years of the Mughal Empire. He used his pen-names of Ghalib (Urdu:, ġhālib means "dominant") and Asad (Urdu:, Asad means "lion"). His honorific was Dabir-ul-Mulk, Najm-ud-Daula. During his lifetime the Mughals were eclipsed and displaced by the British and finally deposed following the defeat of the Indian rebellion of 1857, events that he described. Most notably, he wrote several ghazals during his life, which have since been interpreted and sung in many different ways by different people. Ghalib, the last great poet of the Mughal Era, is considered to be one of the most famous and influential poets of the Urdu language. Today Ghalib remains popular not only in India and Pakistan but also among the Hindustani diaspora around the world.
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Ghazan
Mahmud Ghazan (1271– 11 May 1304) (sometimes referred to as Casanus by Westerners) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304.
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Ghazi Kanaan
Ghazi Kanaan (1942 – 12 October 2005) (غازي كنعان; transliterations vary), also known as Abu Yo'roub, was Syria's Interior Minister from 2004 to 2005, and long-time head of Syria's security apparatus in Lebanon.
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Gholamali Bayandor
Rear Admiral Gholamali Bayandor (غلامعلی بایندر) (December 13, 1898 – August 25, 1941) was the Commander of Imperial Iranian Navy from 1931 to August 25, 1941 and was killed during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.
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Gianni Agnelli
Giovanni "Gianni" Agnelli, (12 March 192124 January 2003), also known as L'Avvocato ("The Lawyer"), was an influential Italian industrialist and principal shareholder of Fiat.
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Hadi Al-Amiri
Hadi Al-Ameri (هادي العامري) is the former Iraqi minister of transportation and the head of the Badr Organization, which was the military wing of the Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council (SIIC).
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Hafez
Khwāja Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (خواجه شمسالدین محمد حافظ شیرازی), known by his pen name Hafez (حافظ Ḥāfeẓ 'the memorizer; the (safe) keeper'; 1315-1390) and as "Hafiz", was a Persian poet who "lauded the joys of love and wine but also targeted religious hypocrisy." His collected works are regarded as a pinnacle of Persian literature and are often found in the homes of people in the Persian speaking world, who learn his poems by heart and still use them as proverbs and sayings.
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Haidar Abbas Rizvi
Syed Haidar Abbas Rizvi (سيد حیدر عباس رضوی), (born, January 1, 1968, in Karachi) is the former deputy parliamentary leader of MQM in the National Assembly of Pakistan and a former Senior leader of MQM.
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Haider al-Abadi
Haider Jawad Kadhim al-Abadi (or al-'Ibadi; حيدر جواد كاظم العبادي, born 25 April 1952) is an Iraqi politician who has been the Prime Minister of Iraq since September 2014.
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Haji Bektash Veli
Haji Bektash Veli or Ḥājī Baktāsh Walī (حاجی بکتاش ولی Ḥājī Baktāš Walī; Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli) was an Alevi Muslim mystic, saint, Sayyid, humanist, and philosopher, who lived from 1209 to 1271.
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Hamdanid dynasty
The Hamdanid dynasty (حمدانيون Ḥamdānyūn) was a Shi'a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq (al-Jazirah) and Syria (890-1004).
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Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
Hamid al–Din Abu’l–Hasan Ahmad b. ‘Abdallah al–Kirmani (flourished 996–1021 CE) was an Isma'ili scholar.
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Haq Movement
The Haq Movement for Liberty and Democracy (حركة حق حركة الحريات و الديمقراطية) is an opposition political organization in Bahrain founded in November 2005 with Hasan Mushaima as its secretary general.
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Hasan ibn Zayd
Al-Ḥasan ibn Zayd ibn Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘il ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Zayd (الحسن بن زيد بن محمد; died 6 January 884), also known as al-Da‘ī al-kabīr (داعي الكبير, "the Great/Elder Missionary"), was an Alid who became the founder of the Zaydid dynasty of Tabaristan.
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Hasan Mushaima
Hasan Mushaima (حسن مشيمع) is an opposition leader in Bahrain and the secretary-general of the Haq Movement, an important opposition party in Bahrain.
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Hasan Zyko Kamberi
Hasan Zyko Kamberi was a distinguished bejtexhi (bard) writer of Albanian literature.
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Hassan Jawhar
Hasan Johar (born 1960) is a member of the Kuwaiti National Assembly, representing the first district.
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Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah
Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah (August 16, 1894- March 31, 1935) was a Lebanese electrical and electronics research engineer, mathematician and inventor.
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Hassan Massoudy
Hassan Massoudy (حسن المسعود الخطاط), born in 1944, is an Iraqi painter and calligrapher, considered by the French writer Michel Tournier as the "greatest living calligrapher", currently lives in Paris.
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Hassan Nasrallah
Hassan Nasrallah (حسن نصرالله; born 31 August 1960) is the third and current Secretary General of the Lebanese political and paramilitary party Hezbollah since his predecessor, Abbas al-Musawi, was assassinated by the Israel Defense Forces in February 1992.
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Hassan Rouhani
Hassan Rouhani (حسن روحانی,, Standard Persian:; born Hassan Fereydoun (حسن فریدون) on 12 November 1948) is an Iranian politician serving as the current and seventh President of Iran since 3 August 2013.
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Hassan-i Sabbah
Hassan-e Sabbāh (mistakenly Hassan-i Sabbāh Persian: حسن صباح Hasan-e Sabbāh) or Hassan as-Sabbāh (Arabic: حسن الصباح Ḥasan aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ) (circa 1050–1124) was the leader of the Nizārī Ismā‘īlītes and the founder of the order known as Assassins.
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Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος, Hêródotos) was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire (modern-day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (484– 425 BC), a contemporary of Thucydides, Socrates, and Euripides.
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Heydar Aliyev
Heydar Alirza oghlu Aliyev, also spelled Gaydar Aliev (Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev; Гейда́р Али́евич Али́ев Geydar Aliyevich Aliyev; 10 May 1923 – 12 December 2003), was the third President of Azerbaijan who served from October 1993 to October 2003.
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Hezbollah
Hezbollah (pronounced; حزب الله, literally "Party of Allah" or "Party of God")—also transliterated Hizbullah, Hizballah, etc.
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Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
Hisham ibn al-Kalbi (737 AD - 819 AD/204 AH), also known as Ibn al-Kalbi was an Arab historian.
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Hisham Ikhtiyar
Major General Hisham Ikhtiyar (هشام اختيار) (1941 – 20 July 2012) (family name also transliterated as Ikhtiar, Bakhtiar, Bekhityar, Bekhtyar and other variants) was a Syrian military official, and a national security adviser to president Bashar al-Assad.
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Hisham Jaber
General Hisham M. Jaber (born September 13, 1942) (اللواء الركن هشام جابر) is a retired Lebanese Major General and political researcher.
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Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it.
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History of the Iranian Navy
The Iranian Navy (Persian: نیروی دریایی ایران), traditionally located in the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf, has always been the smallest of the country's military forces.
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Hossein Kharrazi
Major General Hossein Kharrazi (حسین خرازی) (1957 – 27 February 1987) was the commander of IRGC's 14th Imam Hussein Division during Iran-Iraq War.
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Hossein Nasr
Hossein Nasr (سید حسین نصر, born April 7, 1933) is an Iranian professor emeritus of Islamic studies at George Washington University, and an Islamic philosopher.
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Humanism
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition.
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Husain Mohammad Jafri
Syed Husain Mohammad Jafri is the Chairman of Islamic Pakistan Study Centre, Aga Khan University of Karachi, Pakistan.
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Hussain al-Qallaf
Hussain Ali Alsayyid Khalifa Hussain al-Qallaf (Arabic:حسين علي السيد خليفة حسين القلاف) is a member of the Kuwaiti National Assembly, representing the first district.
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Hussain al-Shahristani
Hussain Ibrahim Saleh al-Shahristani (born 1942) is an Iraqi politician who served in different cabinet posts.
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Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi
Sheikh Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi (حسين بدر الدين الحوثي; 1956 – 10 September 2004), also spelled Hussein Badr Eddin al-Houthi, was a Zaidi religious, political and military leader, as well as former member of the Yemeni parliament for the Al-Haqq Islamic party between 1993 and 1997.
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Hussein el-Husseini
Sayyid Hussein El-Husseini (حسين الحسيني) (born 15 April 1937) is a Lebanese politician and former speaker of the Lebanese parliament, whose efforts in brokering and fathering the Taif Agreement led to the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990.
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Hussein-Ali Montazeri
Hussein-Ali Montazeri (24 September 1922 – 19 December 2009; حسینعلی منتظری&lrm) was an Iranian Shia Islamic theologian, Islamic democracy advocate, writer and human rights activist.
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Hyderabad
Hyderabad is the capital of the Indian state of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.
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Ibn al-Haytham
Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized Alhazen; full name أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) was an Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age.
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Ibn al-Nadim
Muḥammad ibn Ishāq al-Nadīm (ابوالفرج محمد بن إسحاق النديم), his surname was Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Abī Ya'qūb Ishāq ibn Muḥammad ibn Ishāq al-Warrāq and he is more commonly, albeit erroneously, known as Ibn al-Nadim (d. 17 September 995 or 998 CE) was a Muslim scholar and bibliographer Al-Nadīm was the tenth century Baghdadī bibliophile compiler of the Arabic encyclopedic catalogue known as 'Kitāb al-Fihrist'.
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Ibn al-Rumi
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Abbas ibn Jurayj (أبو الحسن علي بن العباس بن جريج.), also known as Ibn al-Rumi (born Baghdad in 836; died 896), was an Abbasid-era poet.
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Ibn al-Tiqtaqa
‘Ibn al-Tiqtaqā’, or the son of a chatterbox, was an onomatopoeic nickname for the Iraqi historian Jalāl-ad-Dīn Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Tāji’d-Dīn Abi’l-Hasan ’Ali, the spokesman of the Shi'a community in the Shi’ī holy cities—Hillah, Najaf, and Karbala; in an Iraq that was to remain the stronghold of Shi'ism, until the forcible conversion of Iran by Shah Ismail I Safavi.
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Ibn Babawayh
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi (Persian: ابو جعفر محمد بن علي بن بابويه القمي; c. 923-991), referred to as Ibn Babawayh or Al-Shaykh al-Saduq (the truthful scholar) was a Persian Shi'ite Islamic scholar whose work, entitled Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih, forms part of The Four Books of the Shi'ite Hadith collection.
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Ibn Hawqal
Muḥammad Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥawqal (محمد أبو القاسم بن حوقل, born in Nisibis, Upper Mesopotamia; travelled 943-969 CE) was a 10th-century Arab Muslim writer, geographer, and chronicler.
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Ibn Wahshiyya
Ibn Wahshiyyah the Nabataean (ابن وحشية النبطي), also known as ʾAbū Bakr ʾAḥmad bin ʿAlī (أبو بكر أحمد بن علي) (fl. 9th/10th centuries) was an Arab alchemist, agriculturalist, farm toxicologist, Egyptologist, and historian born at Qusayn near Kufa in Iraq.
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Ibrahim al-Hamdi
Lieutenant-Colonel Ibrahim al-Hamdi (30 September 1943 – October 11, 1977) (إبراهيم الحمدي) was the leader of a military coup d'etat in Yemen Arab Republic that overthrew the regime of President Abdul Rahman al-Iryani on June 13, 1974.
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Ibrahim al-Jaafari
Ibrahim al-Eshaiker al-Jaafari (إبراهيم الأشيقر الجعفري; born 25 March 1947) is an Iraqi politician who was Prime Minister of Iraq in the Iraqi Transitional Government from 2005 to 2006, following the January 2005 election.
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Ibrahim Khraibut
Ibrahim Khraibut (إبراهيم علي يوسف خريبط) (1913-2003) was a member of the Kuwaiti National Assembly from 1963 to 1979.
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Ibrahim Zakzaky
Ibrahim Yaqoub El Zakzaky (alternately Ibraheem Zakzaky; Ibrahim Al-Zakzaky) (born May 5, 1953) is an outspoken and foremost Shi'a Muslim cleric in Nigeria.
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Ibtihal Al-Khatib
Ibtihal Al-Khatib (ابتهال الخطيب, born 15 February 1972) is a Kuwaiti academic, journalist, and prominent advocate of secular liberal values in Arab society.
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Idris I of Morocco
Idris I (إدريس الأول), also known as Idris ibn Abdillah, was the founder of the Idrisid dynasty in part of northern Morocco in alliance with the Berber tribe of Awraba.
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Idrisid dynasty
The Idrisids (الأدارسة) were an Arab-Berber Zaydi-Shia dynasty of Morocco, ruling from 788 to 974.
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Ifriqiya
Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah or el-Maghrib el-Adna (Lower West) was the area during medieval history that comprises what is today Tunisia, Tripolitania (western Libya) and the Constantinois (eastern Algeria); all part of what was previously included in the Africa Province of the Roman Empire.
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Iftikhar al-Dawla
Iftikhar al-Dawla (إفتخار الدولة; meaning "pride of the dynasty") was the Fatimid governor of Jerusalem during the siege of 1099.
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Ilham Aliyev
Ilham Aliyev (İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev; born 24 December 1961) is the fourth and current President of Azerbaijan, in office since 2003.
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Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate (ایلخانان, Ilxānān; Хүлэгийн улс, Hu’legīn Uls), was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.
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Imad Mughniyah
Imad Fayez Mughniyeh (عماد فايز مغنية; 7 December 1962 – 12 February 2008), alias al-Hajj Radwan (الحاج رضوان), was a senior member of Lebanon's Islamic Jihad Organization and number two in Hezbollah's leadership.
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Imam-Quli Khan
Imam-Quli Khan (امامقلی خان، Emāmqolī Khan) (died 1632) was an Iranian military and political leader of Georgian origin who served as a governor of Fars, Lar and Bahrain for the shahs Abbas I and Safi.
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Imams of Yemen
The Imams of Yemen and later the Kings of Yemen were religiously consecrated leaders belonging to the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam.
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Immunology
Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.
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Imran Abbas
Imran Abbas is a Pakistani actor and former model.
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Independent film
An independent film, independent movie, indie film or indie movie is a feature film that is produced outside the major film studio system, in addition to being produced and distributed by independent entertainment companies.
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Interior ministry
An interior ministry (sometimes ministry of internal affairs or ministry of home affairs) is a government ministry typically responsible for policing, emergency management, national security, registration, supervision of local governments, conduct of elections, public administration and immigration matters.
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Intezar Ahmed Abidi
Intezar Husain Abidi is an Indian politician with the Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh.
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Iraj Malekpour
Iraj Malekpour (ایرج ملکپور) is an born Amol Iranian university professor of space physics.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Iran–Iraq War
The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq, beginning on 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, and ending on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the UN-brokered ceasefire.
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Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples, are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of the Iranian languages.
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Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution (Enqelāb-e Iran; also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution), Iran Chamber.
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Iraqi Americans
Iraqi Americans are Americans who identify as being of Iraqi ancestry.
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Iraqi Turkmens
The Iraqi Turkmens (also spelled Turcomans, Turkomens, and Turkmans; Irak Türkmenleri), also referred to as Iraqi Turks, or Turks of Iraq (تركمان العراق, Irak Türkleri), are Iraqi citizens of Turkic origin who mostly adhere to a Turkish heritage and identity.
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Iraqis in the Netherlands
There are over 50,000 Iraqis in the Netherlands, including immigrants from Iraq and locally born people of Iraqi heritage, constiting 0.3% of the total population in the Netherlands.
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Iskandar Beg Munshi
Iskandar Beg Munshi, a.k.a. Iskandar Beg Turkman (c. 1560 – c. 1632), was a Persian historian of Turkmen origin of the Safavid emperor Shah Abbas I. Iskandar Beg began as an accountant in the bureaucracy, but later became a privileged secretary of the Shahs.
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Iskander Mirza
Sahibzada Iskander Ali Mirza (اسکندر مرزا, ইস্কান্দার মির্জা); 13 November 1899 – 13 November 1969),, was the first President of Pakistan, elected in this capacity in 1956 until being dismissed by his appointed army commander General Ayub Khan in 1958. Mirza was educated at the University of Mumbai before attending the military academy in Sandhurst in the United Kingdom. After a brief military service in the British Indian Army, he joined the Indian Political Service and spent the majority of his career as a political agent in the Western region of the British India until elevated as joint secretary at the Ministry of Defence in 1946. After the independence of Pakistan as result of the Partition of India, Mirza was appointed as first Defence Secretary by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, only to oversee the military efforts in first war with India in 1947, followed by failed secessionism in Balochistan in 1948. In 1954, he was appointed as Governor of his home province of East Bengal by Prime Minister Mohammad Ali of Bogra to control the law and order sparked as a result of the popular language movement in 1952, but later elevated as Interior Minister in Bogra administration in 1955. Playing a crucial role in ousting of Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam, Mirza assumed his position in 1955 and was elected as the first President of Pakistan when the first set of Constitution was promulgated in 1956. His presidency, however, marked with political instability which saw his unconstitutional interferences in the civilian administration that led to the dismissal of four prime ministers in a mere two years. Facing challenges in getting the political endorsements and reelection for the presidency, Mirza surprisingly suspended the writ of the Constitution by having imposed martial law against his own party's administration governed by Prime Minister Feroze Khan on 8 October 1958, enforcing it through his army commander General Ayub Khan who dismissed him when the situation between them escalated, also in 1958. Mirza lived in the United Kingdom for the remainder of his life and was buried in Iran in 1969. His legacy and image is viewed negatively by some Pakistani historians who believe that Mirza was responsible for political instability in the country.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Islamic Consultative Assembly
The Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e Showrā-ye Eslāmī), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majlis (or Majles, مجلس), is the national legislative body of Iran.
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Islamic Dawa Party
The Islamic Dawa Party, also known as the Islamic Call Party (حزب الدعوة الإسلامية Ḥizb Al-Daʿwa Al-Islāmiyya), is a political party in Iraq.
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Islamic economics
Islamic economics (الاقتصاد الإسلامي) is a term used to refer to Islamic commercial jurisprudence (فقه المعاملات, fiqh al-mu'āmalāt).
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Islamic Movement (Nigeria)
The Islamic Movement in Nigeria is a religious and political organization based in the northern region of Nigeria.
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Islamic Republic of Iran Army
The Islamic Republic of Iran Army (ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران), acronymed AJA (آجا), simply known as the Iranian Army or Artesh (Arteš), is the "conventional military of Iran" and part of Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) (lit or Sepâh for short) is a branch of Iran's Armed Forces founded after 1979 Revolution on 22 April 1979 by order of Ayatollah Khomeini.IISS Military Balance 2006, Routledge for the IISS, London, 2006, p. 187 Whereas the regular military (or Artesh) defends Iran's borders and maintains internal order, according to the Iranian constitution, the Revolutionary Guard (pasdaran) is intended to protect the country's Islamic Republic system. The Revolutionary Guards state that their role in protecting the Islamic system is preventing foreign interference as well as coups by the military or "deviant movements". The Revolutionary Guards have roughly 125,000 military personnel including ground, aerospace and naval forces. Its naval forces are now the primary forces tasked with operational control of the Persian Gulf. GlobalBearings.net, 15 December 2011. It also controls the paramilitary Basij militia which has about 90,000 active personnel.Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Columbia University Press, 2008 pp. 175–76 Its media arm is Sepah News. Since its origin as an ideologically driven militia, the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution has taken a greater role in nearly every aspect of Iranian society. Its expanded social, political, military and economic role under President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's administration—especially during the 2009 presidential election and post-election suppression of protest—has led many Western analysts to argue that its political power has surpassed even that of the Shia clerical system. The Chief Commander of the Guardians since 2007 is Mohammad Ali Jafari, who was preceded by Yahya Rahim Safavi from 1997.
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Islamic studies
Islamic studies refers to the study of Islam.
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Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
The Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI or SIIC) (المجلس الأعلى الإسلامي العراقي Al-Majlis Al-A'ala Al-Islami Al-'Iraqi), (previously the party was known as the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI)) is an Iraqi Shia Islamist Iraqi political party.
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Isma'ilism
Ismāʿīlism (الإسماعيلية al-Ismāʿīliyya; اسماعیلیان; اسماعيلي; Esmāʿīliyān) is a branch of Shia Islam.
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Ismail I
Ismail I (Esmāʿīl,; July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), also known as Shah Ismail I (شاه اسماعیل), was the founder of the Safavid dynasty, ruling from 1501 to 23 May 1524 as Shah of Iran (Persia).
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Ja'fari jurisprudence
Jaʿfari jurisprudence, (Persian: فقه جعفری) Jaʿfari school of thought, Jaʿfarite School, or Jaʿfari Fiqh is the school of jurisprudence of most Shia Muslims, derived from the name of Ja'far al-Sadiq, the 6th Shia Imam.
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Jagdeep
Jagdeep (born as Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed Jafri on 29 March 1939) is an Indian film actor and comedian who has appeared in more than 400 films.
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Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir
Sheikh Jalal al-Din Ali al-Sagheer is an Iraqi politician and a former member of parliament in the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq.
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Jasim Mohammed Jaafar
Jasim Mohammed Jaafar (born 1958) (Casim Muhammed Cafer) is the Iraqi Minister for Youth & Sports in the government of Nouri al-Maliki.
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Javed Abidi
Javed Abidi (11 June 1965 – 4 March 2018) was an Indian activist who served as the director of the National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People (NCPEDP) in India, and the founder of the Disability Rights Group.
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Jawhar (general)
Jawhar (جوهر; 966–d. 992) was a Fatimid general.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
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Jurist
A jurist (from medieval Latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law).
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Kaifi Azmi
Sayyid Akhtar Hussein Rizvi, known as Kaifi Azmi, (14 January 1919 – 10 May 2002) was an Indian Urdu poet.
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Kalbe Razi Naqvi
Kalbe Razi Naqvi (قلب رضی نقوی; born 1944) is a British Pakistani physicist, who has been ordinarily resident in Norway since 1977, working as a professor of biophysics in the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
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Kamal Amrohi
Syed Amir Haider Kamal Naqvi (سیّد امِیر حَیدر کمال نقوی), popularly known as Kamal Amrohi (کمال امروہی), (17 January 1918 – 11 February 1993) was an Indian film director and screenwriter.
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Karbala
Karbala (كَرْبَلَاء, Karbalā’, Persian: کربلاء) is a city in central Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad, and a few miles east of Lake Milh.
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Karim Khan Zand
Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (Mohammad Karīm Khān-e Zand), better known as Karim Khan Zand (کریم خان زند), was the founder of the Zand Dynasty and the Shah of Iran, ruling from 1751 to 1779.
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Kazem Behbehani
Dr.
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Khaled al-Attiyah
Shaykh Khaled Abather al-Attiyah (also transliterated as Attia) is an Iraqi politician who was elected in December 2005 to the Council of Representatives as an independent member of the United Iraqi Alliance.
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Khan (title)
Khan خان/khan; is a title for a sovereign or a military ruler, used by Mongolians living to the north of China. Khan has equivalent meanings such as "commander", "leader", or "ruler", "king" and "chief". khans exist in South Asia, Middle East, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, East Africa and Turkey. The female alternatives are Khatun and Khanum. These titles or names are sometimes written as Khan/خان in Persian, Han, Kan, Hakan, Hanum, or Hatun (in Turkey) and as "xan", "xanım" (in Azerbaijan), and medieval Turkic tribes.
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Kurdistan
Kurdistan (کوردستان; lit. "homeland of the Kurds") or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural historical region wherein the Kurdish people form a prominent majority population and Kurdish culture, languages and national identity have historically been based.
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Kutama
The Kutama (Berber: Iktamen) were a major Berber Tribe in northern Algeria classified among the Berber Confederation of the Bavares.
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Kuthayyir
Kuthayyir ibn ‘Abd al-Raḥman (c. 660 – c. 723), commonly known as Kuthayyir ‘Azzah (كثيّر عزّة) was an Arab 'Udhri poet of the Umayyad period from the tribe of Azd.
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Law of sines
In trigonometry, the law of sines, sine law, sine formula, or sine rule is an equation relating the lengths of the sides of a triangle (any shape) to the sines of its angles.
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Lebanese Civil War
The Lebanese Civil War (الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية – Al-Ḥarb al-Ahliyyah al-Libnāniyyah) was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon, lasting from 1975 to 1990 and resulting in an estimated 120,000 fatalities.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (لبنان; Lebanese pronunciation:; Liban), officially known as the Lebanese RepublicRepublic of Lebanon is the most common phrase used by Lebanese government agencies.
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Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context.
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List of mayors of Tehran
The Mayor of Tehran is an elected politician who, along with the Tehran’s City Council of 21 members, is accountable for the strategic government of Tehran.
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List of Muslim historians
The following is a list of Muslim historians writing in the Islamic historiographical tradition, which developed from hadith literature in the time of the first caliphs.
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Logic
Logic (from the logikḗ), originally meaning "the word" or "what is spoken", but coming to mean "thought" or "reason", is a subject concerned with the most general laws of truth, and is now generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of valid inference.
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Lotfi A. Zadeh
Lotfi Aliasker Zadeh (Lütfəli Rəhim oğlu Ələsgərzadə; لطفی علیعسگرزاده; February 4, 1921 – September 6, 2017) was a mathematician, computer scientist, electrical engineer, artificial intelligence researcher and professor emeritus of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley.
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M. F. Husain
Maqbool Fida Husain (17 September 1915 – 9 June 2011)http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/m-f-hussain.html, also, India's Most Famous Painter, Dies at 95|work.
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Maghreb
The Maghreb (al-Maɣréb lit.), also known as the Berber world, Barbary, Berbery, and Northwest Africa, is a major region of North Africa that consists primarily of the countries Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania.
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Maher al-Assad
Maher al-Assad (ماهر الأسد, born 8 December 1967) is a Syrian general and commander of the Republican Guard and the army's elite Fourth Armored Division, which together with Syria's secret police form the core of the country's security forces.
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Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Mahmūd Ahmadinezhād, born Mahmoud Sabbaghian (Sabbāghyān) on 28 October 1956) is an Iranian politician who was the sixth President of Iran from 2005 to 2013.
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Mahmoud Hessabi
Sayyed Mahmoud Hessabi (or Hessaby, سید محمود حسابی, February 23, 1903 – September 3, 1992) was an Iranian nuclear physicist and senator He was the Minister of Education for Iran in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh from 1951 to 1952.
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Mahmoud Taleghani
Mahmoud Taleghani (محمود طالقانی,; 5 March 1911 – 9 September 1979) was an Iranian theologian, Muslim reformer, democracy advocate and a senior Shi'a cleric of Iran.
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Maitham Al Bahrani
Kamal al-Deen Maitham bin Ali bin Maitham al-Bahrani (الشيخ ميثم البحراني., 1238 – 1299), commonly known as Sheikh Maitham Al Bahrani (also spelt Maytham al-Bahrani) was a leading 13th Century Twelver Eastern Arabian theologian, author and philosopher.
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Majrooh Sultanpuri
Majrooh Sultanpuri (مجرُوح سُلطانپُوری), (1 October 1919 − 24 May 2000) was an Indian Urdu poet, known for his work as an Urdu poet, and as a lyricist and songwriter in the Hindi language Bollywood film industry.
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Marja'
In Shia Islam, marjaʿ (مرجع; plural: marājiʿ), also known as a marjaʿ taqlīd or marjaʿ dīnī (مرجع تقليد / مرجع ديني), literally meaning "source to imitate/follow" or "religious reference", is a title given to the highest level Shia authority, a Grand Ayatollah with the authority to make legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law for followers and less-credentialed clerics.
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Marsiya
Marsiya (مرثیه) is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hussain ibn Ali and his comrades of the Karbala.
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Massouma al-Mubarak
Massouma al-Mubarak (born 1947) is Kuwait's first female government minister, sworn in on 20 June 2005.
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Mathematics in medieval Islam
Mathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, was built on Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta).
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Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine is the science of medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age, and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of Islamic civilization.
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Mehdi Bazargan
Mehdi Bazargan (مهدی بازرگان; 1 September 1907 – 20 January 1995) was an Iranian scholar, academic, long-time pro-democracy activist and head of Iran's interim government, making him Iran's first prime minister after the Iranian Revolution of 1979.
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Mehdi Frashëri
Mehdi Frashëri (February 28, 1872 – May 25, 1963) was an Albanian intellectual and politician.
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Mehran Kardar
Mehran Kardar (مهران کاردار) is an Iranian born physicist and professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute.
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Military intelligence
Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to assist commanders in their decisions.
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Mir Babar Ali Anis
Mir Babar Ali Anis (مِیر ببَر علی انِیس), was an Urdu poet, born in 1803 in Faizabad, Oudh (now in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh) who died in 1874 in Lucknow, North-Western Provinces.
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Mir Damad
Mir Damad (ميرداماد) (d. 1631 or 1632), known also as Mir Mohammad Baqer Esterabadi, or Asterabadi, was an Iranian philosopher in the Neoplatonizing Islamic Peripatetic traditions of Avicenna and Suhrawardi, a scholar of the traditional Islamic sciences, and foremost figure (together with his student Mulla Sadra), of the cultural renaissance of Iran undertaken under the Safavid dynasty.
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Mir Sadiq
Mir Sadiq (died 4 May 1799) held the post of a minister in the cabinet of Tipu Sultan of Mysore.
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Mir Sham ud-Din Iraqi
Mir Shams-ud-din Muhammad Iraqi udshikkan (1484–1526) (میرشمس الدین محمد عراقی بدشکن) was known for having introduced the tenets held by Noorbakshi, the order of the Sufis in Kashmir who influenced the social complexity of the valley.
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Mir Taqi Mir
Meer Muhammad Taqi Meer ' (مِیر تقی مِیرؔ—), whose ''takhallus'' (pen name) was Mir (مِیرؔ—) (sometimes also spelt Meer Taqi Meer) (February 1723 - 21 September 1810), was the leading Urdu poet of the 18th century, and one of the pioneers who gave shape to the Urdu language itself.
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Mirdasid dynasty
The Mirdasid dynasty was an Arab dynasty that controlled the Emirate of Aleppo more or less continuously from 1024 until 1080.
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Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi
Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi (میرزا مهدی خان استرآبادی), also known by his title of Monshi-ol-Mamalek (منشی الممالک), was the chief secretary, historian, biographer, advisor, strategist, friend and confidant of King Nader Shah Afshar (r. 1736-1747).
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Mirza Muhammad Kamil Dehlavi
Mirza Muhammad Kamil Dehlavi also known as Shahid Rabay (The Fourth Martyr) was the author of Nuzhat-e-Isna Ashariya (نزھۃ اثنا عشريۃ).
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Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda
Mirza Muhammad Rafi 'Sauda' (مِرزا مُحمّد رفِیع سَودا), (1713–1781) was an Urdu poet in Delhi, India.
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Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer
Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer (مِرزا سلامت علی دبِیر), (1803–1875) was a leading Urdu poet who excelled and perfected the art of Marsiya writing.
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Miskawayh
Ibn Miskawayh (مُسکویه, 932–1030), full name Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb ibn Miskawayh was a Persian chancery official of the Buyid era, and philosopher and historian from Parandak, Iran.
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Mohamed Al-Daradji
Mohamed Al-Daradji (born 6 August 1978 in Baghdad, Iraq) is an Iraqi-Dutch film director.
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Mohammad Ali Jafari
Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari (محمدعلی جعفری, born 1 September 1957 in Yazd, also known as Aziz Jafari and Ali Jafari) is the Iranian commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). He was appointed by the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei, on September 1, 2007, to succeed Major General Yahya Rahim Safavi. According to a September 2, 2007, report by Radio Free Europe, Radio Farda has described Jafari has been close to the conservative subfaction, which includes Mohsen Rezaee, the secretary of the Expediency Discernment Council and former commander of the IRGC and Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, a former IRGC member and the mayor of Tehran. The replacement of Safavi was thought to be a move to strengthen the conservative faction as a counterweight to the radicalizers around President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, whom Safavi is close to. "Observers appear to regard Jafari as principally a tactician, organizer, and 'technical' military man," according to Radio Free Europe. The EU's official journal said the three Iranian Revolutionary Guard members, Jafari, General Qasem Soleimani and the Guard's deputy commander for intelligence, Hossein Taeb, were now subject to sanctions and had been "providing equipment and support to help the Syrian regime suppress protests in Syria".
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Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum
Ayatollah Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum (محمد بحر العلوم‎; 17 December 1927 – 7 April 2015) was a Twelver Shi'a Islamic leader and politician in Iraq, who served as the President of the Governing Council of Iraq (43rd Prime Minister of Iraq).
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Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim
Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim (1939 – 29 August 2003; سيد محمد باقر الحكيم), also known as Shaheed al-Mehraab, was a senior Iraqi Shia cleric and the leader of the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq.
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Mohammad Boroujerdi
Mohammad Boroujerdi (محمد بروجردی, 1955 – May 1983) was an Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps commander during the Iran-Iraq War.
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Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussain Fadlallah (also Sayyed Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh; محمد حسين فضل الله; 16 November 1935 – 4 July 2010) was a prominent but controversial Shia cleric from a Lebanese family, but born in Najaf, Iraq, Fadlallah studied Islam in Najaf before moving to Lebanon in 1952.
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Mohammad Khatami
Seyyed Mohammad Khatami (سید محمد خاتمی,; born 14 October 1943) is an Iranian scholar, Shia theologian, and reformist politician.
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Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr
Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr (محمد محمّد صادق الصدر; Muḥammad Muḥammad Ṣādiq aṣ-Ṣadr) (March 23, 1943 – February 19, 1999), often referred to as Muhammad Sadiq as-Sadr which is his father's name, was a prominent Iraqi Twelver Shi'a cleric of the rank of Grand Ayatollah.
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Mohammad Mosaddegh
Mohammad Mosaddegh (محمد مصدق;; 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician.
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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (Mohammad Rezā Šāh), was the last Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.
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Mohammad Zgheib
First Lieutenant Mohammad Zgheib (الملازم الأول محمد زغيب Moulazem Awal Mohamed Zughai'b) was a Lebanese officer killed in the Battle of Malkia during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
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Mohammad-Ali Rajai
Mohammad-Ali Rajai (محمدعلی رجائی; 15 June 1933 – 30 August 1981) was the second President of Iran from 2 to 30 August 1981 after serving as prime minister under Abolhassan Banisadr.
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Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
Mohammad Baqer Majlesi (1627–1699) (علامه مجلسی Allameh Majlesi; also Romanized as: Majlesi, Majlessi, Majlisi, Madjlessi), known as Allamah Majlesi or Majlesi Al-Thani (Majlesi the Second), was a renowned and very powerful Iranian Twelver Shi'a cleric, during the Safavid era.
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Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Behjat Tabrizi (سید محمدحسین بهجت تبریزی) (1906 – September 18, 1988), mainly known by his pen name, Shahriar, was a notable Iranian poet of Azerbaijani ethnicity, who wrote in Azerbaijani and Persian.
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Mohammad-Javad Bahonar
Mohammad Javad Bahonar (محمدجواد باهنر, 5 September 1933 – 30 August 1981) was a Shia Iranian theologian and politician who served as the Prime minister of Iran for less than one month in August 1981.
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Mohammad-Reza Sharifinia
Mohammad-Reza Sharifinia (محمدرضا شریفی نیا, born 15 June 1955 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian actor.
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Mohsen Rezaee
Mohsen Rezaee Mirgha'ed (محسن رضایی میرقائد, born Sabzevar Rezaei Mirgha'ed on 9 September 1954) is an Iranian conservative politician affiliated with the Resistance Front of Islamic Iran and senior military officer in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps who currently holds office as the secretary of the Expediency Discernment Council.
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Mohsin Naqvi
Mohsin Naqvi (1947−1996) was a Pakistani poet, popular for his ghazals.
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Mohsin Zaidi
Mohsin Zaidi (10 July 1935 – 3 September 2003) was an Urdu poet ('Shayar') who used to write by the pen name 'Mohsin'.
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Morteza Motahhari
Morteza Motahari (مرتضی مطهری; January 31, 1919 – May 1, 1979) was an Iranian cleric, philosopher, lecturer, and politician.
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Mostafa Chamran
Mostafa Chamran Save'ei (مصطفی چمران ساوهای) (8 March 1932 – 21 June 1981, Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian physicist, politician, commander and guerrilla who served as the first defense minister of post-revolutionary Iran and as member of parliament, as well as the commander of paramilitary volunteers in Iran–Iraq War, known as "Irregular Warfare Headquarters".
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Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar
Mostafa Mohammad Najjar (مصطفى محمدنجّار, born 2 December 1956) is an Iranian politician and retired IRGC general.
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Mourning of Muharram
The Mourning of Muharram (or Remembrance of Muharram or Muharram Observances) is a set of rituals associated with both Shia and Sunni Islam.
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Mowaffak al-Rubaie
Dr Mowaffak Baqer al-Rubaie (alternative transliterations Muwaffaq al-Rubaie and Muwaffaq al-Rubay'i) (Arabic: موفق الربيعي) is a distinguished Iraqi politician and active civil rights campaigner.
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Mu'izz al-Dawla
Ahmad ibn Buya (Persian: احمد بن بویه, died April 8, 967), after 945 better known by his laqab of Mu'izz al-Dawla (المعز الدولة البويهي, "Fortifier of the Dynasty"), was the first of the Buyid emirs of Iraq, ruling from 945 until his death.
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Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-ʿUrḍī
Al-Urdi (full name: Muʾayyad (al‐Milla wa‐) al‐Dīn (Muʾayyad ibn Barīk) al‐ʿUrḍī (al‐ʿĀmirī al‐Dimašqī) (مؤيد (الملة و) الدين (مؤيد ابن بريك) ألعرضي (العامري الدمشقي d. 1266) was a medieval Syrian-Arab astronomer.
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Muhammad al-Idrisi
Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or simply al-Idrisi (أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي القرطبي الحسني السبتي; Dreses; 1100 – 1165), was an Arab Muslim geographer, cartographer and Egyptologist who lived in Palermo, Sicily at the court of King Roger II.
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Muhammad al-Maghut
Muhammad al-Maghout (1934- April 3, 2006) (محمد الماغوط) was a renowned Syrian writer and poet.
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (محمد علی جناح ALA-LC:, born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan.
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Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (آية الله العظمى السيد محمد باقر الصدر) (March 1, 1935 – April 9, 1980) was an Iraqi Shia cleric, philosopher, and ideological founder of the Islamic Dawa Party, born in al-Kazimiya, Iraq.
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Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali
Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali (محمد فاضل الجمالي) (April 20, 1903 – May 24, 1997) was an Iraqi politician, Iraqi foreign minister, and prime minister of Iraq from 1953 to 1954.
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Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i
Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i or Seyed Mohammad Hossein Tabataba'i (علامه سید محمد حسین طباطبائی, 16 March 1903 – 15 November 1981) was one of the most prominent thinkers of philosophy and contemporary Shia Islam.
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Muhammad Hussain Najafi
Grand Ayatollah Allama Shaikh Muhammad Hussain Najafi Urdu/Punjabi:: born April 10, 1932) is a Twelver Shi'i alim from Pakistan and has been elevated to the status of marjiyyat. At present, there are two maraji of Pakistani descent, the other one Basheer Hussain Najafi. As Basheer Hussain Najafi has chosen to reside in Najaf, Iraq, Muhammad Hussain Najafi is the only marja' on Pakistani soil, running a Hawza in Sargodha. He has been included in the last 5 editions of "The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims" since 2010. He is one of the 9 marja's mentioned in the most recent edition.
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Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
There is some confusion in the literature on whether al-Khwārizmī's full name is ابو عبد الله محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي or ابو جعفر محمد بن موسی الخوارزمی.
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Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi (Persian: شیخ ابوجعفر محمّد بن یعقوب بن اسحاق رازی; c. 250 AH/864 CE - 329 AH/941 CE).
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Muhammad Jamaluddin al-Makki al-Amili
Muhammad Jamaluddin al-Makki al-Amili al-Jizzini, (1334–1385) also known as Shahid Awwal (Arabic: الشهيد الأولash-Shahid al-Awwal "The First Martyr"), is the author of Al-Lum'ah ad-Dimashqiya (Arabic: اللمعة الدمشقية, The Damascene Glitter") and was a Shi'a scholar.
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Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri
Muhammad Mahdi Al-Jawahiri (محمد مهدي الجواهري) (26 July 1899 – 27 July 1997) was an Iraqi poet.
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Muhammad Musa
General Muhammad Musa Khan Hazara (جنرل محمد موسی خان ہزارہ, جنرال محمد موسی خان هزاره) (1908 – 12 March 1991),, was a four-star rank army general, politician, and the Commander in Chief of Pakistan Army, serving under President Ayub Khan from 1958 until 1966.
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Muhsin al-Hakim
Muhsin al-Hakim (1889–1970) (أية الله العظمي سيد محسن الطباطبائ الحكيم) was born into a family, the Tabatabaei, renowned for its scholarship.
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Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi
Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi is an Indian politician and the current Union Minister of Minority Affairs.
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Mulla Sadra
Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī, also called Mulla Sadrā (ملا صدرا; also spelled Molla Sadra, Mollasadra or Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin; صدرالمتألهین) (c. 1571/2 – 1640), was an Iranian Shia Islamic philosopher, theologian and ‘Ālim who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century.
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Mumbai
Mumbai (also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
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Muqtada al-Sadr
Muqtada al-Sadr (Muqtadā ṣ-Ṣadr; born 12 August 1973) is an Iraqi Shia cleric, politician and militia leader.
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Musa al-Sadr
Musa al-Sadr (سید موسى صدر; 4 June 1928 – disappeared in Libya on 31 August 1978) is a Lebanese-Iranian philosopher and Shi'a religious leader from a long line of distinguished clerics tracing their ancestry back to Jabal Amel. Born in the Cheharmardan neighbourhood of Qom, Iran, he underwent both seminary and secular studies in Iran. He left Qom for Najaf to study theology and returned to Iran after the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état. He belongs to the Sadr family from Jabal Amel in Lebanon, a branch of Musawi family tracing to Musa Ibn Jaafar, the seventh Shia Imam and ultimately to the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima. Therefore Musa al-Sadr is often styled with the honorific title Sayyid. Some years later, Sadr went to Tyre, Lebanon as the emissary of Ayatollahs Borujerdi and Hakim. Fouad Ajami called him a "towering figure in modern Shi'i political thought and praxis"., chapter 26 He gave the Shia population of Lebanon "a sense of community". In Lebanon, he founded and revived many organizations including schools, charities, and the Amal Movement. On 25 August 1978, Sadr and two companions departed for Libya to meet with government officials at the invitation of Muammar Gaddafi. The three were last seen on 31 August. They were never heard from again. Many theories exist around the circumstances of Sadr's disappearance, none of which have been proven.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the unified Islamic community (Ummah), consisting of all those who adhere to the religion of Islam, or to societies where Islam is practiced.
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Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
The Mutawakkilite Kingdom (المملكة المتوكلية), also known as the Kingdom of Yemen or, retrospectively, as North Yemen, was a state that existed between 1918 and 1962 in the northern part of what is now Yemen.
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Muzaffar Ali
Muzaffar Ali (born 21 October 1944), is an Indian filmmaker, fashion designer, poet, artist, music-lover, revivalist, and social worker.
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Mysticism
Mysticism is the practice of religious ecstasies (religious experiences during alternate states of consciousness), together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rites, myths, legends, and magic may be related to them.
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Nabataeans
The Nabataeans, also Nabateans (الأنباط  , compare Ναβαταῖος, Nabataeus), were an Arab people who inhabited northern Arabia and the Southern Levant.
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Nabeel Rajab
Nabeel Ahmed Abdulrasool Rajab (نبيل أحمد عبدالرسول رجب, born on 1 September 1964) is a Bahraini human rights activist and opposition leader.
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Nabih Berri
Nabih Berri (نبيه بري; born 28 January 1938) is a Lebanese politician who has been the Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon since 1992.
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Nader Shah
Nader Shah Afshar (نادر شاه افشار; also known as Nader Qoli Beyg نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khan تهماسپ قلی خان) (August 1688 – 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian rulers in the history of the nation, ruling as Shah of Persia (Iran) from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion.
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Naim Frashëri
Naim Frashëri (25 May 1846 – 20 October 1900) was an Albanian poet, writer and one of the most prominent patriots of the Albanian national movement for independence from the Ottoman Empire.
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Naji Talib
Naji Talib ناجي طالب (July 1, 1917 – March 23, 2012) was the 52nd Prime Minister of Iraq from 1966 to 1967, replacing Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz.
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Nargis
Nargis (born Fatima Rashid; 1 June 1929 – 3 May 1981), was an Indian film actress.
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Naseer Shamma
Naseer Shamma (نصير شمه) is an Iraqi Kurdish musician and oud player.
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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tūsī (محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی‎ 18 February 1201 – 26 June 1274), better known as Nasir al-Din Tusi (نصیر الدین طوسی; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.
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Nasir Khusraw
Abu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw al-Qubadiani or Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī Balkhi (1004 – 1088 CE) (ناصر خسرو قبادیانی) was a Persian poet, philosopher, Isma'ili scholar, traveler and one of the greatest writers in Persian literature.
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National Assembly (Kuwait)
The National Assembly (مجلس الأمة), is the unicameral legislature of Kuwait.
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National epic
A national epic is an epic poem or a literary work of epic scope which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular nation; not necessarily a nation state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with aspirations to independence or autonomy.
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Naushad
Naushad Ali (26 December 1919 – 5 May 2006) was an Indian music director for Hindi films.
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Navvab Safavi
Sayyid Mojtaba Mir-Lohi (سيد مجتبی میرلوحی), more commonly known as Navvab Safavi (نواب صفوی), was an Iranian Shia cleric and founder of the Fada'iyan-e Islam group.
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Nawab
Nawab (Eastern Nagari: নবাব/নওয়াব, Devanagari: नवाब/नबाब, Perso-Arab: نواب) also spelt Nawaab, Navaab, Navab, Nowab The title nawab was also awarded as a personal distinction by the paramount power, similarly to a British peerage, to persons and families who never ruled a princely state.
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Nawab of Awadh
The Nawab of Awadh or the Nawab of Oudh was the title of the rulers who governed the state of Awadh (anglicised as Oudh) in north India during the 18th and 19th centuries.
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Nawab of Banganapalle
The Nawab of Banganapalle was the leader of Banganapalle, a fief of the Mughal empire which later became a princely state of British India, before being incorporated into Kurnool district of the Madras Presidency.
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Nawab of Masulipatam
The Nawabs of Masulipatam ruled under the Nizam in eastern India.
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Nayyar Ali Dada
Nayyar Ali Dada (نیر علی دادا) (born November 11, 1943) is a Pakistani architect.
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Nayyar Hussain Bukhari
Nayyar Hussain Bukhari (سید نیئر حسین بخاری), is the senior senator from Islamabad and senior leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).
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Nazar Muhammad Gondal
Ch.
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Nazik Al-Malaika
Nazik al-Malaika (نازك الملائكة; 23 August 1923 – 20 June 2007) was an Iraqi female poet and is considered by many to be one of the most influential contemporary Iraqi female poets.
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Nedim Kufi
Nedim Kufi (also known as Nadem al-Kufi), born 1962 in Baghdad), is an Iraqi-Dutch multi disciplinary visual artist. He is primarily known for conceptual art that explores themes such as war, political conflict, exile, loss, and historical memory. Much of his work contains autobiographical elements.
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New media art
New media art refers to artworks created with new media technologies, including digital art, computer graphics, computer animation, virtual art, Internet art, interactive art, video games, computer robotics, 3D printing, cyborg art and art as biotechnology.
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Nima Arkani-Hamed
Nima Arkani-Hamed (نیما ارکانی حامد; born April 5, 1972) is an American-Canadian, sns.ias.edu; accessed December 4, 2015.
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Nizari
The Nizaris (النزاريون al-Nizāriyyūn) are the largest branch of the Ismaili Shi'i Muslims, the second-largest branch of Shia Islam (the largest being the Twelver).
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Nouri al-Maliki
Nouri Kamil Mohammed Hasan al-Maliki (نوري كامل محمد حسن المالكي.; born 20 June 1950), also known as Jawad al-Maliki (جواد المالكي) or Abu Esraa (أبو إسراء), is an Iraqi politician who was Prime Minister of Iraq from 2006 to 2014.
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Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (Urdu/نصرت فتح علی خان‎; 13 October 1948 – 16 August 1997) was a Pakistani musician, primarily a singer of Qawwali, the devotional music of the Sufis.
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Omid Kordestani
Omid R. Kordestani (امید کردستانی, born 1963) is an Iranian-born Kurdish origin American businessman who has been the Executive Chairman at Twitter since October 2015.
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Pahlavi dynasty
The Pahlavi dynasty (دودمان پهلوی) was the ruling house of the imperial state of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution.
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Pakistan Peoples Party
The Pakistan Peoples Party (پاکِستان پیپلز پارٹی, commonly referred to as the PPP) is a left-wing, socialist-progressive political party of Pakistan.
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Pakistanis
No description.
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Palestinian Liberation Front
The Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF) (جبهة التحرير الفلسطينية) is a Palestinian political faction.
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Parliament of Lebanon
The Parliament of Lebanon (مجلس النواب Majlis an-Nuwwab; Chambre des députés) is the national parliament of Lebanon.
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Payam Heydari
Payam Heydari (پيام حيدرى.) is an Iranian-American Professor who is noted for his contribution to the field of radio-frequency and millimeter-wave integrated circuits.
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Peace Companies
The Peace Companies (سرايا السلام, translit. Sarāyā al-Salām), frequently mistranslated as Peace Brigades in US media, are an Iraqi armed group linked to Iraq's Shia community.
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Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Persian people
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group that make up over half the population of Iran.
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Pervez Hoodbhoy
Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy (Urdu:; born 11 July 1950) is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and activist who serves as at the Forman Christian College and previously taught physics at the Quaid-e-Azam University.
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Philology
Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics.
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Philosopher
A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside either theology or science.
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Physicist
A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.
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Poet
A poet is a person who creates poetry.
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Polymath
A polymath (πολυμαθής,, "having learned much,"The term was first recorded in written English in the early seventeenth century Latin: uomo universalis, "universal man") is a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas—such a person is known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.
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President of Azerbaijan
The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is the head of state of Azerbaijan.
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President of Iran
The President of Iran (Persian: رییسجمهور ایران Rayis Jomhur-e Irān) is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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President of Pakistan
The President of Pakistan (صدر مملکت پاکستان —), is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and a figurehead who represents the "unity of the Republic." in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.
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President of Yemen
The President of the Republic of Yemen is the head of state of Yemen.
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Prime Minister of Albania
The Prime Minister of Albania (Kryeministri i Shqipërisë), officially styled the Prime Minister of the Republic of Albania (Kryeministri i Republikës së Shqipërisë), is the head of government of the Republic of Albania and as well the most powerful and influential person in Albanian politics.
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Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
The Prime Minister of Azerbaijan is the head of government of Azerbaijan.
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Prime Minister of Iran
The Prime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran that had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era (when the country was internationally known as Persia) until its most recent revival from 1979 to 1989 following the Iranian Revolution.
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Prime Minister of Iraq
The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraq's head of government.
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Psychologist
A psychologist studies normal and abnormal mental states from cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one another and to their environments.
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Psychology in medieval Islam
Islamic psychology or ʿilm al-nafs (Arabic: علم النفس), the science of the nafs ("self" or "psyche"), is the medical and philosophical study of the psyche from an Islamic perspective and addresses topics in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and psychiatry as well as psychosomatic medicine.
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Public speaking
Public speaking (also called oratory or oration) is the process or act of performing a speech to a live audience.
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Qajar dynasty
The Qajar dynasty (سلسله قاجار; also Romanised as Ghajar, Kadjar, Qachar etc.; script Qacarlar) was an IranianAbbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3 royal dynasty of Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani.
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Qasem Soleimani
Major General Qasem Soleimani (قاسم سلیمانی, born 11 March 1957) is an Iranian senior military officer in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and since 1998 commander of its Quds Force—a division primarily responsible for extraterritorial military and clandestine operations.
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Qassim Haddad
Qassim Haddad (born 1948) is a Bahraini poet, particularly notable within the Arab world for his free verse poetry.
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Qazi Nurullah Shustari
Qazi Noorullah Shustari (قاضی نور اُللہ شوستری, क़ाज़ी नूरुल्लाह शुस्तरी) (1542 -1610/11) also known as Shaheed-e-Salis (third martyr) was an eminent Shia faqih (jurist) and alim (scholar) of the Mughal period.
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Qurratulain Hyder
Qurratulain Hyder (20 January 1927 – 21 August 2007) was an influential Indian Urdu novelist and short story writer, an academic, and a journalist.
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Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan (born 9 December 1974), is a Pakistani musician, primarily of Qawwali, a devotional music of the Muslim Sufis.
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Rahat Kazmi
Rahat Kazmi (راحت کاظمی; born 30 June 1946) is a Pakistani actor, anchorman and speaker and an academician.
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Rail Rzayev
Lieutenant General Rail Rzayev (Rail Qurban oğlu Rzayev; March 10, 1945 – February 11, 2009) was the Commander of the Azerbaijani Air Force from shortly after Azerbaijan's independence in the early 1990s, to his death in 2009.
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Rajab Bursi
Rajab al-Hafiz al-Bursi (d 1411) an Arab Shia theologian and mystic.
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Rammal Rammal
Rammal Hassan Rammal (September 30, 1951 – May 31, 1991) was a Lebanese condensed matter physicist.
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Rampur State
Rampur State was a 15 gun-salute princely state of British India.
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Rasheed Turabi
Rasheed Turabi (1908–1973) was an Islamic scholar, religious leader, public speaker, poet and philosopher.
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Rashid ad-Din Sinan
Rashīd ad-Dīn Sinān (رشيد الدين سنان), also known as the Old Man of the Mountain (شيخ الجبل Shaykh al-Jabal, Vetulus de Montanis) and also referred to Rashid al-Din Sinan, (1132/1135–1193), was a missionary and a leader of the Syrian branch of the Nizari Ismaili state (the Assassins), and a figure in the history of the Crusades.
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Razi Abedi
Professor Razi Abedi is a literary figure, activist and scholar of Pakistan.
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Reza Shah
Reza Shah Pahlavi (رضا شاه پهلوی;; 15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was the Shah of Iran from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941.
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Rice University
William Marsh Rice University, commonly known as Rice University, is a private research university located on a 300-acre (121 ha) campus in Houston, Texas, United States.
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Rola Dashti
Rola Abdulla Al-Dashti (رولا عبدالله علي حاجيه دشتي, born 1964) is a Kuwaiti economist and business executive and former politician and minister.
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Ruhollah Khomeini
Sayyid Ruhollah Mūsavi Khomeini (سید روحالله موسوی خمینی; 24 September 1902 – 3 June 1989), known in the Western world as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian Shia Islam religious leader and politician.
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Rumi
Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمد رومی), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (جلالالدین محمد بلخى), Mevlânâ/Mawlānā (مولانا, "our master"), Mevlevî/Mawlawī (مولوی, "my master"), and more popularly simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century PersianRitter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJ̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī." Encyclopaedia of Islam.
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S. H. Raza
Sayed Haider "S.
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Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi
Sayyid Sa‘eed Akhtar Rizvi (سيد سعيد اختر رضوي) was an Indian born, Twelver Shī‘ah scholar, who promoted Islam in East Africa.
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Saadi Shirazi
Abū-Muhammad Muslih al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī (ابومحمد مصلحالدین بن عبدالله شیرازی), better known by his pen-name Saadi (سعدی Saʿdī()), also known as Saadi of Shiraz (سعدی شیرازی Saadi Shirazi), was a major Persian poet and literary of the medieval period.
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Saba Valadkhan
Saba Valadkhan (صبا ولدخان) is an Iranian American biomedical scientist, and an Assistant Professor and RNA researcher at Case Western Reserve University.
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Sadegh Tirafkan
Sadegh Tirafkan (صادق تیرافکن; July 3, 1965 in Karbala, Iraq to Iranian parents – May 9, 2013 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) was an Iranian contemporary artist who lived mainly in Tehran, Iran.
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Sadequain
Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi Retrieved 9 February 2018 Retrieved 9 February 2018 (سیّد صادِقَین احمد نقوی), Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, Pride of Performance, Sitara-e-Imtiaz, also often referred to as Sadequain Naqqash, was a Pakistani artist, best known for his skills as a calligrapher and a painter.
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Sadiq Hussain Qureshi
Nawab Sadiq Hussain Qureshi (نواب صادق حسین قريشی.; 25 July 1927 – 24 June 2000) was a Pakistani politician who served as both Governor and Chief Minister of Punjab under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in the 1970s.
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Saeed Naqvi
Saeed Naqvi is senior Indian journalist, television commentator, interviewer.
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Safavid dynasty
The Safavid dynasty (دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.
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Safi-ad-din Ardabili
Sheikh Safi-ad-din Is'haq Ardabili (of Ardabil) (1252–1334) (شیخ صفیالدین اسحاق اردبیلی Shaikh Ṣāfī ad-Dīn Isḥāq Ardabīlī), was the Kurdish, Cambridge University Press, 1997,, p. 39.
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Safia Taleb Ali al-Suhail
Safia Taleb Ali al-Suhail is an Iraqi Sunni Muslim politician who currently serves as an Ambassador of Iraq to Jordan.
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Salah Jadid
Salah Jadid (1926 – 19 August 1993, صلاح جديد) was a Syrian general and political figure in the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in Syria, and the country's de facto leader from 1966 until 1970.
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Salama al-Khufaji
Salama al-Khufaji was a member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council, created following the United States's 2003 invasion of Iraq.
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Saleh al-Ali
Saleh al-Ali or Shaykh Saleh Ahmad al-Ali (الشيخ صالح أحمد العلي) (1884 in Al-Shaykh Badr – 13 April 1950 in Tartus) was a prominent Syrian Alawi leader who commanded the Syrian Revolt of 1919, one of the first rebellions against the French mandate of Syria before the Great Syrian Revolt.
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Saleh Ashour
Saleh Ashour is a member of the Kuwaiti National Assembly, representing the first district.
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Salih Al-Karzakani
Sheikh Salih Al-Karzakani (صالح الكرزكاني) was a seventeenth-century Bahraini theologian who was appointed by the Safavid empire as a religious court judge in Shiraz.
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Salih ibn Mirdas
Abū ʿAlī Ṣāliḥ ibn Mirdās, also known by the laqab (honorific epithet) Asad al-Dawla ("Lion of the State") (died May 1029), was the founder of the Mirdasid dynasty of Aleppo, ruling between 1025 until his death.
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Salim Ali
Sálim Moizuddin Abdul Ali (12 November 1896 – 20 June 1987) was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist.
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Salim–Sulaiman
Salim–Sulaiman is an Indian score composer duo consisting of siblings Salim and Sulaiman Merchant.
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Samad Rizvi
Syed Samad Hussain Rizvi (July 23, 1924 – December 17, 2009) was an astrologer.
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Sami Frashëri
Sami Frashëri (Şemseddin Sami Bey; June 1, 1850 – June 18, 1904) was an Ottoman Albanian writer, philosopher, playwright and a prominent figure of the Rilindja Kombëtare, the National Renaissance movement of Albania, together with his two brothers Abdyl and Naim.
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Samir Kuntar
Samir Kuntar (سمير القنطار, also transcribed Sameer, Kantar, Quntar, Qantar; 20 July 1962 – 19 December 2015) was a Lebanese Druze member of the Palestine Liberation Front and Hezbollah.
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Sana'a Mehaidli
Sana'a Mehaidli (سناء محيدلي; August 14, 1968 - April 9, 1985) was a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party who, at the age of 16, blew herself and a Peugeot filled with explosives up next to an Israeli convoy in Jezzine, Lebanon, during the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon.
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Sayf al-Dawla
Ali ibn Abu'l-Hayja 'Abdallah ibn Hamdan ibn al-Harith al-Taghlibi (سيف الدولة أبو الحسن ابن حمدان), more commonly known simply by his laqab (honorific epithet) of Sayf ud-Dawla ("Sword of the Dynasty"), was the founder of the Emirate of Aleppo, encompassing most of northern Syria and parts of western Jazira, and the brother of al-Hasan ibn Abdallah ibn Hamdan (better known as Nasir al-Dawla).
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Sayyed Mahmud Khan
Amiral Kabir Sayyid Mahmud Khan Barha, also known as Mahmud Khan, was a general in the Akbar's army, son of Sayyid Mubarak (also known as Makhan), was the first person of this family - the Saiyids of Barah - to rise to the rank of a nobleman.
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Sayyid
Sayyid (also spelt Syed, Saiyed,Seyit,Seyd, Said, Sayed, Sayyed, Saiyid, Seyed and Seyyed) (سيد,; meaning "Mister"; plural سادة) is an honorific title denoting people (سيدة for females) accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali (combined Hasnain), sons of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and son-in-law Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib).
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Sayyid Baraka
Sayyid Baraka (1343–1403) was a holy man of the commercial city of Tirmidh, and spiritual teacher and friend to the 14th century Central Asian conqueror Timur.
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Scholarly method
The scholarly method or scholarship is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public.
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Science in the medieval Islamic world
Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids in Persia, the Abbasid Caliphate and beyond, spanning the period c. 800 to 1250.
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Secretary-General of Hezbollah
This is a partial list of Secretaries-General of Hezbollah.
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Shabana Azmi
Shabana Azmi (born 18 September 1950) is an Indian actress of film, television and theatre.
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Shah
Shah (Šāh, pronounced, "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia).
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Shah Nimatullah Wali
Shāh Nimatullāh or Shāh Ni'matullāh Wali, (شاه نعمتالله ولی Shāh Ni'matullāh-i Valī), also spelled as Ne'matollah, Ni'matallah and Ni'mat Allāh, was a Persian Sufi Master and poet from the 14th and 15th centuries.
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Shahnameh
The Shahnameh, also transliterated as Shahnama (شاهنامه, "The Book of Kings"), is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran.
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Shahriar Bahrani
Shahriar Bahrani (Persian: شهريار بحراني) is an Iranian director.
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Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī
(c. 1135 – c. 1213) was an Iranian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages).
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Sharif al-Murtaza
Abu al-Qāsim ‘Alī ibn Husayn al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā (Arabic: أبو القاسم علي بن الحسين الشريف المرتضى) (commonly known as: Sharīf Murtadhā, Sayyid Murtadhā, (Murtazā instead of Murtadhā in non-Arab languages)) (965 - 1044 AD; 355 - 436 AH) also popular as Alam al Huda was one of the greatest Shia scholars of his time and was one of the students of Shaykh al-Mufīd.
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Sharifa Fatima
Sharifa Fatima (الشَّرِيفة فاطِمَة; d. during or after 1461; sharifa is an honorific, her proper name being Fatima bint al-Hassan) was a Zaydi chief in 15th century Yemen.
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Shawar
Shawar ibn Mujir al-Sa'di (Shāwar ibn Mudjīr as-Saʿdī; died January 18, 1169) was the de facto ruler of Fatimid Egypt, as vizier, from December 1162 until his assassination in 1169 by the general Shirkuh, the uncle of the Kurdish leader Saladin, with whom he was engaged in a three-way power struggle against the Crusader Amalric I of Jerusalem.
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Shaykh al-Islām
Shaykh al-Islām (شيخ الإسلام, Šayḫ al-Islām; Şeyḫülislām) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.
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Shaykh Tusi
Shaykh Tusi (شیخ طوسی), full name Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi (ابوجعفر محمد بن حسن طوسی), known as Shaykh al-Taʾifah (شيخ الطائفة) was a prominent Persian scholar of the Twelver school of Shia Islam.
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Shia Islam
Shia (شيعة Shīʿah, from Shīʻatu ʻAlī, "followers of Ali") is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam), most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm.
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Shirwan al-Waili
Shirwan Kamil al-Waili or Shirwan Waili (born 1957) is an Iraqi politician and Minister of State for National Security in the government of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.
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Sibawayh
Abū Bishr ʻAmr ibn ʻUthmān ibn Qanbar Al-Baṣrī (c. 760–796, أبو بشر عمرو بن عثمان بن قنبر البصري), commonly known as Sībawayh or Sībawayhi (سيبويه, an Arabized form of Middle Persian name Sēbōē, modern Persian pronunciation Sēbōya/Sībūye) was a Persian linguist and grammarian of Arabic language.
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Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
The Siege of Jerusalem took place from June 7 to July 15, 1099, during the First Crusade.
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Sitt al-Mulk
Sitt al-Mulk (970–1023) (ست الملك), was the Ruler (de facto Caliph) of the Fatimids in 1021–1023 during the minority of her nephew, Ali az-Zahir, the seventh Fatimid caliph and 17th Ismaili imam (1021–1036).
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Sultanul Madaris
The Sultan ul Madaris سُلطان المدارس.; is a Shia Islamic Madrasa (religious school) for higher religious education in Lucknow, India.
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Supreme Leader of Iran
The Supreme Leader of Iran (rahbar-e mo'azzam-e irān), also called the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution (رهبر معظم انقلاب اسلامی), officially in Iran, called the Supreme Leadership Authority (مقام معظم رهبری), is the head of state and highest ranking political and religious authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Surat Huseynov
Surat Davud oglu Huseynov (Surət Davud oğlu Hüseynov; born 12 February 1959 in Ganja) is an Azerbaijani colonel and ex-Prime Minister of Azerbaijan, who rose to prominence during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
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Syed Ahmed (politician)
Syed Ahmed (6 March 1945 – 27 September 2015) was an Indian politician, author and a member of the Congress Party.
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Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi
Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi (السيد علي اختر رضوي. سیدعلی اختر رضوی), (19 September 1948 – 10 February 2002) widely known as Adeeb-e-Asr (ادیب عصر) and Allamah Shaoor (علامہ شعور), was an Indian Twelver Shī'ah scholar, public speaker, translator, and historian as well as an author and poet.
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Syed Kirmani
Syed Mujtaba Hussain Kirmani (born 29 December 1949) played cricket for India and Karnataka as a wicket-keeper.
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Syed Mehdi Shah
Syed Mehdi Shah is the former Chief minister of Gilgit-Baltistan.
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Syed Sultan Ahmed
Sir Syed Sultan Ahmed, KCSI (1880–1963, Patna, Bihar, India) was an Indian barrister and politician who had a very successful practice as a barrister, having victories over Motilal Nehru, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Sarat Chandra Bose.
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Syria
Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Syrian Social Nationalist Party
The Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) (الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي, transliterated: Al-Ḥizb Al-Sūrī Al-Qawmī Al-'Ijtimā'ī, often referred to in French as Parti populaire syrien or Parti social nationaliste syrien), is a nationalist political party operating in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Palestine.
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Syrians
Syrians (سوريون), also known as the Syrian people (الشعب السوري ALA-LC: al-sha‘ab al-Sūrī; ܣܘܪܝܝܢ), are the inhabitants of Syria, who share a common Levantine Semitic ancestry.
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Taif Agreement
The Taif Agreement (اتفاقية الطائف / ittifāqiyat al-Ṭā’if) (also the or) was an agreement reached to provide "the basis for the ending of the civil war and the return to political normalcy in Lebanon".
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Talib Jauhari
Talib Jauhari (طالب جوہری.) (born 27 August 1939) is a Pakistani Islamic scholar, religious leader, public speaker, Qur'anic interpreter, Urdu poet, historian and philosopher of the Shia Sect of Islam.
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Tanveer Zaidi
Tanveer Zaidi تنویر زیدی, तनवीर ज़ैदी, born to Syed Mashooq Hussain is an Indian film actor and educationist.
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Tehrik-e-Jafaria
Tehrik-e-Jafaria Pakistan (TJP) (تحریکِ جعفریہ) is a Shia Muslim sectarian religious organization in Pakistan.
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Tekuder
| name.
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The Iron Sheik
Hossein Khosrow Ali Vaziri (حسین خسرو علی وزیری; born 15 March, 1942), better known by his ring name The Iron Sheik, is an Iranian American former professional wrestler, amateur wrestler and actor.
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Timur
Timur (تیمور Temūr, Chagatai: Temür; 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane (تيمور لنگ Temūr(-i) Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror.
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Transcendent theosophy
Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’li (حكمت متعالي), the doctrine and philosophy developed by Persian philosopher Mulla Sadra, is one of two main disciplines of Islamic philosophy that is currently live and active.
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Tropical disease
Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions.
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Turkmens
The Turkmens (Türkmenler, Түркменлер, IPA) are a nation and Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, primarily the Turkmen nation state of Turkmenistan.
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Twelver
Twelver (translit; شیعه دوازدهامامی) or Imamiyyah (إمامية) is the largest branch of Shia Islam.
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Uqaylid dynasty
The 'Uqailids or 'Uqaylid dynasty was a Shi'a Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria and Iraq in the late tenth and eleventh centuries.
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Urdu
Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.
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Usama Alshaibi
Usama Alshaibi (أسامة الشيبي) (born in Baghdad, Iraq on November 20, 1969) is an Iraqi-American independent filmmaker and visual artist.
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Uzun Hasan
Uzun Hasan or Uzun Hassan (1423 – January 6, 1478) (اوزون حسن, Uzun Həsən; Uzun Hasan, where uzun means "tall"; اوزون حسن) was the 9th shahanshah of the Oghuz Turkic Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, also known as the White Sheep Turkomans, and generally considered to be its strongest ruler.
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Visual arts
The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, and architecture.
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Vizier
A vizier (rarely; وزير wazīr; وازیر vazīr; vezir; Chinese: 宰相 zǎixiàng; উজির ujira; Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu): वज़ीर or وزیر vazeer; Punjabi: ਵਜ਼ੀਰ or وزير vazīra, sometimes spelt vazir, vizir, vasir, wazir, vesir or vezir) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister.
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Wajid Ali Shah
Wajid Ali Shah (واجد علی شاہ) (30 July 1822 – 1 September 1887) was the tenth and last Nawab of Awadh, holding the position for 9 years, from 13 February 1847 to 11 February 1856.
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Wissam S. al-Hashimi
Dr Wissam S. al-Hashimi was an Iraqi geologist born in Baghdad.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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Xhafer Bej Ypi
Xhafer Bej Ypi (January 12, 1880, Starje - December 17, 1940), a Bektashi Muslim, was an Albanian politician.
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Ya'qubi
Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub ibn Ja'far ibn Wahb Ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi (died 897/8), known as Ahmad al-Ya'qubi, or Ya'qubi (اليعقوبي), was a Muslim geographer and perhaps the first historian of world culture in the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Yahya Khan
Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (آغا محمد یحییٰ خان; 4 February 1917 – 10 August 1980), widely known as Yahya Khan,, was the third President of Pakistan, serving in this post from 25 March 1969 until turning over his presidency in December 1971.
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Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din (or Imam Yahya) (18 June 1869 – 17 February 1948) became Imam of the Zaydis in 1904 after the death of his father, Muhammad Al-Mansur, and Imam of Yemen in 1918.
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Yahya Rahim Safavi
Yahya "Rahim" Safavi (یحیى (رحیم) صفوی, born 1952) is an Iranian military commander who served as the chief commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps from 1 September 1997 until 1 September 2007.
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Yasaman Farzan
Yasaman Farzan (یاسمن فرزان was born 1977 in Tabriz) is an Iranian researcher, professor and physicist.
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Yemen
Yemen (al-Yaman), officially known as the Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula.
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Yunus Emre
Yunus Emre (1238–1320) was a Turkish poet and Sufi mystic who greatly influenced Anatolian culture.
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Yusuf al-Bahrani
Yusuf ibn Ahmed al-Bahrani (1695–1772) (يوسف البحراني) was a Bahraini theologian and a key figure in the intellectual development of Twelver Shia Islam.
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Zaidiyyah
Zaidiyyah or Zaidism (الزيدية az-zaydiyya, adjective form Zaidi or Zaydi) is one of the Shia sects closest in terms of theology to Hanafi Sunni Islam.
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Zainab Bahrani
Zainab Bahrani (زينب البحرانى) (born 1962) is an Iraqi professor of Ancient Near Eastern Art and Archaeology at Columbia University.
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Zaki al-Arsuzi
Zakī al-Arsūzī (زكي الأرسوزي; June 1899 – 2 July 1968) was a Syrian philosopher, philologist, sociologist, historian, and Arab nationalist.
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Zand dynasty
The Zand dynasty (سلسله زندیه) was an Iranian dynasty of Lak a branch of Lurs origin founded by Karim Khan Zand that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century.
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Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili
Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili (1506-1558) was a Shia scholar.
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Ziri ibn Manad
Ziri ibn Manad or Ziri son of Mennad (died in 971) was the founder of the Zirid dynasty in the Berber world.
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Zirid dynasty
The Zirid dynasty (ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵉⵔⵉ Tagelda n Ayt Ziri, زيريون /ALA-LC: Zīryūn; Banu Ziri) was a Sanhaja Berber dynasty from modern-day Algeria which ruled the central Maghreb from 972 to 1014 and Ifriqiya (eastern Maghreb) from 972 to 1148.
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Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973.
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Zulfiqar Mirza
Zulfiqar Mirza is a Pakistani politician who is affiliated with the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).
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1948 Arab–Israeli War
The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, or the First Arab–Israeli War, was fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states over the control of Palestine, forming the second stage of the 1948 Palestine war.
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1990s uprising in Bahrain
The 1990s uprising in Bahrain (الانتفاضة التسعينية في البحرين) also known as the uprising of dignity (انتفاضة الكرامة) was an uprising in Bahrain between 1994 and 1999 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces to demand democratic reforms.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shia_Muslims
