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List of Russian biologists

Index List of Russian biologists

This list of Russian biologists includes the famous biologists from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia. [1]

323 relations: Abiogenesis, Adams mammoth, Agriculture, Air ioniser, Alaska, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Shmuk, Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov, Aleksandr Tikhomirov, Aleksei Korotnev, Alexander Barchenko, Alexander Bunge, Alexander Catsch, Alexander Chizhevsky, Alexander Gurwitsch, Alexander Keyserling, Alexander Kovalevsky, Alexander Nikolayevich Lebedev, Alexander Nikolsky, Alexander Oparin, Alexander Petrunkevitch, Alexander Spirin, Alexander von Middendorff, Alexandr Rasnitsyn, Alexey Bystrow, Alexey Kondrashov, Alexey Olovnikov, Alexey Skvortsov, Alnus rubra, Altai Mountains, Anatoli Bogdanov (zoologist), Anatoly Andriyashev, Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky, Andrei Famintsyn, Andrey Avinoff, Andrey Belozersky, Andrey Bolotov, Andrey Kursanov, Andrey Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov, Anesthetic, Antonina Borissova, Aralosaurus, Arctic Ocean, Armen Takhtajan, Artificial insemination, Atlantic salmon, August David Krohn, Élie Metchnikoff, Battlefield medicine, Bedriaga's rock lizard, ..., Beetle, Biocatalysis, Biochemist, Biochemistry, Biogeochemical cycle, Biogeochemistry, Biogeography, Biological warfare, Biologist, Biomechanics, Biophoton, Blood–brain barrier, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, Boris Schwanwitsch, Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov, Botany, Brassicoraphanus, Center of origin, Central Asia, Chaetognatha, Chalcides bedriagai, Chemosynthesis, Chlorophyll, Chromatography, Chronobiology, Classical conditioning, Coleopterology, Crossbreed, Cultivar, Cytoskeleton, Dmitri Ivanovsky, Dmitry Belyayev (zoologist), Dmitry Litvinov, Dmitry Mushketov, DNA, Domesticated red fox, Double fertilization, Drifting ice station, Eastern Front (World War II), Ecology, Eduard Friedrich Eversmann, Elaphe schrenckii, Electroencephalography, Electrophysiology, Embryology, Endosymbiont, Entomology, Ethnology, European Russia, Evgeny Chernikin, Evgeny Maleev, Evoked potential, Evolution of sexual reproduction, Extended evolutionary synthesis, Far East, Feodosy Chernyshyov, Flora, Florigen, Flower, Flowering plant, Food industry, Freshwater pearl mussel, Fungus, Gas gangrene, Gastrulation, Geneticist, Genetics, Gennady Yakovlev, Georg Wilhelm Steller, Georgii Karpechenko, Germ layer, Gerontology, Goldman Environmental Prize, Grigory Grumm-Grzhimaylo, Grow light, Gustav Heinrich von Bongard, Hans Johansen, Harvest, Heinz Christian Pander, Hermann Johansen, Herpetology, Histology, Horse breeding, Humanzee, Hybrid (biology), Hydrobiology, Hydrology, Hyperborea, Ichthyology, Igor Akimushkin, Ilya Darevsky, Ilya Gruzinov, Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov, Immune system, Ivan Lepyokhin, Ivan Pavlov, Ivan Schmalhausen, Ivan Sechenov, Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin, Ivan Yefremov, Jacques von Bedriaga, Japanese sturgeon, Johann Friedrich Adam, Johann Georg Gmelin, Julian Simashko, Karl Ernst von Baer, Karl Kessler, Karl Maximovich, Kirill Eskov, Kliment Timiryazev, Komarov Botanical Institute, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Leonty Ramensky, Leopold von Schrenck, Lev Berg, Lev Tsenkovsky, Levitation (paranormal), Lichenology, Lina Stern, List of biologists, List of Russian earth scientists, List of Russian explorers, List of Russian physicians and psychologists, List of Russian scientists, Lithotroph, Ludmila Kupriyanova, Lysenkoism, Macroevolution, Mammalogy, Maria Cherkasova, Maria Prokhorova, Membrane, Menzbier's marmot, Meteorology, Microbiologist, Microevolution, Microorganism, Mikhail Chailakhyan, Mikhail Fedonkin, Mikhail Menzbier, Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin, Mikhail Tsvet, Military camouflage, Molecular biology, Morphogenetic field, Mutation, Mycology, Natural history, Natural selection, Neurophysiology, Neuroscientist, Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay, Nicolai Ivanovich Andrusov, Nikolai Bernstein, Nikolai Koltsov, Nikolai Vavilov, Nikolai Yakovlevich Kuznetsov, Nikolay Dubinin, Nikolay Pirogov, Nikolay Przhevalsky, Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky, Nikolay Zograf, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Non-vascular plant, Noosphere, North Pole-1, Nucleic acid, Oleg Gazenko, Olga Lepeshinskaya (biologist), Olga Vinogradova, Ontogeny, Ornithology, Paleontology, Pallas's cat, Pallas's gull, Pallas's squirrel, Permafrost, Peter Kropotkin, Peter Lesgaft, Peter Simon Pallas, Phagocytosis, Physiology, Phytogeography, Picea sitchensis, Plankton, Plant pathology, Plant physiology, Pleistocene Park, Pollination, Polyploid, Pomology, Population genetics, Primary motor cortex, Primordial soup, Probactrosaurus, Probiotic, Protein biosynthesis, Przewalski's horse, Pyotr Chikhachyov, Pyotr Shirshov, Radula, Roman Vishniac, Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Empire, Russian Entomological Society, Rust (fungus), Science and technology in Russia, Seed, Sequential hermaphroditism, Sergei Chetverikov, Sergei Kurzanov, Sergei Mirkin, Sergei Navashin, Sergei Winogradsky, Sergey Ognev, Sergey Zimov, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Siberia, Soviet Union, Spontaneous generation, Steller's eider, Steller's jay, Steller's sea cow, Sviatoslav Zabelin, Symbiogenesis, Symbiosis, Sympatric speciation, Takhtajan system, Talarurus, Taphonomy, Tarbosaurus, Telomerase, Telomere, Temperature, Therizinosaurus, Tikhon Rabotnov, Trofim Lysenko, Vadim Gratshev, Valeriy Zyuganov, Vasily Ruzhentsev, Vernalization, Victor Motschulsky, Victor Shmidt, Viktor Grebennikov, Virus, Vitus Bering, Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel, Vladimir Betz, Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky, Vladimir Kovalevsky, Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov, Vladimir Obruchev, Vladimir Pasechnik, Vladimir Pavlovich Efroimson, Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky, Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii, Vladimir Sukachev, Vladimir Vernadsky, Von Baer's laws (embryology), Von Schrenck's bittern, Voronezh State University, Winogradsky column, Woolly mammoth, World War II, Yaroslav Starobogatov, Yuli Berkovich, Yuri Filipchenko, Yuri Ovchinnikov (biochemist), Zhores Medvedev, Zinaida Botschantzeva, Zoogeography, Zoology. Expand index (273 more) »

Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life,Compare: Also occasionally called biopoiesis.

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Adams mammoth

The Adams mammoth is the first woolly mammoth skeleton with skin and flesh still attached to be recovered by scientists.

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Agriculture

Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.

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Air ioniser

An air ioniser (or negative ion generator or Chizhevsky's chandelier) is a device that uses high voltage to ionise (electrically charge) air molecules.

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Alaska

Alaska (Alax̂sxax̂) is a U.S. state located in the northwest extremity of North America.

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Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Shmuk

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Shmuk (Александр Александрович Шмук) (in Moscow - January 22, 1945, Moscow) was a Soviet biochemist and recipient of the Stalin Prize in 1942.

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Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov

Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov (А.Г. Шаров, 1922—1973) is a Russian palaeoentomologist, paleontologist and expert on Pterosauria.

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Aleksandr Tikhomirov

Aleksandr Andreyevich Tikhomirov (Александр Андреевич Тихомиров, – October 23, 1931) was a Russian zoologist.

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Aleksei Korotnev

Aleksei Alekseevich Korotnev (February 15, 1854, Moscow- June 14, 1915, Odessa) was a Russian zoologist Korotnev graduated from Moscow University in 1876 and gained his doctorate there in 1881.

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Alexander Barchenko

Alexander Vasilyevich Barchenko (Александр Васильевич Барченко; 1881, Yelets — April, 1938) was a Russian biologist and researcher of anomalous phenomena from St. Petersburg.

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Alexander Bunge

Alexander Georg von Bunge (Russian: Aleksandr Andreevich von Bunge, Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Бу́нге; –) was a Russian German botanist.

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Alexander Catsch

Alexander Catsch (also Katsch; 1913–1976) was a German-Russian medical doctor and radiation biologist.

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Alexander Chizhevsky

Alexander Chizhevsky Алекса́ндр Леони́дович Чиже́вский (also Aleksandr Leonidovich Tchijevsky) (7 February 1897 – 20 December 1964) was a Soviet-era interdisciplinary scientist, a biophysicist who founded "heliobiology" (study of the sun’s effect on biology) and "aero-ionization" (study of effect of ionization of air on biological entities).

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Alexander Gurwitsch

Alexander Gavrilovich Gurwitsch (also Gurvich, Gurvitch; Алекса́ндр Гаври́лович Гу́рвич; 1874–1954) was a Russian and Soviet biologist and medical scientist who originated the morphogenetic field theory and discovered the biophoton.

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Alexander Keyserling

Count Alexander Friedrich Michael Lebrecht Nikolaus Arthur von Keyserling (15 August 1815 in Kabile Parish – 8 May 1891 in Raikküla) was a Baltic German geologist and paleontologist from the Keyserlingk family of Baltic German nobility.

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Alexander Kovalevsky

Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky (Aleksander Kowalewski, 7 November 1840 in Vārkava, Vitebsk Governorate (present-day Vārkava Municipality, Latvia) – 1901), also written Alexander Kowalevsky, was a Russian embryologist of Polish descent, who studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg and became professor at St Petersburg.

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Alexander Nikolayevich Lebedev

Alexander Nikolayevich Lebedev (1869–1937) was a Russian biochemist.

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Alexander Nikolsky

Alexander Mikhailovich Nikolsky (February 18, 1858 – December 8, 1942) was a Russian and Ukrainian zoologist born in Astrakhan.

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Alexander Oparin

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Опа́рин) (– April 21, 1980) was a Soviet biochemist notable for his theories about the origin of life, and for his book The Origin of Life.

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Alexander Petrunkevitch

Alexander Ivanovitch Petrunkevitch (Russian: Александр Иванович Петрункевич, December 22, 1875 in Plysky near Kiev, now Ukraine – March 9, 1964 in New Haven) was an eminent Russian arachnologist of his time.

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Alexander Spirin

Alexander Sergeevich Spirin (Russian: Александр Сергеевич Спирин) (born September 4, 1931) is a Russian biochemist, Distinguished Professor at the Lomonosov Moscow State University (since 1999), a former Director of Institute of Protein Research Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino (Пущино-на-Оке), Moscow Region (Московская Область), Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Alexander von Middendorff

Alexander Theodor von Middendorff (Александр Федорович Миддендорф) (18 August 1815 – 24 January 1894) was a Russian zoologist and explorer.

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Alexandr Rasnitsyn

Alexandr Pavlovich Rasnitsyn (Russian: Александр Павлович Расницын) is a Russian entomologist, expert in palaeoentomology, and Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation (2001).

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Alexey Bystrow

Alexey Petrovich Bystrow, sometimes spelled Alexey Petrovich Bystrov and Aleksei Petrovich Bystrow, (Алексе́й Петро́вич Быстро́в; February 1, 1899 – August 29, 1959) was a Soviet paleontologist, anatomist, and histologist.

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Alexey Kondrashov

Alexey Simonovich Kondrashov (Алексе́й Си́монович Кондрашо́в) (born April 11, 1957 in Moscow) worked on a variety of subjects in evolutionary genetics.

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Alexey Olovnikov

Alexey Matveyevich Olovnikov (Алексей Матвеевич Оловников; born 10 October 1936 in Vladivostok, Russia) is a Russian biologist.

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Alexey Skvortsov

Alexey K. Skvortsov (9 February 1920 – 8 May 2008) A Russian botanist and naturalist, a specialist on amentiferous plants—willows (Salix), poplars (Populus), and birches (Betula) as well as plants of the evening primrose family (Onagraceae), A.K. Skvortsov was, at the same time, well known in Russia as an editor in Priroda (Nature) Magazine (1971–2005) and author of many articles on botany, evolutionary biology, and Darwinism.

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Alnus rubra

Alnus rubra, the red alder, is a deciduous broadleaf tree native to western North America (Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho and Montana).

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Altai Mountains

The Altai Mountains (also spelled Altay Mountains; Altai: Алтай туулар, Altay tuular; Mongolian:, Altai-yin niruɣu (Chakhar) / Алтайн нуруу, Altain nuruu (Khalkha); Kazakh: Алтай таулары, Altai’ tay’lary, التاي تاۋلارى Алтайские горы, Altajskije gory; Chinese; 阿尔泰山脉, Ā'ěrtài Shānmài, Xiao'erjing: اَعَرتَىْ شًامَىْ; Dungan: Артэ Шанмэ) are a mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan come together, and are where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters.

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Anatoli Bogdanov (zoologist)

Anatoli Petrovich Bogdanov (Анатолий Петрович Богданов; 13 October 1834 – 28 March 1896) was a Russian zoologist and anthropologist, born in Voronezh Governorate in southern Russia.

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Anatoly Andriyashev

Anatoly Petrovich Andriyashev (also Andriashev) (19 August 1910 in Montpellier, France – 4 January 2009 in Saint Petersburg, Russia) was a Soviet Russian ichthyologist, marine biologist, and zoogeographist, notable for his studies of marine fauna of the Arctic and the Northern Pacific.

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Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky

Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky (Анатолий Константинович Рождественский, 1920–1983) was a Russian paleontologist responsible for naming many dinosaurs, including Aralosaurus and Probactrosaurus.

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Andrei Famintsyn

Andrei Sergeyevich Famintsyn (Андрей Серге́евич Фаминцын) (June 17 (O.S. June 29), 1835, Moscow – December 8, 1918, Petrograd) was a Russian botanist, public figure, and academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1884).

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Andrey Avinoff

Dr.

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Andrey Belozersky

Andrey Nikolayevich Belozersky (Андре́й Никола́евич Белозе́рский) (1905–1972) was a Soviet Russian biologist and biophysicist, a founder of molecular biology studies in the Soviet Union.

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Andrey Bolotov

Andrey Timofeyevich Bolotov (18 October 1738 – 16 October 1833) was the most prolific memoirist and the most distinguished agriculturist of the 18th-century Russian Empire.

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Andrey Kursanov

Andrey Lvovich Kursanov (Андрей Львович Курсанов; 8 November 1902, Moscow – 20 September 1999, Moscow) was a Soviet specialist on the physiology and biochemistry of plants.

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Andrey Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky

Andrey Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (Андре́й Петро́вич Семёнов-Тянь-Ша́нский) (1866–1942) was a Russian entomologist specializing in beetles.

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Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov

Andrey V. Martynov (21 August 1879 – 29 January 1938) was a Russian entomologist and palaeontologist, a founder of the Russian palaeoentomological school.

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Anesthetic

An anesthetic (or anaesthetic) is a drug to prevent pain during surgery, completely blocking any feeling as opposed to an analgesic.

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Antonina Borissova

Antonina Georgievna Borissova (1903–1970) was a Russian botanist, specialising in the flora of the deserts and semi-desert of central Asia.

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Aralosaurus

Aralosaurus (meaning "Aral Sea lizard", because it was found in the Aral Sea - Greek sauros.

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Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans.

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Armen Takhtajan

Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian (Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced TAHK-tuh-jahn) (June 10, 1910 – November 13, 2009), was a Soviet-Armenian botanist, one of the most important figures in 20th century plant evolution and systematics and biogeography.

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Artificial insemination

Artificial insemination (AI) is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's uterus or cervix for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse.

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Atlantic salmon

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae.

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August David Krohn

August David Krohn (1803–1891) was a Saint Petersburg born zoologist of German origin.

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Élie Metchnikoff

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Илья́ Ильи́ч Ме́чников, also written as Élie Metchnikoff; 15 July 1916) was a Russian zoologist best known for his pioneering research in immunology.

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Battlefield medicine

Battlefield medicine, also called field surgery and later combat casualty care, is the treatment of wounded combatants and non-combatants in or near an area of combat.

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Bedriaga's rock lizard

Bedriaga's rock lizard, Archaeolacerta bedriagae, is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae.

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Beetle

Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Endopterygota.

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Biocatalysis

Biocatalysis is catalysis in living (biological) systems.

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Biochemist

Biochemists are scientists that are trained in biochemistry.

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

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Biogeochemical cycle

In geography and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.

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Biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere).

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Biogeography

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.

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Biological warfare

Biological warfare (BW)—also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war.

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Biologist

A biologist, is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology, the scientific study of life.

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Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics.

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Biophoton

Biophotons (from the Greek βίος meaning "life" and φῶς meaning "light") are photons of light in the ultraviolet and low visible light range that are produced by a biological system.

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Blood–brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Boris Kozo-Polyansky

Boris Mikhailovich Kozo-Polyansky (Борис Михайлович Козо-Полянский, 20 January 1890 – 21 April 1957) was a Russian botanist and evolutionary biologist, best known for his seminal work, Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution, which was the first work to place the theory of symbiogenesis into a Darwinian evolutionary context, as well as one of the first to redefine cell theory.

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Boris Schwanwitsch

Boris Nikolayevich Schwanwitsch (or Schwanwitz), Борис Николаевич Шванвич, (1889, Poltava – 1957) was a Russian entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera.

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Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov

Boris Sergeyevich Sokolov (Борис Серге́евич Соколов) (April 9, 1914 – September 2, 2013) was a Russian geologist and paleontologist.

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Botany

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.

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Brassicoraphanus

Brassicoraphanus is any intergeneric hybrid between the genera Brassica (cabbages, etc.) and Raphanus (radish).

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Center of origin

A center of origin (or centre of diversity) is a geographical area where a group of organisms, either domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive properties.

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Central Asia

Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north.

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Chaetognatha

Chaetognatha, meaning bristle-jaws, and commonly known as arrow worms, is a phylum of predatory marine worms which are a major component of plankton worldwide.

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Chalcides bedriagai

Chalcides bedriagai, commonly known as Bedriaga's skink, is a species of lizard endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.

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Chemosynthesis

In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis.

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Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.

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Chromatography

Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.

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Chronobiology

Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.

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Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).

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Coleopterology

Coleopterology (from Coleoptera and Greek -λογία, -logia) is a branch of entomology, the scientific study of beetles of the order Coleoptera.

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Crossbreed

A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations.

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Cultivar

The term cultivarCultivar has two denominations as explained in Formal definition.

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Cytoskeleton

A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life (archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes).

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Dmitri Ivanovsky

Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky (alternative spelling Dmitrii or Dmitry Iwanowski; Дми́трий Ио́сифович Ивано́вский; 28 October 1864 – 20 June 1920) was a Russian botanist, the discoverer of viruses (1892) and one of the founders of virology.

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Dmitry Belyayev (zoologist)

Dmitry Konstantinovich Belyayev (Russian: Дми́трий Константи́нович Беля́ев, 17 July 1917 – 14 November 1985) was a Russian geneticist and academician who served as director of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (IC&G) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, from 1959 to 1985.

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Dmitry Litvinov

Dmitry Ivanovich Litvinov (Дмитрий Иванович Литвинов; – 5 July 1929) was a Russian botanist responsible for the naming of a large variety of East European and Asian plants.

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Dmitry Mushketov

Dmitry Ivanovich Mushketov (Дмитрий Иванович Мушкетов) (– 18 February 1938) was a Russian geologist and paleontologist, one of the victims of the Great Terror.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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Domesticated red fox

The domesticated red fox, domesticated silver fox or just simply domesticated fox (Vulpes vulpes forma amicus) is a form of the wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) which has been domesticated to an extent, under laboratory conditions.

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Double fertilization

Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms).

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Drifting ice station

Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations are research stations built on the ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.

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Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.

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Ecology

Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.

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Eduard Friedrich Eversmann

Alexander Eduard Friedrich Eversmann (23 January 1794 – 14 April 1860) was a biologist and explorer.

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Elaphe schrenckii

Elaphe schrenckii is a nonvenomous colubrid snake species, which is endemic to Northeast Asia (China, Korea, Russia, Mongolia).

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Electroencephalography

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain.

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Electrophysiology

Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, "amber"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.

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Embryology

Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.

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Endosymbiont

An endosymbiont or endobiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism in a symbiotic relationship with the host body or cell, often but not always to mutual benefit.

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Entomology

Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology.

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Ethnology

Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "nation") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationship between them (cf. cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology).

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European Russia

European Russia is the western part of Russia that is a part of Eastern Europe.

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Evgeny Chernikin

Evgeny Mikhailovich Chernikin (Евге́ний Миха́йлович Черни́кин, Євген Михайлович Чорникiн) (20 July 1928, Alexandrovka, Luhansk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, USSR – 17 August 2009, Davsha, Republic of Buryatia, Russia) was a Soviet/Russian zoologist and ecologist, known for his works in Barguzin Sable's ecology.

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Evgeny Maleev

Evgeny/Evgenii Aleksandrovich Maleev (25 February 1915 – 12 April 1966) was a Soviet paleontologist who named the ankylosaur Talarurus; the theropods Tarbosaurus and Therizinosaurus; and the family Therizinosauridae.

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Evoked potential

An evoked potential or evoked response is an electrical potential recorded from the nervous system of a human or other animal following presentation of a stimulus, as distinct from spontaneous potentials as detected by electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), or other electrophysiologic recording method.

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Evolution of sexual reproduction

The evolution of sexual reproduction describes how sexually reproducing animals, plants, fungi and protists evolved from a common ancestor that was a single celled eukaryotic species.

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Extended evolutionary synthesis

The extended evolutionary synthesis consists of a set of theoretical concepts more comprehensive than the earlier modern synthesis of evolutionary biology that took place between 1918 and 1942.

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Far East

The Far East is a geographical term in English that usually refers to East Asia (including Northeast Asia), the Russian Far East (part of North Asia), and Southeast Asia.

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Feodosy Chernyshyov

Feodosy Nikolayevich Chernyshov (Феодо́сий Никола́евич Чернышёв; –) was a geologist and a paleontologist.

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Flora

Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous—native plant life.

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Florigen

Florigen (or flowering hormone) is the hypothesized hormone-like molecule responsible for controlling and/or triggering flowering in plants.

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Flower

A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms).

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Flowering plant

The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.

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Food industry

The food industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world population.

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Freshwater pearl mussel

The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) is an endangered species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family Margaritiferidae.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Gas gangrene

Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis and myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene.

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Gastrulation

Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.

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Geneticist

A geneticist is a biologist who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

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Gennady Yakovlev

Gennady Pavlovich Yakovlev (Геннадий Павлович Яковлев) (born 7 June 1938) Russian botanist, pharmacognosist, phytochemist.

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Georg Wilhelm Steller

Several animals described by and named for Georg Steller, of whom no portrait is known to exist.

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Georgii Karpechenko

Georgii Dmitrievich Karpechenko (1899 in Velsk, Vologda Governorate – July 28, 1941) was a Russian and Soviet biologist.

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Germ layer

A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that form during embryogenesis.

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Gerontology

Gerontology is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of ageing.

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Goldman Environmental Prize

The Goldman Environmental Prize is a prize awarded annually to grassroots environmental activists, one from each of the world's six geographic regions: Africa, Asia, Europe, Islands and Island Nations, North America, and South and Central America.

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Grigory Grumm-Grzhimaylo

Grigory Yefimovich Grumm-Grzhimaylo (Григо́рий Ефи́мович Грумм-Гржима́йло, 1860–1936) was a Russian entomologist, best known for his expeditions to Central Asia (Pamir, Bukhara, Tian-Shan, Kan-su, and Kukunor), West Mongolia and Tuva, and the Russian Far East.

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Grow light

A grow light or plant light is an artificial light source, generally an electric light, designed to stimulate plant growth by emitting a light appropriate for photosynthesis.

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Gustav Heinrich von Bongard

August Gustav Heinrich von Bongard (12 September 1786, Bonn – 1839) was a German botanist, who worked at Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Hans Johansen

Hans Christian Johansen (2 December 1897–18 December 1973) was a Danish-Russian professor of zoology, first at Tomsk State University, later at the University of Copenhagen.

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Harvest

Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields.

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Heinz Christian Pander

Heinz Christian Pander, also Christian Heinrich Pander (24 July 1794 – 22 September 1865), was a Baltic German biologist and embryologist born in Riga.

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Hermann Johansen

Hermann Eduardovich Johansen (Герман Эдуардович Иоганзен) (1866–1930) was a Russian biologist and ornithologist.

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Herpetology

Herpetology (from Greek "herpein" meaning "to creep") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras).

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Histology

Histology, also microanatomy, is the study of the anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals using microscopy.

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Horse breeding

Horse breeding is reproduction in horses, and particularly the human-directed process of selective breeding of animals, particularly purebred horses of a given breed.

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Humanzee

The humanzee (Homo sapiens sapiens × Pan) is a hypothetical chimpanzee/human hybrid.

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Hybrid (biology)

In biology, a hybrid, or crossbreed, is the result of combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction.

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Hydrobiology

Hydrobiology is the science of life and life processes in water.

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Hydrology

Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

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Hyperborea

In Greek mythology the Hyperboreans (Ὑπερβόρε(ι)οι,; Hyperborei) were a mythical race of giants who lived "beyond the North Wind".

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Ichthyology

Ichthyology (from Greek: ἰχθύς, ikhthys, "fish"; and λόγος, logos, "study"), also known as fish science, is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish.

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Igor Akimushkin

Igor Ivanovich Akimushkin (Игорь Иванович Акимушкин) (May 1, 1929 – 1993) was a Soviet zoologist and writer.

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Ilya Darevsky

Ilya Sergeyevich Darevsky (Илья Сергеевич Даревский, 18 December 1924 – 8 August 2009) was a Soviet Russian zoologist-herpetologist and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Ilya Gruzinov

Ilya Gruzinov was professor of anatomy and physiology at Imperial Moscow University.

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Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov

Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov (Илья́ Ива́нович Ивано́в, – March 20, 1932) was a Russian and Soviet biologist who specialized in the field of artificial insemination and the interspecific hybridization of animals.

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Immune system

The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

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Ivan Lepyokhin

Ivan Ivanovich Lepyokhin (Иван Иванович Лепёхин; 10 September 1740 in Saint-Petersburg – 1802 in Saint-Petersburg) was a Russian naturalist, zoologist, botanist and explorer.

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Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (a; 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.

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Ivan Schmalhausen

Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen (Ива́н Ива́нович Шмальга́узен; April 23, 1884 – October 7, 1963) was a Russian and Soviet zoologist and evolutionary biologist of German descent.

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Ivan Sechenov

Ivan Mikhaylovich Sechenov (Ива́н Миха́йлович Се́ченов;, Tyoply Stan (now Sechenovo) near Simbirsk, Russia –, Moscow), was a Russian physiologist, named by Ivan Pavlov as "The Father of Russian physiology".

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Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (Иван Владимирович Мичурин) (– June 7, 1935) was a Russian practitioner of selection to produce new types of crop plants, Honorable Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, and academician of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agriculture.

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Ivan Yefremov

Ivan Antonovich (real patronymic Antipovich) Yefremov (Ива́н Анто́нович (Анти́пович) Ефре́мов; April 22, 1908 – October 5, 1972), last name sometimes spelled Efremov, was a Soviet paleontologist, science fiction author and social thinker.

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Jacques von Bedriaga

Jacques Vladimir von Bedriaga (last name sometimes spelled Bedryagha) (1854 - 1906) was a Russian herpetologist who was a native of Kriniz, a village near Voronezh.

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Japanese sturgeon

The Japanese sturgeon, or Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) is a species of fish in the Acipenseridae family that can be found in the Amur River basin in China and Russia.

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Johann Friedrich Adam

Johann Friedrich Adam, later called Michael Friedrich Adams (1780 in Moscow – 1 March 1838, in Vereya) was a botanist from St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Johann Georg Gmelin

Johann Georg Gmelin (8 August 1709 – 20 May 1755) was a German naturalist, botanist and geographer.

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Julian Simashko

Julian Ivanovich Simashko (Юлиан Иванович Симашко; 1821–1893) was a Russian zoologist and entomologist.

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Karl Ernst von Baer

Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer, Edler von Huthorn (Карл Эрнст фон Бэр; –) was an Estonian scientist and explorer.

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Karl Kessler

Karl Fedorovich Kessler (19 November 1815 – 3 March 1881) was a German-Russian zoologist and author of zoological taxa signed Kessler, who was mostly active in Kiev, Ukraine and conducted most of his studies of birds in Ukrainian regions of the Russian Empire - Kiev Governorate, Volyn Governorate, Kherson Governorate, Poltava Governorate and Bessarabia.

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Karl Maximovich

Carl Johann Maximovich (also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich, Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 in Tula, Russia – 16 February 1891 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian botanist.

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Kirill Eskov

Kirill Yuryevich Eskov (Кирилл Юрьевич Еськов) (born. September 16, 1956 in Moscow, Soviet Union) is a Russian writer, biologist and paleontologist.

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Kliment Timiryazev

Kliment Arkadievich Timiryazev (Климент Аркадьевич Тимирязев; – 28 April 1920) was a Russian botanist and physiologist and a major proponent of the Evolution Theory of Charles Darwin in Russia.

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Komarov Botanical Institute

The Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ботанический институт им.) is a leading botanical institution in Russia, It is located on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg, and is named after the Russian botanist Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov (1869-1945).

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Konstantin Mereschkowski

Konstantin Sergeevich Mereschkowski (p; – 9 January 1921) was a prominent Russian biologist and botanist, active mainly around Kazan, whose research on lichens led him to propose the theory of symbiogenesis – that larger, more complex cells (of eukaryotes) evolved from the symbiotic relationship between less complex ones.

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Leonty Ramensky

Leonty Grigoryevich Ramensky (Лео́нтий Григо́рьевич Ра́менский; – January 27, 1953) was a Russian plant ecologist who conceived several important ideas that were overlooked in the West and later ’re-invented’ by western scientists.

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Leopold von Schrenck

Leopold von Schrenck (Леопольд Иванович фон Шренк; 1826 – 8 January 1894) was a Baltic German zoologist, geographer and ethnographer from Russia.

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Lev Berg

Lev Semyonovich Berg (also known as Leo S. Berg) (Лев Семёнович Берг.; 14 March 1876, Bender – 24 December 1950, Leningrad) was a leading Russian geographer, biologist and ichthyologist who served as President of the Soviet Geographical Society between 1940 and 1950.

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Lev Tsenkovsky

Lev Semyonovich Tsenkovsky (Leon Cienkowski, Лев Семенович Ценковский) (October 1 (N.S. October 13), 1822 in Warsaw – September 25 (N.S. October 7), 1887 in Leipzig) was a Polish-Ukrainian botanist, protozoologist, bacteriologist, who was mostly active in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire.

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Levitation (paranormal)

Levitation or transvection in the paranormal context is the rising of a human body and other objects into the air by mystical means.

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Lichenology

Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga (or a cyanobacterium) with a filamentous fungus.

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Lina Stern

Lina Solomonovna Stern (or Shtern; Лина Соломоновна Штерн; 26 August 1878 – 7 March 1968) was a Soviet biochemist, physiologist and humanist whose medical discoveries saved thousands of lives at the fronts of World War II.

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List of biologists

This is a list of notable biologists with a biography in Wikipedia.

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List of Russian earth scientists

This list of Russian Earth scientists includes the notable geographers, geologists, oceanographers, meteorologists, ecologists and other representatives of Earth sciences from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian explorers

The history of exploration by citizens or subjects of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the history of Russia as well as the history of the world.

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List of Russian physicians and psychologists

This list of Russian physicians and psychologists includes the famous physicians and psychologists, medical scientists and medical doctors from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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Lithotroph

Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

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Ludmila Kupriyanova

Ludmila Andreyevna Kuprianova (1914-1987) (Людмила Андреевна Куприянова) was a Soviet palynologist and Chairman of the Palynological Section of the All-Union Botanical Society (USSR).

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Lysenkoism

Lysenkoism (Lysenkovshchina) was a political campaign against genetics and science-based agriculture conducted by Trofim Lysenko, his followers and Soviet authorities.

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Macroevolution

Macroevolution is evolution on a scale at or above the level of species, in contrast with microevolution, which refers to smaller evolutionary changes of allele frequencies within a species or population.

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Mammalogy

In zoology, mammalogy is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems.

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Maria Cherkasova

Maria Cherkasova (born 1938) is a journalist, ecologist, and director of the Centre for Independent Ecological Programmers (CIEP).

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Maria Prokhorova

Maria Illarionovna Prokhorova (Мария Илларионовна Прохорова) was a Russian scientist, biologist, the Head of Molotov University, the Dean of Faculty of Biology and Soil Studies at Leningrad State University; also she was the Head of A.A. Ukhtomsky Physiology Institute, a member of International Society for Neurochemistry, Doctor of Biology, and professor.

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Membrane

A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others.

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Menzbier's marmot

The Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbieri) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae.

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Meteorology

Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.

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Microbiologist

A microbiologist (from Greek μῑκρος) is a scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes.

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Microevolution

Microevolution is the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Mikhail Chailakhyan

Mikhail Khristoforovich Chailakhyan (Միքայել Քրիստափորի Չայլախյան., Михаи́л Христофо́рович Чайлахя́н) (1902–1991) was an Armenian-Russian scientist who is widely known for proposing the existence of a universal plant hormone that is involved in flowering.

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Mikhail Fedonkin

Academician Mikhail Aleksandrovich Fedonkin (Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Федо́нкин; born June 19, 1946) is an awarding winning paleontologist specializing in documentation of the earliest animals' body fossils, tracks, and trails.

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Mikhail Menzbier

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Menzbier (23 October 1855 – 10 October 1935) was a Russian ornithologist.

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Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin

Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin (also spelled Woronin; Михаи́л Степа́нович Воро́нин) was a prominent Russian biologist, a botanist with particular expertise in fungi.

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Mikhail Tsvet

Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet (Михаил Семёнович Цвет, also spelled Tsvett, Tswett, Tswet, Zwet, and Cvet) (Asti, 1872 – Voronezh, 1919) was a Russian-Italian botanist who invented adsorption chromatography.

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Military camouflage

Military camouflage is the use of camouflage by a military force to protect personnel and equipment from observation by enemy forces.

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Molecular biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.

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Morphogenetic field

In the developmental biology of the early twentieth century, a morphogenetic field is a group of cells able to respond to discrete, localized biochemical signals leading to the development of specific morphological structures or organs.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.

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Mycology

Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.

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Natural history

Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms including animals, fungi and plants in their environment; leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology (from Greek νεῦρον, neuron, "nerve"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia, "knowledge") is a branch of physiology and neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the functioning of the nervous system.

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Neuroscientist

A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in the field of neuroscience, the branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons and neural circuits and especially their association with behaviour and learning.

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Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay

Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay (Николай Николаевич Миклухо-Маклай; 1846–1888) was a Russian explorer, ethnologist, anthropologist and biologist who became famous as one of the earliest scientists to settle among and study a people in New Guinea who had never seen a European.

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Nicolai Ivanovich Andrusov

Nicolai Ivanovich Andrusov (Николай Иванович Андрусов, Nikolay Ivanovich Andrusov) (December 19, 1861 – April 27, 1924) was a Ukrainian geologist, stratigrapher, and palaeontologist.

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Nikolai Bernstein

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bernstein (Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Бернште́йн; 5 November 1896 – 16 January 1966) was a Soviet neurophysiologist.

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Nikolai Koltsov

Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov (Николай Константинович Кольцов; July 14, 1872December 2, 1940) was a Russian biologist and a pioneer of modern genetics.

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Nikolai Vavilov

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (a) (– January 26, 1943) was a prominent Russian and Soviet agronomist, botanist and geneticist best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants.

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Nikolai Yakovlevich Kuznetsov

Nikolai or Nikolay Jakovlevice Kusnezov, also spelled Kusnetzov, Kusnetsov and Kuznetsov (Николай Яковлевич Кузнецов) (May 23, 1873, in St. Petersburg – April 8, 1948 Leningrad) was a Russian entomologist, paleoentomologist and physiologist, since 1910 was member of the Russian Entomological Society.

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Nikolay Dubinin

Nikolay Petrovich Dubinin (January 4, 1907 – March 26, 1998) was a Soviet and Russian biologist and academician.

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Nikolay Pirogov

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (–) was a prominent Russian scientist, medical doctor, pedagogue, public figure, and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847).

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Nikolay Przhevalsky

Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky (Никола́й Миха́йлович Пржева́льский; Polish: Nikołaj Michajłowicz Przewalski –) was a Russian geographer of Polish origin and a renowned explorer of Central and East Asia.

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Nikolay Timofeev-Ressovsky

Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovskij (Николай Владимирович Тимофеев-Ресовский; – 28 March 1981) was a Soviet biologist.

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Nikolay Zograf

Nikolay Yuryevich Zograf (Николай Юрьевич Зограф; 1851–1919) was a Russian zoologist and anthropologist, Chevalier of the Order of Légion d'honneur.

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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.

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Non-vascular plant

Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem.

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Noosphere

The noosphere (sometimes noösphere) is the sphere of human thought.

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North Pole-1

North Pole-1 (Северный полюс-1) was the first Soviet manned drifting station in the Arctic Ocean, primarily used for research.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.

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Oleg Gazenko

Incorporates information from the corresponding article in the Russian Wikipedia Lieutenant General Oleg Georgievich Gazenko (Russian language: Олег Георгиевич Газенко; December 12, 1918 – November 17, 2007) was a Russian scientist, general officer in the Soviet Air Force and the former director of the Institute of Biomedical Problems in Moscow.

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Olga Lepeshinskaya (biologist)

Olga Borisovna Lepeshinskaya (Ольга Борисовна Лепешинская) born as Protopopova (Протопопова) (August 18, 1871 – October 2, 1963), was a Soviet biologist, a personal protegée of Vladimir Lenin, later Joseph Stalin, Trofim Lysenko and Alexander Oparin.

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Olga Vinogradova

Professor Olga S. Vinogradova (1929-2001) was a specialist in Russian cognitive neuroscience.

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Ontogeny

Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to the organism's mature form—although the term can be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan.

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Ornithology

Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds.

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Paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).

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Pallas's cat

The Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul), also called the manul, is a small wild cat with a broad but fragmented distribution in the grasslands and montane steppes of Central Asia.

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Pallas's gull

The Pallas's gull or great black-headed gull (Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus) is a large gull.

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Pallas's squirrel

Pallas's squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus), also known as the red-bellied tree squirrel, is a species of squirrel native to Greater China, India, and Southeast Asia.

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Permafrost

In geology, permafrost is ground, including rock or (cryotic) soil, at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years.

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Peter Kropotkin

Pyotr Alexeevich Kropotkin (Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин; December 9, 1842 – February 8, 1921) was a Russian activist, revolutionary, scientist and philosopher who advocated anarcho-communism.

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Peter Lesgaft

Peter Franzevich Lesgaft (Пётр Францевич Лесгафт) (21 September 1837 – 1909) was a Russian teacher, anatomist, physician and social reformer.

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Peter Simon Pallas

Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia (1767–1810).

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Phagocytosis

In cell biology, phagocytosis is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome.

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Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.

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Phytogeography

Phytogeography (from Greek φυτό, phyto.

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Picea sitchensis

Picea sitchensis, the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost 100 m (330 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft).

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Plankton

Plankton (singular plankter) are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current.

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Plant pathology

Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).

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Plant physiology

Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.

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Pleistocene Park

Pleistocene Park (Плейстоценовый парк) is a nature reserve on the Kolyma River south of Chersky in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in northeastern Siberia, where an attempt is being made to recreate the northern subarctic steppe grassland ecosystem that flourished in the area during the last glacial period.

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Pollination

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male part of a plant to a female part of a plant, enabling later fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind.

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Polyploid

Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

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Pomology

Pomology (from latin pomum (fruit) + -logy) is a branch of botany that studies and cultivates fruit.

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Population genetics

Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.

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Primary motor cortex

The primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) is a brain region that in humans is located in the dorsal portion of the frontal lobe.

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Primordial soup

Primordial soup, or prebiotic soup, is a hypothetical condition of the Earth's atmosphere before the emergence of life.

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Probactrosaurus

Probactrosaurus (meaning "before Bactrosaurus") is an early herbivorous hadrosauroid iguanodont dinosaur.

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Probiotic

Probiotics are microorganisms that are claimed to provide health benefits when consumed.

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Protein biosynthesis

Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export.

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Przewalski's horse

The Przewalski's horse (Khalkha, takhi; Ak Kaba Tuvan: dagy; Equus przewalskii or Equus ferus przewalskii), also called the Mongolian wild horse or Dzungarian horse, is a rare and endangered horse native to the steppes of central Asia.

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Pyotr Chikhachyov

Pyotr Alexandrovich Chikhachyov, last name also spelled Chikhachev or Tchihatchev (Пётр Алекса́ндрович Чихачёв; 23 December 1808 – 13 October 1890) was a Russian naturalist and geologist who was admitted into the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1876 as an honorary member.

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Pyotr Shirshov

Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov (Пётр Петрович Ширшов) (December 25 (O.S. December 12), 1905 in Ekaterinoslav (today Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine) - February 17, 1953 in Moscow) was a Russian Soviet oceanographer, hydrobiologist, polar explorer, statesman, academician (1939), the first minister of Ministry of Maritime Fleet of the USSR and Hero of the Soviet Union (1938).

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Radula

The radula (plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure that is used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue.

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Roman Vishniac

Roman Vishniac (Рома́н Соломо́нович Вишня́к; August 19, 1897 – January 22, 1990) was a Russian-American photographer, best known for capturing on film the culture of Jews in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Academy of Sciences

The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russian Entomological Society

The Russian Entomological Society is a Russian scientific society devoted to entomology.

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Rust (fungus)

Rusts are plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of the order Pucciniales (previously also known as Uredinales).

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Science and technology in Russia

Science and technology in Russia developed rapidly since the Age of Enlightenment, when Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg State University and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov founded the Moscow State University, establishing a strong native tradition in learning and innovation.

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Seed

A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering.

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Sequential hermaphroditism

Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants.

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Sergei Chetverikov

Sergei Sergeevich Chetverikov (Сергей Сергеевич Четвериков, 6 May 1880 – 2 July 1959) was one of the early contributors to the development of the field of genetics.

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Sergei Kurzanov

Sergei Mikhailovich Kurzanov (Сергей Михайлович Курзанов, born 1947) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) paleontologist at the Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Sergei Mirkin

Sergei Mirkin is a Russian-American molecular biologist.

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Sergei Navashin

Sergei Gavrilovich Navashin (Серге́й Гаврилович Навашин); (14 December 1857 – 10 December 1930) was a Russian biologist.

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Sergei Winogradsky

Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky (or Vinogradskiy; Сергій Миколайович Виноградський; 1 September 1856 – 25 February 1953) was a Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle-of-life concept.

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Sergey Ognev

Sergey Ivanovich Ognev (1886–1951) was a Russian scientist, zoologist and naturalist, remembered for his work on mammalogy.

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Sergey Zimov

Sergey Aphanasievich Zimov (Сергей Афанасьевич Зимов) is a Russian scientist.

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Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

The Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (IO) RAS, Институт океанологии им.) is the premier research institution for ocean, climate, and earth science in Russia.

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Siberia

Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Spontaneous generation

Spontaneous generation refers to an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms.

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Steller's eider

The Steller's eider (Polysticta stelleri) is a smallish sea duck that breeds along the Arctic coasts of eastern Siberia and Alaska.

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Steller's jay

The Steller's jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) is a jay native to western North America, closely related to the blue jay found in the rest of the continent, but with a black head and upper body.

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Steller's sea cow

Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) is an extinct sirenian discovered by Europeans in 1741.

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Sviatoslav Zabelin

Sviatoslav Zabelin (born 1950 or 1951) is a Russian environmentalist.

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Symbiogenesis

Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967.

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Symbiosis

Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις "living together", from σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

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Sympatric speciation

Sympatric speciation is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.

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Takhtajan system

A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards.

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Talarurus

Talarurus (meaning "Wicker tail") is an extinct genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur that lived approximately 90 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Mongolia.

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Taphonomy

Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized.

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Tarbosaurus

Tarbosaurus (meaning "alarming lizard") is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that flourished in Asia about 70 million years ago, at the end of the Late Cretaceous Period.

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Telomerase

Telomerase, also called terminal transferase, is a ribonucleoprotein that adds a species-dependent telomere repeat sequence to the 3' end of telomeres.

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Telomere

A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.

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Temperature

Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.

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Therizinosaurus

Therizinosaurus ('scythe lizard', from the Greek therizo meaning 'rake' or 'to cut off' and sauros meaning 'lizard') is a genus of very large theropod dinosaurs.

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Tikhon Rabotnov

Tikhon Alexandrovich Rabotnov (Ти́хон Алекса́ндрович Рабо́тнов; July 6, 1904 – September 16, 2000) was a Russian plant ecologist.

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Trofim Lysenko

Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко, Трохи́м Дени́сович Лисе́нко; 20 November 1976) was a Soviet agronomist and biologist.

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Vadim Gratshev

Vadim Gennadyevich Gratshev (1 May 1963―17 October 2006) was one of world leading experts in palaeoentomology.

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Valeriy Zyuganov

Valeriy Valeryevich Zyuganov (Зюганов Валерий Валерьевич, born 31 July 1955 in Yangiyo‘l city, (Uzbekistan) is a Soviet and Russian biologist, (zoologist) and Doctor of Biological Sciences. He is the pupil and follower of professors V.V. Khlebovich, and Yu. A. Labas.

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Vasily Ruzhentsev

Vasily Ermolaevich Ruzhentsev (Василий Ермолаевич Руженцев, April 4, 1899 - October 12, 1978) was a Russian paleontologist, malacologist and geologist.

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Vernalization

Vernalization (from Latin vernus, "of the spring") is the induction of a plant's flowering process by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial equivalent.

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Victor Motschulsky

Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky (Sometimes Victor von Motschulsky, Виктор Иванович Мочульский, 11 April 1810 in St. Petersburg – 5 June 1871 in Simferopol) was a Russian entomologist mainly interested in beetles.

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Victor Shmidt

Viktor Karlovich Shmidt (Ви́ктор Ка́рлович Шми́дт) was a Russian zoologist, leading Russian specialist in microscopic anatomy and embryology, professor, the Head of Perm University, the Head of Perm National Research Biology Institute at Perm State University.

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Viktor Grebennikov

Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov (Виктор Степанович Гребенников) (1927–2001) was a self-proclaimed Russian scientist, naturalist, entomologist and paranormal researcher best known for his claim to have invented a levitation platform which operated by attaching dead insect body parts to the underside.

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Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.

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Vitus Bering

Vitus Jonassen Bering (baptised 5 August 1681, died 19 December 1741),All dates are here given in the Julian calendar, which was in use throughout Russia at the time.

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Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel

Vladimir Andreevich Tranzschel (Владимир Андреевич траншель) (–January 21, 1942) was a Russian botanist, mycologist and plant pathologist, especially an expert on rust fungi.

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Vladimir Betz

Vladimir Alekseyevich Betz (Володи́мир Олексійович Бец) (–) was a Ukrainian anatomist and histologist, professor of the Kiev University (Bogomolets National Medical University), famous for the discovery of giant pyramidal neurons of primary motor cortex.

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Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky

Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky or Volodymyr Ipolytovych Lypsky (Владимир Ипполитович Липский; Володимир Іполитович Липський; 11 March 1863 – 24 February 1937) was a Ukrainian scientist, botanist; a member of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (in 1922—1928, its President) and corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and the Director of the Botanical Gardens of the Odessa University.

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Vladimir Kovalevsky

Vladimir Ivanovich Kovalevsky (Владимир Иванович Ковалевский) (10 November 1848, Novo-Serpukhov, Russian Empire – 2 November 1935, Leningrad, USSR) was a Russian statesman, scientist and entrepreneur.

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Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov

Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov (Влади́мир Лео́нтьевич Комаро́в; – 5 December 1945) was a Russian botanist.

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Vladimir Obruchev

Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (Влади́мир Афана́сьевич О́бручев;, Klepenino near Rzhev, Tver Oblast, Russian Empire – June 19, 1956, Moscow, USSR) was a Russian and Soviet geologist who specialized in the study of Siberia and Central Asia.

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Vladimir Pasechnik

Vladimir Artemovich Pasechnik (12 October 1937 Stalingrad, USSR – 21 November 2001, Wiltshire, England) was a senior Soviet biologist and bioweaponeer who defected to the United Kingdom in 1989, alerting Western intelligence to the vast scope of Moscow's clandestine biological warfare (BW) program, known as Biopreparat.

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Vladimir Pavlovich Efroimson

Vladimir Pavlovich Efroimson (Владимир Павлович Эфроимсон; 21 November 1908, Moscow – 21 July 1989, Moscow) was one of the most prominent Soviet geneticists, a former student of Nikolai Koltsov, who was among the geneticists who had to struggle against the persecution of geneticists in the Soviet Union.

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Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky

Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky (Владимир Владимирович Правдич-Неминский,Володимир Володимирович Правдич-Немінський; 2 July 1879 – 17 May 1952) was Ukrainian and then Soviet physiologist who published the first EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian brain.

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Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii

Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii (1860–1917) (alternative spelling: Amalitzky) was a Russian Paleontologist and Professor at Warsaw University, who was involved in the discovery and excavation of the famous Late Permian fossil vertebrate fauna from the North Dvina River, Arkhangelsk District, Northern European Russia.

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Vladimir Sukachev

Vladimir Nikolayevich Sukachev (also spelled Vladimir Nikolajevich Sukaczev) (Влади́мир Никола́евич Сукачёв; born June 7, 1880 in Aleksandrovka, Russian Empire – died February 9, 1967 in Moscow) was a Russian geobotanist, engineer, geographer, and corresponding member (1920) and full member (1943) of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

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Vladimir Vernadsky

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (Влади́мир Ива́нович Верна́дский; Володи́мир Іва́нович Верна́дський; – 6 January 1945) was a Russian, Ukrainian, and Soviet mineralogist and geochemist who is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology, and was a founder of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (now National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine).

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Von Baer's laws (embryology)

Von Baer's laws of embryology (or laws of development) are four rules discovered by Karl Ernst von Baer to explain the observed pattern of embryonic development in different species.

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Von Schrenck's bittern

Von Schrenck's bittern (Ixobrychus eurhythmus), also known as Schrenck's bittern, is a small bittern.

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Voronezh State University

Voronezh State University is one of the main universities in Central Russia, located in the city of Voronezh.

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Winogradsky column

The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms.

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Woolly mammoth

The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) is an extinct species of mammoth that lived during the Pleistocene epoch, and was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with Mammuthus subplanifrons in the early Pliocene.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Yaroslav Starobogatov

Yaroslav Igorevich Starobogatov (Ярослав Игоревич Старобогатов; 13 July 1932 – 3 December 2004) was a Russian zoologist, professor and chief scientist at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Yuli Berkovich

Yuli Berkovich (1944 - 2012) was a scientist who has performed experiments with seed germination in zero gravity, among others, upon the International Space Station.

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Yuri Filipchenko

Yuri Filipchenko (Юрий Филипченко; sometimes spelled Philipchenko) (1882 — 1930) was a Russian entomologist who coined the terms microevolution and macroevolution, as well as the mentor of geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky.

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Yuri Ovchinnikov (biochemist)

Yuri Anatolievich Ovchinnikov (Юрий Анатольевич Овчинников; 2 August 1934 – 17 February 1988) was a Soviet bioorganic chemist.

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Zhores Medvedev

Zhores Aleksandrovich Medvedev (Жоре́с Алекса́ндрович Медве́дев; born 14 November 1925) is a Russian agronomist, biologist, historian and dissident.

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Zinaida Botschantzeva

Zinaida Petrovna Botschantzeva (10 August 1907 – 17 August 1973) was a Russian botanist and embryologist, professor of the Tashkent university.

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Zoogeography

Zoogeography is the branch of the science of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution (present and past) of animal species.

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Zoology

Zoology or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_biologists

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