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List of dog diseases

Index List of dog diseases

This list of dog diseases is a selection of diseases and other conditions found in the dog. [1]

685 relations: Acetabulum, Acetylcholine receptor, Acetylcholinesterase, Acromegaly, Acute kidney injury, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute monocytic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute myelomonocytic leukemia, Addison's disease, Adenocarcinoma, Adenoma, Adrenal crisis, Adrenal gland, Advances in Parasitology, Adverse vaccine reactions in pets, Allergy, Alzheimer's disease, Amino acid, Aminoglycoside, Amyloidosis, Anal fistula, Anal gland, Anal sac adenocarcinoma, Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, Anemia, Antibiotic, Antibody, Anticoagulant, Antifreeze, Appetite, Ascites, Aspergillosis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspiration pneumonia, Asteroid hyalosis, Astrocytoma, Ataxia, Atopy, Atrial fibrillation, Atrial septal defect, Atrial tachycardia, Atrioventricular node, Atrium (heart), Attention seeking, Australian Shepherd, Autoimmune disease, Autoimmunity, Azathioprine, ..., Azotemia, B cell, Babesia, Babesia canis, Babesiosis, Back pain, Bacteria, Basenji, Basset Hound, Beagle, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Bernese Mountain Dog, Beta cell, Bichon, Bichon Frise, Bilious vomiting syndrome, Biological half-life, Birth defect, Bladder cancer, Bladder stone (animal), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Blastomycosis, Blood, Bloodhound, Bone marrow, Border Collie, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Borrelia burgdorferi, Boston Terrier, Bouvier des Flandres, Bowel obstruction, Boxer (dog), Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome, Brachycephaly, Bradycardia, Brain tumor, Brodifacoum, Bromadiolone, Bromethalin, Brucellosis, Bull Terrier, Bulldog, Bullmastiff, Bullous pemphigoid, Bundle branch block, Caffeine, Cairn Terrier, Calcium oxalate, Calcium phosphate, Calculus (dental), Canine cognitive dysfunction, Canine coronavirus, Canine discoid lupus erythematosus, Canine distemper, Canine follicular dysplasia, Canine glaucoma, Canine herpesvirus, Canine influenza, Canine minute virus, Canine pancreatitis, Canine parvovirus, Canine transmissible venereal tumor, Carbamate, Carcinoid, Castration, Cat flea, Cataract, Cauda equina, Cauda equina syndrome, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Cenchrus, Cephalic index, Cerebellar abiotrophy, Cerebellar hypoplasia (non-human), Cerebellum, Cestoda, Chalazion, Chalk, Cherry eye, Cheyletiella, Cheyletiella yasguri, Chiari malformation, Chihuahua (dog), Cholecalciferol, Cholinesterase, Chondrosarcoma, Chordae tendineae, Choroid, Chow Chow, Chronic eosinophilic leukemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Chronic superficial keratitis, Ciclosporin, Ciliary body, Cilium, Clostridium, Clostridium difficile (bacteria), Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Coagulation, Coal, Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioides posadasii, Coccidioidomycosis, Coccidiosis, Cochlea, Cocker Spaniel, Collie, Collie eye anomaly, Complete blood count, Concrete, Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Congenital heart defect, Congenital vertebral anomaly, Conjunctiva, Conjunctivitis, Contractility, Coonhound, Coprophagia, Cor triatriatum, Cornea, Corneal dystrophies in dogs, Corneal ulcers in animals, Corticosteroid, Cortisol, Craniomandibular osteopathy, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptorchidism, Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Cystine, Dachshund, Dalmatian dog, Demodicosis, Dermacentor, Dermatophytosis, Dermoid sinus, Desmopressin, Dewclaw, Diabetes in dogs, Diabetes insipidus, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Diaphragmatic hernia, Dietary indiscretion, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Dipylidium caninum, Dirofilaria immitis, Distichia, Dobermann, Dog, Dog flea, Dog health, Dominance (genetics), Doxorubicin, Dry eye syndrome, Dysuria, Ear mite, Echinococcus, Echinococcus granulosus, Echocardiography, Ectopia lentis, Ectopic ureter, Ectropion, Edema, Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichiosis, Elbow dysplasia, Electrocardiography, Encephalitis, English Mastiff, Enophthalmos, Enterobacter, Entropion, Epilepsy in animals, Epileptic seizure, Epiphyseal plate, Escherichia coli, Esophagus, Estrogen, Estrous cycle, Ethylene glycol, Ethylene glycol poisoning, Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, Exophthalmos, Eye neoplasm, Eyelid, Facial nerve paralysis, False pregnancy, Familial renal disease in animals, Fanconi syndrome, Fecal incontinence, Feces, Femur, Fibroma, Fibrosarcoma, Fibrosis, Fishing sinker, Flat-Coated Retriever, Flea, Flea allergy dermatitis, Florida keratopathy, Fontanelle, Food allergy, Foreign body, Foxtail (diaspore), French Bulldog, Fungus, Ganglioglioma, Gastric dilatation volvulus, Gastrocnemius muscle, Gastrointestinal cancer, German Shepherd, Giardia lamblia, Giardiasis, Gingival enlargement, Gingivitis, Globulin, Glomerulonephritis, Glomerulus, Glucocorticoid, Glucose, Glycosaminoglycan, Gnathostomiasis, Golden Retriever, Gordon Setter, Granuloma, Granulomatous meningoencephalitis, Granulosa cell tumour, Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs, Great Dane, Great Pyrenees, Green algae, Greyhound, Griffon Bruxellois, Grout, Growth hormone, Gums, Havanese dog, Hearing loss, Heart, Heart block, Heart failure, Heart murmur, Heart valve dysplasia, Heart valve repair, Hemangiosarcoma, Hematocrit, Hematuria, Hemolytic anemia, Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, Hepatocellular adenoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hip dysplasia (canine), Histiocyte, Histiocytic sarcoma, Histiocytoma (dog), Histoplasma capsulatum, Histoplasmosis, Hives, Hookworm infection, Horner's syndrome, Humerus, Husky, Hydrocephalus, Hypercalcaemia, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Hyperkalemia, Hyperlipidemia, Hypersensitivity, Hypertension, Hyperthermia, Hyperthyroidism, Hypertrophic osteodystrophy, Hypertrophic osteopathy, Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs, Hypoalbuminemia, Hypoglycemia, Hypophosphatemia, Hypotension, Hypothyroidism, Hypoxemia, Ibuprofen, Idiopathic disease, Immune complex, Imperforate lacrimal punctum, In utero, Infection, Infectious canine hepatitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Inguinal canal, Inguinal hernia, Insecticide, Insulin, Insulinoma, Intravenous therapy, Intussusception (medical disorder), Iodine deficiency, Iris (anatomy), Iris cyst, Irish Setter, Isospora, Ixodes, Ixodidae, Jaundice, Juvenile cellulitis, Keeshond, Kennel cough, Keratitis, Kerry Blue Terrier, Ketoconazole, Kidney, Kidney cancer, Kidney failure, King Charles Spaniel, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Labrador Retriever, Labyrinthitis, Laryngeal paralysis, Laryngeal saccules, Larynx, Lead, Lead poisoning, Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease, Leiomyosarcoma, Leishmaniasis, Lens (anatomy), Leptospirosis, Leukemia, Leydig cell tumour, Lick granuloma, Lissencephaly, Liver failure, Louse, Lung cancer, Luxating patella, Lyme disease, Lymph node, Lymphangiectasia, Lymphocyte, Lymphoma in animals, Lysis, Malabsorption, Malignancy, Malignant histiocytosis, Maltese dog, Mammary tumor, Masticatory muscle myositis, Mastocytoma, Medulloepithelioma, Megaesophagus, Meibomian gland, Melanoma, Melena, Meningioma, Meningitis, Meningoencephalitis, Merle (dog coat), Metaphysis, Metastasis, Metronidazole, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Mineralocorticoid, Miniature Schnauzer, Miosis, Mite, Mitotane, Mitral valve, Molera, Mosquito, Mucocutaneous zone, Mucormycosis, Multiple myeloma, Myasthenia gravis, Mycoplasma, Myopathy, Myxedema coma, Naproxen, Nasolacrimal duct, Neonatal isoerythrolysis, Neospora caninum, Nephron, Nephrotic syndrome, Neuritis, Neurotoxin, Neutrophil, Newfoundland dog, Nictitating membrane, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Norwegian Lundehund, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, Nuclear sclerosis, Nucleic acid, Nystagmus, Occipital bone, Ocular melanosis, Oligodendroglioma, Oomycete, Opacity (optics), Optic nerve, Optic nerve sheath meningioma, Optic neuritis, Oral cancer, Orbit (anatomy), Orchitis, Organophosphate, Osteoarthritis, Osteochondritis dissecans, Osteophyte, Osteosarcoma, Otitis externa in animals, Otitis media, Otodectes, Ovarian cancer, Overriding aorta, Pacific Northwest, Pancreas, Pancreatic islets, Pancytopenia, Panosteitis, Paper, Papilloma, Papillon dog, Paracetamol, Parasitism, Patent ductus arteriosus, PDF, Pemphigus, Perianal gland tumor, Pericardial effusion, Pericardiocentesis, Pericardium, Perineal hernia, Periodontal disease, Peripheral neuropathy, Peritoneum, Persistent pupillary membrane, Phenylpropanolamine, Pica (disorder), Pituitary gland, Plasmacytoma, Platelet, Pleural effusion, Poliosis, Polychlorinated biphenyl, Polydactyly, Polydipsia, Polyneuropathy in dogs and cats, Polyp (medicine), Polyuria, Pomeranian (dog), Poodle, Portosystemic shunt, Potassium in biology, Prednisone, Primary ciliary dyskinesia, Primary tumors of the heart, Progesterone, Progestin, Progressive retinal atrophy, Prostate cancer, Prostatitis, Protein, Protein losing enteropathy, Proteus mirabilis, Protothecosis, Protozoa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudorabies, Ptosis (eyelid), Pug, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary edema, Pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary heart disease, Pulmonary hypertension, Pulmonary valve, Pulmonic stenosis, Pupillary light reflex, Purkinje cell, Pus, Pyometra, Pythiosis, Pythium, Pythium insidiosum, Rabies, Red blood cell, Regurgitation (digestion), Reinforcement, Renal cell carcinoma, Retina, Retinal detachment, Retinal dysplasia, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rickettsia, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rodenticide, Rottweiler, Rough Collie, Salmon, Salmon poisoning disease, Samoyed dog, Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy, Sand, Sandfly, Sarcoptes scabiei, Sclera, Scottish Terrier, Scotty Cramp, Sebaceous adenitis, Selegiline, Seminoma, Sensitivity and specificity, Serotonin, Sertoli cell tumour, Serum albumin, Sex-limited genes, Shar Pei, Shar Pei fever, Shetland Sheepdog, Shih Tzu, Shot (pellet), Siberian Husky, Sick sinus syndrome, Sighthound, Silicate, Sinoatrial arrest, Sinoatrial node, Sinus bradycardia, Smooth Collie, Sodium thiopental, Soft palate, Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier, Soil, Somatostatin, Specific gravity, Spermatozoon, Spinal canal, Spirocerca lupi, Spirochaete, Spirometra, Spleen, Spondylosis, Sporothrix schenckii, Sporotrichosis, Squamous cell carcinoma, St. Bernard (dog), Stable fly, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Staphylococcus, Stenotic nares, Stomach, Streptococcus, Struvite, Subcutaneous tissue, Subvalvular aortic stenosis (non-human), Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome, Sulfasalazine, Sympathetic nervous system, Synchysis scintillans, Syringomyelia, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Taenia pisiformis, Taurine, Testicular cancer, Tetanus, Tetraethyllead, Tetralogy of Fallot, Theobromine, Theobromine poisoning, Thrombocythemia, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombophilia, Thyroglobulin, Thyroid, Thyroid cancer, Tick, Tick paralysis, Tooth pathology, Toxascaris leonina, Toxocariasis, Toxocaridae, Toxoplasmosis, Trachea, Tracheal collapse, Transitional cell carcinoma, Trichiasis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella spiralis, Trichinosis, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trilostane, Trombiculidae, Type I hypersensitivity, Umbilical cord, Umbilical hernia, Uncinaria stenocephala, Uremia, Ureter, Urethral sphincters, Uric acid, Urinary bladder, Urinary incontinence, Urinary tract infection, Uterine cancer, Uterus, Uveitis, Vasculitis, Vasopressin, Ventricular hypertrophy, Ventricular outflow tract, Ventricular septal defect, Vertebra, Vestibular system, Veterinary anesthesia, Virus, Vitamin K, Vitiligo, Vitreous body, Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, Von Willebrand disease, Von Willebrand factor, Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia, West Highland White Terrier, White dog shaker syndrome, Wilson's disease, Wire Fox Terrier, Wobbler disease, Yorkshire Terrier, Zoonosis. Expand index (635 more) »

Acetabulum

The acetabulum (cotyloid cavity) is a concave surface of a pelvis.

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Acetylcholine receptor

An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.

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Acetylcholinesterase

Acetylcholinesterase, encoded by HGNC gene ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7) is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters. AChE is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. It belongs to carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides.

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Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a disorder that results from excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed.

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Acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is an abrupt loss of kidney function that develops within 7 days.

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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes.

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Acute monocytic leukemia

Acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL, or AML-M5) is considered a type of acute myeloid leukemia.

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Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cells.

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Acute myelomonocytic leukemia

Acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMMoL) is a form of acute myeloid leukemia that involves a proliferation of CFU-GM myeloblasts and monoblasts.

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Addison's disease

Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism, is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.

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Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma (plural adenocarcinomas or adenocarcinomata) is a type of cancerous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body.

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Adenoma

An adenoma (from Greek αδένας, adeno-, "gland" + -ώμα, -oma, "tumor") (plural adenomas or adenomata) is a benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, glandular characteristics, or both.

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Adrenal crisis

Adrenal crisis (also known as Addisonian crisis and acute adrenal insufficiency) is a medical emergency and potentially life-threatening situation requiring immediate emergency treatment.

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Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.

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Advances in Parasitology

Advances in Parasitology is an annual book series of reviews addressing topics in parasitology, for both human and veterinary medicine.

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Adverse vaccine reactions in pets

A number of studies have demonstrated adverse reactions in pets after administering vaccines to both dogs and cats.

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Allergy

Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.

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Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Aminoglycoside

Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial therapeutic agents that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside (sugar); the term can also refer more generally to any organic molecule that contains aminosugar substructures.

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Amyloidosis

Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal protein, known as amyloid fibrils, builds up in tissue.

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Anal fistula

Anal fistula (plural fistulae), or fistula-in-ano, is a chronic abnormal communication between the epithelialised surface of the anal canal and (usually) the perianal skin.

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Anal gland

The anal glands or anal sacs are small glands found near the anus in many mammals, including dogs and cats.

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Anal sac adenocarcinoma

An anal sac adenocarcinoma is an uncommon and aggressive malignant tumor found in dogs that arises from the apocrine glandular tissue of anal sac.

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Ancylostoma braziliense

Ancylostoma braziliense is a species of hookworm belonging to the genus Ancylostoma.

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Ancylostoma caninum

Ancylostoma caninum is a species of nematode known as a hookworm, which principally infects the small intestine of dogs.

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Anemia

Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen.

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Antibiotic

An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.

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Antibody

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

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Anticoagulant

Anticoagulants, commonly referred to as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.

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Antifreeze

An antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid and increases its boiling point.

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Appetite

Appetite is the desire to eat food, sometimes due to hunger.

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Ascites

Ascites is the abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen.

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Aspergillosis

Aspergillosis is the name given to a wide variety of diseases caused by infection by fungi of the genus Aspergillus.

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Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungus of the genus Aspergillus, and is one of the most common Aspergillus species to cause disease in individuals with an immunodeficiency.

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Aspiration pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia is a type of lung infection that is due to a relatively large amount of material from the stomach or mouth entering the lungs.

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Asteroid hyalosis

Asteroid hyalosis is a degenerative condition of the eye involving small white opacities in the vitreous humor.

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Astrocytoma

Astrocytomas are a type of cancer of the brain.

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Ataxia

Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality.

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Atopy

Atopy is a predisposition toward developing certain allergic hypersensitivity reactions.

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Atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF or A-fib) is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria.

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Atrial septal defect

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a heart defect in which blood flows between the atria (upper chambers) of the heart.

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Atrial tachycardia

Atrial tachycardia is a type of heart rhythm problem in which the heart's electrical impulse comes from an ectopic pacemaker (that is, an abnormally located cardiac pacemaker) in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart, rather than from the sinoatrial node, the normal origin of the heart's electrical activity.

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Atrioventricular node

The atrioventricular node, or AV node is a part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart.

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Atrium (heart)

The atrium is the upper chamber in which blood enters the heart.

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Attention seeking

Attention seeking (also called drawing attention or garnering attention) is behaving in a way that is likely to elicit attention, usually to hearten oneself by being in the limelight or to elicit validation from others.

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Australian Shepherd

The Australian Shepherd, often known simply as the "Aussie", is a medium-sized breed of dog that was, despite its name, developed on ranches in the Western United States during the 19th century.

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Autoimmune disease

An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.

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Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues.

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Azathioprine

Azathioprine (AZA), sold under the brand name Imuran among others, is an immunosuppressive medication.

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Azotemia

Azotemia (azot, "nitrogen" + -emia, "blood condition") is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (such as urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds) in the blood.

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B cell

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.

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Babesia

Babesia (also called Nuttallia) is an Apicomplexan parasite that infects red blood cells, transmitted by ticks.

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Babesia canis

Babesia canis is a parasite which infects red blood cells and can lead to anemia.

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Babesiosis

Babesiosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease caused by infection with Babesia, a genus of Apicomplexa.

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Back pain

Back pain is pain felt in the back of the body.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.

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Basenji

The Basenji is a breed of hunting dog.

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Basset Hound

The Basset Hound is a short-legged breed of dog of the hound family.

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Beagle

The beagle is a breed of small hound that is similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound.

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Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate.

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Bernese Mountain Dog

The Bernese Mountain Dog (Berner Sennenhund) is a large-sized breed of dog, one of the four breeds of Sennenhund-type dogs from the Swiss Alps.

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Beta cell

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas.

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Bichon

Bichon is the name for a type of related dog breeds in the non-sporting category.

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Bichon Frise

A Bichon Frise (or; from bichon à poil frisé,, meaning 'curly lap dog') is a small breed of dog of the bichon type.

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Bilious vomiting syndrome

Bilious vomiting syndrome in dogs is vomiting in response to bile-induced inflammation of the stomach.

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Biological half-life

The biological half-life of a biological substance is the time it takes for half to be removed by biological processes when the rate of removal is roughly exponential.

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Birth defect

A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.

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Bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder.

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Bladder stone (animal)

Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats.

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Blastomyces dermatitidis

Blastomyces dermatitidis is the causal agent of blastomycosis, an invasive and often serious fungal infection found occasionally in humans and other animals in regions where the fungus is endemic.

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Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis (also known as "North American blastomycosis", "blastomycetic dermatitis", and "Gilchrist's disease") is a fungal infection of humans and other animals, notably dogs and occasionally cats, caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis.

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Blood

Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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Bloodhound

The Bloodhound is a large scent hound, originally bred for hunting deer, wild boar and, since the Middle Ages, for tracking people.

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Bone marrow

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.

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Border Collie

The Border Collie is a working and herding dog breed developed in the Anglo-Scottish border region for herding livestock, especially sheep.

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Bordetella bronchiseptica

Bordetella bronchiseptica is a small, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Bordetella.

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Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class of the genus Borrelia.

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Boston Terrier

The Boston Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United States of America.

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Bouvier des Flandres

The Bouvier des Flandres is a herding dog breed originating in Flanders, Belgium.

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Bowel obstruction

Bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion.

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Boxer (dog)

The Boxer is a medium-sized, short-haired breed of dog, developed in Germany.

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Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome

Brachycephalic syndrome is a pathological condition affecting short nosed dogs and cats which can lead to severe respiratory distress.

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Brachycephaly

Brachycephaly (from Greek roots meaning "short" and "head") is the shape of a skull shorter than typical for its species.

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Bradycardia

Bradycardia is a condition wherein an individual has a very slow heart rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults.

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Brain tumor

A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain.

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Brodifacoum

Brodifacoum is a highly lethal 4-hydroxycoumarin vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant poison.

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Bromadiolone

Bromadiolone is a potent anticoagulant rodenticide.

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Bromethalin

Bromethalin is a neurotoxic rodenticide that damages the central nervous system.

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Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions.

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Bull Terrier

The Bull Terrier is a breed of dog in the terrier family.

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Bulldog

A Bulldog is a medium-sized breed of dog commonly referred to as the English Bulldog or British Bulldog.

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Bullmastiff

The Bullmastiff is a large-sized breed of domestic dog, with a solid build and a short muzzle.

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Bullous pemphigoid

Bullous pemphigoid is an acute or chronic autoimmune skin disease, involving the formation of blisters, more appropriately known as bullae, at the space between the epidermis and dermis skin layers.

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Bundle branch block

A bundle branch block is a defect of the bundle branches or fascicles in the electrical conduction system of the heart.

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Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.

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Cairn Terrier

The Cairn Terrier is one of the oldest terrier breeds, originating in the Scottish Highlands and recognized as one of Scotland's earliest working dogs.

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Calcium oxalate

Calcium oxalate (in archaic terminology, oxalate of lime) is a calcium salt of oxalate with the chemical formula CaC2O4(H2O)x, where x can vary.

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Calcium phosphate

Calcium phosphate is a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions.

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Calculus (dental)

In dentistry, calculus or tartar is a form of hardened dental plaque.

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Canine cognitive dysfunction

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a disease prevalent in dogs that exhibit symptoms of dementia or Alzheimer's disease shown in humans.

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Canine coronavirus

Canine coronavirus is a virus of the family Coronaviridae that causes a highly contagious intestinal disease worldwide in dogs.

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Canine discoid lupus erythematosus

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is an uncommon autoimmune disease of the basal cell layer of the skin.

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Canine distemper

Canine distemper (sometimes termed hardpad disease) is a viral disease that affects a wide variety of animal families, including domestic and wild species of dogs, coyotes, foxes, pandas, wolves, ferrets, skunks, raccoons, and large cats, as well as pinnipeds, some primates, and a variety of other species.

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Canine follicular dysplasia

Follicular dysplasia is a genetic disease of dogs causing alopecia, or hair loss.

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Canine glaucoma

Canine glaucoma refers to a group of diseases in dogs that affect the optic nerve and involve a loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern.

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Canine herpesvirus

Canine herpesvirus (CHV) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae which most importantly causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in puppies (and in wild Canidae) less than two to three weeks old.

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Canine influenza

Canine influenza (dog flu) is influenza occurring in canine animals.

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Canine minute virus

Canine minute virus (or minute virus of canines; MVC) is a strain of Carnivore bocaparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae that infects dogs.

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Canine pancreatitis

Canine pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can occur in two very different forms.

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Canine parvovirus

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2, colloquially parvo) is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs, and thought to originate in cats.

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Canine transmissible venereal tumor

Canine transmissible venereal tumors (CTVTs), also called transmissible venereal tumors (TVTs), canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (CTVS), sticker tumors and infectious sarcoma is a histiocytic tumor of the external genitalia of the dog and other canines, and is transmitted from animal to animal during mating.

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Carbamate

A carbamate is an organic compound derived from carbamic acid (NH2COOH).

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Carcinoid

Carcinoid (also carcinoid tumor) is a slow-growing type of neuroendocrine tumor originating in the cells of the neuroendocrine system.

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Castration

Castration (also known as gonadectomy) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which an individual loses use of the testicles.

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Cat flea

The cat flea (scientific name Ctenocephalides felis) is an extremely common parasitic insect whose principal host is the domestic cat, although a high proportion of the fleas found on dogs also belong to this species (this despite the widespread existence of a separate and well-established "dog" flea, Ctenocephalides canis).

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Cataract

A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision.

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Cauda equina

The cauda equina is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord.

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Cauda equina syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition due to damage to the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina.

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Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small spaniel classed as a toy dog by The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club.

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Cenchrus

Cenchrus is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family.

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Cephalic index

The cephalic index or cranial index is the ratio of the maximum width (bipareital diameter or BPD, side to side) of the head of an organism (human or animal) multiplied by 100 divided by its maximum length (occipitofrontal diameter or OFD, front to back).

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Cerebellar abiotrophy

Cerebellar abiotrophy (CA), also referred to as the cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (CCA), is a genetic neurological disease in animals best known to affect certain breeds of horses, dogs and cats.

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Cerebellar hypoplasia (non-human)

Cerebellar hypoplasia is a disorder found in cats and dogs in which the cerebellum is not completely mature at birth.

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Cerebellum

The cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.

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Cestoda

Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms in the flatworm (Platyhelminthes) phylum, commonly known as tapeworms.

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Chalazion

Chalazion is a cyst in the eyelid due to a blocked oil gland.

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Chalk

Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite.

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Cherry eye

Cherry eye is a disorder of the nictitating membrane (NM), also called the third eyelid, present in the eyes of dogs and cats.

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Cheyletiella

Cheyletiella is a genus of mites that live on the skin surface of dogs, cats, and rabbits, The adult mites are about 0.385 millimeters long, have eight legs with combs instead of claws, and have palpi that end in prominent hooks.

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Cheyletiella yasguri

Cheyletiella yasguri is a species of mites from the genus Cheyletiella popularly known as "walking dandruff" and one of the many ectoparasites that targets domestic dogs.

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Chiari malformation

Chiari malformations (CMs) are structural defects in the cerebellum.

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Chihuahua (dog)

The Chihuahua (chihuahueño) is the smallest breed of dog and is named after the state of Chihuahua in Mexico.

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Cholecalciferol

Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3 and colecalciferol, is a type of vitamin D which is made by the skin, found in some foods, and taken as a dietary supplement.

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Cholinesterase

In biochemistry, a cholinesterase or choline esterase is an esterase that lyses choline-based esters, several of which serve as neurotransmitters.

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Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma is a cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce cartilage.

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Chordae tendineae

The chordae tendineae (tendinous chords), colloquially known as the heart strings, are tendon-resembling fibrous cord connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve in the heart.

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Choroid

The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissues, and lying between the retina and the sclera.

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Chow Chow

The Chow Chow (sometimes simply Chow) is a dog breed originally from northern China, where it is referred to as Songshi Quan (Pinyin: sōngshī quǎn 鬆獅犬), which means "puffy-lion dog".

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Chronic eosinophilic leukemia

Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) is a disease in which too many eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) are found in the bone marrow, blood, and other tissues.

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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).

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Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of the white blood cells.

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Chronic superficial keratitis

Chronic superficial keratitis (CSK), also known as pannus or Uberreiter’s disease, is an inflammatory condition of the cornea in dogs, particularly seen in the German Shepherd.

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Ciclosporin

Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is an immunosuppressant medication and natural product.

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Ciliary body

The ciliary body is a part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humor.

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Cilium

A cilium (the plural is cilia) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Clostridium

Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agent of botulism and an important cause of diarrhea, Clostridium difficile.

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Clostridium difficile (bacteria)

Clostridium difficile (etymology and pronunciation), also known as C. difficile, C. diff, or sometimes CDF/cdf, is a species of Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium.

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Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens (formerly known as C. welchii, or Bacillus welchii) is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming pathogenic bacterium of the genus Clostridium.

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Clostridium tetani

Clostridium tetani is a rod-shaped, anaerobic species of pathogenic bacteria, of the genus Clostridium.

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Coagulation

Coagulation (also known as clotting) is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.

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Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

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Coccidioides immitis

Coccidioides immitis is a pathogenic fungus that resides in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and a few other areas in the Western Hemisphere.

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Coccidioides posadasii

Coccidioides posadasii is a pathogenic fungus that, along with Coccidioides immitis, is the causative agent of coccidioidomycosis, or valley fever in humans.

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Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as "cocci", "Valley fever", as well as "California fever", "desert rheumatism", and "San Joaquin Valley fever", is a mammalian fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii.

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Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract of animals caused by coccidian protozoa.

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Cochlea

The cochlea is the part of the inner ear involved in hearing.

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Cocker Spaniel

Cocker Spaniels are dogs belonging to two breeds of the spaniel dog type: the American Cocker Spaniel and the English Cocker Spaniel, both of which are commonly called simply Cocker Spaniel in their countries of origin.

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Collie

The collie is a distinctive type of herding dog, including many related landraces and standardised breeds.

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Collie eye anomaly

Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is a congenital, inherited, bilateral eye disease of dogs, which affects the retina, choroid, and sclera.

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Complete blood count

A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a complete blood cell count, full blood count (FBC), or full blood exam (FBE), is a blood panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood, such as the cell count for each cell type and the concentrations of various proteins and minerals.

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Concrete

Concrete, usually Portland cement concrete, is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time—most frequently a lime-based cement binder, such as Portland cement, but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement.

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect of the diaphragm.

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Congenital heart defect

A congenital heart defect (CHD), also known as a congenital heart anomaly or congenital heart disease, is a problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth.

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Congenital vertebral anomaly

Congenital vertebral anomalies are a collection of malformations of the spine.

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Conjunctiva

The conjunctiva lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye).

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Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid.

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Contractility

Contractility refers to the ability for self-contraction, especially of the muscles, or similar active biological tissue.

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Coonhound

The coonhound is a type of scent hound and a member of the hound group.

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Coprophagia

Coprophagia or coprophagy is the consumption of feces.

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Cor triatriatum

Cor triatriatum (or triatrial heart) is a congenital heart defect where the left atrium (cor triatriatum sinistrum) or right atrium (cor triatriatum dextrum) is subdivided by a thin membrane, resulting in three atrial chambers (hence the name).

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Cornea

The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.

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Corneal dystrophies in dogs

Corneal dystrophies are a group of diseases that affect the cornea in dogs.

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Corneal ulcers in animals

A corneal ulcer, or ulcerative keratitis, is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer.

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Corticosteroid

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.

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Cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.

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Craniomandibular osteopathy

Craniomandibular osteopathy, also known as lion's jaw, is a developmental disease in dogs causing extensive bony changes in the mandible and skull.

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Cryptococcosis

Cryptococcosis, also known as cryptococcal disease, is a potentially fatal fungal disease.

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Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast and an obligate aerobe that can live in both plants and animals.

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Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum.

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Cushing's disease

Cushing's disease is a cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism).

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Cushing's syndrome

Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol.

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Cystine

Cystine is the oxidized dimer form of the amino acid cysteine and has the formula (SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2.

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Dachshund

The dachshund (UK: /ˈdakshʊnd/ or or) (badger dog; also known as the sausage dog or wiener dog) is a short-legged, long-bodied, hound-type dog breed.

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Dalmatian dog

The Dalmatian is a breed of medium-sized dog, noted for its unique black or liver spotted coat and mainly used as a carriage dog in its early days.

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Demodicosis

Demodicosis, also called demodectic mange or red mange, is caused by a sensitivity to and overpopulation of Demodex canis as the hosts immune system is unable to keep the mites under control.

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Dermacentor

Dermacentor, also known as the American Levi tick, is a genus of ticks in the family Ixodidae, the hard ticks.

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Dermatophytosis

Dermatophytosis, also known as ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin.

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Dermoid sinus

Dermoid sinus is a thought to be a genetic skin condition in dogs.

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Desmopressin

Desmopressin, sold under the trade name DDAVP among others, is a medication used to treat diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, and high blood urea levels.

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Dewclaw

A dewclaw is a digit – vestigial in some animals – on the foot of many mammals, birds, and reptiles (including some extinct orders, like certain theropods).

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Diabetes in dogs

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas either stop producing insulin or can no longer produce it in enough quantity for the body's needs.

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Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst.

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Diabetes mellitus type 1

Diabetes mellitus type 1, also known as type 1 diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced.

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Diabetes mellitus type 2

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.

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Diaphragmatic hernia

Diaphragmatic hernia is a defect or hole in the diaphragm that allows the abdominal contents to move into the chest cavity.

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Dietary indiscretion

Dietary indiscretion is the tendency of certain animal of eating unusual items.

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Dilated cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and cannot pump blood effectively.

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Dipylidium caninum

Dipylidium caninum, also called the flea tapeworm, double-pore tapeworm, or cucumber tapeworm (in reference to the shape of its cucumber-seed-like proglottids, though these also resemble grains of rice or sesame seeds), is a cyclophyllid cestode that infects organisms afflicted with fleas and canine chewing lice, including dogs, cats, and sometimes human pet-owners, especially children.

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Dirofilaria immitis

Dirofilaria immitis, the heartworm or dog heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm that is spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes.

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Distichia

A distichia is an eyelash that arises from an abnormal spot on the eyelid.

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Dobermann

The Dobermann, or Doberman Pinscher in the United States and Canada, is a medium-large breed of domestic dog originally developed around 1890 by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector from Germany.

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Dog

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the gray wolf or Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus Canis (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore.

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Dog flea

The dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis) is a species of flea that lives as an ectoparasite on a wide variety of mammals, particularly the domestic dog and cat.

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Dog health

The health of dogs is a well studied area in veterinary medicine.

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Dominance (genetics)

Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus.

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Doxorubicin

Doxorubicin, sold under the trade names Adriamycin among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancer.

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Dry eye syndrome

Dry eye syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is the condition of having dry eyes.

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Dysuria

In medicine, specifically urology, dysuria refers to painful urination.

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Ear mite

Ear mites are mites that live in the ears of animals and humans.

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Echinococcus

The genus Echinococcus includes six parasite species of cyclophyllid tapeworms to date, of the family Taeniidae.

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Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus, also called the hydatid worm, hyper tape-worm or dog tapeworm, is a cyclophyllid cestode that dwells in the small intestine of canids as an adult, but which has important intermediate hosts such as livestock and humans, where it causes cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease.

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Echocardiography

An echocardiogram, often referred to as a cardiac echo or simply an echo, is a sonogram of the heart.

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Ectopia lentis

Ectopia lentis is a displacement or malposition of the eye's crystalline lens from its normal location.

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Ectopic ureter

Ectopic ureter (or ureteral ectopia) is a medical condition where the ureter, rather than terminating at the urinary bladder, terminates at a different site. In males this site is usually the urethra, in females this is usually the urethra or vagina. It can be associated with renal dysplasia, frequent urinary tract infections, and urinary incontinence (usually continuous drip incontinence). Ectopic ureters are found in 1 of every 2000–4000 patients, and can be difficult to diagnose, but are most often seen on CT scans. Ectopic ureter is commonly a result of a duplicated renal collecting system, a duplex kidney with 2 ureters. In this case, usually one ureter drains correctly to the bladder, with the duplicated ureter presenting as ectopic.

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Ectropion

Ectropion is a medical condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards.

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Edema

Edema, also spelled oedema or œdema, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, located beneath the skin and in the cavities of the body, which can cause severe pain.

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Ehlers–Danlos syndromes

Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of genetic connective tissue disorders.

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Ehrlichia canis

Ehrlichia canis is an obligate, intracellular bacterium that acts as the causative agent of Ehrlichiosis, a disease most commonly affecting canine species.

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Ehrlichiosis

Ehrlichiosis is a tickborne bacterial infection, caused by bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma.

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Elbow dysplasia

Elbow dysplasia is a condition involving multiple developmental abnormalities of the elbow-joint in the dog, specifically the growth of cartilage or the structures surrounding it.

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Electrocardiography

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin.

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Encephalitis

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain.

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English Mastiff

The English Mastiff is a breed of extremely large dog (often known simply as the Mastiff) perhaps descended from the ancient Alaunt and Pugnaces Britanniae, with a significant input from the Alpine Mastiff in the 19th century.

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Enophthalmos

Enophthalmos is the posterior displacement of the eyeball within the orbit due to changes in the volume of the orbit (bone) relative to its contents (the eyeball and orbital fat), or loss of function of the orbitalis muscle.

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Enterobacter

Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

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Entropion

Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelid (usually the lower lid) folds inward.

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Epilepsy in animals

Epilepsy in animals is a group of neurological disorders characterized by seizures, caused by abnormal bursts of electrical activity in the brain.

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Epileptic seizure

An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

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Epiphyseal plate

The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone.

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Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).

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Esophagus

The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet (gut), is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach.

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Estrogen

Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone.

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Estrous cycle

The estrous cycle or oestrus cycle (derived from Latin oestrus 'frenzy', originally from Greek οἶστρος oîstros 'gadfly') is the recurring physiological changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian therian females.

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Ethylene glycol

Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2OH)2.

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Ethylene glycol poisoning

Ethylene glycol poisoning is poisoning caused by drinking ethylene glycol.

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Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas.

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Exophthalmos

Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.

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Eye neoplasm

Eye neoplasms can affect all parts of the eye, and can be a benign tumor or a malignant tumor (cancer).

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Eyelid

An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects the human eye.

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Facial nerve paralysis

Facial nerve paralysis is a common problem that involves the paralysis of any structures innervated by the facial nerve.

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False pregnancy

False pregnancy, also known as phantom, hysterical pregnancy, pregnancy scares or pseudocyesis, is the appearance of clinical or subclinical signs and symptoms associated with pregnancy when the person is not actually pregnant.

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Familial renal disease in animals

Familial renal disease is an uncommon cause of renal failure (kidney failure) in dogs and cats.

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Fanconi syndrome

Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules of the kidney.

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Fecal incontinence

Fecal incontinence (FI), also known as anal incontinence, or in some forms encopresis, is a lack of control over defecation, leading to involuntary loss of bowel contents—including flatus (gas), liquid stool elements and mucus, or solid feces.

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Feces

Feces (or faeces) are the solid or semisolid remains of the food that could not be digested in the small intestine.

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Femur

The femur (pl. femurs or femora) or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the hip joint) bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles including lizards, and amphibians such as frogs.

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Fibroma

Fibromas (or fibroid tumors or fibroids) are benign tumors that are composed of fibrous or connective tissue.

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Fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcoma (fibroblastic sarcoma) is a malignant mesenchymal tumour derived from fibrous connective tissue and characterized by the presence of immature proliferating fibroblasts or undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells in a storiform pattern.

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Fibrosis

Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process.

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Fishing sinker

A fishing sinker or knoch is a weight used in conjunction with a fishing lure or hook to increase its rate of sink, anchoring ability, and/or casting distance.

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Flat-Coated Retriever

The Flat-Coated Retriever is a gundog breed originating from the United Kingdom.

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Flea

Fleas are small flightless insects that form the order Siphonaptera.

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Flea allergy dermatitis

Flea allergy dermatitis, FAD, is an eczematous itchy skin disease of dogs and cats.

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Florida keratopathy

Florida keratopathy, also known as Florida spots, is an eye condition characterized by the presence of multiple spots within both corneas.

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Fontanelle

A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising any of the soft membranous gaps (sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant.

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Food allergy

A food allergy is an abnormal immune response to food.

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Foreign body

In the field of medicine, a foreign body, sometimes known as FB (Latin: corpus alienum), is any object originating outside the body of an organism.

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Foxtail (diaspore)

A foxtail is a spikelet or cluster of a grass, that serves to disperse its seeds as a unit.

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French Bulldog

The French Bulldog, also known as Frenchie, is a small breed of domestic dog.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Ganglioglioma

Ganglioglioma is a rare, slow-growing primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor which most frequently occurs in the temporal lobes of children and young adults.

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Gastric dilatation volvulus

Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV), also known as gastric dilation, twisted stomach, or gastric torsion, is a medical condition that affects dogs in which the stomach becomes overstretched and rotated by excessive gas content.

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Gastrocnemius muscle

The gastrocnemius muscle (plural gastrocnemii) is a superficial two-headed muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg of humans.

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Gastrointestinal cancer

Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs of digestion, including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.

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German Shepherd

The German Shepherd (Deutscher Schäferhund) is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany.

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Giardia lamblia

Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis, is a flagellated parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis.

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Giardiasis

Giardiasis, popularly known as beaver fever, is a parasitic disease caused by Giardia lamblia.

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Gingival enlargement

Gingival enlargement, (also termed gingival overgrowth, hypertrophic gingivitis, gingival hyperplasia, or gingival hypertrophy, and sometimes abbreviated to GO), is an increase in the size of the gingiva (gums).

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Gingivitis

Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that occurs around the teeth.

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Globulin

The globulins are a family of globular proteins that have higher molecular weights than albumins and are insoluble in pure water but dissolve in dilute salt solutions.

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Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis (GN), also known as glomerular nephritis, is a term used to refer to several kidney diseases (usually affecting both kidneys).

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Glomerulus

Glomerulus is a common term used in anatomy to describe globular structures of entwined vessels, fibers, or neurons.

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Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.

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Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

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Glycosaminoglycan

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit.

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Gnathostomiasis

Gnathostomiasis (also known as larva migrans profundus) is the human infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) Gnathostoma spinigerum and/or Gnathostoma hispidum, which infects vertebrates.

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Golden Retriever

The Golden Retriever is a large-sized breed of dog bred as gun dogs to retrieve shot waterfowl such as ducks and upland game birds during hunting and shooting parties, and were named 'retriever' because of their ability to retrieve shot game undamaged (soft mouth).

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Gordon Setter

The Gordon Setter is a large breed of dog, a member of the setter family that also includes both the better-known Irish Setter and the English Setter.

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Granuloma

Granuloma is an inflammation found in many diseases.

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Granulomatous meningoencephalitis

Granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs and, rarely, cats.

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Granulosa cell tumour

Granulosa cell tumours (or granulosa-theca cell tumours or folliculoma) are tumours that arise from granulosa cells.

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Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs

The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs.

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Great Dane

The Great Dane is a German breed of domestic dog known for its giant size.

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Great Pyrenees

The Pyrenean Mountain Dog, known as the Great Pyrenees in North America, is a large breed of dog used as a livestock guardian dog.

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Green algae

The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia.

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Greyhound

The Greyhound is a breed of dog; a sighthound which has been bred for coursing game and Greyhound racing.

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Griffon Bruxellois

The Griffon Bruxellois or Brussels Griffon is a breed of toy dog, named for their city of origin: Brussels, Belgium.

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Grout

Grout is a fluid form of concrete used to fill gaps.

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Growth hormone

Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin (or as human growth hormone in its human form), is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.

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Gums

The gums or gingiva (plural: gingivae), consist of the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth.

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Havanese dog

The Havanese, a breed of Bichon type, is the national dog of Cuba, developed from the now extinct Blanquito de la Habana ("little white dog of Havana").

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Hearing loss

Hearing loss, also known as hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear.

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Heart

The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.

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Heart block

Heart block is a disease or inherited condition that causes a fault within the heart's natural pacemaker due to some kind of obstruction (or "block") in the electrical conduction system of the heart.

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Heart failure

Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.

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Heart murmur

Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope.

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Heart valve dysplasia

Heart valve dysplasia is a congenital heart defect which affects the aortic, pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid heart valves.

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Heart valve repair

Heart valve repair is a surgical technique used to fix defects in heart valves in valvular heart diseases, and provides an alternative to valve replacement.

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Hemangiosarcoma

Hemangiosarcoma is a rapidly growing, highly invasive variety of cancer that occurs almost exclusively in dogs, and only rarely in cats, horses, mice, or humans.

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Hematocrit

The hematocrit (Ht or HCT), also known by several other names, is the volume percentage (vol%) of red blood cells in blood.

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Hematuria

Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in the urine.

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Hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic anemia or haemolytic anaemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular, but usually in the spleen).

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Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is a disease of dogs characterized by sudden vomiting and bloody diarrhea.

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Hepatocellular adenoma

Hepatocellular adenoma (also known as hepatic adenoma or hepadenoma) is a rare, benign liver tumor.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults, and is the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis.

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Hip dysplasia (canine)

In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints.

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Histiocyte

A histiocyte is an animal cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system).

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Histiocytic sarcoma

Histiocytic sarcoma is a tumor derived from histiocytes.

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Histiocytoma (dog)

A histiocytoma in the dog is a benign tumor.

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Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasma capsulatum is a species of dimorphic fungi.

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Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis (also known as "Cave disease", "Darling's disease", "Ohio valley disease", "reticuloendotheliosis", "spelunker's lung" and "caver's disease") is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.

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Hives

Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps.

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Hookworm infection

Hookworm infection is an infection by a type of intestinal parasite in the roundworm group.

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Horner's syndrome

Horner's syndrome is a combination of symptoms that arises when a group of nerves known as the sympathetic trunk is damaged.

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Humerus

The humerus (plural: humeri) is a long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.

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Husky

Husky is a general name for a sled-type of dog used in northern regions, differentiated from other sled-dog types by their fast pulling style.

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Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain.

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Hypercalcaemia

Hypercalcaemia, also spelled hypercalcemia, is a high calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum.

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Hypereosinophilic syndrome

The hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a disease characterized by a persistently elevated eosinophil count (≥ 1500 eosinophils/mm³) in the blood for at least six months without any recognizable cause, with involvement of either the heart, nervous system, or bone marrow.

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Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia, also spelled hyperkalaemia, is an elevated level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum.

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Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood.

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Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.

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Hypertension

Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.

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Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates.

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Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.

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Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD) is a bone disease that occurs in fast-growing large and giant breed dogs.

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Hypertrophic osteopathy

Hypertrophic osteopathy is a bone disease secondary to cancer in the lungs.

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Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs

Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs, or, as it is known in people, Addison's disease, is an endocrine system disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough hormones for normal function.

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Hypoalbuminemia

Hypoalbuminemia (or hypoalbuminaemia) is a medical sign in which the level of albumin in the blood is abnormally low.

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Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels.

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Hypophosphatemia

Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of phosphate in the blood.

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Hypotension

Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.

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Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.

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Hypoxemia

Hypoxemia (or hypoxaemia in British English) is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood.

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Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a medication in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation.

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Idiopathic disease

An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparently spontaneous origin.

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Immune complex

An immune complex, sometimes called an antigen-antibody complex, is a molecule formed from the integral binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen.

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Imperforate lacrimal punctum

An imperforate lacrimal punctum is a congenital disorder of dogs involving the lack of an opening to the nasolacrimal duct (tear duct) in the conjunctiva.

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In utero

In utero is a Latin term literally meaning "in the womb" or "in the uterus".

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Infection

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

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Infectious canine hepatitis

Infectious canine hepatitis is an acute liver infection in dogs caused by canine adenovirus type-1 (CAV-1).

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Inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine.

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Inguinal canal

The inguinal canals are the two passages in the anterior abdominal wall which in males convey the spermatic cords and in females the round ligament of uterus.

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Inguinal hernia

An inguinal hernia is a protrusion of abdominal-cavity contents through the inguinal canal.

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Insecticide

Insecticides are substances used to kill insects.

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Insulin

Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.

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Insulinoma

An insulinoma is a tumor of the pancreas that is derived from beta cells and secretes insulin.

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Intravenous therapy

Intravenous therapy (IV) is a therapy that delivers liquid substances directly into a vein (intra- + ven- + -ous).

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Intussusception (medical disorder)

Intussusception is a medical condition in which a part of the intestine folds into the section next to it.

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Iodine deficiency

Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet.

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Iris (anatomy)

In humans and most mammals and birds, the iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.

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Iris cyst

An iris cyst, or uveal cyst, is a small hollow structure either attached to the iris of the eye or floating free in the anterior chamber.

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Irish Setter

The Irish Setter (sotar rua, literally "red setter") is a setter, a breed of gundog, and family dog.

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Isospora

Isospora is a genus of internal parasites classified under Coccidia.

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Ixodes

Ixodes is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae).

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Ixodidae

The Ixodidae are the family of hard ticks or scale ticks, one of the two big families of ticks, consisting of over 700 species.

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Jaundice

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels.

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Juvenile cellulitis

Juvenile cellulitis, also known as puppy strangles or juvenile pyoderma, is an uncommon disease of dogs.

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Keeshond

The Keeshond (plural: Keeshonden) is a medium-sized dog with a plush, two-layer coat of silver and black fur with a ruff and a curled tail.

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Kennel cough

Kennel cough (also known as canine infectious tracheobronchitis) is an upper respiratory infection affecting dogs.

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Keratitis

Keratitis is a condition in which the eye's cornea, the clear dome on the front surface of the eye, becomes inflamed.

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Kerry Blue Terrier

The Kerry Blue Terrier (also known as the Irish Blue Terrier) (An Brocaire Gorm) is a breed of dog.

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Ketoconazole

Ketoconazole is a synthetic imidazole antifungal drug used primarily to treat fungal infections.

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Kidney

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.

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Kidney cancer

Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the cells in the kidney.

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Kidney failure

Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys no longer work.

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King Charles Spaniel

The King Charles Spaniel (also known as the English Toy Spaniel) is a small dog breed of the spaniel type.

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Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.

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Labrador Retriever

The Labrador Retriever, or just Labrador, is a type of retriever-gun dog.

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Labyrinthitis

Labyrinthitis, also known as vestibular neuritis, is the inflammation of inner ear.

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Laryngeal paralysis

Laryngeal paralysis in animals is a condition in which the nerves and muscles that control the movements of one or both arytenoid cartilages of the larynx cease to function, and instead of opening during inspiration and closing during swallowing, the arytenoids remain stationary in a somewhat neutral position.

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Laryngeal saccules

Laryngeal saccules or laryngeal ventricles are soft tissue masses located between the vocal folds and the lateral wall of the larynx in canines.

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Larynx

The larynx, commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck of tetrapods involved in breathing, producing sound, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Lead poisoning

Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body.

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Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease

Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD, also known as Perthes disease or Legg–Perthes disease) is a childhood hip disorder initiated by a disruption of blood flow to the head of the femur.

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Leiomyosarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma, also referred to as LMS, is a malignant (cancerous) smooth muscle tumor.

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Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania type.

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Lens (anatomy)

The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.

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Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira.

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Leukemia

Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.

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Leydig cell tumour

Leydig cell tumour, also Leydig cell tumor (US spelling), (testicular) interstitial cell tumour and (testicular) interstitial cell tumor (US spelling), is a member of the sex cord-stromal tumour group of ovarian and testicular cancers.

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Lick granuloma

A lick granuloma, also known as acral lick dermatitis, is a skin disorder found most commonly in dogs, but also in cats.

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Lissencephaly

Lissencephaly is a set of rare brain disorders where the whole or parts of the surface of the brain appear smooth.

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Liver failure

Liver failure or hepatic insufficiency is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function as part of normal physiology.

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Louse

Louse (plural: lice) is the common name for members of the order Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless insect.

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Lung cancer

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.

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Luxating patella

Luxating patella (or trick knee, subluxation of patella, floating patella, or floating kneecap) is a condition in which the patella, or kneecap, dislocates or moves out of its normal location.

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Lyme disease

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type which is spread by ticks.

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Lymph node

A lymph node or lymph gland is an ovoid or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, and of the adaptive immune system, that is widely present throughout the body.

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Lymphangiectasia

Lymphangiectasia is a pathologic dilation of lymph vessels.

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Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.

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Lymphoma in animals

Lymphoma (lymposarcoma) in animals is a type of cancer defined by a proliferation of malignant lymphocytes within solid organs such as the lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver and spleen.

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Lysis

Lysis (Greek λύσις lýsis, "a loosing" from λύειν lýein, "to unbind") refers to the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic") mechanisms that compromise its integrity.

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Malabsorption

Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

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Malignancy

Malignancy is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse.

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Malignant histiocytosis

Malignant histiocytosis (also known as "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis") is a rare hereditary disease found in the Bernese Mountain Dog and humans, characterized by histiocytic infiltration of the lungs and lymph nodes.

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Maltese dog

The Maltese, Canis familiaris Maelitacus, is a small breed of dog in the Toy Group.

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Mammary tumor

A mammary tumor is a neoplasm originating in the mammary gland.

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Masticatory muscle myositis

Masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) is an inflammatory disease in dogs affecting the muscles of mastication (chewing).

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Mastocytoma

A mastocytoma or mast cell tumor is a type of round-cell tumor consisting of mast cells.

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Medulloepithelioma

Medulloepithelioma is a rare, primitive, fast-growing brain tumour thought to stem from cells of the embryonic medullary cavity.

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Megaesophagus

Megaesophagus, also known as esophageal dilatation, is a disorder of the esophagus in humans and other mammals, whereby the esophagus becomes abnormally enlarged.

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Meibomian gland

The Meibomian glands (often written with a small m, and also called tarsal glands) are a holocrine type of exocrine glands, at the rim of the eyelids inside the tarsal plate, responsible for the supply of meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film.

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Melanoma

Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes.

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Melena

Melena or melæna refers to the dark black, tarry feces that are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

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Meningioma

Meningioma, also known as meningeal tumor, is typically a slow-growing tumor that forms from the meninges, the membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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Meningitis

Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.

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Meningoencephalitis

Meningoencephalitis (from Greek μῆνιγξ meninx, "membrane", ἐγκέφαλος, enképhalos "brain", and the medical suffix -itis, "inflammation") is a medical condition that simultaneously resembles both meningitis, which is an infection or inflammation of the meninges, and encephalitis, which is an infection or inflammation of the brain.

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Merle (dog coat)

Merle is a pattern in a dog's coat.

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Metaphysis

The metaphysis is the narrow portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.

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Metastasis

Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; it is typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor.

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Metronidazole

Metronidazole, marketed under the brand name Flagyl among others, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication.

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Microsporum canis

Microsporum canis is a pathogenic, asexual fungus in the phylum Ascomycota that infects the upper, dead layers of skin on domesticated cats, and occasionally dogs and humans.

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Microsporum gypseum

Microsporum gypseum is a soil-associated dermatophyte that occasionally is known to infect the upper dead layers of the skin of mammals.

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Mineralocorticoid

Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which in turn are a class of steroid hormones.

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Miniature Schnauzer

The Miniature Schnauzer is a breed of small dog of the Schnauzer type that originated in Germany in the mid-to-late 19th century.

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Miosis

Miosis is excessive constriction of the pupil.

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Mite

Mites are small arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida and the subclass Acari (also known as Acarina).

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Mitotane

Mitotane, sold under the brand name Lysodren, is a steroidogenesis inhibitor and cytostatic antineoplastic medication which is used in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma and Cushing's syndrome.

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Mitral valve

The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve, is a valve with two flaps in the heart, that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

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Molera

A molera is a "hole" in a Chihuahua's head; it is the same as a fontanelle in human babies.

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Mosquito

Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that constitute the family Culicidae.

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Mucocutaneous zone

A mucocutaneous zone, or mucocutaneous boundary, is a region of the body in which mucosa transitions to skin.

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Mucormycosis

Mucormycosis is any fungal infection caused by fungi in the order Mucorales.

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Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma, also known as plasma cell myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell normally responsible for producing antibodies.

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Myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness.

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Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membrane.

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Myopathy

Myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly.

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Myxedema coma

Myxedema coma is a state of decompensated hypothyroidism.

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Naproxen

Naproxen (brand names: Aleve, Naprosyn, and many others) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class (the same class as ibuprofen) that relieves pain, fever, swelling, and stiffness.

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Nasolacrimal duct

The nasolacrimal duct (sometimes called the tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac of the eye into the nasal cavity.

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Neonatal isoerythrolysis

Neonatal isoerythrolysis, also known as hemolytic icterus or hemolytic anemia, is a disease most commonly seen in kittens and foals, but has also been reported in puppies.

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Neospora caninum

Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite that was identified as a species in 1988.

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Nephron

The nephron (from Greek νεφρός – nephros, meaning "kidney") is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney.

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Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage.

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Neuritis

Neuritis is inflammation of a nerve or the general inflammation of the peripheral nervous system.

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Neurotoxin

Neurotoxins are toxins that are poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity).

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Neutrophil

Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (40% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals.

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Newfoundland dog

The Newfoundland dog is a large working dog.

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Nictitating membrane

The nictitating membrane (from Latin nictare, to blink) is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye from the medial canthus for protection and to moisten it while maintaining vision.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a drug class that reduce pain, decrease fever, prevent blood clots and, in higher doses, decrease inflammation.

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Norwegian Lundehund

The Norwegian Lundehund (Norsk Lundehund) is a small dog breed of the Spitz type that originates from Norway.

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Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever

The Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever is a medium-sized gundog bred primarily for hunting.

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Nuclear sclerosis

Nuclear sclerosis is an age-related change in the density of the crystalline lens nucleus that occurs in all older animals.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.

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Nystagmus

Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in rare cases) eye movement, acquired in infancy or later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision.

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Occipital bone

The occipital bone is a cranial dermal bone, and is the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull).

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Ocular melanosis

Ocular melanosis (OM), also known as ocular melanocytosis or melanosis oculi, is a congenital disease of the eye which affects about 1 in every 5000 people and is a risk factor for uveal melanoma.

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Oligodendroglioma

Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell.

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Oomycete

Oomycota or oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms.

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Opacity (optics)

Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light.

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Optic nerve

The optic nerve, also known as cranial nerve II, is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

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Optic nerve sheath meningioma

Optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM) are rare benign tumors of the optic nerve.

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Optic neuritis

Optic neuritis is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve.

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Oral cancer

Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, is a type of head and neck cancer and is any cancerous tissue growth located in the oral cavity.

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Orbit (anatomy)

In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated.

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Orchitis

Orchitis or orchiditis (from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις meaning "testicle"; same root as orchid) is inflammation of the testes.

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Organophosphate

Organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O.

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Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.

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Osteochondritis dissecans

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD or OD) is a joint disorder in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone.

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Osteophyte

Osteophytes are exostoses (bony projections) that form along joint margins.

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Osteosarcoma

An osteosarcoma (OS) or osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) is a cancerous tumor in a bone.

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Otitis externa in animals

Otitis externa is an inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal.

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Otitis media

Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear.

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Otodectes

Otodectes is a genus of parasitic mite in the superfamily Psoroptidae (the biting cohort of the Sarcoptiformes order of mites).

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Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary.

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Overriding aorta

An overriding aorta is a congenital heart defect where the aorta is positioned directly over a ventricular septal defect (VSD), instead of over the left ventricle.

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Pacific Northwest

The Pacific Northwest (PNW), sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and (loosely) by the Cascade Mountain Range on the east.

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Pancreas

The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.

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Pancreatic islets

The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells, discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans.

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Pancytopenia

Pancytopenia is a medical condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red and white blood cells, as well as platelets.

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Panosteitis

Panosteitis, sometimes shortened to pano among breeders, is an occasionally seen long bone condition in large breed dogs.

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Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.

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Papilloma

A papilloma (plural papillomas or papillomata) (papillo- + -oma) is a benign epithelial tumor growing exophytically (outwardly projecting) in nipple-like and often finger-like fronds.

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Papillon dog

The Papillon (French for 'butterfly'), also called the Continental Toy Spaniel, is a breed of dog, of the spaniel type.

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Paracetamol

--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.

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Parasitism

In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Patent ductus arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition wherein the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.

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PDF

The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.

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Pemphigus

Pemphigus is a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes.

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Perianal gland tumor

A perianal gland tumor is a type of tumor found near the anus in dogs that arises from specialized glandular tissue found in the perineum.

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Pericardial effusion

Pericardial effusion ("fluid around the heart") is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity.

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Pericardiocentesis

In medicine, pericardiocentesis is a procedure where fluid is aspirated from the pericardium (the sac enveloping the heart).

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Pericardium

The pericardium is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

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Perineal hernia

Perineal hernia is a hernia involving the perineum (pelvic floor).

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Periodontal disease

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth.

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Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, or other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected.

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Peritoneum

The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids.

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Persistent pupillary membrane

Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fetal membrane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil.

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Phenylpropanolamine

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a sympathomimetic agent which is used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant.

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Pica (disorder)

Pica is a psychological disorder characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as ice (pagophagia); hair (trichophagia); paper (xylophagia); drywall or paint; metal (metallophagia); stones (lithophagia) or soil (geophagia); glass (hyalophagia); or feces (coprophagia); and chalk.

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Pituitary gland

An explanation of the development of the pituitary gland (Hypophysis cerebri) & the congenital anomalies. In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.

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Plasmacytoma

Plasmacytoma is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which a plasma cell tumour grows within soft tissue or within the axial skeleton.

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Platelet

Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.

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Pleural effusion

A pleural effusion is excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs.

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Poliosis

Poliosis, also called poliosis circumscripta, is the decrease or absence of melanin (or colour) in head hair, eyebrows, eyelashes or any other hairy area.

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Polychlorinated biphenyl

A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is an organic chlorine compound with the formula C12H10−xClx.

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Polydactyly

Polydactyly or polydactylism, also known as hyperdactyly, is a congenital physical anomaly in humans and animals resulting in supernumerary fingers and/or toes.

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Polydipsia

Polydipsia is excessive thirst or excess drinking.

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Polyneuropathy in dogs and cats

Polyneuropathy in dogs and cats is a collection of peripheral nerve disorders that often are breed-related in these animals.

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Polyp (medicine)

A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane.

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Polyuria

Polyuria is excessive or an abnormally large production or passage of urine (greater than 2.5 or 3 L over 24 hours in adults).

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Pomeranian (dog)

The Pomeranian (often known as a Pom) is a breed of dog of the Spitz type that is named for the Pomerania region in north-west Poland and north-east Germany in Central Europe.

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Poodle

The poodle is a group of formal dog breeds, the Standard Poodle, Miniature Poodle and Toy Poodle.

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Portosystemic shunt

A portosystemic shunt (PSS), also known as a liver shunt, is a bypass of the liver by the body's circulatory system.

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Potassium in biology

Potassium is an essential mineral micronutrient and is the main intracellular ion for all types of cells.

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Prednisone

Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is mostly used to suppress the immune system.

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Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), also called immotile ciliary syndrome or Kartagener syndrome, is a rare, ciliopathic, autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes defects in the action of cilia lining the respiratory tract (lower and upper, sinuses, Eustachian tube, middle ear), fallopian tube, and flagella of sperm cells.

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Primary tumors of the heart

Primary tumors of the heart are extremely rare tumors that arise from the normal tissues that make up the heart.

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Progesterone

Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species.

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Progestin

A progestin is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy.

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Progressive retinal atrophy

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a group of genetic diseases seen in certain breeds of dogs and, more rarely, cats.

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Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.

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Prostatitis

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein losing enteropathy

Protein losing enteropathy refers to any condition of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. damage to the gut wall) that results in a net loss of protein from the body.

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Proteus mirabilis

Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.

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Protothecosis

Protothecosis is a disease found in dogs, cats, cattle, and humans caused by a type of green alga known as Prototheca that lacks chlorophyll.

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Protozoa

Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.

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Pseudorabies

Aujeszky's disease, usually called pseudorabies in the United States, is a viral disease in swine that has been endemic in most parts of the world.

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Ptosis (eyelid)

Ptosis (/ˈtoʊsɪs/) is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid.

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Pug

The Pug is a breed of dog with physically distinctive features of a wrinkly, short-muzzled face, and curled tail.

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Pulmonary artery

A pulmonary artery is an artery in the pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.

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Pulmonary edema

Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs.

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Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism).

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Pulmonary heart disease

Pulmonary heart disease, also known as cor pulmonale, is the enlargement and failure of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance (such as from pulmonic stenosis) or high blood pressure in the lungs.

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Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is a condition of increased blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs.

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Pulmonary valve

The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps.

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Pulmonic stenosis

Pulmonic stenosis, also known as pulmonary stenosis, is a dynamic or fixed obstruction of flow from the right ventricle of the heart to the pulmonary artery.

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Pupillary light reflex

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) or photopupillary reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the retinal ganglion cells of the retina in the back of the eye, thereby assisting in adaptation to various levels of lightness/darkness.

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Purkinje cell

Purkinje cells, or Purkinje neurons, are a class of GABAergic neurons located in the cerebellum.

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Pus

Pus is an exudate, typically white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site of inflammation during bacterial or fungal infection.

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Pyometra

Pyometra or pyometrea is a uterine infection.

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Pythiosis

Pythiosis is a rare and deadly tropical disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum.

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Pythium

Pythium is a genus of parasitic oomycotes.

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Pythium insidiosum

Pythium insidiosum is a species of Pythium and a member of the class oomycota.

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Rabies

Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals.

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Red blood cell

Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.

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Regurgitation (digestion)

Regurgitation is the expulsion of material from the pharynx, or esophagus, usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood.

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Reinforcement

In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus.

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Renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine.

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Retina

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.

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Retinal detachment

Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina separates from the layer underneath.

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Retinal dysplasia

Retinal dysplasia is an eye disease affecting the retina of animals and, less commonly, humans.

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Rhipicephalus sanguineus

The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), commonly called kennel tick, or pan-tropical dog tick, is a species of tick which is found worldwide, but more commonly in warmer climates.

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Rickettsia

Rickettsia is a genus of nonmotile, Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that can be present as cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), rods (1–4 μm long), or thread-like (10 μm long).

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Rickettsia rickettsii

Rickettsia rickettsii (abbreviated as R. rickettsii) is a gram-negative, intracellular, coccobacillus bacterium that is around 0.8 to 2.0 micrometers long.

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), also known as blue disease, is the most lethal and most frequently reported rickettsial illness in the United States.

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Rodenticide

Rodenticides, colloquially rat poison, are typically non-specific pest control chemicals made and sold for the purpose of killing rodents.

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Rottweiler

The Rottweiler is a breed of domestic dog, regarded as medium-to-large or large.

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Rough Collie

The Rough Collie (also known as the Long-Haired Collie) is a long-coated breed of medium to large size dog that in its original form was a type of collie used and bred for herding in Scotland.

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Salmon

Salmon is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae.

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Salmon poisoning disease

Salmon poisoning disease (SPD) is a fatal disease of dogs and other canids caused by a rickettsial bacterium, Neorickettsia helminthoeca.

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Samoyed dog

The Samoyed (or; Самоедская собака or Самоед) is a breed of large herding dog, from the spitz group, with a thick, white, double-layer coat.

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Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy

Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy (SHG) is an hereditary noninflammatory disease of the renal glomeruli, occurring in the Samoyed breed of dog.

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Sand

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.

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Sandfly

Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-sucking dipteran (fly) encountered in sandy areas.

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Sarcoptes scabiei

Sarcoptes scabiei or the itch mite is a parasitic mite (an arthropod) that burrows into skin and causes scabies.

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Sclera

The sclera, also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the human eye containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber.

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Scottish Terrier

The Scottish Terrier (Abhag Albannach; also known as the Aberdeen Terrier), popularly called the Scottie, is a breed of dog.

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Scotty Cramp

Scotty Cramp is a disease in Scottish Terriers causing spasms and hyperflexion and hyperextension of the legs.

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Sebaceous adenitis

Sebaceous adenitis in an uncommon skin disease found in some breeds of dog, and more rarely in cats, rabbits and horses.

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Selegiline

Selegiline, also known as L-deprenyl, is a substituted phenethylamine.

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Seminoma

Seminoma (also known as pure seminoma or classical seminoma) is a germ cell tumor of the testicle or, more rarely, the mediastinum or other extra-gonadal locations.

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Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as a classification function.

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Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.

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Sertoli cell tumour

A Sertoli cell tumour, also Sertoli cell tumor (US spelling), is a sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor of a Sertoli cells.

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Serum albumin

Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood.

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Sex-limited genes

Sex-limited genes are genes that are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing species but are expressed in only one sex and remain 'turned off' in the other.

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Shar Pei

The Shar-Pei is a breed of dog known for its deep wrinkles and blue-black tongue.

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Shar Pei fever

Shar Pei fever (also called familial Shar Pei fever or FSF) is a condition seen in Shar Pei characterized by recurring fever and swelling of the hocks.

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Shetland Sheepdog

The Shetland Sheepdog, also known as the Sheltie, is a breed of herding dog that originated in the Shetland Islands.

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Shih Tzu

A Shih Tzu, also known as the Chrysanthemum Dog, is a toy dog breed, weighing from 4 to 7.25 kilograms (9–16 lbs) when fully grown.

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Shot (pellet)

Shot is a collective term for small balls or pellets, often made of lead.

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Siberian Husky

The Siberian Husky (Сибирский хаски) is a Large size working dog breed that originated in Northeast Asia.

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Sick sinus syndrome

Sick sinus syndrome (SSS), also called sinus dysfunction, or sinoatrial node disease ("SND"), is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) presumably caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker.

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Sighthound

Sighthounds, also called gazehounds, primarily hunt by sight and speed, rather than by scent and endurance as scent hounds do.

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Silicate

In chemistry, a silicate is any member of a family of anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula, where 0 ≤ x Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures, including chains and rings (as in polymeric metasilicate), double chains (as in, and sheets (as in. In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to mean silicate minerals, ionic solids with silicate anions; as well as rock types that consist predominantly of such minerals. In that context, the term also includes the non-ionic compound silicon dioxide (silica, quartz), which would correspond to x.

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Sinoatrial arrest

Sinoatrial arrest (also known as sinus arrest or sinus pause) is a medical condition wherein the sinoatrial node of the heart transiently ceases to generate the electrical impulses that normally stimulate the myocardial tissues to contract and thus the heart to beat.

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Sinoatrial node

The sinoatrial node (SA node), also known as sinus node, is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.

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Sinus bradycardia

Sinus bradycardia is a sinus rhythm with a rate that is lower than normal.

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Smooth Collie

The Smooth Collie is a breed of dog developed originally for herding.

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Sodium thiopental

Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories, not to be confused with pentobarbital), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic that is an analogue of thiobarbital.

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Soft palate

The soft palate (also known as the velum or muscular palate) is, in mammals, the soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth.

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Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier

The Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier (An Brocaire Buí) is a pure breed terrier originating from Ireland.

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Soil

Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.

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Somatostatin

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.

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Specific gravity

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance for the same given volume.

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Spermatozoon

A spermatozoon (pronounced, alternate spelling spermatozoön; plural spermatozoa; from σπέρμα "seed" and ζῷον "living being") is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete.

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Spinal canal

The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in the vertebral column formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.

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Spirocerca lupi

S. lupi is endemic (occurs naturally) from southern Africa all the way up to Israel, Turkey, Greece and India; faecal evidence also exists for it in the southern USA.

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Spirochaete

A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetes, which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells.

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Spirometra

Spirometra is a genus of pseudophyllid cestodes that reproduce in canines and felines, but can also cause pathology in humans if infected.

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Spleen

The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates.

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Spondylosis

Spondylosis is a broad term meaning degeneration of the spinal column from any cause.

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Sporothrix schenckii

Sporothrix schenckii is a fungus that can be found worldwide in the environment.

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Sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis (also known as "rose gardener's disease") is a disease caused by the infection of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii.

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Squamous cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinomas, also known as epidermoid carcinoma are a number of different types of cancer that result from squamous cells.

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St. Bernard (dog)

The St.

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Stable fly

Stomoxys calcitrans is commonly called the stable fly, barn fly, biting house fly, dog fly, or power mower fly.

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Staffordshire Bull Terrier

The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a medium-sized, short-coated breed of dog of English lineage and may be considered to be within the pit bull type.

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Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus (from the σταφυλή, staphylē, "grape" and κόκκος, kókkos, "granule") is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria.

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Stenotic nares

Stenotic nares is part of the brachycephalic syndrome of short-nosed dogs.

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Stomach

The stomach (from ancient Greek στόμαχος, stomachos, stoma means mouth) is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.

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Streptococcus

Streptococcus (term coined by Viennese surgeon Albert Theodor Billroth (1829-1894) from strepto- "twisted" + Modern Latin coccus "spherical bacterium," from Greek kokkos meaning "berry") is a genus of coccus (spherical) Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria).

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Struvite

Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is a phosphate mineral with formula: NH4MgPO4·6H2O.

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Subcutaneous tissue

The subcutaneous tissue, also called the hypodermis, hypoderm, subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.

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Subvalvular aortic stenosis (non-human)

Canine subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) is an abnormal, congenital heart murmur caused by subaortic stenosis (SAS).

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Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) is a disease in dogs causing sudden blindness.

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Sulfasalazine

Sulfasalazine (SSZ), sold under the trade name Azulfidine among others, is a medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease.

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Sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system.

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Synchysis scintillans

Synchysis scintillans is a degenerative condition of the eye resulting in liquefied vitreous humor and the accumulation of cholesterol crystals within the vitreous.

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Syringomyelia

Syringomyelia is a generic term referring to a disorder in which a cyst or cavity forms within the spinal cord.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), also known simply as lupus, is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body.

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Taenia pisiformis

Taenia pisiformis, commonly called the rabbit tapeworm, is an endoparasitic tapeworm which causes infection in lagomorphs, rodents, and carnivores.

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Taurine

No description.

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Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.

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Tetanus

Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is an infection characterized by muscle spasms.

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Tetraethyllead

Tetraethyllead (commonly styled tetraethyl lead), abbreviated TEL, is an organolead compound with the formula (CH3CH2)4Pb.

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Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a type of heart defect present at birth.

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Theobromine

Theobromine, formerly known as xantheose, is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant, with the chemical formula C7H8N4O2.

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Theobromine poisoning

Theobromine poisoning, also incorrectly called chocolate poisoning, is an overdosage reaction to the xanthine alkaloid theobromine, found in chocolate, tea, cola beverages, açaí berries, and some other foods.

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Thrombocythemia

Thrombocythemia (also thrombocytosis) is the presence of high platelet (thrombocyte) counts in the blood, and can be either primary (also termed essential thrombocythemia, and caused by a myeloproliferative disease) or secondary (also termed reactive).

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Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of thrombocytes, also known as platelets, in the blood.

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Thrombophilia

Thrombophilia (sometimes hypercoagulability or a prothrombotic state) is an abnormality of blood coagulation that increases the risk of thrombosis (blood clots in blood vessels).

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Thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland.

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Thyroid

The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.

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Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland.

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Tick

Ticks are small arachnids, part of the order Parasitiformes.

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Tick paralysis

Tick paralysis is the only tick-borne disease that is not caused by an infectious organism.

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Tooth pathology

Tooth pathology (or tooth diseases, tooth disorders or dental pathology), is any condition of the teeth that can be congenital or acquired.

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Toxascaris leonina

Toxascaris leonina is a common parasitic roundworm found in dogs, cats, foxes, and related host species.

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Toxocariasis

Toxocariasis is an illness of humans caused by larvae (immature worms) of either the dog roundworm (Toxocara canis), the cat roundworm (Toxocara cati) or the fox roundworm (Toxocara canis).

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Toxocaridae

The Toxocaridae are a zoonotic family of parasitic nematodes that infect canids and felids and which cause toxocariasis in humans (visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans).

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Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

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Trachea

The trachea, colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs.

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Tracheal collapse

Tracheal collapse in dogs is a condition characterized by incomplete formation or weakening of the cartilaginous rings of the trachea resulting in flattening of the trachea.

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Transitional cell carcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma, also urothelial carcinoma, is a type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system.

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Trichiasis

Trichiasis a medical term for abnormally positioned eyelashes that grow back toward the eye, touching the cornea or conjunctiva.

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Trichinella britovi

Trichinella britovi is a nematode parasite responsible for a zoonotic disease called trichinellosis.

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Trichinella spiralis

Trichinella spiralis is an ovoviviparous nematode parasite, occurring in rodents, pigs, horses, bears, and humans, and is responsible for the disease trichinosis.

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Trichinosis

Trichinosis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the Trichinella type.

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Trichophyton interdigitale

Trichophyton interdigitale is a species of Trichophyton.

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Trilostane

Trilostane is a steroidogenesis inhibitor which is used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome.

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Trombiculidae

Trombiculidae (also called berry bugs, harvest mites, red bugs, scrub-itch mites and aoutas) are a family of mites.

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Type I hypersensitivity

Type I hypersensitivity (or immediate hypersensitivity) is an allergic reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen.

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Umbilical cord

In placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string, birth cord or funiculus umbilicalis) is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta.

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Umbilical hernia

An umbilical hernia is a health condition where the abdominal wall behind the navel is damaged.

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Uncinaria stenocephala

Uncinaria stenocephala is a nematode that parasitizes dogs, cats, and foxes as well as humans.

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Uremia

Uremia is the condition of having "urea in the blood".

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Ureter

In human anatomy, the ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

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Urethral sphincters

The urethral sphincters are two muscles used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through the urethra.

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Uric acid

Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.

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Urinary bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in humans and some other animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.

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Urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine.

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Urinary tract infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects part of the urinary tract.

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Uterine cancer

Uterine cancer, also known as womb cancer, is any type of cancer that emerges from the tissue of the uterus.

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Uterus

The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.

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Uveitis

Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer that lies between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea.

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Vasculitis

Vasculitis is a group of disorders that destroy blood vessels by inflammation.

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Vasopressin

Vasopressin, also named antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP.

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Ventricular hypertrophy

Ventricular hypertrophy (VH) is thickening of the walls of a ventricle (lower chamber) of the heart.

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Ventricular outflow tract

A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries.

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Ventricular septal defect

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart.

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Vertebra

In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.

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Vestibular system

The vestibular system, in most mammals, is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals.

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Veterinary anesthesia

Veterinary anesthesia is anesthesia performed on non-human animals by a veterinarian or a Registered Veterinary Technician.

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Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.

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Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins that the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation (K from Koagulation, Danish for "coagulation") and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues.

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Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a long-term skin condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment.

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Vitreous body

The vitreous body is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates.

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Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease (VKH), also known as Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome, uveomeningitis syndrome and uveomeningoencephalitic syndrome, is a multisystem disease of presumed autoimmune cause, that affects pigmented tissues, which have melanin.

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Von Willebrand disease

Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common hereditary blood-clotting disorder in humans.

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Von Willebrand factor

Von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a blood glycoprotein involved in hemostasis.

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Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA) is the most common form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

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West Highland White Terrier

The West Highland White Terrier, commonly known as the Westie, is a breed of dog from Scotland with a distinctive white harsh coat with a somewhat soft white undercoat.

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White dog shaker syndrome

White dog shaker syndrome (also known as idiopathic steroid responsive shaker syndrome, shaker dog syndrome and "little white shakers" syndrome; Latin name Idiopathic Cerebellitis) causes full body tremors in small dog breeds.

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Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder in which copper builds up in the body.

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Wire Fox Terrier

The Wire Fox Terrier is a breed of dog, one of many terrier breeds.

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Wobbler disease

Wobbler disease is a catchall term referring to several possible malformations of the cervical vertebrae that cause an unsteady (wobbly) gait and weakness in dogs and horses.

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Yorkshire Terrier

The Yorkshire Terrier is a small dog breed of terrier type, developed during the 19th century in Yorkshire, England, to catch rats in clothing mills.

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Zoonosis

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dog_diseases

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