Communication

2819 relations: A priori and a posteriori, Ab initio, Abandonment (legal), Abatement in pleading, Abettor, Abeyance, Abolitionism, Abolitionism in the United States, Abortion, Abortion debate, Abstention doctrine, Abstract (law), Abstract of judgment, Abuse of process, Academic tenure, Acceleration clause, Accept (organization), Acceptance, Accessory (legal term), Accommodation (law), Accomplice, Accord and satisfaction, Account stated, Accountability, Accounting, Accounting period, Accounts payable, Accounts receivable, Accrual, Acknowledgment (law), Acquis communautaire, Acquittal, Act of God, Act of Parliament, Actual malice, Actual notice, Actus reus, Ad colligenda bona, Ad hoc, Ad infinitum, Ad litem, Ad quod damnum, Ad valorem tax, Addendum, Ademption, Adequate remedy, Adjournment, Adjournment in contemplation of dismissal, Adjournment sine die, Adjudication, ..., Adjusted basis, Administration (law), Administration (probate law), Administrative law, Administrative law judge, Administrative Procedure Act (Japan), Administrative Procedure Act (United States), Administrator (law), Admiralty, Admiralty court, Admiralty law, Admissible evidence, Admission (law), Admission to practice law, Adoption, Adultery, Advance healthcare directive, Adversarial system, Adverse, Adverse party, Adverse possession, Advisory opinion, Advocate, Affidavit, Affirmation in law, Affirmative action, Affirmative defense, Affix, Affreightment, After-acquired property, Age of consent, Age of majority, Ageism, Agency agreement, Agreed statement, Aiding and abetting, Aleatoricism, Alibi, Alien (law), Alienation (property law), Alienation of affections, Alimony, Allegation, Allhusen v Whittell, Allocation questionnaire, Allocatur, Allocution, Allodial title, Alluvion, Alter ego, Alternate director, Alternative dispute resolution, Alternative minimum tax, Alternative pleading, ALWD Guide to Legal Citation, Ambiguity, Ambiguity (law), Ambulance chasing, Amelioration Act 1798, American Academy of Appellate Lawyers, American Arbitration Association, American Bar Association, American Civil Liberties Union, American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, American depositary receipt, American Law Institute, Amicus curiae, Amnesty, Amnesty International, Amortization, Amount in controversy, Ancillary administration, Ancillary relief, Animal rights, Animus nocendi, Animus revertendi, Annual general meeting, Annulment, Anomie, Answer (law), Antecedent (law), Antejuramentum, Anticipatory repudiation, Antidisestablishmentarianism, Antinomianism, Apartheid, Apparent authority, Appeal, Appearance (law), Appellate court, Appraiser, Apprenticeship, Appurtenance, Arbitral tribunal, Arbitrariness, Arbitration, Arbitration award, Arguendo, Argument from ignorance, Argumentative, Arm's length principle, Arraignment, Arrears, Arrest, Arrest warrant, Arson, Articles of association, Articles of impeachment, Articles of incorporation, Articles of War, As is, Ashʿari, Assault, Asset, Asset forfeiture, Assigned risk, Assignment (law), Assisted person, Assizes, Associate Justice, Assumption of risk, Asylum and Immigration Tribunal, Asylum seeker, At-will employment, Atmospheric entry, Attachment (law), Attachment of earnings, Attempt, Attestation clause, Attorney at law, Attorney general, Attorney of record, Attorney's fee, Attorney–client privilege, Attractive nuisance doctrine, Audit, Auditor, Authorised capital, Authoritarianism, Authority, Authorization, Automatic stay, Autopsy, Autumn, Avulsion (legal term), Ayatollah, Babylonian law, Bachelor of Civil Law, Bachelor of Laws, Back-to-back life sentences, Bad debt, Bad faith, Bail, Bail bondsman, Bailiff, Bailment, Bait-and-switch, Balance sheet, Ban (law), Bank, Bankruptcy, Bankruptcy discharge, Bankruptcy remote, Bar (law), Bar association, Bar council, Bar examination, Bare trust, Bargain and sale deed, Barratry (admiralty law), Barratry (common law), Barrister, Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd, Basic law, Battery (crime), Beach bum trust provision, Bearer instrument, Beau pleader, Belief, Bench (law), Bench memorandum, Bench trial, Beneficial interest, Beneficial use, Beneficiary, Beneficiary (trust), Bequest, Berne three-step test, Best evidence rule, Best interests, Bias, Bifurcation (law), Bigamy, Bill (law), Bill of attainder, Bill of costs, Bill of lading, Bill of particulars, Bill of rights, Bill of Rights 1689, Bill of sale, Binding over, Bioethics, Biographical evaluation, Black's Law Dictionary, Blackmail, Blank endorsement, Blood libel, Blood quantum laws, Blue law, Blue sky law, Bluebook, Board of directors, Bona fide purchaser, Bona vacantia, Bond for deed, Booby trap, Book of Leviticus, Book value, Bookland (law), Bootleg recording, Border control, Bottomry, Boycott, Breach of contract, Breach of promise, Breach of the peace, Bribery, Bride price, Brief (law), British nationality law, Broker, Brought to trial, Bulk sale, Bullet (typography), Burden of proof (law), Burgage, Burglary, Business, Business ethics, Buy–sell agreement, By-law, Bypass trust, Cadastre, Cadit quaestio, Calendar, Calendar call, Caliphate, Call to the bar, Calliostoma, Campaign finance reform in the United States, Canadian Bill of Rights, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Candidate, Caning, Cannabis (drug), Canon law, Capacity (law), Cape (writ), Capital (economics), Capital account, Capital appreciation, Capital asset, Capital expenditure, Capital gain, Capital gains tax, Capital loss, Capital punishment, Capital punishment in the United States, Car chase, Cardinal virtues, Cargo, Carjacking, Carnal knowledge, Cartel, Case citation, Case law, Case or Controversy Clause, Case-based reasoning, Cashier's check, Casualty insurance, Casualty loss, Casuistry, Catechism, Categorical imperative, Catholic emancipation, Causality, Cause of action, Caveat emptor, Cease and desist, Censorship, Certificate of deposit, Certificate of incorporation, Certificate of legal aid costs, Certified check, Certiorari, Cession, Ceteris paribus, Chain of title, Chairman, Champerty and maintenance, Chancellor, Chancellor of the High Court, Change of venue, Character evidence, Charging order, Charitable contribution deductions in the United States, Charitable organization, Charitable trust, Charter, Chattel mortgage, Cheque, Chief Justice, Chief Justice of Canada, Chief Justice of the United States, Child, Child abandonment, Child abuse, Child custody, Child neglect, Child pornography, Child support, Chinese law, Churning (finance), Circuit court, Circumcision, Circumstantial evidence, Citation, Citizen's dividend, Citizenship, Civil and political rights, Civil calendar, Civil code, Civil Code of Quebec, Civil death, Civil disobedience, Civil disorder, Civil law (common law), Civil law (legal system), Civil law notary, Civil liberties, Civil penalty, Civil procedure, Civil recovery, Civil rights movement, Civil union, Civilian casualties, Claim in bankruptcy, Claims adjuster, Class action, Clausula rebus sic stantibus, Clean hands, Cleanup clause, Clear and present danger, Clear title, Closed shop, Closing argument, Cloud on title, Co-insurance, Code of Hammurabi, Code of law, Codex, Codicil (will), Codification (law), Coercion, Cohabitation, Cohabitation agreement, Collateral (finance), Collateral estoppel, Collateral warranty, Collective agreement, Collective trade mark, Collusion, Collusive lawsuit, Color (law), Comity, Commanding precedent, Commencement of action, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Commerce Clause, Commercial law, Commingling, Commission of rebellion, Committal procedure, Common area, Common carrier, Common law, Common ownership, Common purpose, Common stock, Common-law marriage, Commons, Community property, Commutation (law), Company, Company seal, Comparative law, Comparative negligence, Comparative responsibility, Competence (law), Competition law, Complaint, Complete contract, Compound interest, Compounding a felony, 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Constitutional Convention (Australia), Constitutional Convention (United States), Constitutional history of Australia, Constitutional law, Constitutional monarchy, Constitutional right, Constitutionality, Construals, Construction, Constructive, Constructive dismissal, Constructive eviction, Constructive fraud, Constructive notice, Constructive possession, Constructive trust, Consultant, Consumer protection, Contact (law), Contemporary Islamic philosophy, Contempt of court, Contingent beneficiary, Contingent contracts, Contingent fee, Contingent interest, Continuance, Continuing trespass, Contraband, Contract, Contract of sale, Contract theory, Contractual term, Contramandatio placiti, Contributory negligence, Controlled substance, Controlling law, Controversy, Conversion (law), Conveyancing, Convict, Conviction, Cooperative, Copyhold, Copyleft, Copyright, Copyright infringement, Copyright law of Australia, Copyright law of the European Union, Copyright misuse, Coram nobis, Coram non judice, Coroner, Corporate action, Corporate governance, Corporate haven, Corporate law, Corporate opportunity, Corporate statism, Corporate title, Corporation, Corpus delicti, Corpus Juris, Corpus Juris Civilis, Corpus Juris Secundum, Correlative rights doctrine, Corroborating evidence, Costs in English law, Council Tax, Counsel, Count, Counterclaim, Counterfeit, County court, Coup d'état, Course of employment, Court, Court costs, Court of Appeal (England and Wales), Court of Appeal (France), Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales), Court of Chancery, Court of equity, Court of Faculties, Court of High Commission, Court of Protection, Court of record, Court of Session, Court order, Court-martial, Courtesy, Courtroom, Courts of England and Wales, Courts of the United Kingdom, Courtship, Covenant (law), Coverture, Creature of statute, Credibility, Credible witness, Creditor, Creditors' rights, Crime, Crime against nature, Crime against peace, Crime of passion, Crimes against humanity, Criminal accusation, Criminal code, Criminal conversion, Criminal defense lawyer, Criminal justice, Criminal law, Criminal negligence, Criminal procedure, Critical legal studies, Cross-examination, Crown copyright, Crown Court, Crown entity, Crown land, Cruel and unusual punishment, Cruelty, Cruelty to animals, Cui bono, Cuius regio, eius religio, Culpability, Cumis counsel, Cumulative voting, Curfew, Currency appreciation and depreciation, Custom (law), Customs, Cy-près doctrine, Cybersquatting, Damages, Damnation, Date rape, Daubert standard, De bonis non administratis, De facto, De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel, De jure, De minimis, Deadlock, Deadlock provision, Deadly weapon, Death, Death row, Debenture, Debt, Debt bondage, Debtor, Debtor in possession, Decapitation, Deception, Decide!, Decisory oath, Declarant, Declaration (law), Declaration against interest, Declaration of Arbroath, Declaration of independence, Declaration of mailing, Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand, Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789, Declaration of war, Declaration of war by the United States, Declaratory judgment, Declared death in absentia, Decree, Decree nisi, Decriminalization, Dedication, Deductive reasoning, Deed, Deed poll, Defalcation, Defamation, Default (law), Default judgment, Default rule, Defeasance, Defeasible estate, Defeasible reasoning, Defendant, Defense (legal), Defense of infancy, Deference, Deficiency judgment, Defined benefit pension plan, Defined contribution plan, Deforce, Delegate, Deliberation, Deliberative assembly, Delict, Demand, Demand Note, Demesne, Demise, Democracy, Demonstrative evidence, Demurrer, Denial, Denunciation, Deobandi, Deontological ethics, Department for Constitutional Affairs, Dependant, Deportation, Deposition (law), Depreciation, Derivative suit, Derivative work, Desensitization (psychology), Desert, Desertion, Devaynes v Noble, Devi, Devil's advocate, Devolution, Dictum, Diet of Worms, Digital signature, Diligence, Diminished responsibility, Diminished responsibility in English law, Diminution in value, Diplomatic immunity, Diplomatic recognition, Direct evidence, Direct examination, Directive (European Union), Directors register, Disability, Disbarment, Discharge (sentence), Disciplinary procedures, Disclaimer, Discontinuation, Discovery (law), Discretion, Discretionary trust, Discrimination, Disembowelment, Disfigurement, Disorderly conduct, Disorderly house, Disposition, Dispute resolution, Dissent, Dissenting opinion, Dissolution (law), Dissolution of the Monasteries, Distinguishing, Distribution (economics), Distributive justice, District attorney, District court, Diversity jurisdiction, Divestment, Dividend, Dividend tax, Divine right of kings, Division of property, Divisional court, Divorce, DNA, Docket (court), Doctrine of equivalents, Document, Documentary evidence, Domestic partnership, Domestic relations, Domestic violence, Domestic worker, Domicile (law), Dominant estate, Donation, Doom book, Double jeopardy, Double taxation, Double-barreled question, Dower, Dowry, Draft document, Drainage law, Dram shop, Dreyfus affair, Driver's license, Driving under the influence, Droit du seigneur, Drop dead date, Drunk driving in the United States, Dubitante, Due diligence, Due process, Duress in English law, Duty, Duty of care, Duty of care in English law, Duty to warn, Dwelling, Dying declaration, Early Islamic philosophy, Earned income tax credit, Earnest payment, Easement, Ecclesiastical court, Ecumenical council, Edict, Edict of Fontainebleau, Edict of Milan, Edict of Nantes, Education, Either/Or (disambiguation), Ejectment, Elder rights, Election of remedies, Elective share, Electoral reform, Electric chair, Emancipation Proclamation, Embezzlement, Emblements, Emergency, Eminent domain, Employment, Employment contract, Employment tribunal, En banc, Enabling clause, Enclosure, Encumbrance, End-user license agreement, Endorsement, Enforcement, English law, English modal verbs, Enrolled bill rule, Entertainment law, Entity, Entrapment, Environmental impact statement, Environmental law, Ephebophilia, Equal Access Act, Equal opportunity, Equal Protection Clause, Equitable remedy, Equity (law), Equity of redemption, Erectile dysfunction, Erga omnes, Erratum, Error, Escalation clause, Escape clause, Escheat, Escrow, Espionage, Esquire, Essential facilities doctrine, Establishment Clause, Estate (law), Estate in land, Estoppel, Et cetera, Ethical calculus, Ethical code, Ethics, Ethics in religion, Ethnic cleansing, European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, European Court of Justice, European Patent Convention, European Patent Organisation, European Union law, Euthanasia, Evasion (law), Eviction, Evidence (law), Ex aequo et bono, Ex delicto, Ex facie, Ex gratia, Ex officio member, Ex parte, Ex post facto law, Ex rel., Exception in deed, Excessive Bail Clause, Excise, Excited utterance, Exclusionary rule, Exclusive right, Excommunication, Exculpatory evidence, Excusable negligence, Excuse, Execution warrant, Executioner, Executive (government), Executive privilege, Executor, Executory contract, Exegesis, Exempt property, Exhibit (legal), Exigent circumstance, Exile, Expectancy theory, Expectation of privacy, Expense, Expert determination, Expert witness, Extension (semantics), Extenuating circumstances, Extinguishment, Extortion, Extradition, Extrajudicial punishment, Extraordinary general meeting, Extraordinary resolution, Extrinsic fraud, Eye for an eye, Fabrica, Sagay, Face, Face value, Facies, Facile, Fact, Factory, Faculty (division), Faculty (instrument), Faculty of Advocates, Faggot voter, Failure, Failure of consideration, Failure of issue, Fair, Fair comment, Fair dealing, Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, Fair market value, Fair Play Men, Fair trade law, Fair use, Faith, Fakir, Falaisia, Falda, Faldstool, Fallo, False arrest, False Claims Act, False evidence, False imprisonment, False pretenses, Falsifiability, Falsing, Falsity, Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus, Family, Family (biology), Family court, Family law, Family patrimony, Family purpose doctrine, Fanaticism, Farang, Farm, Farmer, Faro (card game), Farrier, Fasti, Father, Fathom, Fatwa, Faubourg, Faujdar, FCC fairness doctrine, Fealty, Fear, Federal Communications Commission, Federal Constitutional Court, Federal judge, Federal judiciary of the United States, Federal jurisdiction (United States), Federal law, Federal preemption, Federal question jurisdiction, Federal Tort Claims Act, Federal tribunals in the United States, Federalism, Federation, Fee, Fee simple, Fee tail, Fehu, Feigned action, Felicific calculus, Felony, Felony murder rule, Fenian, Feoffee, Feoffment, Feria, Ferling, Ferry, Fetial, Fetishism, Feu (land tenure), Feud, Feudal land tenure in England, Feudalism, Fiat Automobiles, Fictitious defendants, Fiduciary, Fief, Fieri, Fieri facias, Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Fighting words, Filing (legal), Financial endowment, Fine (penalty), Fiqh, Firm offer, First to file and first to invent, Fiscal year, Fisheries management, Fixture (property law), Flag, Flag of the United States, Fleta, Flight, Floating capital, Floating charge, Floor, Florin, Flotsam, jetsam, lagan, and derelict, FOB (shipping), Forbearance, Force majeure, Forced heirship, Forcible entry, Foreclosure, Foreign corporation, Foreign policy of the United States, Forensic science, Forgery, Formal contract, Fornication, Forum non conveniens, Forum shopping, Foster care, Fosterage, Foundation (evidence), Four Corners, Four corners (law), Fourierism, Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Frais, Franc, Franchise tax, Franchising, Francia, Francs-tireurs, Francus, Frank-marriage, Franking, Fraternity, Fratricide, Fraud, Fraud in the factum, Fraudulent conveyance, Fraudulent trading, Fraus, Fraxinet, Free and clear, Free Bench, Free economic zone, Free software license, Free warren, Free will, Freedman, Freedom of assembly, Freedom of association, Freedom of Information Act, Freedom of religion, Freedom of speech, Freedom of speech by country, Freedom of the press, Freedom of thought, Freehold (law), French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools, French people, Frequency, Frere, Fresca, Friendly society, Friendly suit, Frisking, Frith, Frivolous litigation, Frontage, Frontier, Fructus naturales, Fruges, Fruit, Fruit of the poisonous tree, Frustration of purpose, Fuel tax, Fugitive, Full Faith and Credit Clause, Functus officio, Fundamental justice, Fundamentalism, Fungibility, Future interest, Futuwwa, Fyrd, Gag order, Gallows, Game law, Gaps and gores, Garnishment, Gas chamber, Gemara, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, General assignment, General counsel, General denial, General order, General partnership, General plan, General strike, General Synod, Generation-skipping transfer tax, Geneva Conventions, Genocide, German town law, Gibbeting, Gift, Gift (law), Gift tax, Gift tax in the United States, Glasnost, Glossary of French expressions in English, Going concern, Good cause, Good faith, Good faith (law), Good governance, Good Samaritan law, Goods, Goseibai Shikimoku, Government, Government-granted monopoly, Grace period, Grand Inquisitor, Grand jury, Grandfather clause, Grandparent visitation, Grant (money), Grant deed, Grantor–grantee index, Gratuitous, Gravamen, Gross income, Gross negligence, Grounds for divorce, Group boycott, Group Litigation Order, Guanxi, Guarantee, Guest statute, Guild, Guillotine, Guilt (law), Habeas corpus, Habitability, Habitants, Habitual Criminals Act, Habitual offender, Hableh, Hacienda, Hadith, Hadith studies, Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, Hague–Visby Rules, Halakha, Halal, Halsbury's Laws of England, Hanafi, Hanbali, Hanged, drawn and quartered, Hanging, Happiness, Haram, Harassment, Harm reduction, Harmless error, Hate speech, Head of Household, Headnote, Headright, Heads of loss, Healthcare proxy, Hearing (law), Hearsay, Heir apparent, Heirs of the body, Hell or high water clause, Hereditament, Herem (censure), Herem (priestly gift), Herem (war or property), Heresy, Hidden asset, High Court (Hong Kong), High Court (Ireland), High Court (Singapore), High Court judge (England and Wales), High Court of Australia, High Court of Cassation and Justice, High Court of Fiji, High Court of Justice, High Court of Justice (Isle of Man), High Court of Justiciary, High Court of New Zealand, High Court of South Africa, High Courts (Malaysia), Highway, Highwayman, Hima (environmental protection), Himalaya clause, Hit and run, Holder in due course, Holding (law), Holding company, Holographic will, Home rule, Home Secretary, Homestead Acts, Homestead exemption, Homestead principle, Hometowned, Homicide, Homosexuality and religion, Hong Kong trade mark law, Honour, Hornbook (law), Hostile witness, Hostile work environment, Hot pursuit, Hotchpot, House of Lords, Household, Housing cooperative, Housing tenure, Howe v Earl of Dartmouth, Human rights, Human rights in the United States, Humanism, Hung jury, Hypoactive sexual desire disorder, Hypothecation, Idea–expression divide, Idem, Ignorantia juris non excusat, Ijma, Ijtihad, Illegal drug trade, Illegal immigration, Illusory promise, Illustrations of the rule against perpetuities, Imam, Immediately (law), Immigration, Immigration Appellate Authority, Impeachment, Impleader, Implied Bill of Rights, Implied consent, Implied warranty, Importation right, Impossibility, Imputation (law), In camera, In flagrante delicto, In forma pauperis, In haec verba, In kind, In loco parentis, In open court, In pari delicto, In personam, In re, In rem jurisdiction, In situ, In terrorem, Incarceration in the United States, Incest, Inchoate offense, Income, Income tax, Incontrovertible evidence, Incorporation (business), Incorporation by reference, Incorporeality, Incriminate, Indecent exposure, Indefinite imprisonment, Indemnity, Indenture, Indentured servitude, Independent contractor, Indeterminacy debate in legal theory, Indictable offence, Indictment, Indispensable party, Individual and group rights, Individual capital, Industrial design right, Ineffective assistance of counsel, Infant, Infanticide Act, Inference, Information, Information and belief, Information privacy, Informed consent, Ingress, egress, and regress, Inheritance, Inheritance tax, Injunction, Injury, Innocence, Inns of Court, Innuendo, Inquest, Inquisition, Inquisitor, Inquisitorial system, Insanity, Insanity defense, Insider, Insider trading, Insolvency, Inspection of documents, Instructional capital, Insurance, Intangible property, Integrated circuit layout design protection, Integrated criminal justice information system, Integration clause, Intellectual capital, Intellectual property, Intellectual rights, Intendant of New France, Intention (criminal law), Inter se, Inter vivos, Interest, Interference proceeding, Interim order, Interlineation, Interlocutory, Intermediate sanctions, Internal affairs doctrine, Internal Revenue Code section 183, International Business Companies Act, International Court of Justice, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Criminal Court, International criminal law, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International human rights instruments, International human rights law, International law, International relations, International trade, International trade law, International waters, Internment, Interpleader, Interrogation, Interrogatories, Intertemporal law, Intervening cause, Intervention (law), Intestacy, Intimate part, Intra, Intra fauces terra, Intrinsic fraud, Inuus, Inventor, Inventor's notebook, Inventory, Inverse condemnation, Investiture, Investment, Invitation to treat, Invitee, Invoice, Involuntary commitment, Ipse dixit, Ipsissima verba, Ipso facto, Irreconcilable differences, Irreparable injury, Irresistible impulse, Islamic dietary laws, Islamic philosophy, Issue (genealogy), Issued shares, IT law, Ius naturale, Ja'fari jurisprudence, Jargon, Jaywalking, Jewish principles of faith, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Jim Crow laws, John Doe, Joinder, Joint, Joint and several liability, Joint custody, Joint venture, Joint wills and mutual wills, Jointure, Jones Law (Philippines), Journeyman, Joyride (crime), Judge, Judge advocate, Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces, Judgement, Judgment (law), Judgment debtor, Judgment in Berlin, Judgment notwithstanding verdict, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Judicial discretion, Judicial disqualification, Judicial economy, Judicial functions of the House of Lords, Judicial independence, Judicial interference, Judicial notice, Judicial review, Judiciary, Junior barrister, Jurat, Juridical person, Juris Doctor, Jurisdiction, Jurisprudence, Jurist, Jury, Jury fees, Jury instructions, Jury nullification, Jury selection, Jury stress, Jury tampering, Jury trial, Jus ad bellum, Jus commune, Jus gentium, Jus inter gentes, Jus sanguinis, Jus soli, Just cause, Just compensation, Just war theory, Justice, Justice of the peace, Justiciability, Justifiable homicide, Justification (jurisprudence), Juvenile court, Juvenile delinquency, Kangaroo court, Karaite Judaism, Karma, Kashrut, Kellogg–Briand Pact, Kidnapping, Know-how, Kollel, Laïcité, Labour law, Laches (equity), Land use, Land value tax, Landlocked country, Landlord, Landlord and Tenant Acts, Landlord's lien, Lapse and anti-lapse, Larceny, Last antecedent rule, Last clear chance, Last Judgment, Latent defect, Law, Law and economics, Law and literature, Law and motion calendar, Law book, Law clerk, Law dictionary, Law French, Law library, Law of agency, Law of Canada, Law of obligations, Law of Russia, Law of the case, Law of the land, Law of the Republic of Ireland, Law of the Soviet Union, Law of the United Kingdom, Law of the United States, Law of war, Law reform, Law school, Law society, Lawsuit, Lawyer, Lay assessor, Layoff, Lübeck law, Leading, Leading question, Lease, Lease and release, Leasehold estate, Legal abuse, Legal advertising, Legal age, Legal aid, Legal Aid Society, Legal case, Legal consequences of marriage and civil partnership in England and Wales, Legal custody, Legal debate, Legal English, Legal fiction, Legal formalism, Legal guardian, Legal history, Legal immunity, Legal instrument, Legal lexicography, Legal liability, Legal maxim, Legal person, Legal pluralism, Legal positivism, Legal process, Legal realism, Legal release, Legal separation, Legal technicality, Legal tender, Legal translation, Legalism (Chinese philosophy), Legalism (theology), Legalism (Western philosophy), Legality of cannabis, Legalization, Legatee, Legislation, Legislature, Legitimacy (family law), Legitimacy (political), Legitime, Lemon law, Lesser included offense, Lethal injection, Letter (message), Letter of credit, Letter of marque, Letter of wishes, Letters of Administration, Letters patent, Letters rogatory, Leverage (finance), Lex ferenda, Lex lata, Lex loci delicti commissi, Lex mercatoria, Lex scripta, Libel Act 1792, Libertarian theories of law, Liberty, License, Licensee, Lie detection, Lien, Life, Life annuity, Life estate, Life imprisonment, Limited company, Limited jurisdiction, Limited liability, Limited liability company, Limited partnership, Lineal descendant, Liquidated damages, Liquidation, Liquidator (law), Lis pendens, List of high courts in India, List of Latin legal terms, List of Latin phrases (C), List of Latin phrases (D), List of Latin phrases (E), List of Latin phrases (I), List of Latin phrases (N), List of Latin phrases (P), List of Latin phrases (U), List of Latin phrases (V), List of Roman laws, List of sex-related court cases in the United States, List of Tosafists, Listed building, Literary property, Liturgy, Livery, Livery of seisin, Loan guarantee, Loan shark, Location, Lockout (industry), Locus in quo, Loitering, Long cause, Long Vacation, Long-arm jurisdiction, Lord Chancellor, Lord Chancellor's Department, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, Lord President of the Council, Lord President of the Court of Session, Lord Steward, Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, Loss of consortium, Loss of use, Lost volume seller, Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property, M'Naghten rules, Madhhab, Madrasa, Magdeburg rights, Magistrate, Magna Carta, Maintenance (technical), Majority, Malfeasance in office, Malice aforethought, Malicious prosecution, Maliki, Malpractice, Malum in se, Malum prohibitum, Management, Mandamus, Mandate (criminal law), Mandate (international law), Mandate of Heaven, Mandatory sentencing, Mann Act, Manorialism, Manslaughter, Manslaughter in English law, Manumission, Manusmriti, Mare clausum, Marital deduction, Marital life estate, Market capitalization, Market value, Marketable title, Marriage, Marriageable age, Marshal, Martial law, Masoretes, Masoretic Text, Massachusetts business trust, Master (judiciary), Master and Servant Act, Master of Laws, Master of the Rolls, Master of the Rolls in Ireland, Material witness, Materiality (law), Matrimonial regime, Matter, Maturity (finance), Maxims of equity, Mayhem (crime), Mechanic's lien, Mediation, Medical ethics, Medical jurisprudence, Medieval Inquisition, Meeting of the minds, Megan's Law, Memorandum, Memorandum of association, Mens rea, Mental health law, Mergers and acquisitions, Mesne, Mesne assignment, Mesne profits, Metes and bounds, Military alliance, Military dictatorship, Military justice, Militia, Mineral rights, Ministerial act, Minor (law), Minutes, Miranda warning, Misappropriation, Mischief, Misdemeanor, Misfeasance, Mishnah, Mishnah Berurah, Mishpat Ivri, Misjoinder, Misnomer, Misprision of felony, Misprision of treason, Misrepresentation, Mistake of law, Mitigating factor, Mitzvah, Mock trial, Modus operandi, Moiety title, Monarch, Money laundering, Monism and dualism in international law, Monopoly, Monopoly on violence, Monument, Moot court, Mootness, Mopery, Moral absolutism, Moral certainty, Moral relativism, Moral responsibility, Moral rights, Moral turpitude, Moral universalism, Morality, Moratorium (law), Mores, Morganatic marriage, Mortgage law, Motion (legal), Motion for more definite statement, Motion in limine, Motion to quash, Motion to strike (court of law), Motive (law), Motor vehicle exception, Motor vehicle theft, Mullah, Multiple citizenship, Multiplicity of suits, Municipality, Muniment, Murder, Murder in English law, Mutation, Mutatis mutandis, Mutilation, Mutiny, Nacht und Nebel, Name change, Napoleonic Code, Narcotic, National Insurance, National Labor Relations Board, National trade union center, Nationality, Natural law, Natural person, Ne exeat, Negative pledge, Negative pregnant, Negligence, Negligence per se, Negotiable instrument, Negotiation, Nemo dat quod non habet, Nemo iudex in causa sua, Neutral country, New trial, Next friend, Next of kin, Nihil dicit, Nisi prius, NNN lease, No-contest clause, No-fault divorce, No-fault insurance, No-par stock, Noble Eightfold Path, Nolle prosequi, Nolo contendere, Nominal party, Non compos mentis, Non est factum, Non liquet, Non-binding arbitration, Non-compete clause, Non-disclosure agreement, Non-executive director, Non-suit, Nonconforming use, Nonprofit organization, Nonviolence, Nota bene, Notary public, Notice, Notice of default, Novation, Nuisance, Nulla bona, Nulla poena sine lege, Nunc pro tunc, Nuremberg Code, Nuremberg trials, Oath, Obiter dictum, Object (philosophy), Objection (United States law), Objectivism (Ayn Rand), Obligatio consensu, Obligation, Obscenity, Obstruction of justice, Occupancy, Occupational disease, Occupational hazard, Of counsel, Offer and acceptance, Offer of judgment, Offer of proof, Officer of the court, Official, Official receiver, Official Solicitor, Officious intermeddler, Offshore company, Old Bailey, Ombudsman, Omission (law), Omnibus clause, Open adoption, Open-source license, Opening statement, Operation of law, Opinio juris sive necessitatis, Opinion, Oppression remedy, Option (finance), Oral argument in the United States, Oral contract, Oral law, Order in Council, Order of succession, Order to show cause, Ordinary (officer), Ordinary course of business, Ordinary resolution, Organized crime, Original jurisdiction, Original sin, Originating application, Orphan, Out-of-pocket expense, Outlaw, Outline of law, Output contract, Over-the-counter drug, Overcharge, Overt act, Owe, Owner-occupancy, Ownership, Package pilferage, Pacta sunt servanda, Pain and suffering, Palimony, Papal infallibility, Paralegal, Paraphilia, Pardon, Parens patriae, Parent, Parent company, Parent-in-law, Pari passu, Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Parish, Parliament, Parliamentary procedure, Parliamentary sovereignty, Parliamentary system, Parody, Parol, Parol evidence rule, Parole, Parquetry, Partial verdict, Particular, Partition (law), Partner (business rank), Partnership, Party (law), Party wall, Passenger, Passing off, Patent, Patent Cooperation Treaty, Patent infringement, Patent pending, Patentability, Patently unreasonable, Paternity law, Patient, Patrimony of affectation, Patronage, Pay-as-you-earn tax, Payment, Peace bond, Peaceable possession, Pecuniary, Pedophilia, Peer group, Peer review, Peerage, Pejorative, Penal, Penal colony, Penal notice, Penal transportation, Penance, Pendente lite, Pension, Per capita, Per curiam decision, Per diem, Per minas, Per quod, Per stirpes, Peremptory challenge, Peremptory norm, Peremptory plea, Peremptory writ of mandamus, Perfection (law), Performance, Perjury, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Permanent residence (United States), Permissive, Perpetuity, Person, Person having 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attorney, Practice direction, Practice of law, Praemunire, Praetor, Pre-emption right, Precedent, Preference, Preferential creditor, Preferred stock, Prejudice (legal term), Preliminary hearing, Preliminary injunction, Premises, Prenuptial agreement, Prerogative writ, Prescription drug, President of the Family Division, Presumption, Presumption of innocence, Pretermitted heir, Price fixing, Prima facie, Prime suspect, Primogeniture, Prior restraint, Prison, Prisoner of war, Privacy, Private bill, Private carrier, Private Express Statutes, Private law, Private property, Private road, Privateer, Privately held company, Privilege (evidence), Privilege (law), Privity, Privy council, Privy Council of Sweden, Pro bono, Pro forma, Pro hac vice, Pro se legal representation in the United States, Pro tempore, Probable cause, Probate, Probate court, Probation, Problem of evil, Procedendo, Procedural defense, Procedural justice, Procedural law, Proceedings, Proctor, Procuration, Procuring 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exemption, Tax haven, Tax law, Tax reform, Tax sale, Tax treaty, Taxation in the United States, Taxation of costs, Telephone tapping, Ten Commandments, Tenement, Terra nullius, Territorial integrity, Terrorism, Terry stop, Test Act, Testamentary capacity, Testamentary disposition, Testamentary trust, Testator, Testimony, Texas Declaration of Independence, The Crown, Theft, Theocracy, Theological virtues, Third-party beneficiary, Three-strikes law, Tide, Time and materials, Time is of the essence, Time served, Timeshare, Tipstaff, Tithe, Title, Title (property), Title insurance, Title retention clause, Title search, Toll bridge, Toll road, Tolling (law), Tontine, Tools of trade, Torah, Torah study, Torrens title, Tort, Torture, Tosefta, Total depravity, Totalitarian democracy, Totalitarianism, Totten trust, Totten v. United States, Tracing (law), Trade, Trade name, Trade secret, Trade union, Trademark, Trademark law of the People's Republic of China, Tragedy of the commons, Transferred intent, Transparency (behavior), Travel visa, Treason, Treasure trove, Treasury stock, Treaty, Treaty of Waitangi, Treble damages, Trespass, Trial, Trial advocacy, Trial by combat, Trial by ordeal, Trial court, Trial de novo, Trial in absentia, Tribunal, Tribute, Trier of fact, Trinoda necessitas, TRIPS Agreement, Truancy, Trust instrument, Trust law, Trustee in bankruptcy, Trusts & Estates (journal), Truth in Lending Act, Turn state's evidence, Tute Bianche, Twelve Tables, Twinkie defense, Uberrima fides, Ulama, Ultimate fact, Ultra vires, Ultrahazardous activity, Unconscionability, Underground Railroad, Underwriting, Undisclosed principal, Undue influence, Unfair competition, Unfair dismissal, Unfree labour, Uniform Code of Military Justice, Uniform Commercial Code, Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act, Uninsured motorist clause, Unissued stock, Unitary patent, Unitary state, United Nations Charter, United Nations Convention against Torture, United Nations Human Rights Committee, United States bankruptcy court, United States Bill of Rights, United States Code, United States Constitution, United States constitutional law, United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, United States courts of appeals, United States Declaration of Independence, United States Department of Justice, United States Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel, United States district court, United States federal judicial district, United States Patent and Trademark Office, United States trademark law, United States Treasury security, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Universal jurisdiction, Unjust enrichment, Unlawful assembly, Unlawful combatant, Unspecified claim, Up tack, Use tax, Usucaption, Usufruct, Usury, Uti possidetis, Utilitarianism, Utility (patent), Vacated judgment, Vacatio legis, Vagueness doctrine, Valid claim, Variance (land use), Vassal, Vehicular homicide, Vendée, Vendor, Venue (law), Verdict, Vest, Vesting, Vexatious litigation, Vicarious liability, Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vigilante, Violence, Virginia Declaration of Rights, Virtue ethics, Virtue jurisprudence, Viz., Void (law), Void marriage, Voidable, Voidable marriage, Voir dire, Volens, Voluntary association, Voting trust, Voyeurism, Vulgate, Wahhabism, Waiver, Walking possession, Waqf, War crime, War Crimes Law (Belgium), War on drugs, War Powers Resolution, War reparations, Ward (law), Warrant (law), Warrant of committal, Warrant of delivery, Warrant of execution, Warrant of possession, Warranty, Warranty deed, Waste, Watered stock, Weimar Constitution, West American Digest System, Whiplash (medicine), Whistleblower, White-collar crime, Widow, Will and testament, Will contest, Willful violation, Window tax, Witch-hunt, Witness, Witness statement, Work-product doctrine, Workers' compensation, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Trade Organization, Writ, Writ of attachment, Writ of execution, Writ of prohibition, Wrongful death claim, Wrongful dismissal, Wrongful trading, Yellow-dog contract, Yeshiva, Zoning, Zoophilia. Expand index (2769 more) » « Shrink index

A priori and a posteriori

The Latin phrases a priori ("from the earlier") and a posteriori ("from the latter") are philosophical terms of art popularized by Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (first published in 1781, second edition in 1787), one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.

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Ab initio

Ab initio is a Latin term meaning "from the beginning" and is derived from the Latin ab ("from") + initio, ablative singular of initium ("beginning").

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Abandonment (legal)

In law, abandonment is the relinquishment, giving up or renunciation of an interest, claim, civil proceedings, appeal, privilege, possession, or right, especially with the intent of never again resuming or reasserting it.

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Abatement in pleading

At common law an abatement in pleading or plea in abatement, was a defence to legal proceedings, which did not contest the principle of the plaintiff's right to relief, but contended that the plaintiff had made a procedural error, and needed to bring fresh proceedings, which followed the correct procedure.

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Abettor

Abettor (from to abet, Old French abeter, à and beter, to bait, urge dogs upon any one; this word is probably of Scandinavian origin, meaning to cause to bite), is a legal term implying one who instigates, encourages or assists another to commit an offence.

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Abeyance

Abeyance (from the Old French abeance meaning "gaping") is a state of expectancy in respect of property, titles or office, when the right to them is not vested in any one person, but awaits the appearance or determination of the true owner.

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Abolitionism

Abolitionism is a general term which describes the movement to end slavery.

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Abolitionism in the United States

Abolitionism in the United States was the movement before and during the American Civil War to end slavery in the United States.

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Abortion

Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus.

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Abortion debate

The abortion debate is the ongoing controversy surrounding the moral, legal, and religious status of induced abortion.

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Abstention doctrine

An abstention doctrine is any of several doctrines that a United States court may (or in some cases must) apply to refuse to hear a case if hearing the case would potentially intrude upon the powers of another court.

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Abstract (law)

In law, an abstract is a brief statement that contains the most important points of a long legal document or of several related legal papers.

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Abstract of judgment

"Abstract of judgment" is a written summary of a judgment which states how much money the losing defendant owes to the person who won the lawsuit (judgment creditor), the rate of interest to be paid on the judgment amount, court costs, and any specific orders that the losing defendant (judgment debtor) must obey, which abstract is acknowledged and stamped so that it can be recorded and made official with the government.

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Abuse of process

Abuse of process is a cause of action in tort arising from one party making misusing or perversion of regularly issued court process (civil or criminal) not justified by the underlying legal action.

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Academic tenure

A tenured appointment is an indefinite academic appointment that can be terminated only for cause or under extraordinary circumstances, such as financial exigency or program discontinuation.

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Acceleration clause

An acceleration clause —or acceleration covenant— in the law of contracts, is a term that fully matures the performance due from a party upon a breach of the contract.

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Accept (organization)

Accept is a non-governmental organization that advocates for the rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Romania.

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Acceptance

Acceptance in human psychology is a person's assent to the reality of a situation, recognizing a process or condition (often a negative or uncomfortable situation) without attempting to change it or protest it.

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Accessory (legal term)

An accessory is a person who assists in the commission of a crime, but who does not actually participate in the commission of the crime as a joint principal.

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Accommodation (law)

Accommodation is a legal obligation entered into as a gratuitous favor without consideration, such as a signature guaranteeing payment of a debt.

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Accomplice

Under the English common law, an accomplice is a person who actively participates in the commission of a crime, even if they take no part in the actual criminal offense.

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Accord and satisfaction

Accord and satisfaction is a contract law concept about the purchase of the release from a debt obligation.

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Account stated

Under United States law, account stated is a statement between a creditor (the person to whom money is owed) and a debtor (the person who owes) based upon a series of prior transactions that a particular amount is owed to the creditor as of a certain date.

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Accountability

In ethics and governance, accountability is answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and the expectation of account-giving.

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Accounting

Accounting or accountancy is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations.

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Accounting period

An accounting period, in bookkeeping, is the period with reference to which accounting books of any entity are prepared.

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Accounts payable

Accounts payable (AP) is money owed by a business to its suppliers shown as a liability on a company's balance sheet.

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Accounts receivable

Accounts receivable is a legally enforceable claim for payment held by a business for goods supplied and/or services rendered that customers/clients have ordered but not paid for.

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Accrual

Accrual (accumulation) of something is, in finance, the adding together of interest or different investments over a period of time.

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Acknowledgment (law)

In law, an acknowledgment is a declaration or avowal of one's own act, used to authenticate legal instruments, which may give the instrument legal validity, and works to prevent the recording of false instruments or fraudulent executions.

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Acquis communautaire

The Community acquis or acquis communautaire, sometimes called the EU acquis and often shortened to acquis, is the accumulated legislation, legal acts, and court decisions which constitute the body of European Union law.

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Acquittal

In common law jurisdictions, an acquittal certifies that the accused is free from the charge of an offense, as far as the criminal law is concerned.

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Act of God

In legal usage throughout the English-speaking world, an act of God is a natural hazard outside human control, such as an earthquake or tsunami, for which no person can be held responsible.

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Act of Parliament

Acts of Parliament, also called primary legislation, are statutes passed by a parliament (legislature).

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Actual malice

Actual malice in United States law is a legal requirement imposed upon public officials or public figures when they file suit for libel (defamatory printed communications).

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Actual notice

Actual notice is a law term, used most frequently in civil procedure.

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Actus reus

Actus reus, sometimes called the external element or the objective element of a crime, is the Latin term for the "guilty act" which, when proved beyond a reasonable doubt in combination with the mens rea, "guilty mind", produces criminal liability in the common law-based criminal law jurisdictions of England and Wales, Canada, Australia, India, Kenya, Pakistan, South Africa, New Zealand, Scotland, Nigeria, Ghana, Ireland, Israel and the United States of America.

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Ad colligenda bona

Ad colligenda bona is a Latin phrase that approximately translates into "to collect the goods".

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Ad hoc

Ad hoc is a Latin phrase meaning literally "for this".

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Ad infinitum

Ad infinitum is a Latin phrase meaning "to infinity" or "forevermore".

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Ad litem

Ad litem (Latin: "for the suit"Black's Law Dictionary, Abridged Eighth Edition (2005), p. 37) is a term used in law to refer to the appointment by a court of one party to act in a lawsuit on behalf of another party such as a child or an incapacitated adult, who is deemed incapable of representing himself.

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Ad quod damnum

Ad quod damnum or ad damnum is a Latin phrase meaning "according to the harm" or "appropriate to the harm".

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Ad valorem tax

An ad valorem tax (Latin for "according to value") is a tax whose amount is based on the value of a transaction or of property.

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Addendum

An addendum, in general, is an addition required to be made to a document by its author subsequent to its printing or publication.

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Ademption

Ademption, or ademption by extinction, is a common law doctrine used in the law of wills to determine what happens when property bequeathed under a will is no longer in the testator's estate at the time of the testator's death.

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Adequate remedy

An adequate remedy or adequate remedy at law is a legal remedy (either court-ordered or negotiated between the litigants) which the court deems satisfactory, without recourse to an equitable remedy.

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Adjournment

In parliamentary procedure, an adjournment ends a meeting.

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Adjournment in contemplation of dismissal

In criminal procedure, an adjournment in contemplation of dismissal (ACD or ACOD) allows a court to defer the disposition of a defendant's case, with the potential that the defendant's charge will be dismissed if the defendant does not engage in additional criminal conduct or other acts prohibited by the court as a condition of the ACD.

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Adjournment sine die

Adjournment sine die (from the Latin "without day") means "without assigning a day for a further meeting or hearing".

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Adjudication

Adjudication is the legal process by which an arbiter or judge reviews evidence and argumentation, including legal reasoning set forth by opposing parties or litigants to come to a decision which determines rights and obligations between the parties involved.

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Adjusted basis

In tax accounting, adjusted basis is the net cost of an asset after adjusting for various tax-related items.

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Administration (law)

As a legal concept, administration is a procedure under the insolvency laws of a number of common law jurisdictions, similar to bankruptcy in the United States.

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Administration (probate law)

In common-law jurisdictions, administration of an estate on death arises if the deceased is legally intestate, meaning they did not leave a will, or some assets are not disposed of by their will.

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Administrative law

Administrative law is the body of law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of government.

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Administrative law judge

An administrative law judge (ALJ) in the United States is a judge and trier of fact who both presides over trials and adjudicates the claims or disputes (in other words, ALJ-controlled proceedings are bench trials) involving administrative law.

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Administrative Procedure Act (Japan)

The, enacted in 1993, governs general functions of government agencies in Japan.

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Administrative Procedure Act (United States)

The Administrative Procedure Act (APA),, is the United States federal statute that governs the way in which administrative agencies of the federal government of the United States may propose and establish regulations.

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Administrator (law)

In law an administrator (or administratrix for women) can be.

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Admiralty

The Admiralty, originally known as the Office of the Admiralty and Marine Affairs, was the government department responsible for the command of the Royal Navy firstly in the Kingdom of England, secondly in the Kingdom of Great Britain, and from 1801 to 1964, the United Kingdom and former British Empire.

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Admiralty court

Admiralty courts, also known as maritime courts, are courts exercising jurisdiction over all maritime contracts, torts, injuries, and offenses.

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Admiralty law

Admiralty law or maritime law is a body of law that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes.

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Admissible evidence

Admissible evidence, in a court of law, is any testimonial, documentary, or tangible evidence that may be introduced to a factfinder—usually a judge or jury—to establish or to bolster a point put forth by a party to the proceeding.

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Admission (law)

An admission in the law of evidence is a prior statement by an adverse party which can be admitted into evidence over a hearsay objection.

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Admission to practice law

An admission to practice law is acquired when a lawyer receives a license to practice law.

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Adoption

Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents, and, in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parent or parents.

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Adultery

Adultery (from Latin adulterium) is extramarital sex that is considered objectionable on social, religious, moral, or legal grounds.

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Advance healthcare directive

An advance healthcare directive, also known as living will, personal directive, advance directive, medical directive or advance decision, is a legal document in which a person specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves because of illness or incapacity.

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Adversarial system

The adversarial system or adversary system is a legal system used in the common law countries where two advocates represent their parties' case or position before an impartial person or group of people, usually a jury or judge, who attempt to determine the truth and pass judgment accordingly.

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Adverse

Adverse or adverse interest, in law, is anything that functions contrary to a party's interest.

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Adverse party

An adverse party is an opposing party in a lawsuit under an adversary system of law.

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Adverse possession

Adverse possession, sometimes colloquially described as "squatter's rights", is a legal principle that applies when a person who does not have legal title to a piece of propertyusually land (real property)attempts to claim legal ownership based upon a history of possession or occupation of the land without the permission of its legal owner.

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Advisory opinion

An advisory opinion is an opinion issued by a court or a commission like an election commission that does not have the effect of adjudicating a specific legal case, but merely advises on the constitutionality or interpretation of a law.

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Advocate

An advocate in this sense is a professional in the field of law.

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Affidavit

An affidavit is a written sworn statement of fact voluntarily made by an affiant or deponent under an oath or affirmation administered by a person authorized to do so by law.

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Affirmation in law

In law, an affirmation is a solemn declaration allowed to those who conscientiously object to taking an oath.

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Affirmative action

Affirmative action, also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity (in a narrower context) in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of protecting members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination.

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Affirmative defense

An affirmative defense to a civil lawsuit or criminal charge is a fact or set of facts other than those alleged by the plaintiff or prosecutor which, if proven by the defendant, defeats or mitigates the legal consequences of the defendant's otherwise unlawful conduct.

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Affix

In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.

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Affreightment

Affreightment (from freight) is a legal term used in shipping.

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After-acquired property

After-acquired property has multiple meanings in law.

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Age of consent

The age of consent is the age below which a minor is considered to be legally incompetent to consent to sexual acts.

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Age of majority

The age of majority is the threshold of adulthood as recognized or declared in law.

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Ageism

Ageism (also spelled "agism") is stereotyping of and discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age.

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Agency agreement

An agency agreement is a legal contract creating a fiduciary relationship whereby the first party ("the principal") agrees that the actions of a second party ("the agent") binds the principal to later agreements made by the agent as if the principal had himself personally made the later agreements.

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Agreed statement

An agreed statement, in US law, is an agreement between two parties to a lawsuit or an appeal of a judgment.

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Aiding and abetting

Aiding and abetting is a legal doctrine related to the guilt of someone who aids or abets in the commission of a crime.

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Aleatoricism

Aleatoricism is the incorporation of chance into the process of creation, especially the creation of art or media.

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Alibi

An alibi is a form of defense used in criminal procedure wherein the accused attempts to prove that he or she was in some other place at the time the alleged offense was committed.

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Alien (law)

In law, an alien is a person who is not a national of a given country, though definitions and terminology differ to some degree.

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Alienation (property law)

In property law, alienation is the voluntary act of an owner of some property disposing of the property, while alienable is the capacity for a piece of property or a property right to be sold or otherwise transferred from one party to another.

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Alienation of affections

Alienation of affections is a common law tort, abolished in many jurisdictions.

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Alimony

Alimony (also called aliment (Scotland), maintenance (England, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales, Canada), spousal support (U.S., Canada) and spouse maintenance (Australia)) is a legal obligation on a person to provide financial support to their spouse before or after marital separation or divorce.

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Allegation

In law, an allegation (also called adduction) is a claim of a fact by a party in a pleading, charge, or defense.

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Allhusen v Whittell

Allhusen v Whitell (1867) LR 4 Eq 295 is an English trusts law case which lays down a rule of equity which requires the trustee of a trust to strike a fair balance between the beneficiaries who are tenants for life and those who are remaindermen in respect of payment of the debts of an estate.

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Allocation questionnaire

An allocation questionnaire is a form used in English legal practice.

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Allocatur

Allocatur (from med. Lat. allocatur, "it is allowed"), in law, refers to the allowance of a writ or other pleading.

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Allocution

An allocution, or allocutus, is a formal statement made to the court by the defendant who has been found guilty prior to being sentenced.

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Allodial title

Allodial title constitutes ownership of real property (land, buildings, and fixtures) that is independent of any superior landlord.

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Alluvion

Alluvion, a word taken from Roman law, is a legal term, describing the increase in the area of land without any act being taken by the owner.

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Alter ego

An alter ego (Latin, "the other I") is a second self, which is believed to be distinct from a person's normal or true original personality.

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Alternate director

An alternate director is an individual who is appointed to attend a board meeting on behalf of the director of a company where the principal director would be otherwise unable to attend.

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Alternative dispute resolution

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR; known in some countries, such as India, as external dispute resolution) includes dispute resolution processes and techniques that act as a means for disagreeing parties to come to an agreement short of litigation.

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Alternative minimum tax

The alternative minimum tax (AMT) is a supplemental income tax imposed by the United States federal government required in addition to baseline income tax for certain individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts that have exemptions or special circumstances allowing for lower payments of standard income tax.

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Alternative pleading

Alternative pleading (or pleading in the alternative) is the legal term in the law of the United States for a form of pleading that permits a party in a court action to argue multiple possibilities that may be mutually exclusive by making use of legal fiction.

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ALWD Guide to Legal Citation

ALWD Guide to Legal Citation, formerly ALWD Citation Manual, is a style guide providing a legal citation system for the United States, compiled by the Association of Legal Writing Directors.

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Ambiguity

Ambiguity is a type of meaning in which several interpretations are plausible.

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Ambiguity (law)

In contract law, ambiguity is a term used to describe situations in which the terms of a contract have multiple definitions or refer to multiple subjects.

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Ambulance chasing

Ambulance chasing, sometimes known as barratry, is a professional slur which refers to a lawyer soliciting for clients at a disaster site.

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Amelioration Act 1798

The Amelioration Act 1798 (sometimes referred to as the Melioration Act or the Slavery Amelioration Act) was a statute passed by the Leeward Islands to improve the conditions of slaves in the British Caribbean colonies.

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American Academy of Appellate Lawyers

The American Academy of Appellate Lawyers is a non-profit organization consisting of the Fellows who have been elected to the Academy.

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American Arbitration Association

The American Arbitration Association (AAA) is a not-for-profit organization in the field of alternative dispute resolution, providing services to individuals and organizations who wish to resolve conflicts out of court, and one of several arbitration organizations that administers arbitration proceedings.

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American Bar Association

The American Bar Association (ABA), founded August 21, 1878, is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States.

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American Civil Liberties Union

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonprofit organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." Officially nonpartisan, the organization has been supported and criticized by liberal and conservative organizations alike.

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American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man

The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, also known as the Bogota Declaration, was the world's first international human rights instrument of a general nature, predating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by less than a year.

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American depositary receipt

An American depositary receipt (ADR, and sometimes spelled depository) is a negotiable security that represents securities of a non-U.S. company that trades in the U.S. financial markets.

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American Law Institute

The American Law Institute (ALI) was established in 1923 to promote the clarification and simplification of United States common law and its adaptation to changing social needs.

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Amicus curiae

An amicus curiae (literally, "friend of the court"; plural, amici curiae) is someone who is not a party to a case and may or may not have been solicited by a party, who assists a court by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case, and is typically presented in the form of a brief.

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Amnesty

Amnesty (from the Greek ἀμνηστία amnestia, "forgetfulness, passing over") is defined as: "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." It includes more than pardon, inasmuch as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a London-based non-governmental organization focused on human rights.

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Amortization

Amortization (or amortisation) is paying off an amount owed over time by making planned, incremental payments of principal and interest.

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Amount in controversy

Amount in controversy (sometimes called jurisdictional amount) is a term used in civil procedure to denote the amount at stake in a lawsuit, in particular in connection with a requirement that persons seeking to bring a lawsuit in a particular court must be suing for a certain minimum amount (or below a certain maximum amount) before that court may hear the case.

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Ancillary administration

Ancillary administration is "the administration of a decedent's estate in a state other than the one in which she lived, for the purpose of disposing of property she owned there." Another definition is the "administration of an estate's asset's in another state." This is often a necessary procedure in probate, because the decedent may own property in a state other than his domicile, which is subject to the law of the state in which it sits.

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Ancillary relief

In English law, an application for financial relief following the presentation of a petition for divorce, nullity or judicial separation used to be described as ancillary relief.

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Animal rights

Animal rights is the idea in which some, or all, non-human animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives and that their most basic interests—such as the need to avoid suffering—should be afforded the same consideration as similar interests of human beings.

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Animus nocendi

In jurisprudence, animus nocendi (Latin animus, "mind" + gerund of noceo, "to harm") is the subjective state of mind of the author of a crime, with reference to the exact knowledge of illegal content of his behaviour, and of its possible consequences.

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Animus revertendi

The term animus revertendi is a Latin phrase that means "With intention to return".

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Annual general meeting

An annual general meeting (commonly abbreviated as AGM, also known as the annual meeting) is a meeting of the general membership of an organization.

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Annulment

Annulment is a legal procedure within secular and religious legal systems for declaring a marriage null and void.

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Anomie

Anomie is a "condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals".

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Answer (law)

In law, an Answer was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defense, a reply to a question or response, or objection, or a correct solution of a problem.

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Antecedent (law)

Antecedents are the life history and previous convictions of a defendant in a criminal case.

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Antejuramentum

Antejuramentum, and præjuramentum, historically called juramentum calumniæ (literally, "oath to accuse falsely"), is an oath which both the accuser and accused were obliged to make before any trial or purgation.

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Anticipatory repudiation

Anticipatory repudiation, also called an anticipatory breach, is a term in the law of contracts that describes a declaration by the promising party to a contract that he or she does not intend to live up to his or her obligations under the contract.

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Antidisestablishmentarianism

Antidisestablishmentarianism is a political position that developed in 19th-century Britain in opposition to Liberal proposals for the disestablishment of the Church of England—meaning the removal of the Anglican Church's status as the state church of England, Ireland, and Wales.

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Antinomianism

Antinomianism (from the Greek: ἀντί, "against" + νόμος, "law"), is any view which rejects laws or legalism and is against moral, religious, or social norms (Latin: mores), or is at least considered to do so.

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Apartheid

Apartheid started in 1948 in theUnion of South Africa |year_start.

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Apparent authority

In the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and South Africa, apparent authority (also called "ostensible authority") relates to the doctrines of the law of agency.

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Appeal

In law, an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed, where parties request a formal change to an official decision.

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Appearance (law)

In law, appearance (from Latin apparere, to appear) is the coming into court of either of the parties to a lawsuit, and/or the formal act by which a defendant submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court.

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Appellate court

An appellate court, commonly called an appeals court, court of appeals (American English), appeal court (British English), court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal.

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Appraiser

An appraiser (from Latin appretiare, "to value"), is one who determines the fair market value of property, real or personal.

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Apprenticeship

An apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading).

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Appurtenance

An appurtenance is something subordinate to or belonging to another larger, principal entity, that is, an adjunct, satellite or accessory that generally accompanies something else.

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Arbitral tribunal

An arbitral tribunal (or arbitration tribunal) is a panel of one or more adjudicators which is convened and sits to resolve a dispute by way of arbitration.

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Arbitrariness

Arbitrariness is the quality of being "determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not by necessity, reason, or principle".

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Arbitration

Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way to resolve disputes outside the courts.

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Arbitration award

An arbitration award (or arbitral award) is a determination on the merits by an arbitration tribunal in an arbitration, and is analogous to a judgment in a court of law.

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Arguendo

Arguendo is a Latin legal term meaning for the sake of argument.

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Argument from ignorance

Argument from ignorance (from argumentum ad ignorantiam), also known as appeal to ignorance (in which ignorance represents "a lack of contrary evidence") is a fallacy in informal logic.

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Argumentative

In the American legal system, argumentative is an evidentiary objection raised in response to a question which prompts a witness to draw inferences from facts of the case.

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Arm's length principle

The arm's length principle (ALP) is the condition or the fact that the parties to a transaction are independent and on an equal footing.

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Arraignment

Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the defendant to inform the defendant of the charges against them.

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Arrears

Arrears (or arrearage) is a legal term for the part of a debt that is overdue after missing one or more required payments.

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Arrest

An arrest is the act of apprehending a person and taking them into custody, usually because they have been suspected of committing or planning a crime.

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Arrest warrant

An arrest warrant is a warrant issued by a judge or magistrate on behalf of the state, which authorizes the arrest and detention of an individual, or the search and seizure of an individual's property.

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Arson

Arson is a crime of intentionally, deliberately and maliciously setting fire to buildings, wildland areas, abandoned homes, vehicles or other property with the intent to cause damage or enjoy the act.

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Articles of association

In corporate governance, a company's articles of association (AoA, called articles of incorporation in some jurisdictions) is a document which, along with the memorandum of association (in cases where the memorandum exists) form the company's constitution, defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors.

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Articles of impeachment

The articles of impeachment are the set of charges drafted against a public official to initiate the impeachment process.

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Articles of incorporation

Articles of incorporation, also referred to as the certificate of incorporation or the corporate charter, is a document or charter that establishes the existence of a corporation in the United States and Canada.

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Articles of War

The Articles of War are a set of regulations drawn up to govern the conduct of a country's military and naval forces.

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As is

As is is a legal term used to disclaim some implied warranties for an item being sold.

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Ashʿari

Ashʿarism or Ashʿari theology (الأشعرية al-ʾAšʿarīyya or الأشاعرة al-ʾAšāʿira) is the foremost theological school of Sunni Islam which established an orthodox dogmatic guideline based on clerical authority, founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Ashʿari (d. AD 936 / AH 324).

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Assault

An assault is the act of inflicting physical harm or unwanted physical contact upon a person or, in some specific legal definitions, a threat or attempt to commit such an action.

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Asset

In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource.

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Asset forfeiture

Asset forfeiture or asset seizure is a form of confiscation of assets by the state.

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Assigned risk

Assigned risk means a driver of a motor vehicle, or a class of such drivers, who would be denied insurance coverage by insurance companies, but are required to be covered under U.S. state law.

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Assignment (law)

An assignment is a legal term used in the context of the law of contract and of real estate.

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Assisted person

An assisted person has several meanings in law, referring generally to indigent people.

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Assizes

The courts of assize, or assizes, were periodic courts held around England and Wales until 1972, when together with the quarter sessions they were abolished by the Courts Act 1971 and replaced by a single permanent Crown Court.

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Associate Justice

Associate Justice or Associate Judge is the title for a member of a judicial panel who is not the Chief Justice in some jurisdictions.

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Assumption of risk

Assumption of risk is a defense in the law of torts, which bars or reduces a plaintiff's right to recovery against a negligent tortfeasor if the defendant can demonstrate that the plaintiff voluntarily and knowingly assumed the risks at issue inherent to the dangerous activity in which he was participating at the time of his or her injury.

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Asylum and Immigration Tribunal

The Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (AIT) was a tribunal constituted in the United Kingdom with jurisdiction to hear appeals from many immigration and asylum decisions.

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Asylum seeker

An asylum seeker (also rarely called an asylee) is a person who flees his or her home country, 'spontaneously' enters another country and applies for asylum, i.e. the right to international protection, in this other country.

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At-will employment

At-will employment is a term used in U.S. labor law for contractual relationships in which an employee can be dismissed by an employer for any reason (that is, without having to establish "just cause" for termination), and without warning, as long as the reason is not illegal (e.g. firing because of the employee's race or religion).

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Atmospheric entry

Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite.

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Attachment (law)

Attachment is a legal process by which a court of law, at the request of a creditor, designates specific property owned by the debtor to be transferred to the creditor, or sold for the benefit of the creditor.

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Attachment of earnings

Attachment of earnings is a legal process in civil litigation by which a defendant's wages or other earnings are taken to pay for a debt.

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Attempt

An attempt to commit a crime occurs if a criminal has an intent to commit a crime and takes a substantial step toward completing the crime, but for reasons not intended by the criminal, the final resulting crime does not occur.

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Attestation clause

In the statutory law of wills and trusts, an attestation clause is a clause that is typically appended to a will, often just below the place of the testator's signature.

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Attorney at law

Attorney at law or attorney-at-law, usually abbreviated in everyday speech to attorney, is the preferred term for a practising lawyer in certain jurisdictions, including South Africa (for certain lawyers), Sri Lanka, and the United States.

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Attorney general

In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General (sometimes abbreviated as AG) or Attorney-General (plural: Attorneys General (traditional) or Attorney Generals) is the main legal advisor to the government, and in some jurisdictions, they may also have executive responsibility for law enforcement, prosecutions or even responsibility for legal affairs generally.

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Attorney of record

An attorney of record is any lawyer or barrister recognized by a court as representing - and therefore responsible to - a party to legal proceedings before it.

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Attorney's fee

Attorney's fee is a chiefly United States term for compensation for legal services performed by an attorney (lawyer or law firm) for a client, in or out of court.

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Attorney–client privilege

In the law of the United States, attorney–client privilege or lawyer–client privilege is a "client's right privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing confidential communications between the client and the attorney." The attorney–client privilege is one of the oldest recognized privileges for confidential communications.

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Attractive nuisance doctrine

The attractive nuisance doctrine applies to the law of torts, in the United States.

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Audit

An audit is a systematic and independent examination of books, accounts, statutory records, documents and vouchers of an organization to ascertain how far the financial statements as well as non-financial disclosures present a true and fair view of the concern.

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Auditor

An auditor is a person or a firm appointed by a company to execute an audit.

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Authorised capital

The authorised capital of a company (sometimes referred to as the authorised share capital, registered capital or nominal capital, particularly in the United States) is the maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorised by its constitutional documents to issue (allocate) to shareholders.

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Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.

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Authority

Authority derives from the Latin word and is a concept used to indicate the foundational right to exercise power, which can be formalized by the State and exercised by way of judges, monarchs, rulers, police officers or other appointed executives of government, or the ecclesiastical or priestly appointed representatives of a higher spiritual power (God or other deities).

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Authorization

Authorization is the function of specifying access rights/privileges to resources related to information security and computer security in general and to access control in particular.

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Automatic stay

In United States bankruptcy law, an automatic stay is an automatic injunction that halts actions by creditors, with certain exceptions, to collect debts from a debtor who has declared bankruptcy.

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Autopsy

An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.

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Autumn

Autumn, also known as fall in American and Canadian English, is one of the four temperate seasons.

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Avulsion (legal term)

In real property law, avulsion refers to a sudden loss or addition to land, which results from the action of water.

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Ayatollah

Ayatullah (or; āyatullāh from llāh "Sign of God") is a high-ranking title given to Usuli Twelver Shī‘ah clerics.

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Babylonian law

Babylonian law is a subset of cuneiform law that has received particular study, owing to the singular extent of the associated archaeological material that has been found for it.

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Bachelor of Civil Law

Bachelor of Civil Law (abbreviated BCL or B.C.L.; Baccalaureus Civilis Legis) is the name of various degrees in law conferred by English-language universities.

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Bachelor of Laws

The Bachelor of Laws (Legum Baccalaureus; LL.B. or B.L.) is an undergraduate degree in law (or a first professional degree in law, depending on jurisdiction) originating in England and offered in Japan and most common law jurisdictionsexcept the United States and Canadaas the degree which allows a person to become a lawyer.

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Back-to-back life sentences

In judicial practice, back-to-back life sentences are two or more consecutive life sentences given to a felon.

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Bad debt

A bad debt is a monetary amount owed to a creditor that is unlikely to be paid and, or which the creditor is not willing to take action to collect because of various reasons, often due to the debtor not having the money to pay, for example due to a company going into liquidation or insolvency.

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Bad faith

Bad faith (Latin: mala fides) is double mindedness or double heartedness in duplicity, fraud, or deception.

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Bail

Bail is a set of restrictions that are imposed on a suspect while awaiting trial, to ensure they comply with the judicial process.

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Bail bondsman

A bail bondsman, bail bondsperson, bail bond agent or bond dealer is any person, agency or corporation that will act as a surety and pledge money or property as bail for the appearance of persons accused in court.

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Bailiff

A bailiff (from Middle English baillif, Old French baillis, bail "custody, charge, office"; cf. bail, based on the adjectival form, baiulivus, of Latin bajulus, carrier, manager) is a manager, overseer or custodian; a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given.

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Bailment

Bailment describes a legal relationship in common law where physical possession of personal property, or a chattel, is transferred from one person (the "bailor") to another person (the "bailee") who subsequently has possession of the property.

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Bait-and-switch

Bait-and-switch is a form of fraud used in retail sales but also employed in other contexts.

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Balance sheet

In financial accounting, a balance sheet or statement of financial position is a summary of the financial balances of an individual or organization, whether it be a sole proprietorship, a business partnership, a corporation, private limited company or other organization such as Government or not-for-profit entity.

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Ban (law)

A ban is a formal or informal prohibition of something.

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Bank

A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit.

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Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a legal status of a person or other entity that cannot repay debts to creditors.

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Bankruptcy discharge

A discharge in United States bankruptcy law, when referring to a debtor's discharge, is a statutory injunction against the commencement or continuation of an action (or the employment of process, or an act) to collect, recover or offset a debt as a personal liability of the debtor.

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Bankruptcy remote

A bankruptcy remote company is a company within a corporate group whose bankruptcy has as little economic impact as possible on other entities within the group.

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Bar (law)

In law, the bar is the legal profession as an institution.

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Bar association

A bar association is a professional association of lawyers.

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Bar council

A bar council (Comhairle an Bharra) or bar association, in a common law jurisdiction with a legal profession split between solicitors and barristers or advocates, is a professional body that regulates the profession of barristers.

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Bar examination

A bar examination is a test intended to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction.

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Bare trust

A bare trust is a trust in which the beneficiary has a right to both income and capital and may call for both to be remitted into his own name.

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Bargain and sale deed

A bargain and sale deed is in United States real property law, a deed "conveying real property without covenants".

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Barratry (admiralty law)

In admiralty law, barratry is an act of gross misconduct committed by a master or crew of a vessel which damages the vessel or its cargo.

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Barratry (common law)

Barratry is a legal term with several meanings.

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Barrister

A barrister (also known as barrister-at-law or bar-at-law) is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions.

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Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd

Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd (No. 2) 1 Ch 515 in an English trusts law case.

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Basic law

The term basic law is used in some places as an alternative to "constitution", implying it is a temporary but necessary measure without formal enactment of constitution.

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Battery (crime)

Battery is a criminal offense involving the unlawful physical acting upon a threat, distinct from assault which is the act of creating apprehension of such contact.

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Beach bum trust provision

A beach bum trust provision, in the law of trusts, ties the ability of a trust beneficiary to take from the trust to the beneficiary's own earnings.

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Bearer instrument

A bearer instrument is a document that entitles the holder of the document rights of ownership or title to the underlying property, such as shares or bonds.

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Beau pleader

In English law, a beau pleader is a writ, whereby it is provided that no fine shall be taken of anyone in any court for fair pleading, i.e. for not pleading aptly, and to the purpose.

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Belief

Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty.

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Bench (law)

Bench in legal contexts means simply the location in a courtroom where a judge sits.

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Bench memorandum

A bench memorandum (pl. bench memoranda) (also known as a bench memo) is a short and neutral memo which summarizes the facts, issues, and arguments of a court case.

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Bench trial

A bench trial is a trial by judge, as opposed to a trial by jury.

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Beneficial interest

A beneficial interest is "that right which a person has in a contract made with another" (third) person.

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Beneficial use

"Beneficial use" is a legal term describing a person's right to enjoy the benefits of specific property, especially a view or access to light, air, or water, even though title to that property is held by another person.

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Beneficiary

A beneficiary (also, in trust law, cestui que use) in the broadest sense is a natural person or other legal entity who receives money or other benefits from a benefactor.

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Beneficiary (trust)

In trust law, a beneficiary or cestui que use, a.k.a. cestui que trust, is the person or persons who are entitled to the benefit of any trust arrangement.

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Bequest

A bequest is property given by will.

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Berne three-step test

The Berne three-step test is a clause that is included in several international treaties on intellectual property.

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Best evidence rule

The best evidence rule is a legal principle that holds an original copy of a document as superior evidence.

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Best interests

Best interests or best interests of the child is a child rights principle, which derives from Article 3 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which says that “in all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration”.

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Bias

Bias is disproportionate weight in favour of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

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Bifurcation (law)

Bifurcation is a judge's ability in law to divide a trial into two parts so as to render a judgment on a set of legal issues without looking at all aspects.

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Bigamy

In cultures that practice marital monogamy, bigamy is the act of entering into a marriage with one person while still legally married to another.

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Bill (law)

A bill is proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature.

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Bill of attainder

A bill of attainder (also known as an act of attainder or writ of attainder or bill of pains and penalties) is an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial.

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Bill of costs

A bill of costs is an itemized list of expenses a prevailing party in a lawsuit or action needs to pay for services procured from a lawyer.

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Bill of lading

A bill of lading (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BoL) is a document issued by a carrier (or their agent) to acknowledge receipt of cargo for shipment.

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Bill of particulars

In common law jurisdictions, a bill of particulars is a detailed, formal, written statement of charges or claims by a plaintiff or the prosecutor given upon the defendant's formal request to the court for more detailed information.

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Bill of rights

A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country.

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Bill of Rights 1689

The Bill of Rights, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights.

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Bill of sale

A bill of sale is a document that transfers ownership of goods from one person to another.

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Binding over

In the law of England and Wales and in other common law jurisdictions such as Hong Kong, binding over, a binding over order, and binding over for sentence are exercises of certain powers by magistrates.

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Bioethics

Bioethics is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.

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Biographical evaluation

Biographical evaluation (`Ilm al-Rijāl), literally meaning 'Knowledge of Men' but more commonly understood as the Science of Narration, refers to a discipline of Islamic religious studies within hadith terminology in which the narrators of hadith are evaluated.

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Black's Law Dictionary

Black's Law is the most widely used law dictionary in the United States.

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Blackmail

Blackmail is an act, often criminal, involving unjustified threats to make a gain—most commonly money or property—or cause loss to another unless a demand is met.

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Blank endorsement

Blank endorsement of a financial instrument, such as a cheque, is only a signature, not indicating the payee.

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Blood libel

Blood libel (also blood accusation) is an accusationTurvey, Brent E. Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, Academic Press, 2008, p. 3.

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Blood quantum laws

Blood quantum laws or Indian blood laws are those enacted in the United States and the former colonies to define qualification by ancestry as Native American, sometimes in relation to tribal membership.

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Blue law

Blue laws, also known as Sunday laws, are laws designed to restrict or ban some or all Sunday activities for religious reasons, particularly to promote the observance of a day of worship or rest.

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Blue sky law

A blue sky law is a state law in the United States that regulates the offering and sale of securities to protect the public from fraud.

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Bluebook

The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, a style guide, prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the United States.

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Board of directors

A board of directors is a recognized group of people who jointly oversee the activities of an organization, which can be either a for-profit business, nonprofit organization, or a government agency.

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Bona fide purchaser

A bona fide purchaser (BFP)referred to more completely as a bona fide purchaser for value without notice is a term used predominantly in common law jurisdictions in the law of real property and personal property to refer to an innocent party who purchases property without notice of any other party's claim to the title of that property.

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Bona vacantia

Bona vacantia (Latin for "ownerless goods") is a legal concept associated with property that has no owner.

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Bond for deed

A bond for deed is a contract to sell real property in which the purchase price is to be paid by the buyer to the seller in installments and in which the seller, after payment of a stipulated sum, agrees to deliver title to the buyer.

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Booby trap

A booby trap is a device or setup that is intended to kill, harm, or surprise a person or animal, unknowingly triggered by the presence or actions of the victim.

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Book of Leviticus

The Book of Leviticus is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament.

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Book value

In accounting, book value is the value of an asset according to its balance sheet account balance.

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Bookland (law)

Bookland (bocland) was a type of land tenure under Anglo-Saxon law and referred to land that was vested by a charter.

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Bootleg recording

A bootleg recording is an audio or video recording of a performance that was not officially released by the artist or under other legal authority.

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Border control

Border controls are measures taken by a country to monitor or regulate its borders.

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Bottomry

A bottomry, or bottomage, is an arrangement in which the master of a ship borrows money upon the bottom or keel of it, so as to forfeit the ship itself to the creditor, if the money with interest is not paid at the time appointed at the ship's safe return.

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Boycott

A boycott is an act of voluntary and intentional abstention from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest, usually for moral, social, political, or environmental reasons.

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Breach of contract

Breach of contract is a legal cause of action and a type of civil wrong, in which a binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance or interference with the other party's performance.

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Breach of promise

Breach of promise is a common law tort, abolished in many jurisdictions.

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Breach of the peace

Breach of the peace, or disturbing the peace, is a legal term used in constitutional law in English-speaking countries, and in a wider public order sense in the several jurisdictions of the United Kingdom.

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Bribery

Bribery is the act of giving or receiving something of value in exchange for some kind of influence or action in return, that the recipient would otherwise not alter.

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Bride price

Bride price, bridewealth, or bride token, is money, property, or other form of wealth paid by a groom or his family to the family of the woman he will be married or is just about to marry.

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Brief (law)

A brief (Old French from Latin "brevis", short) is a written legal document used in various legal adversarial systems that is presented to a court arguing why one party to a particular case should prevail.

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British nationality law

British nationality law is the law of the United Kingdom which concerns citizenship and other categories of British nationality.

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Broker

A broker is an individual person who arranges transactions between a buyer and a seller for a commission when the deal is executed.

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Brought to trial

Brought to trial means to calendar a legal case for a hearing, or to bring a defendant to the bar of justice.

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Bulk sale

A bulk sale, sometimes called a bulk transfer, is when a business sells all or nearly all of its inventory to a single buyer and such a sale is not part of the ordinary course of business.

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Bullet (typography)

In typography, a bullet (•) is a typographical symbol or glyph used to introduce items in a list.

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Burden of proof (law)

The burden of proof (onus probandi) is the obligation of a party in a trial to produce the evidence that will prove the claims they have made against the other party.

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Burgage

Burgage is a medieval land term used in Great Britain and Ireland, well established by the 13th century.

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Burglary

Burglary (also called breaking and entering and sometimes housebreaking) is an unlawful entry into a building or other location for the purposes of committing an offence.

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Business

Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (goods and services).

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Business ethics

Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics, that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment.

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Buy–sell agreement

A buy–sell agreement, also known as a buyout agreement, is a legally binding agreement between co-owners of a business that governs the situation if a co-owner dies or is otherwise forced to leave the business, or chooses to leave the business.

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By-law

A by-law (bylaw) is a rule or law established by an organization or community to regulate itself, as allowed or provided for by some higher authority.

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Bypass trust

In the United States, a bypass trust is an irrevocable trust into which the settlor deposits assets and which is designed to pay trust income and principal to the settlor's spouse for the duration of the spouse's life.

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Cadastre

A cadastre (also spelled cadaster) is a comprehensive land recording of the real estate or real property's metes-and-bounds of a country.

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Cadit quaestio

Cadit quaestio is a Latin expression that is used as a legal term and in some other contexts.

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Calendar

A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial or administrative purposes.

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Calendar call

A calendar call is an occasion where a court requires attorneys representing different matters to appear before the court so that trials and other proceedings before the court can be scheduled so as not to conflict with one another.

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Caliphate

A caliphate (خِلافة) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (خَليفة), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community).

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Call to the bar

The call to the bar is a legal term of art in most common law jurisdictions where persons must be qualified to be allowed to argue in court on behalf of another party and are then said to have been "called to the bar" or to have received a "call to the bar".

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Calliostoma

Calliostoma is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails with gills and an operculum, marine gastropod molluscs within the family Calliostomatidae, the Calliostoma top snails (according to the taxonomy of Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)).

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Campaign finance reform in the United States

Campaign finance reform is the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaigns.

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Canadian Bill of Rights

The Canadian Bill of Rights (Déclaration canadienne des droits) is a federal statute and bill of rights enacted by Parliament of Canada on August 10, 1960.

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Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada.

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Candidate

A candidate, or nominee, is the prospective recipient of an award or honor, or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position; for example.

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Caning

Caning is a form of corporal punishment consisting of a number of hits (known as "strokes" or "cuts") with a single cane usually made of rattan, generally applied to the offender's bare or clothed buttocks (see spanking) or hand(s) (on the palm).

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Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a psychoactive drug from the ''Cannabis'' plant intended for medical or recreational use.

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Canon law

Canon law (from Greek kanon, a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members.

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Capacity (law)

The capacity of natural and juridical persons (legal persons) in general, determines whether they may make binding amendments to their rights, duties and obligations, such as getting married or merging, entering into contracts, making gifts, or writing a valid will.

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Cape (writ)

In old British law, a cape was a judicial writ concerning a plea of lands and tenements; so called, as most writs are, from the word which carried the chief intention of the writ.

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Capital (economics)

In economics, capital consists of an asset that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work.

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Capital account

In macroeconomics and international finance, the capital account (also known as the financial account) is one of two primary components of the balance of payments, the other being the current account.

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Capital appreciation

Capital appreciation is an increase in the price or value of assets.

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Capital asset

A capital asset is defined to include property of any kind held by an assessee, whether connected with their business or profession or not connected with their business or profession.

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Capital expenditure

Capital expenditure or capital expense (capex) is the money a company spends to buy, maintain, or improve its fixed assets, such as buildings, vehicles, equipment, or land.

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Capital gain

A capital gain refers to profit that results from a sale of a capital asset, such as stock, bond or real estate, where the sale price exceeds the purchase price.

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Capital gains tax

A capital gains tax (CGT) is a tax on capital gains, the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset that was greater than the amount realized on the sale.

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Capital loss

Capital loss is the difference between a lower selling price and a higher purchase price, resulting in a financial loss for the seller.

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Capital punishment

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.

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Capital punishment in the United States

Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States, currently used by 31 states, the federal government, and the military.

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Car chase

A car chase is the vehicular hot pursuit of suspects by law enforcers.

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Cardinal virtues

Four cardinal virtues were recognized in classical antiquity and in traditional Christian theology.

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Cargo

In economics, cargo or freight are goods or produce being conveyed – generally for commercial gain – by water, air or land.

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Carjacking

Carjacking is a robbery in which the item taken over is a motor vehicle.

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Carnal knowledge

Carnal knowledge is an archaic or legal euphemism for sexual intercourse.

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Cartel

A cartel is a group of apparently independent producers whose goal is to increase their collective profits by means of price fixing, limiting supply, or other restrictive practices.

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Case citation

Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions, either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported.

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Case law

Case law is a set of past rulings by tribunals that meet their respective jurisdictions' rules to be cited as precedent.

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Case or Controversy Clause

The Supreme Court of the United States has interpreted the Case or Controversy Clause of Article III of the United States Constitution (found in Art. III, Section 2, Clause 1) as embodying two distinct limitations on exercise of judicial review.

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Case-based reasoning

Case-based reasoning (CBR), broadly construed, is the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems.

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Cashier's check

A cashier's check or cheque is a cheque guaranteed by a bank, drawn on the bank's own funds and signed by a cashier.

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Casualty insurance

Casualty insurance is a problematically defined term which broadly encompasses insurance not directly concerned with life insurance, health insurance, or property insurance.

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Casualty loss

A casualty loss is a type of tax loss that is a sudden, unexpected, or unusual event.

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Casuistry

Casuistry is a method in applied ethics and jurisprudence, often characterised as a critique of principle - or rule-based reasoning.

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Catechism

A catechism (from κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts.

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Categorical imperative

The categorical imperative (kategorischer Imperativ) is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant.

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Catholic emancipation

Catholic emancipation or Catholic relief was a process in the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th century that involved reducing and removing many of the restrictions on Roman Catholics introduced by the Act of Uniformity, the Test Acts and the penal laws.

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Causality

Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is what connects one process (the cause) with another process or state (the effect), where the first is partly responsible for the second, and the second is partly dependent on the first.

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Cause of action

A cause of action, in law, is a set of facts sufficient to justify a right to sue to obtain money, property, or the enforcement of a right against another party.

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Caveat emptor

Caveat emptor is Latin for "Let the buyer beware" (from caveat, "may he beware", a subjunctive form of cavēre, "to beware" + ēmptor, "buyer").

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Cease and desist

A cease and desist letter is a document sent to an individual or business to stop purportedly illegal activity ("cease") and not to restart it ("desist").

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Censorship

Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient" as determined by government authorities.

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Certificate of deposit

A certificate of deposit (CD) is a time deposit, a financial product commonly sold in the United States and elsewhere by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions.

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Certificate of incorporation

A certificate of incorporation is a legal document relating to the formation of a company or corporation.

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Certificate of legal aid costs

A certificate of legal aid costs is a British "certificate of costs allowed following taxation by a judicial or taxing officer." It actually has nothing to do with legal aid or the Legal aid society.

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Certified check

A certified check or certified cheque is a form of cheque for which the bank verifies that sufficient funds exist in the account to cover the cheque, and so certifies, at the time the cheque is written.

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Certiorari

Certiorari, often abbreviated cert. in the United States, is a process for seeking judicial review and a writ issued by a court that agrees to review.

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Cession

The act of cession is the assignment of property to another entity.

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Ceteris paribus

Ceteris paribus or caeteris paribus is a Latin phrase meaning "other things equal".

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Chain of title

A chain of title is the sequence of historical transfers of title to a property.

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Chairman

The chairman (also chairperson, chairwoman or chair) is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly.

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Champerty and maintenance

Champerty and maintenance are doctrines in common law jurisdictions that aim to preclude frivolous litigation.

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Chancellor

Chancellor (cancellarius) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many nations.

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Chancellor of the High Court

The Chancellor of the High Court is the head of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice of England and Wales.

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Change of venue

A change of venue is the legal term for moving a trial to a new location.

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Character evidence

Character evidence is a term used in the law of evidence to describe any testimony or document submitted for the purpose of proving that a person acted in a particular way on a particular occasion based on the character or disposition of that person.

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Charging order

A charging order, in English law, is an order obtained from a court or judge by a judgment creditor, by which the property of the judgment debtor in any stocks or funds or land stands charged with the payment of the amount for which judgment shall have been recovered, with interest and costs.

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Charitable contribution deductions in the United States

Charitable contribution deductions for United States Federal Income Tax purposes are defined in section 170(c) of the Internal Revenue Code as contributions to or for the use of certain nonprofit enterprises.

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Charitable organization

A charitable organization or charity is a non-profit organization (NPO) whose primary objectives are philanthropy and social well-being (e.g. charitable, educational, religious, or other activities serving the public interest or common good).

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Charitable trust

A charitable trust is an irrevocable trust established for charitable purposes and, in some jurisdictions, a more specific term than "charitable organization".

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Charter

A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified.

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Chattel mortgage

Chattel mortgage, sometimes abbreviated CM, is the legal term for a type of loan contract used in some states with legal systems derived from English law.

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Cheque

A cheque, or check (American English; see spelling differences), is a document that orders a bank to pay a specific amount of money from a person's account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.

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Chief Justice

The Chief Justice is the presiding member of a supreme court in any of many countries with a justice system based on English common law, such as the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of Singapore, the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Japan, the Supreme Court of India, the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the Supreme Court of Nepal, the Constitutional Court of South Africa, the Supreme Court of Ireland, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the High Court of Australia, the Supreme Court of the United States, and provincial or state supreme courts.

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Chief Justice of Canada

The Chief Justice of Canada is the presiding judge of the Supreme Court of Canada.

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Chief Justice of the United States

The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States and thus the head of the United States federal court system, which functions as the judicial branch of the nation's federal government.

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Child

Biologically, a child (plural: children) is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty.

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Child abandonment

Child abandonment is the practice of relinquishing interests and claims over one's offspring in an extralegal way with the intent of never again resuming or reasserting guardianship over them.

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Child abuse

Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or other caregiver.

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Child custody

Child custody and legal guardianship are legal terms which are used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a parent or guardian and a child in that person's care, such as the right to make decisions on behalf of a child and the duty to care for and support the child.

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Child neglect

Child neglect is a form of child abuse, and is a deficit in meeting a child's basic needs, including the failure to provide adequate health care, supervision, clothing, nutrition, housing as well as their physical, emotional, social, educational and safety needs.

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Child pornography

Child pornography is pornography that exploits children for sexual stimulation.

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Child support

In family law and public policy, child support (or child maintenance) is an ongoing, periodic payment made by a parent for the financial benefit of a child (or parent, caregiver, guardian, or state) following the end of a marriage or other relationship.

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Chinese law

Chinese law is one of the oldest legal traditions in the world.

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Churning (finance)

Churning is the practice of executing trades for an investment account by a salesman or broker in order to generate commission from the account.

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Circuit court

Circuit courts are court systems in several common law jurisdictions.

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Circumcision

Male circumcision is the removal of the foreskin from the human penis.

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Circumstantial evidence

Circumstantial evidence is evidence that relies on an inference to connect it to a conclusion of fact—like a fingerprint at the scene of a crime.

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Citation

A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source).

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Citizen's dividend

Citizen's dividend is a proposed policy based upon the principle that the natural world is the common property of all persons (see Georgism).

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Citizenship

Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law as being a legal member of a sovereign state or belonging to a nation.

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Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

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Civil calendar

The civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official or administrative purposes.

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Civil code

A civil code is a systematic collection of laws designed to deal with the core areas of private law such as for dealing with business and negligence lawsuits and practices.

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Civil Code of Quebec

The Civil Code of Quebec (CCQ, Code civil du Québec) is the civil code in force in the province of Quebec, Canada, which came into effect on January 1, 1994.

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Civil death

Civil death (civiliter mortuus) is the loss of all or almost all civil rights by a person due to a conviction for a felony or due to an act by the government of a country that results in the loss of civil rights.

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Civil disobedience

Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government or occupying international power.

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Civil disorder

Civil disorder, also known as civil disturbance or civil unrest, is an activity arising from a mass act of civil disobedience (such as a demonstration, riot, or strike) in which the participants become hostile toward authority, and authorities incur difficulties in maintaining public safety and order, over the disorderly crowd.

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Civil law (common law)

Civil law is a branch of the law.

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Civil law (legal system)

Civil law, civilian law, or Roman law is a legal system originating in Europe, intellectualized within the framework of Roman law, the main feature of which is that its core principles are codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law.

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Civil law notary

Civil-law notaries, or Latin notaries, are agents of noncontentious private civil law who draft, take, and record instruments for private parties and are vested as public officers with the authentication power of the State.

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Civil liberties

Civil liberties or personal freedoms are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge, either by law or by judicial interpretation, without due process.

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Civil penalty

A civil penalty or civil fine is a financial penalty imposed by a government agency as restitution for wrongdoing.

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Civil procedure

Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and standards that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits (as opposed to procedures in criminal law matters).

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Civil recovery

Civil recovery is the method in some legal systems employed to recover the proceeds of crime, instead of, or in addition to, criminal.

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Civil rights movement

The civil rights movement (also known as the African-American civil rights movement, American civil rights movement and other terms) was a decades-long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held.

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Civil union

A civil union, also referred to by a variety of other names, is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage.

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Civilian casualties

Civilian casualties occurs in a general sense, when civilians are killed or injured by non-civilians, mostly law enforcement officers, military personnel, or criminals such as terrorists and bank robbers.

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Claim in bankruptcy

A Proof of claim in bankruptcy, in United States bankruptcy law, is a document filed with the Court so as to register a claim against the assets of the bankruptcy estate.

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Claims adjuster

Claims adjuster (claim adjuster), or claims handler (claim handler), investigates insurance claims by interviewing the claimant and witnesses, consulting police and hospital records, and inspecting property damage to determine the extent of the company's liability.

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Class action

A class action, class suit, or representative action is a type of lawsuit where one of the parties is a group of people who are represented collectively by a member of that group.

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Clausula rebus sic stantibus

Clausula rebus sic stantibus (Latin for "things thus standing"), in public international law, is the legal doctrine allowing for a treaty to become inapplicable because of a fundamental change of circumstances.

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Clean hands

Clean hands, sometimes called the clean hands doctrine or the dirty hands doctrine, is an equitable defense in which the defendant argues that the plaintiff is not entitled to obtain an equitable remedy because the plaintiff is acting unethically or has acted in bad faith with respect to the subject of the complaint—that is, with "unclean hands".

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Cleanup clause

A cleanup clause is a contractual provision in a loan agreement which provides that all loans must be repaid within a specified period, after which no further loans will be made available to the debtor for a specified "cleanup" period.

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Clear and present danger

Clear and present danger was a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, or assembly.

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Clear title

Clear title is the phrase used to state that the owner of real property owns it free and clear of encumbrances.

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Closed shop

A pre-entry closed shop (or simply closed shop) is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to hire union members only, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed.

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Closing argument

A closing argument, summation, or summing up is the concluding statement of each party's counsel reiterating the important arguments for the trier of fact, often the jury, in a court case.

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Cloud on title

In United States property law, cloud on title or title defect refers to any irregularity in the chain of title of property (usually real property) that would give a reasonable person pause before accepting a conveyance of title.

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Co-insurance

Coinsurance in insurance, is the splitting or spreading of risk among multiple parties.

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Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, dated back to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology).

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Code of law

A code of law, also called a law code or legal code, is a type of legislation that purports to exhaustively cover a complete system of laws or a particular area of law as it existed at the time the code was enacted, by a process of codification.

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Codex

A codex (from the Latin caudex for "trunk of a tree" or block of wood, book), plural codices, is a book constructed of a number of sheets of paper, vellum, papyrus, or similar materials.

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Codicil (will)

A codicil is a testamentary document similar but not necessarily identical to a will.

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Codification (law)

In law, codification is the process of collecting and restating the law of a jurisdiction in certain areas, usually by subject, forming a legal code, i.e. a codex (book) of law.

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Coercion

Coercion is the practice of forcing another party to act in an involuntary manner by use of threats or force.

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Cohabitation

Cohabitation is an arrangement where two people who are not married live together.

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Cohabitation agreement

A cohabitation agreement is a form of legal agreement reached between a couple who have chosen to live together (whether they are heterosexual or homosexual).

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Collateral (finance)

In lending agreements, collateral is a borrower's pledge of specific property to a lender, to secure repayment of a loan.

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Collateral estoppel

Collateral estoppel (CE), known in modern terminology as issue preclusion, is a common law estoppel doctrine that prevents a person from relitigating an issue.

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Collateral warranty

The term “collateral warranty” originates in property law.

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Collective agreement

A collective agreement, collective labour agreement (CLA) or collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is a special type of commercial agreement, usually as one negotiated "collectively" between management (on behalf of the company) and trade unions (on behalf of employees).

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Collective trade mark

A collective trademark, collective trade mark, or collective mark is a trademark owned by an organization (such as an association), used by its members to identify themselves with a level of quality or accuracy, geographical origin, or other characteristics set by the organization.

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Collusion

Collusion is an agreement between two or more parties, sometimes illegal–but always secretive–to limit open competition by deceiving, misleading, or defrauding others of their legal rights, or to obtain an objective forbidden by law typically by defrauding or gaining an unfair market advantage.

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Collusive lawsuit

A collusive lawsuit (sometimes referred to as a collusive action) is a lawsuit in which the parties to the suit have no actual quarrel with one another, but one sues the other to achieve some result desired by both.

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Color (law)

In United States law, the term color of law denotes the "mere semblance of legal right", the "pretense or appearance of" right; hence, an action done under color of law adjusts (colors) the law to the circumstance, yet said apparently legal action contravenes the law.

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Comity

In law, comity is "a practice among different political entities (as countries, states, or courts of different jurisdictions)" involving the "mutual recognition of legislative, executive, and judicial acts.".

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Commanding precedent

In law, a commanding precedent is a precedent whose facts are "on all fours" with the case at hand.

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Commencement of action

Commencement of action is the formal procedure by which legal proceedings are initiated.

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Commentaries on the Laws of England

The Commentaries on the Laws of England are an influential 18th-century treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone, originally published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford, 1765–1769.

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Commerce Clause

The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3).

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Commercial law

Commercial law, also known as trade law, is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade, and sales.

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Commingling

In law, commingling is a breach of trust in which a fiduciary mixes funds held in care for a client with their own funds, making it difficult to determine which funds belong to the fiduciary and which belong to the client.

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Commission of rebellion

In old English law, a commission of rebellion, or writ of rebellion, was a process of contempt on the nonappearance of a defendant.

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Committal procedure

In law, a committal procedure is the process by which a defendant is charged with a serious offence under the criminal justice systems of all common law jurisdictions except the United States.

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Common area

A common area is, in real estate or real property law, the "area which is available for use by more than one person..." The common areas are those that are available for common use by all tenants, groups of tenants and their invitees.

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Common carrier

A common carrier in common law countries (corresponding to a public carrier in civil law systems,Encyclopædia Britannica CD 2000 "Civil-law public carrier" from "carriage of goods" usually called simply a carrier) is a person or company that transports goods or people for any person or company and that is responsible for any possible loss of the goods during transport.

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Common law

Common law (also known as judicial precedent or judge-made law, or case law) is that body of law derived from judicial decisions of courts and similar tribunals.

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Common ownership

Common ownership refers to holding the assets of an organization, enterprise or community indivisibly rather than in the names of the individual members or groups of members as common property.

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Common purpose

The doctrine of common purpose, common design, joint enterprise, or joint criminal enterprise is a common-law legal doctrine that imputes criminal liability to the participants in a criminal enterprise for all that results from that enterprise.

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Common stock

Common stock is a form of corporate equity ownership, a type of security.

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Common-law marriage

Common-law marriage, also known as sui iuris marriage, informal marriage, marriage by habit and repute, or marriage in fact, is a legal framework in a limited number of jurisdictions where a couple is legally considered married, without that couple having formally registered their relation as a civil or religious marriage.

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Commons

The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth.

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Community property

Community property is a marital property regime under which most property acquired during the marriage (except for gifts or inheritances), the community, or communio bonorum, is owned jointly by both spouses and is divided upon divorce, annulment, or death.

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Commutation (law)

In law, a commutation is the substitution of a lesser penalty for that given after a conviction for a crime.

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Company

A company, abbreviated as co., is a legal entity made up of an association of people for carrying on a commercial or industrial enterprise.

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Company seal

A company seal (sometimes referred to as the corporate seal or common seal) is an official seal used by a company.

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Comparative law

Comparative law is the study of differences and similarities between the law of different countries.

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Comparative negligence

Comparative negligence, or non-absolute contributory negligence outside the United States, is a partial legal defense that reduces the amount of damages that a plaintiff can recover in a negligence-based claim, based upon the degree to which the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to cause the injury.

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Comparative responsibility

Comparative responsibility (known as comparative fault in some jurisdictions) is a doctrine of tort law that compares the fault of each party in a lawsuit for a single injury.

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Competence (law)

In United States law, competence concerns the mental capacity of an individual to participate in legal proceedings or transactions, and the mental condition a person must have to be responsible for his or her decisions or acts.

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Competition law

Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.

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Complaint

In legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that sets out the facts and legal reasons (see: cause of action) that the filing party or parties (the plaintiff(s)) believes are sufficient to support a claim against the party or parties against whom the claim is brought (the defendant(s)) that entitles the plaintiff(s) to a remedy (either money damages or injunctive relief).

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Complete contract

A complete contract is an important concept from contract theory.

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Compound interest

Compound interest is the addition of interest to the principal sum of a loan or deposit, or in other words, interest on interest.

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Compounding a felony

Compounding a felony was an offence under the common law of England and was classified as a misdemeanour.

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Compromise

To compromise is to make a deal between different parties where each party gives up part of their demand.

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Concealed carry

Concealed carry (carrying a concealed weapon (CCW)), refers to the practice of carrying a handgun or other weapon in public in a concealed or hidden manner, either on one's person or in close proximity.

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Conciliation

Conciliation is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process whereby the parties to a dispute use a conciliator, who meets with the parties both separately and together in an attempt to resolve their differences.

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Concubinage

Concubinage is an interpersonal and sexual relationship in which the couple are not or cannot be married.

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Concurrent estate

A concurrent estate or co-tenancy is a concept in property law which describes the various ways in which property is owned by more than one person at a time.

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Condition precedent

A condition precedent is an event or state of affairs that is required before something else will occur.

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Condition subsequent

A condition subsequent is an event or state of affairs that brings an end to something else.

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Conditional dismissal

A conditional dismissal is a dismissal subject to conditions—for example, the dismissal of a suit for foreclosure of a mortgage, subject to receipt of payment in the amount of a tender which induced the dismissal.

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Conditional sale

A conditional sale is a real estate transaction where the parties have set conditions.

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Condominium

A condominium, often shortened to condo, is a type of real estate divided into several units that are each separately owned, surrounded by common areas jointly owned.

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Conduct money

Conduct money is money paid in some legal systems to a person under the compulsion of a summons to witness (subpoena) to pay for their expenses to attend in court.

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Confederate States Constitution

The Confederate States Constitution, formally the Constitution of the Confederate States of America, was the supreme law of the Confederate States, as adopted on March 11, 1861, and in effect from February 22, 1862, through the conclusion of the American Civil War.

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Confession (law)

In the law of criminal evidence, a confession is a statement by a suspect in crime which is adverse to that person.

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Confession and avoidance

Confession and avoidance, in pleading, the plea admitting that facts alleged in a declaration are true, but showing new facts by which it is hoped to destroy the effect of the allegations admitted.

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Confession of judgment

Confession of judgment is a legal term that refers to a type of contract (or a clause with such a provision) in which a party agrees to let the other party enter a judgment against him or her.

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Confidence trick

A confidence trick (synonyms include con, confidence game, confidence scheme, ripoff, scam and stratagem) is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their confidence, used in the classical sense of trust.

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Confidentiality

Confidentiality involves a set of rules or a promise usually executed through confidentiality agreements that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information.

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Confiscation

Confiscation (from the Latin confiscare "to consign to the fiscus, i.e. transfer to the treasury") is a legal form of seizure by a government or other public authority.

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Conflict of interest

A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.

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Conflict of laws

Conflict of laws concerns relations across different legal jurisdictions between natural persons, companies, corporations and other legal entities, their legal obligations and the appropriate forum and procedure for resolving disputes between them.

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Conflict of marriage laws

Conflict of marriage laws is the conflict of laws with respect to marriage in different jurisdictions.

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Confucianism

Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life.

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Confusing similarity

In trademark law, confusing similarity is a test used during the examination process to determine whether a trademark conflicts with another, earlier mark, and also in trademark infringement proceedings to determine whether the use of a mark infringes a registered trademark.

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Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei; CDF) is the oldest among the nine congregations of the Roman Curia.

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Consanguinity

Consanguinity ("blood relation", from the Latin consanguinitas) is the property of being from the same kinship as another person.

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Conscientious objector

A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion.

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Conscious parallelism

Conscious parallelism is a term used in competition law to describe pricing strategies among competitors in an oligopoly that occurs without an actual agreement between the players.

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Conscription

Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.

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Conseil d'État (France)

In France, the Council of State (Conseil d'État) is a body of the French national government that acts both as legal adviser of the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice.

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Consensual crime

A consensual crime is a public-order crime that involves more than one participant, all of whom give their consent as willing participants in an activity that is unlawful.

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Consensus decision-making

Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process in which group members develop, and agree to support a decision in the best interest of the whole.

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Consent

In common speech, consent occurs when one person voluntarily agrees to the proposal or desires of another.

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Consent decree

A consent decree is an agreement or settlement that resolves a dispute between two parties without admission of guilt (in a criminal case) or liability (in a civil case), and most often refers to such a type of settlement in the United States.

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Consequential damages

Consequential damages, otherwise known as special damages, are damages that can be proven to have occurred because of the failure of one party to meet a contractual obligation.

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Consequentialism

Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct.

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Conservative Judaism

Conservative Judaism (known as Masorti Judaism outside North America) is a major Jewish denomination, which views Jewish Law, or Halakha, as both binding and subject to historical development.

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Conservatorship

Conservatorship is a legal concept in the United States.

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Consideration

Consideration is a concept of English common law and is a necessity for simple contracts but not for special contracts (contracts by deed).

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Consignee

In a contract of carriage, the consignee is the entity who is financially responsible (the buyer) for the receipt of a shipment.

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Consignment

Consignment is the act of consigning, the act of giving over to another person or agent's charge, custody or care any material or goods but retaining legal ownership until the material or goods are sold.

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Consortium

A consortium is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal.

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Conspiracy (civil)

A civil conspiracy or collusion is an agreement between two or more parties to deprive a third party of legal rights or deceive a third party to obtain an illegal objective.

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Conspiracy (criminal)

In criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime at some time in the future.

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Constable

A constable is a person holding a particular office, most commonly in criminal law enforcement.

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Constitution

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

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Constitution of Australia

The Constitution of Australia is the supreme law under which the government of the Commonwealth of Australia operates, including its relationship to the States of Australia.

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Constitution of France

The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958.

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Constitution of Spain

The Spanish Constitution (Constitución Española; Espainiako Konstituzioa; Constitució Espanyola; Constitución Española; Constitucion espanhòla) is the democratic law that is supreme in the Kingdom of Spain.

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Constitution of the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom does not have one specific constitutional document named as such.

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Constitutional amendment

A constitutional amendment is a modification of the constitution of a nation or state.

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Constitutional Convention (Australia)

In Australian history, the term Constitutional Convention refers to four distinct gatherings.

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Constitutional Convention (United States)

The Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention, the Federal Convention, or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia) took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in the old Pennsylvania State House (later known as Independence Hall because of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence there eleven years before) in Philadelphia.

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Constitutional history of Australia

The Constitutional history of Australia began with the first white settlement in Sydney in 1788 and has undergone numerous constitutional changes since.

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Constitutional law

Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in federal countries such as the United States and Canada, the relationship between the central government and state, provincial, or territorial governments.

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Constitutional monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.

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Constitutional right

A constitutional right can be a prerogative or a duty, a power or a restraint of power, recognized and established by a sovereign state or union of states.

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Constitutionality

Constitutionality is the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution; the status of a law, a procedure, or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable constitution.

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Construals

In social psychology, construals are how individuals perceive, comprehend, and interpret the world around them, particularly the behavior or action of others towards themselves.

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Construction

Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.

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Constructive

Although the general English usage of the adjective constructive is "helping to develop or improve something; helpful to someone, instead of upsetting and negative," as in the phrase "constructive criticism," in legal writing constructive has a different meaning.

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Constructive dismissal

In employment law, constructive dismissal, also called constructive discharge or constructive termination, occurs when an employee resigns as a result of the employer creating a hostile work environment.

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Constructive eviction

Constructive eviction is a term used in the law of real property to describe a circumstance in which a landlord either does something or fails to do something that he has a legal duty to provide (e.g. the landlord refuses to provide heat or water to the apartment), rendering the property uninhabitable.

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Constructive fraud

Constructive fraud is a legal fiction describing a situation where a person or entity gained an unfair advantage over another by deceitful or unfair methods.

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Constructive notice

Constructive notice is the legal fiction that signifies that a person or entity should have known, as a reasonable person would have, of a legal action taken or to be taken, even if they have no actual knowledge of it.

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Constructive possession

Constructive possession is a legal fiction to describe a situation where an individual has actual control over chattels or real property without actually having physical control of the same assets.

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Constructive trust

A constructive trust is an equitable remedy resembling a trust (implied trust) imposed by a court to benefit a party that has been wrongfully deprived of its rights due to either a person obtaining or holding a legal property right which they should not possess due to unjust enrichment or interference, or due to a breach of fiduciary duty, which is intercausative with unjust enrichment and/or property interference.

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Consultant

A consultant (from consultare "to deliberate") is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular area such as security (electronic or physical), management, education, accountancy, law, human resources, marketing (and public relations), finance, engineering, science or any of many other specialized fields.

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Consumer protection

In regulatory jurisdictions that provide for this (a list including most or all developed countries with free market economies) consumer protection is a group of laws and organizations designed to ensure the rights of consumers, as well as fair trade, competition, and accurate information in the marketplace.

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Contact (law)

In family law, contact (or in the United States, visitation) is one of the general terms which denotes the level of contact a parent or other significant person in a child's life can have with that child.

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Contemporary Islamic philosophy

Contemporary Islamic philosophy revives some of the trends of medieval Islamic philosophy, notably the tension between Mutazilite and Asharite views of ethics in science and law, and the duty of Muslims and role of Islam in the sociology of knowledge and in forming ethical codes and legal codes, especially the fiqh (or "jurisprudence") and rules of jihad (or "just war").

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Contempt of court

Contempt of court, often referred to simply as "contempt", is the offense of being disobedient to or discourteous toward a court of law and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the authority, justice and dignity of the court.

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Contingent beneficiary

contingent contract: a contingent contract is one in which a promise is conditional and the contract shall be performed only on the happening of some future uncertain events In the context of an insurance policy, the condition is generally the death of the insurance contract holder, who is regarded as the primary beneficiary.

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Contingent contracts

Contingent contracts usually occur when both negotiating parties fail to reach an agreement.

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Contingent fee

A contingent fee or contingency fee (in the United States) or conditional fee (in England and Wales) is any fee for services provided where the fee is payable only if there is a favourable result.

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Contingent interest

A contingent interest is an interest which is uncertain, either as to the person who will enjoy it in possession or as to the event on which it will arise.

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Continuance

In American procedural law, a continuance is the postponement of a hearing, trial, or other scheduled court proceeding at the request of either or both parties in the dispute, or by the judge sua sponte.

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Continuing trespass

A continuing trespass is.

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Contraband

The word contraband, reported in English since 1529, from Medieval French contrebande "a smuggling," denotes any item that, relating to its nature, is illegal to be possessed or sold.

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Contract

A contract is a promise or set of promises that are legally enforceable and, if violated, allow the injured party access to legal remedies.

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Contract of sale

A contract of sale is a legal contract.

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Contract theory

In economics, contract theory studies how economic actors can and do construct contractual arrangements, generally in the presence of asymmetric information.

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Contractual term

A contractual term is "Any provision forming part of a contract".

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Contramandatio placiti

In ancient English law-books, the phrase "contramandatio placiti" signifies a respiting, or giving the defendant more time to answer; or, an imparlance, or countermanding of what was formerly ordered.

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Contributory negligence

Contributory negligence in common law jurisdictions is generally a defense to a claim based on negligence, an action in tort.

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Controlled substance

A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture, possession, or use is regulated by a government, such as illicitly used drugs or prescription medications that are designated a Controlled Drug in the United Kingdom.

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Controlling law

Controlling law is a legal term used in contracts, trusts, or other legal documents.

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Controversy

Controversy is a state of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerning a matter of conflicting opinion or point of view.

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Conversion (law)

Conversion is an intentional tort consisting of "taking with the intent of exercising over the chattel an ownership inconsistent with the real owner's right of possession".

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Conveyancing

In law, conveyancing is the transfer of legal title of real property from one person to another, or the granting of an encumbrance such as a mortgage or a lien.

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Convict

A convict is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison".

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Conviction

In law, a conviction is the verdict that usually results when a court of law finds a defendant guilty of a crime.

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Cooperative

A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise".

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Copyhold

Copyhold tenure was a form of customary tenure of land common in England from the Middle Ages.

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Copyleft

Copyleft (a play on the word copyright) is the practice of offering people the right to freely distribute copies and modified versions of a work with the stipulation that the same rights be preserved in derivative works down the line.

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Copyright

Copyright is a legal right, existing globally in many countries, that basically grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to determine and decide whether, and under what conditions, this original work may be used by others.

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Copyright infringement

Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works.

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Copyright law of Australia

The copyright law of Australia defines the legally enforceable rights of creators of creative and artistic works under Australian law.

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Copyright law of the European Union

The copyright law of the European Union consists of a number of directives, which the member states are obliged to enact into their national laws, and by the judgments of the European Court of Justice.

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Copyright misuse

Copyright misuse is an equitable defense against copyright infringement in the United States allowing copyright infringers to avoid infringement liability if the copyright holder has engaged in abusive or improper conduct in exploiting or enforcing the copyright.

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Coram nobis

The writ of coram nobis (also known as writ of error coram nobis, writ of coram vobis, or writ of error coram vobis) is a legal order allowing a court to correct its original judgment upon discovery of a fundamental error which did not appear in the records of the original judgment’s proceedings and would have prevented the judgment from being pronounced.

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Coram non judice

Coram non judice, Latin for "not before a judge," is a legal term typically used to indicate a legal proceeding that is outside the presence of a judge (without a judge), with improper venue, or without jurisdiction.

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Coroner

A coroner is a person whose standard role is to confirm and certify the death of an individual within a jurisdiction.

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Corporate action

A corporate action is an event initiated by a public company that will bring an actual change to the securities—equity or debt—issued by the company.

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Corporate governance

Corporate governance is the mechanisms, processes and relations by which corporations are controlled and directed.

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Corporate haven

A corporate haven, corporate tax haven, or multinational tax haven, is a jurisdiction that international corporates find attractive for establishing subsidiaries and/or incorporation of regional or main company headquarters, mostly due to favourable tax regimes (not just the headline tax rate), and/or favourable secrecy laws (such as the avoidance of sanctions or disclosure of tax schemes), and/or favourable regulatory regimes (such as looser data-protection or employment laws).

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Corporate law

Corporate law (also known as business law or enterprise law or sometimes company law) is the body of law governing the rights, relations, and conduct of persons, companies, organizations and businesses.

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Corporate opportunity

The corporate opportunity doctrine is the legal principle providing that directors, officers, and controlling shareholders of a corporation must not take for themselves any business opportunity that could benefit the corporation.

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Corporate statism

Corporate statism or state corporatism is a political culture and a form of corporatism whose adherents hold that the corporate group which is the basis of society is the state.

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Corporate title

Corporate titles or business titles are given to company and organization officials to show what duties and responsibilities they have in the organization.

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Corporation

A corporation is a company or group of people or an organisation authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

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Corpus delicti

Corpus delicti (Latin: "body of the crime"; plural: corpora delicti) is a term from Western jurisprudence referring to the principle that a crime must be proved to have occurred before a person can be convicted of committing that crime.

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Corpus Juris

The legal term Corpus Juris means "body of law".

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Corpus Juris Civilis

The Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor.

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Corpus Juris Secundum

Corpus Juris Secundum (CJS) (Meaning, "Second Body of the Law") is an encyclopedia of United States law at the federal and state levels.

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Correlative rights doctrine

The correlative rights doctrine is a legal doctrine limiting the rights of landowners to a common source of groundwater (such as an aquifer) to a reasonable share, typically based on the amount of land owned by each on the surface above.

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Corroborating evidence

Corroborating evidence (or corroboration) is evidence that supports a proposition already supported by initial evidence, therefore confirming the original proposition.

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Costs in English law

In English civil litigation, costs are the lawyers' fees and disbursements of the parties.

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Council Tax

Council Tax is a local taxation system used in England, Scotland and Wales.

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Counsel

A counsel or a counsellor at law is a person who gives advice and deals with various issues, particularly in legal matters.

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Count

Count (Male) or Countess (Female) is a title in European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey an approximate rank intermediate between the highest and lowest titles of nobility.

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Counterclaim

In a court of law, a party's claim is a counterclaim if one party asserts claims in response to the claims of another.

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Counterfeit

The counterfeit means to imitate something.

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County court

A county court is a court based in or with a jurisdiction covering one or more counties, which are administrative divisions (subnational entities) within a country, not to be confused with the medieval system of county courts held by the High Sheriff of each county.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.

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Course of employment

Course of employment is a legal consideration of all circumstances which may occur in the performance of a person's job, especially during a period of time where specific objectives are given by the employer to the employee.

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Court

A court is a tribunal, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.

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Court costs

Court costs (also called law-costs) are the costs of handling a case, which, depending on legal rules, may or may not include the costs of the various parties in a lawsuit in addition to the costs of the court itself.

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Court of Appeal (England and Wales)

The Court of Appeal (COA, formally "Her Majesty's Court of Appeal in England") is the highest court within the Senior Courts of England and Wales, and second only to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

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Court of Appeal (France)

In France, the cour d’appel (court of appeal) of the ordre judiciaire (judiciary) is a juridiction de droit commun du second degré, a (court of second-degree common law).

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Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)

A Lord Justice of Appeal or Lady Justice of Appeal is an ordinary judge of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, the court that hears appeals from the High Court of Justice and the Crown Court, and represents the second highest level of judge in the courts of England and Wales.

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Court of Chancery

The Court of Chancery was a court of equity in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to avoid the slow pace of change and possible harshness (or "inequity") of the common law.

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Court of equity

A court of equity, equity court or chancery court is a court that is authorized to apply principles of equity, as opposed to 'law', to cases brought before it.

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Court of Faculties

Under English ecclesiastical law, the Court of Faculties is a tribunal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and is attached to the office of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

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Court of High Commission

The Court of High Commission was the supreme ecclesiastic court in England.

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Court of Protection

The Court of Protection in English law is a superior court of record created under the Mental Capacity Act 2005.

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Court of record

A court of record is a trial court or appellate court in which a record of the proceedings is captured and preserved, for the possibility of appeal.

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Court of Session

The Court of Session (Cùirt an t-Seisein; Coort o Session) is the supreme civil court of Scotland, and constitutes part of the College of Justice; the supreme criminal court of Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.

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Court order

A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings.

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Court-martial

A court-martial or court martial (plural courts-martial or courts martial, as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court.

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Courtesy

Courtesy (from the word courteis, from the 12th century) is gentle politeness and courtly manners.

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Courtroom

A courtroom is the enclosed space in which courts of law are held in front of a judge.

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Courts of England and Wales

The Courts of England and Wales, supported administratively by Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service, are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales.

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Courts of the United Kingdom

The Courts of the United Kingdom are separated into three separate jurisdictions, the Courts of England and Wales, Courts of Scotland and the Courts of Northern Ireland, as the United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system.

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Courtship

Courtship is the period of development towards an intimate relationship wherein people (usually a couple) get to know each other and decide if there will be an engagement or other romantic arrangement.

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Covenant (law)

A covenant in its most general sense and historical sense, is a solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action.

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Coverture

Coverture (sometimes spelled couverture) was a legal doctrine whereby, upon marriage, a woman's legal rights and obligations were subsumed by those of her husband, in accordance with the wife's legal status of feme covert.

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Creature of statute

A creature of statute (also known as creature of the state) is a legal entity, such as a corporation, created by statute.

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Credibility

Credibility comprises the objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message.

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Credible witness

In the law of evidence, a credible witness is a person making testimony in a court or other tribunal, or acting otherwise as a witness, whose credibility is unimpeachable.

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Creditor

A creditor is a party (for example, person, organization, company, or government) that has a claim on the services of a second party.

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Creditors' rights

Creditors' rights are the procedural provisions designed to protect the ability of creditors—persons who are owed money—to collect the money that they are owed.

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Crime

In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.

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Crime against nature

The crime against nature or unnatural act has historically been a legal term in English-speaking states identifying forms of sexual behavior not considered natural or decent and are legally punishable offenses.

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Crime against peace

A crime against peace, in international law, is "planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of wars of aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing".

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Crime of passion

A crime of passion (French: crime passionnel), in popular usage, refers to a violent crime, especially homicide, in which the perpetrator commits the act against someone because of sudden strong impulse such as sudden rage rather than as a premeditated crime.

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Crimes against humanity

Crimes against humanity are certain acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack or individual attack directed against any civilian or an identifiable part of a civilian population.

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Criminal accusation

A criminal accusation is the process of declaring one's belief in another's liability for that other's criminal action(s).

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Criminal code

A criminal code (or penal code) is a document which compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's criminal law.

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Criminal conversion

Criminal conversion is a crime, limited to parts of common law systems outside England and Wales, of exerting unauthorized use or control of someone else's property, at a minimum personal property, but in some jurisdictions also applying to types of real property, such as land (to squatting or holding over) or to patents, design rights and trademarks.

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Criminal defense lawyer

A criminal defense lawyer is a lawyer (mostly barristers) specializing in the defense of individuals and companies charged with criminal activity.

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Criminal justice

Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have committed crimes.

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Criminal law

Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime.

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Criminal negligence

In criminal law, criminal negligence is a surrogate mens rea (Latin for "guilty mind") required to constitute a conventional as opposed to strict liability offense.

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Criminal procedure

Criminal procedure is the adjudication process of the criminal law.

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Critical legal studies

Critical legal studies (CLS) is a school of critical theory that first emerged as a movement in the United States during the 1970s.

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Cross-examination

In law, cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness called by one's opponent.

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Crown copyright

Crown copyright is a form of copyright claim used by the governments of a number of Commonwealth realms.

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Crown Court

The Crown Court of England and Wales is, together with the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal, one of the constituent parts of the Senior Courts of England and Wales.

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Crown entity

A Crown entity (from the Commonwealth term Crown) is an organisation that forms part of New Zealand's state sector established under the Crown Entities Act 2004, a unique umbrella governance and accountability statute.

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Crown land

Crown land, also known as royal domain or demesne, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown.

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Cruel and unusual punishment

Cruel and unusual punishment is a phrase describing punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to it.

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Cruelty

Cruelty is indifference to suffering or pleasure in inflicting suffering.

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Cruelty to animals

Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse, animal neglect or animal cruelty, is the infliction by omission (animal neglect) or by commission by humans of suffering or harm upon any non-human animal.

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Cui bono

Cui bono?, literally "to whom is it a benefit?", is a Latin phrase about identifying crime suspects.

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Cuius regio, eius religio

Cuius regio, eius religio is a Latin phrase which literally means "Whose realm, his religion", meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled.

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Culpability

Culpability, or being culpable, is a measure of the degree to which an agent, such as a person, can be held morally or legally responsible for action and inaction.

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Cumis counsel

A Cumis counsel is "an attorney employed by a defendant in a lawsuit when there is a liability insurance policy supposedly covering the claim, but there is a conflict of interest between the insurance company and the insured defendant.".

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Cumulative voting

Cumulative voting (also accumulation voting, weighted voting or multi-voting) is a multiple-winner voting method intended to promote more proportional representation than winner-take-all elections.

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Curfew

A curfew is an order specifying a time during which certain regulations apply.

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Currency appreciation and depreciation

Currency depreciation is the loss of value of a country's currency with respect to one or more foreign reference currencies, typically in a floating exchange rate system in which no official currency value is maintained.

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Custom (law)

Custom in law is the established pattern of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting.

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Customs

Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal, and hazardous items, into and out of a country.

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Cy-près doctrine

The cy-près doctrine is a legal doctrine that first arose in courts of equity.

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Cybersquatting

Cybersquatting (also known as domain squatting), according to the United States federal law known as the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, is registering, trafficking in, or using an Internet domain name with bad faith intent to profit from the goodwill of a trademark belonging to someone else.

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Damages

In law, damages are an award, typically of money, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury.

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Damnation

Damnation (from Latin damnatio) is the concept of divine punishment and torment in an afterlife for actions that were committed on Earth.

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Date rape

Date rape is a form of acquaintance rape.

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Daubert standard

In United States federal law, the Daubert standard is a rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of expert witnesses' testimony.

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De bonis non administratis

De bonis non administratis, Latin for "of goods not administered," is a legal term for assets remaining in an estate after the death or removal of the estate administrator.

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De facto

In law and government, de facto (or;, "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised by official laws.

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De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel

De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel are both terms that are used by courts in most common law jurisdictions to describe circumstances in which a business organization that has failed to become a ''de jure'' corporation (a corporation by law) will nonetheless be treated as a corporation, thereby shielding shareholders from liability.

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De jure

In law and government, de jure (lit) describes practices that are legally recognised, whether or not the practices exist in reality.

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De minimis

De minimis is a Latin expression meaning "about minimal things", normally in the locutions de minimis non curat praetor ("The praetor does not concern himself with trifles") or de minimis non curat lex ("The law does not concern itself with trifles") a legal doctrine by which a court refuses to consider trifling matters.

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Deadlock

In concurrent computing, a deadlock is a state in which each member of a group is waiting for some other member to take action, such as sending a message or more commonly releasing a lock.

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Deadlock provision

A deadlock provision, or deadlock resolution clause, is a contractual clause or series of clauses in a shareholders' agreement or other form of joint venture agreement which determines how disagreements on key issues are to be resolved in relation to the management of the enterprise.

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Deadly weapon

A deadly weapon, sometimes dangerous weapon, is an item that can inflict mortal or great bodily harm.

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Death

Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.

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Death row

Death row is a special section of a prison that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of capital crimes.

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Debenture

In corporate finance, a debenture is a medium to long-term debt instrument used by large companies to borrow money, at a fixed rate of interest.

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Debt

Debt is when something, usually money, is owed by one party, the borrower or debtor, to a second party, the lender or creditor.

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Debt bondage

Debt bondage, also known as debt slavery or bonded labour, is a person's pledge of labour or services as security for the repayment for a debt or other obligation, where there is no hope of actually repaying the debt.

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Debtor

A debtor is an entity that owes a debt to another entity.

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Debtor in possession

A debtor in possession in United States bankruptcy law is a person or corporation who has filed a bankruptcy petition, but remains in possession of property upon which a creditor has a lien or similar security interest.

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Decapitation

Decapitation is the complete separation of the head from the body.

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Deception

Deception is the act of propagating a belief that is not true, or is not the whole truth (as in half-truths or omission).

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Decide!

Decide! (Decidere!) was an Italian libertarian political association established and led by Daniele Capezzone.

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Decisory oath

According to John Henry Merryman, "The Decisory Oath worked in the following way: Party A could put Party B on his oath as to a fact at issue that was within Party B's knowledge.

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Declarant

A declarant, generally speaking, is anyone who composes and signs a statement or declaration alleging that the information he has given therein is true.

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Declaration (law)

In law, a declaration ordinarily refers to a judgment of the court or an award of an arbitration tribunal that is a binding adjudication of the rights or other legal relations of the parties which does not provide for or order enforcement.

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Declaration against interest

Declarations against interest are an exception to the rule on hearsay in which a person's statement may be used, where generally the content of the statement is so prejudicial to the person making it that he would not have made the statement unless he believed the statement was true.

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Declaration of Arbroath

The Declaration of Arbroath is a declaration of Scottish independence, made in 1320.

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Declaration of independence

A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood is an assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state.

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Declaration of mailing

A declaration of mailing is a legal form verifying that a document has been sent via mail to a third party, usually required to be sent with documents as proof to a judge or clerk that a set of documents has been mailed.

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Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand

The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand (He Wakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni), signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.

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Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789

The Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 (Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.

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Declaration of war

A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state goes to war against another.

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Declaration of war by the United States

A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation and another.

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Declaratory judgment

A declaratory judgment, also called a declaration, is the legal determination of a court that resolves legal uncertainty for the litigants.

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Declared death in absentia

A person may be legally declared death in absentia or legal presumption of death despite the absence of direct proof of the person's death, such as the finding of remains (e.g., a corpse or skeleton) attributable to that person.

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Decree

A decree is a rule of law usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution).

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Decree nisi

A decree nisi or rule nisi is a court order that does not have any force unless a particular condition is met.

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Decriminalization

Decriminalization or decriminalisation is the lessening of criminal penalties in relation to certain acts, perhaps retroactively, though perhaps regulated permits or fines might still apply (for contrast, see: legalization).

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Dedication

Dedication is the act of consecrating an altar, temple, church, or other sacred building.

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Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion.

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Deed

A deed (anciently "an evidence") is any legal instrument in writing which passes, affirms or confirms an interest, right, or property and that is signed, attested, delivered, and in some jurisdictions, sealed.

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Deed poll

A deed poll (plural: deeds poll) is a legal document binding only to a single person or several persons acting jointly to express an active intention.

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Defalcation

Defalcation is misappropriation of funds by a person trusted with its charge; also, the act of misappropriation, or an instance thereof.

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Defamation

Defamation, calumny, vilification, or traducement is the communication of a false statement that, depending on the law of the country, harms the reputation of an individual, business, product, group, government, religion, or nation.

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Default (law)

In law, a default is the failure to do something required by law or to appear at a required time in legal proceedings.

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Default judgment

Default judgment is a binding judgment in favor of either party based on some failure to take action by the other party.

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Default rule

In legal theory, a default rule is a rule of law that can be overridden by a contract, trust, will, or other legally effective agreement.

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Defeasance

Defeasance (or defeazance) (défaire, to undo), in law, an instrument which defeats the force or operation of some other deed or estate; as distinguished from condition, that which in the same deed is called a condition is a defeasance in another deed.

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Defeasible estate

A defeasible estate is created when a grantor transfers land conditionally.

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Defeasible reasoning

In logic, defeasible reasoning is a kind of reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid.

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Defendant

A defendant is a person accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or a person against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.

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Defense (legal)

In civil proceedings and criminal prosecutions under the common law, a defendant may raise a defense (or defence) in an attempt to avoid criminal or civil liability.

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Defense of infancy

The defense of infancy is a form of defense known as an excuse so that defendants falling within the definition of an "infant" are excluded from criminal liability for their actions, if at the relevant time, they had not reached an age of criminal responsibility.

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Deference

Deference (also called submission or passivity) is the condition of submitting to the espoused, legitimate influence of one's superior or superiors.

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Deficiency judgment

A deficiency judgment is an unsecured money judgment against a borrower whose mortgage foreclosure sale did not produce sufficient funds to pay the underlying promissory note, or loan, in full.

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Defined benefit pension plan

A defined benefit pension plan is a type of pension plan in which an employer/sponsor promises a specified pension payment, lump-sum (or combination thereof) on retirement that is predetermined by a formula based on the employee's earnings history, tenure of service and age, rather than depending directly on individual investment returns.

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Defined contribution plan

A defined contribution (DC) plan is a type of retirement plan in which the employer, employee or both make contributions on a regular basis.

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Deforce

Deforce is a legal term, meaning to unlawfully withhold land from its true owner or from any other person who has a right to the possession of it, after one has lawfully entered and taken possession of it.

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Delegate

A delegate is someone who attends or communicates the ideas of or acts on behalf of an organization at a meeting or conference between organizations, which may be at the same level or involved in a common field of work or interest.

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Deliberation

Deliberation is a process of thoughtfully weighing options, usually prior to voting.

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Deliberative assembly

A deliberative assembly is a gathering of members (of any kind of collective) who use parliamentary procedure to make decisions.

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Delict

Delict (from Latin dēlictum, past participle of dēlinquere ‘to be at fault, offend’) is a term in civil law jurisdictions for a civil wrong consisting of an intentional or negligent breach of duty of care that inflicts loss or harm and which triggers legal liability for the wrongdoer; however, its meaning varies from one jurisdiction to another.

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Demand

In economics, demand is the quantities of a commodity or a service that people are willing and able to buy at various prices, over a given period of time.

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Demand Note

A Demand Note is a type of United States paper money that was issued between August 1861 and April 1862 during the American Civil War in denominations of 5, 10, and 20 US$.

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Demesne

In the feudal system, the demesne was all the land which was retained by a lord of the manor for his own use and support, under his own management, as distinguished from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants.

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Demise

Demise, in its original meaning, is an Anglo-Norman legal term (from French démettre, from Latin dimittere, to send away) for the transfer of an estate, especially by lease.

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Democracy

Democracy (δημοκρατία dēmokraa thetía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.

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Demonstrative evidence

Demonstrative evidence is evidence in the form of a representation of an object.

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Demurrer

A demurrer is a pleading in a lawsuit that objects to or challenges a pleading filed by an opposing party.

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Denial

Denial, in ordinary English usage, is asserting that a statement or allegation is not true.

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Denunciation

Denunciation (from Latin denuntiare, to denounce) is an open public accusation or reporting a person or a group of persons to public authorities, often done anonymously for low political or personal motives, on which the informant has a personal interest or hopes to gain personal benefits.

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Deobandi

Deobandi (Pashto and دیو بندی, دیو بندی, দেওবন্দী, देवबन्दी) is a revivalist movement within Sunni (primarily Hanafi) Islam.

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Deontological ethics

In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek δέον, deon, "obligation, duty") is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on rules.

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Department for Constitutional Affairs

The Department for Constitutional Affairs (DCA) was a United Kingdom government department.

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Dependant

A dependant (British English) or dependent (American English) is a person who relies on another as a primary source of income.

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Deportation

Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country.

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Deposition (law)

A deposition in the law of the United States, or examination for discovery in the law of Canada, involves the taking of sworn, out-of-court oral testimony of a witness that may be reduced to a written transcript for later use in court or for discovery purposes.

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Depreciation

In accountancy, depreciation refers to two aspects of the same concept.

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Derivative suit

A shareholder derivative suit is a lawsuit brought by a shareholder on behalf of a corporation against a third party.

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Derivative work

In copyright law, a derivative work is an expressive creation that includes major copyright-protected elements of an original, previously created first work (the underlying work).

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Desensitization (psychology)

In psychology, desensitization is defined as the diminished emotional responsiveness to a negative, aversive or positive stimulus after repeated exposure to it.

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Desert

A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

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Desertion

In military terminology, desertion is the abandonment of a duty or post without permission (a pass, liberty or leave) and is done with the intention of not returning.

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Devaynes v Noble

Devaynes v Noble (1816) 35 ER 781, best known for the claim contained in Clayton's case, created a rule, or rather common law presumption, in relation to the distribution of monies from a bank account.

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Devi

Devī (Sanskrit: देवी) is the Sanskrit word for "goddess"; the masculine form is Deva.

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Devil's advocate

The Advocatus Diaboli (Latin for Devil's Advocate) was formerly an official position within the Catholic Church: one who "argued against the canonization (sainthood) of a candidate in order to uncover any character flaws or misrepresentation of the evidence favoring canonization".

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Devolution

Devolution is the statutory delegation of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to govern at a subnational level, such as a regional or local level.

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Dictum

In general usage, a dictum (from Latin, "something that has been said"; plural dicta) is an authoritative or dogmatic statement.

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Diet of Worms

The Diet of Worms 1521 (Reichstag zu Worms) was an imperial diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire held at the Heylshof Garden in Worms, then an Imperial Free City of the Empire.

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Digital signature

A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for presenting the authenticity of digital messages or documents.

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Diligence

Diligence is one of the seven heavenly virtues.

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Diminished responsibility

In criminal law, diminished responsibility (or diminished capacity) is a potential defense by excuse by which defendants argue that although they broke the law, they should not be held fully criminally liable for doing so, as their mental functions were "diminished" or impaired.

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Diminished responsibility in English law

In English law, diminished responsibility is one of the partial defences that reduce the offence from murder to manslaughter if successful (termed "voluntary" manslaughter for these purposes).

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Diminution in value

Diminution in value is a legal term of art used when calculating damages in a legal dispute, and describes a measure of value lost due to a circumstance or set of circumstances that caused the loss.

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Diplomatic immunity

Diplomatic immunity is a form of legal immunity that ensures diplomats are given safe passage and are considered not susceptible to lawsuit or prosecution under the host country's laws, but they can still be expelled.

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Diplomatic recognition

Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state).

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Direct evidence

Direct evidence supports the truth of an assertion (in criminal law, an assertion of guilt or of innocence) directly, i.e., without an intervening inference.

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Direct examination

The direct examination or examination-in-chief is one stage in the process of adducing evidence from witnesses in a court of law.

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Directive (European Union)

A directive is a legal act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result.

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Directors register

In corporate law, the directors register is a list of the directors elected by the shareholders, generally stored in the company's minute book.

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Disability

A disability is an impairment that may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or some combination of these.

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Disbarment

Disbarment is the removal of a lawyer from a bar association or the practice of law, thus revoking his or her law license or admission to practice law.

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Discharge (sentence)

A discharge is a type of sentence where no punishment is imposed, and which (arguably) vitiates the court's guilty verdict.

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Disciplinary procedures

In a deliberative assembly, disciplinary procedures are used to punish members for violating the rules of the assembly.

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Disclaimer

A disclaimer is generally any statement intended to specify or delimit the scope of rights and obligations that may be exercised and enforced by parties in a legally recognized relationship.

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Discontinuation

Discontinuation is the process of quitting a procedure, such as the course of treatment with a drug or a consumer product line.

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Discovery (law)

Discovery, in the law of the United States and other countries, is a pre-trial procedure in a lawsuit in which each party, through the law of civil procedure, can obtain evidence from the other party or parties by means of discovery devices such as a request for answers to interrogatories, request for production of documents, request for admissions and depositions.

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Discretion

Discretion has the meaning of acting on one's own authority and judgement.

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Discretionary trust

A discretionary trust, in the trust law of England, Australia, Canada and other common law jurisdictions, is a trust where the beneficiaries and/or their entitlements to the trust fund are not fixed, but are determined by the criteria set out in the trust instrument by the settlor.

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Discrimination

In human social affairs, discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person based on the group, class, or category to which the person is perceived to belong.

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Disembowelment

Disembowelment or evisceration is the removal of some or all of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract (the bowels, or viscera), usually through a horizontal incision made across the abdominal area.

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Disfigurement

Disfigurement is the state of having one's appearance deeply and persistently harmed medically, such as from a disease, birth defect, or wound.

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Disorderly conduct

Disorderly conduct is a crime in most jurisdictions in the United States, China, and Taiwan.

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Disorderly house

In English criminal law a disorderly house is a house in which the conduct of its inhabitants is such as to become a public nuisance, or outrages public decency, or tends to corrupt or deprave, or injures the public interest; or a house where persons congregate to the probable disturbance of the public peace or other commission of crime.

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Disposition

A disposition is a quality of character, a habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way that may be learned.

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Dispute resolution

Dispute resolution is the process of resolving disputes between parties.

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Dissent

Dissent is a sentiment or philosophy of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea (e.g., a government's policies) or an entity (e.g., an individual or political party which supports such policies).

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Dissenting opinion

A dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion in a legal case in certain legal systems written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives rise to its judgment.

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Dissolution (law)

In law, dissolution has multiple meanings.

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Dissolution of the Monasteries

The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England and Wales and Ireland, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former personnel and functions.

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Distinguishing

In law, to distinguish a case means a court decides the legal reasoning of a precedent case will not wholly apply due to materially different facts between the two cases.

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Distribution (economics)

In economics, distribution is the way total output, income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labour, land, and capital).

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Distributive justice

Distributive justice concerns the nature of a social justice allocation of goods.

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District attorney

In the United States, a district attorney (DA) is the chief prosecutor for a local government area, typically a county.

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District court

District courts are a category of courts which exists in several nations.

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Diversity jurisdiction

In the law of the United States, diversity jurisdiction is a form of subject-matter jurisdiction in civil procedure in which a United States district court in the federal judiciary has the power to hear a civil case when the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and where the persons that are parties are "diverse" in citizenship or state of incorporation (for corporations being legal persons), which generally indicates that they differ in state and/or nationality.

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Divestment

In finance and economics, divestment or divestiture is the reduction of some kind of asset for financial, ethical, or political objectives or sale of an existing business by a firm.

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Dividend

A dividend is a payment made by a corporation to its shareholders, usually as a distribution of profits.

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Dividend tax

A dividend tax is the tax imposed by a tax authority on dividends received by shareholders (stockholders) of a company.

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Divine right of kings

The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

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Division of property

Division of property, also known as equitable distribution, is a judicial division of property rights and obligations between spouses during divorce.

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Divisional court

Divisional court may refer to.

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Divorce

Divorce, also known as dissolution of marriage, is the termination of a marriage or marital union, the canceling or reorganizing of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving the bonds of matrimony between a married couple under the rule of law of the particular country or state.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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Docket (court)

A docket in the United States is the official summary of proceedings in a court of law.

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Doctrine of equivalents

The doctrine of equivalents is a legal rule in many (but not all) of the world's patent systems that allows a court to hold a party liable for patent infringement even though the infringing device or process does not fall within the literal scope of a patent claim, but nevertheless is equivalent to the claimed invention.

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Document

A document is a written, drawn, presented, or memorialized representation of thought.

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Documentary evidence

Documentary evidence is any evidence that is, or can be, introduced at a trial in the form of documents, as distinguished from oral testimony.

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Domestic partnership

A domestic partnership is an interpersonal relationship between two individuals who live together and share a common domestic life but are not married (to each other or to anyone else), but they receive a lot of benefits that guarantee rights of survivor ship, hospital visitation and others.

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Domestic relations

In the common law tradition, the law of domestic relations is a broad category that encompasses.

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Domestic violence

Domestic violence (also named domestic abuse or family violence) is violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation.

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Domestic worker

A domestic worker, domestic helper, domestic servant, manservant or menial, is a person who works within the employer's household.

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Domicile (law)

In law, domicile is the status or attribution of being a lawful permanent resident in a particular jurisdiction.

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Dominant estate

A dominant estate (or dominant premises or dominant tenement) is the parcel of real property that has an easement over another piece of property (the servient estate).

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Donation

A donation is a gift for charity, humanitarian aid, or to benefit a cause.

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Doom book

The Doom Book, Code of Alfred or Legal Code of Ælfred the Great was the code of laws ("dooms" being laws or judgments) compiled by Alfred the Great (893 AD).

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Double jeopardy

Double jeopardy is a procedural defence that prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges and on the same facts, following a valid acquittal or conviction.

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Double taxation

Double taxation is the levying of tax by two or more jurisdictions on the same declared income (in the case of income taxes), asset (in the case of capital taxes), or financial transaction (in the case of sales taxes).

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Double-barreled question

A double-barreled question (sometimes, double-direct question) is an informal fallacy.

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Dower

Dower is a provision accorded by law, but traditionally by a husband or his family, to a wife for her support in the event that she should become widowed.

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Dowry

A dowry is a transfer of parental property, gifts or money at the marriage of a daughter.

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Draft document

Drafting is the preliminary stage of a written work in which the author begins to develop a more cohesive product.

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Drainage law

Drainage law is a specific area of water law related to drainage of surface water on real property.

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Dram shop

A dram shop (or dramshop) is a bar, tavern or similar commercial establishment where alcoholic beverages are sold.

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Dreyfus affair

The Dreyfus Affair (l'affaire Dreyfus) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.

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Driver's license

A driver's license is an official document permitting a specific individual to operate one or more types of motorized vehicles, such as a motorcycle, car, truck, or bus on a public road.

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Driving under the influence

Driving under the influence (DUI), driving while impaired/driving while intoxicated (DWI), operating while intoxicated (OWI), or drink-driving (UK) is currently the crime or offense of driving or operating a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs (including recreational drugs and those prescribed by physicians), to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely.

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Droit du seigneur

Droit du seigneur ('lord's right'), also known as jus primae noctis ('right of the first night'), refers to a supposed legal right in medieval Europe, and elsewhere, allowing feudal lords to have sexual relations with subordinate women (the "wedding night" detail is specific to some variants).

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Drop dead date

In trade and contract law, a drop dead date is a provision added to a legal or trade act, such as a contract or a court order.

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Drunk driving in the United States

Drunk driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle while the operator's ability to do so impaired as a result of alcohol consumption, or with a blood alcohol level in excess of the legal limit.

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Dubitante

Dubitante (Latin: "doubting") is used in law reports of a judge who is doubtful about a legal proposition but hesitates to declare it wrong.

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Due diligence

Due diligence is an investigation of a business or person prior to signing a contract, or an act with a certain standard of care.

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Due process

Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.

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Duress in English law

Duress in English law is a complete common law defence, operating in favour of those who commit crimes because they are forced or compelled to do so by the circumstances, or the threats of another.

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Duty

A duty (from "due" meaning "that which is owing"; deu, did, past participle of devoir; debere, debitum, whence "debt") is a commitment or expectation to perform some action in general or if certain circumstances arise.

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Duty of care

In tort law, a duty of care is a legal obligation which is imposed on an individual requiring adherence to a standard of reasonable care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others.

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Duty of care in English law

In English tort law, an individual may owe a duty of care to another, to ensure that they do not suffer any unreasonable harm or loss.

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Duty to warn

A duty to warn is a concept that arises in the law of torts in a number of circumstances, indicating that a party will be held liable for injuries caused to another, where the party had the opportunity to warn the other of a hazard and failed to do so.

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Dwelling

In law, a dwelling (also residence, abode) is a self-contained unit of accommodation used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat, vehicle or other 'substantial' structure.

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Dying declaration

In the law of evidence, a dying declaration is testimony that would normally be barred as hearsay but may in common law nonetheless be admitted as evidence in criminal law trials because it constituted the last words of a dying person.

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Early Islamic philosophy

Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE).

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Earned income tax credit

The United States federal earned income tax credit or earned income credit (EITC or EIC) is a refundable tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and couples, particularly those with children.

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Earnest payment

An earnest payment is a specific form of security deposit made in some major transactions such as real estate dealings or required by some official procurement processes to demonstrate that the applicant is serious and willing to demonstrate an earnest of good faith about wanting to complete the transaction.

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Easement

An easement is a nonpossessory right to use and/or enter onto the real property of another without possessing it.

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Ecclesiastical court

An ecclesiastical court, also called court Christian or court spiritual, is any of certain courts having jurisdiction mainly in spiritual or religious matters.

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Ecumenical council

An ecumenical council (or oecumenical council; also general council) is a conference of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice in which those entitled to vote are convoked from the whole world (oikoumene) and which secures the approbation of the whole Church.

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Edict

An edict is a decree or announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism, but it can be under any official authority.

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Edict of Fontainebleau

The Edict of Fontainebleau (22 October 1685) was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

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Edict of Milan

The Edict of Milan (Edictum Mediolanense) was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.

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Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes (French: édit de Nantes), signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

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Education

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

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Either/Or (disambiguation)

Either/Or is an influential book by philosopher Søren Kierkegaard.

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Ejectment

Ejectment is the common law term for civil action to recover the possession of or title to land.

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Elder rights

Elder rights are the rights of the aged, who in the United States are not recognized as a constitutionally protected class.

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Election of remedies

In the law of civil procedure, election of remedies is the situation in which a winning party in a lawsuit must choose the means by which its injury will be remedied.

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Elective share

An elective share is a term used in American law relating to inheritance, which describes a proportion of an estate which the surviving spouse of the deceased may claim in place of what they were left in the decedent's will.

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Electoral reform

Electoral reform is change in electoral systems to improve how public desires are expressed in election results.

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Electric chair

Execution by electrocution, performed using an electric chair, is a method of execution originating in the United States in which the condemned person is strapped to a specially built wooden chair and electrocuted through electrodes fastened on the head and leg.

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Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation, or Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863.

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Embezzlement

Embezzlement is the act of withholding assets for the purpose of conversion (theft) of such assets, by one or more persons to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.

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Emblements

In the common law, emblements are annual crops produced by cultivation legally belonging to the tenant with the implied right for its harvest, and are treated as the tenant's property.

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Emergency

An emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property, or environment.

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Eminent domain

Eminent domain (United States, Philippines), land acquisition (Singapore), compulsory purchase (United Kingdom, New Zealand, Ireland), resumption (Hong Kong, Uganda), resumption/compulsory acquisition (Australia), or expropriation (France, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, Canada, Brazil, Portugal, Spain, Chile, Denmark, Sweden) is the power of a state, provincial, or national government to take private property for public use.

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Employment

Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.

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Employment contract

An employment contract or contract of employment is a kind of contract used in labour law to attribute rights and responsibilities between parties to a bargain.

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Employment tribunal

Employment tribunals are tribunal public bodies in England and Wales and Scotland which have statutory jurisdiction to hear many kinds of disputes between employers and employees.

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En banc

In law, an en banc session (French for "in bench") is a session in which a case is heard before all the judges of a court (before the entire bench) rather than by a panel of judges selected from them.

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Enabling clause

In 1979, as part of the Tokyo Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the enabling clause was adopted in order to permit trading preferences targeted at developing and least developed countries which would otherwise violate Article I of the GATT.

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Enclosure

Enclosure (sometimes inclosure) was the legal process in England of consolidating (enclosing) small landholdings into larger farms.

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Encumbrance

An encumbrance is a right to, interest in, or legal liability on real property that does not prohibit passing title to the property but that diminishes its value.

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End-user license agreement

In proprietary software, an end-user license agreement (EULA) or software license agreement is the contract between the licensor and purchaser, establishing the purchaser's right to use the software.

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Endorsement

Endorsement (alternatively spelled "indorsement") may refer to.

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Enforcement

Enforcement is the process of ensuring compliance with laws, regulations, rules, standards, or social norms.

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English law

English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures.

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English modal verbs

The modal verbs of English are a small class of auxiliary verbs used mostly to express modality (properties such as possibility, obligation, etc.). They can be distinguished from other verbs by their defectiveness (they do not have participle or infinitive forms) and by the fact that they do not take the ending -(e)s in the third-person singular.

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Enrolled bill rule

The enrolled bill rule is a principle of judicial interpretation of rules of procedure in legislative bodies.

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Entertainment law

Entertainment law, also referred to as media law is legal services provided to the entertainment industry.

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Entity

An entity is something that exists as itself, as a subject or as an object, actually or potentially, concretely or abstractly, physically or not.

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Entrapment

In criminal law, entrapment is a practice whereby a law enforcement agent induces a person to commit a criminal offence that the person would have otherwise been unlikely or unwilling to commit.

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Environmental impact statement

An environmental impact statement (EIS), under United States environmental law, is a document required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for certain actions "significantly affecting the quality of the human environment".

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Environmental law

Environmental law, also known as environmental and natural resources law, is a collective term describing the network of treaties, statutes, regulations, common and customary laws addressing the effects of human activity on the natural environment.

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Ephebophilia

Ephebophilia is the primary sexual interest in mid-to-late adolescents, generally ages 15 to 19.

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Equal Access Act

The Equal Access Act is a United States federal law passed in 1984 to compel federally funded secondary schools to provide equal access to extracurricular student clubs.

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Equal opportunity

Equal opportunity arises from the similar treatment of all people, unhampered by artificial barriers or prejudices or preferences, except when particular distinctions can be explicitly justified.

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Equal Protection Clause

The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Equitable remedy

Equitable remedies are judicial remedies developed by courts of equity from about the time of Henry VII to provide more flexible responses to changing social conditions than was possible in precedent-based common law.

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Equity (law)

In jurisdictions following the English common law system, equity is the body of law which was developed in the English Court of Chancery and which is now administered concurrently with the common law.

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Equity of redemption

The equity of redemption refers to the right of a mortgagor in law to redeem his or her property once the debt secured by the mortgage has been discharged.

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Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is a type of sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual activity.

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Erga omnes

Erga omnes is a Latin phrase which means "towards all" or "towards everyone".

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Erratum

An erratum or corrigendum (plurals: errata, corrigenda) (comes from errata corrige) is a correction of a published text.

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Error

An error (from the Latin error, meaning "wandering") is an action which is inaccurate or incorrect.

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Escalation clause

An escalation clause is a clause in a lease or contract that guarantees a change in the agreement price once a particular factor beyond control of either party affecting the value has been determined.

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Escape clause

An escape clause is any clause, term, or condition in a contract that allows a party to that contract to avoid having to perform the contract.

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Escheat

Escheat is a common law doctrine that transfers the real property of a person who died without heirs to the Crown or state.

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Escrow

An escrow is a contractual arrangement in which a third party receives and disburses money or documents for the primary transacting parties, with the disbursement dependent on conditions agreed to by the transacting parties, or an account established by a broker for holding funds on behalf of the broker's principal or some other person until the consummation or termination of a transaction; or, a trust account held in the borrower's name to pay obligations such as property taxes and insurance premiums.

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Espionage

Espionage or spying, is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information without the permission of the holder of the information.

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Esquire

Esquire (abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title.

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Essential facilities doctrine

The essential facilities doctrine (sometimes also referred to as the essential facility doctrine) is a legal doctrine which describes a particular type of claim of monopolization made under competition laws.

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Establishment Clause

In United States law, the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, together with that Amendment's Free Exercise Clause, form the constitutional right of freedom of religion.

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Estate (law)

An estate, in common law, is the net worth of a person at any point in time alive or dead.

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Estate in land

An estate in land is an interest in real property that is or may become possessory.

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Estoppel

Estoppel is a judicial device in common law legal systems whereby a court may prevent, or "estop" (a person who performs this is estopped) a person from making assertions or from going back on his or her word.

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Et cetera

Et cetera (in English), abbreviated to etc., etc, &c., or &c, is a Latin expression that is used in English to mean "and other similar things", or "and so forth".

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Ethical calculus

An ethical calculus is the application of mathematics to calculate issues in ethics.

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Ethical code

Ethical codes are adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference between 'right' and 'wrong' and in applying that understanding to their decisions.

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Ethics

Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.

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Ethics in religion

Ethics involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.

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Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or racial groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous.

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European Convention on Human Rights

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international treaty to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe.

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European Court of Human Rights

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR; Cour européenne des droits de l’homme) is a supranational or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights.

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European Court of Justice

The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially just the Court of Justice (Cour de Justice), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law.

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European Patent Convention

The European Patent Convention (EPC), also known as the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973, is a multilateral treaty instituting the European Patent Organisation and providing an autonomous legal system according to which European patents are granted.

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European Patent Organisation

The European Patent Organisation (sometimes abbreviated EPOrg in order to distinguish it from the European Patent Office, one of the two organs of the organisation) is a public international organisation created in 1977 by its contracting states to grant patents in Europe under the European Patent Convention (EPC) of 1973.

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European Union law

European Union law is the system of laws operating within the member states of the European Union.

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Euthanasia

Euthanasia (from εὐθανασία; "good death": εὖ, eu; "well" or "good" – θάνατος, thanatos; "death") is the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering.

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Evasion (law)

Evasion in law, is a fundamental public policy doctrine, which exists also in the conflict of laws.

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Eviction

Eviction is the removal of a tenant from rental property by the landlord.

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Evidence (law)

The law of evidence, also known as the rules of evidence, encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding.

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Ex aequo et bono

Ex aequo et bono (Latin for "according to the right and good" or "from equity and conscience") is a Latin phrase that is used as a legal term of art.

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Ex delicto

Ex delicto, Latin for "from a wrong" or "from a transgression," is a legal term that indicates a consequence of a tort, though the phrase can also refer to the consequence of a crime.

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Ex facie

Ex facie, Latin for "on the face," is a legal term typically used to note that a document's explicit terms are defective without further investigation.

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Ex gratia

Ex gratia (also spelled ex-gratia) is Latin for "by favour", and is most often used in a legal context.

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Ex officio member

An ex officio member is a member of a body (a board, committee, council, etc.) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office.

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Ex parte

Ex parte is a Latin legal term meaning "from (by or for) party." An ex parte decision is one decided by a judge without requiring all of the parties to the controversy to be present.

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Ex post facto law

An ex post facto law (corrupted from) is a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law.

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Ex rel.

Ex rel. is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "ex relatione (meaning " out of the relation/narration "). The term is a legal phrase; the legal citation guide, the Bluebook, describes ex rel. as a "procedural phrase" and requires using it to abbreviate "on the relation of", "for the use of", "on behalf of", and similar expressions.

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Exception in deed

In property law, the phrase exception in deed refers to a statement in a deed of real estate which reserves certain rights to the transferor (for example, easements, mineral rights, or a life estate).

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Excessive Bail Clause

The Excessive Bail Clause of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits excessive bail set in pre-trial detention.

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Excise

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Excited utterance

An excited utterance, in the law of evidence, is a statement made by a person in response to a startling or shocking event or condition.

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Exclusionary rule

In the United States, the exclusionary rule is a legal rule, based on constitutional law.

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Exclusive right

In Anglo-Saxon law, an exclusive right, or exclusivity, is a de facto, non-tangible prerogative existing in law (that is, the power or, in a wider sense, right) to perform an action or acquire a benefit and to permit or deny others the right to perform the same action or to acquire the same benefit.

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Excommunication

Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular receiving of the sacraments.

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Exculpatory evidence

Exculpatory evidence is evidence favorable to the defendant in a criminal trial that exonerates or tends to exonerate the defendant of guilt.

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Excusable negligence

Excusable negligence is a paradoxical phrase, since if the failure to exercise reasonable care under the circumstances is excusable, there is no negligence.

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Excuse

In jurisprudence, an excuse is a defense to criminal charges that is distinct from an exculpation.

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Execution warrant

An execution warrant (also called death warrant or black warrant) is a writ that authorizes the execution of a judgment of death (capital punishment) on an individual.

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Executioner

A judicial executioner is a person who carries out a death sentence ordered by the state or other legal authority, which was known in feudal terminology as high justice.

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Executive (government)

The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state.

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Executive privilege

Executive privilege is the power of the President of the United States and other members of the executive branch of the United States Government to resist certain subpoenas and other interventions by the legislative and judicial branches of government in pursuit of information or personnel relating to the executive.

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Executor

An executor is someone who is responsible for executing, or following through on, an assigned task or duty.

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Executory contract

An executory contract is a contract that has not yet been fully performed or fully executed.

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Exegesis

Exegesis (from the Greek ἐξήγησις from ἐξηγεῖσθαι, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, particularly a religious text.

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Exempt property

Exempt property, under the law of property in many jurisdictions, is property that can neither be passed by will nor claimed by creditors of the deceased in the event that a decedent leaves a surviving spouse or surviving descendants.

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Exhibit (legal)

An exhibit, in a criminal prosecution or a civil trial, is physical or documentary evidence brought before the jury.

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Exigent circumstance

An exigent circumstance, in the criminal procedure law of the United States, allows law enforcement, under certain circumstances, to enter a structure without a search warrant or, if they have a "knock and announce" warrant, without knocking and waiting for refusal.

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Exile

To be in exile means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state, or country), while either being explicitly refused permission to return or being threatened with imprisonment or death upon return.

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Expectancy theory

Expectancy theory (or expectancy theory of motivation) proposes an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be.

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Expectation of privacy

Expectation of privacy is a legal test which is crucial in defining the scope of the applicability of the privacy protections of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Expense

In common usage, an expense or expenditure is an outflow of money to another person or group to pay for an item or service, or for a category of costs.

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Expert determination

Expert determination is a historically accepted form of dispute resolution invoked when there is not a formulated dispute in which the parties have defined positions that need to be subjected to arbitration, but rather both parties are in agreement that there is a need for an evaluation.

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Expert witness

An expert witness, in England, Wales and the United States, is a person whose opinion by virtue of education, training, certification, skills or experience, is accepted by the judge as an expert.

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Extension (semantics)

In any of several studies that treat the use of signs—for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, and semiotics—the extension of a concept, idea, or sign consists of the things to which it applies, in contrast with its comprehension or intension, which consists very roughly of the ideas, properties, or corresponding signs that are implied or suggested by the concept in question.

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Extenuating circumstances

In law, extenuating circumstances in criminal cases are unusual or extreme facts leading up to or attending the perpetration of the offense which, although an offense has been perpetrated without legal justification or excuse, mitigate or reduce its gravity from the point of view of punishment or moral opprobrium.

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Extinguishment

Extinguishment is the destruction of a right or contract.

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Extortion

Extortion (also called shakedown, outwrestling and exaction) is a criminal offense of obtaining money, property, or services from an individual or institution, through coercion.

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Extradition

Extradition is the act by one jurisdiction of delivering a person who has been accused of committing a crime in another jurisdiction or has been convicted of a crime in that other jurisdiction into the custody of a law enforcement agency of that other jurisdiction.

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Extrajudicial punishment

Extrajudicial punishment is punishment for an alleged crime or offense carried out without legal process or supervision from a court or tribunal through a legal proceeding.

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Extraordinary general meeting

An extraordinary general meeting, commonly abbreviated as EGM, is a meeting of members of an organisation, shareholders of a company, or employees of an official body that occurs at an irregular time. The term is usually used where the group would ordinarily hold an annual general meeting (AGM) but where an issue arises that requires the input of the entire membership and is too serious or urgent to wait until the next AGM.

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Extraordinary resolution

In business or commercial law, an extraordinary resolution or special resolution is a resolution passed by the shareholders of a company by a greater majority than is required to pass an ordinary resolution.

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Extrinsic fraud

Extrinsic fraud is fraud that induces one not to present a case in court or deprives one of the opportunity to be heard or is not involved in the actual issues.

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Eye for an eye

"Only one eye for one eye", also known as "An eye for an eye" or "A tooth for a tooth"), or the law of retaliation, is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree, and the person inflicting such punishment should be the injured party. In softer interpretations, it means the victim receives the value of the injury in compensation. The intent behind the principle was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss. The principle is sometimes referred using the Latin term lex talionis or the law of talion. The English word talion (from the Latin talio) means a retaliation authorized by law, in which the punishment corresponds in kind and degree to the injury.

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Fabrica, Sagay

Fabrica is barangay (or barrio) of Sagay City in the province of Negros Occidental, Philippines.

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Face

The face is a central body region of sense and is also very central in the expression of emotion among humans and among numerous other species.

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Face value

The face value is the value of a coin, stamp or paper money, as printed on the coin, stamp or bill itself by the issuing authority.

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Facies

In geology, a facies (pronounced variously as, or; plural also 'facies') is a body of rock with specified characteristics, which can be any observable attribute of rocks such as their overall appearance, composition, or condition of formation, and the changes that may occur in those attributes over a geographic area.

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Facile

Facile is an album by Italian singer Mina, issued in 2009.

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Fact

A fact is a statement that is consistent with reality or can be proven with evidence.

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Factory

A factory or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another.

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Faculty (division)

A faculty is a division within a university or college comprising one subject area, or a number of related subject areas.

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Faculty (instrument)

A faculty is a legal instrument or warrant in canon law, especially a judicial or quasi-judicial warrant from an ecclesiastical court or tribunal.

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Faculty of Advocates

The Faculty of Advocates is an independent body of lawyers who have been admitted to practise as advocates before the courts of Scotland, especially the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary.

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Faggot voter

A faggot voter or faggot was a person who qualified to vote in an election with a restricted suffrage only by the exploitation of loopholes in the regulations.

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Failure

Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success.

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Failure of consideration

Failure of consideration is a technical legal term referring to situations in which one person confers a benefit upon another upon some condition or basis ("consideration") which fails to materialise or subsist.

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Failure of issue

In property law, a failure of issue is a situation in which a property-holder dies without leaving children who could have inherited their property.

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Fair

A fair (archaic: faire or fayre), also known as funfair, is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities.

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Fair comment

Fair comment is a legal term for a common law defense in defamation cases (libel or slander).

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Fair dealing

Fair dealing is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work.

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Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (abbreviated as FLSA) is a United States labor law that creates the right to a minimum wage, and "time-and-a-half" overtime pay when people work over forty hours a week.

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Fair market value

Fair market value (FMV) is an estimate of the market value of a property, based on what a knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured buyer would probably pay to a knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured seller in the market.

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Fair Play Men

The Fair Play Men were illegal settlers (squatters) who established their own system of self-rule from 1773 to 1785 in the West Branch Susquehanna River valley of Pennsylvania in what is now the United States.

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Fair trade law

A fair trade law was a statute in any of various states of the United States that permitted manufacturers the right to specify the minimum retail price of a commodity, a practice known as "price maintenance".

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Fair use

Fair use is a doctrine in the law of the United States that permits limited use of copyrighted material without having to first acquire permission from the copyright holder.

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Faith

In the context of religion, one can define faith as confidence or trust in a particular system of religious belief, within which faith may equate to confidence based on some perceived degree of warrant, in contrast to the general sense of faith being a belief without evidence.

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Fakir

A fakir, or faqir (فقیر (noun of faqr)), derived from faqr (فقر, "poverty") is a person who is self-sufficient and only possesses the spiritual need for God.

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Falaisia

Falaisia (Φαλαισία, before 1918: Μπούρα - Boura) is a village and a former municipality in southwestern Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece.

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Falda

The falda is a particular papal vestment that forms a long skirt extending beneath the hem of the alb.

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Faldstool

Faldstool (from the O.H. Ger. falden or falten, "to fold," and stuol, Mod. Ger. Stuhl, "stool"; from the medieval Latin faldistolium derived, through the old form fauesteuil, from the Mod. Fr. fauteuil) is a portable folding chair, used by a bishop when not occupying the throne in his own cathedral, or when officiating in a cathedral or church other than his own; hence any movable folding stool used during divine service.

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Fallo

Fallo (Abruzzese: Fàlle) is a comune and town in the Province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

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False arrest

False arrest is a common law tort, where a plaintiff alleges he or she was held in custody without probable cause, or without an order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction.

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False Claims Act

The False Claims Act, also called the "Lincoln Law") is an American federal law that imposes liability on persons and companies (typically federal contractors) who defraud governmental programs. It is the federal Government's primary litigation tool in combating fraud against the Government. The law includes a qui tam provision that allows people who are not affiliated with the government, called "relators" under the law, to file actions on behalf of the government (informally called "whistleblowing" especially when the relator is employed by the organization accused in the suit). Persons filing under the Act stand to receive a portion (usually about 15–25 percent) of any recovered damages. As of 2012, over 70 percent of all federal Government FCA actions were initiated by whistleblowers. Claims under the law have typically involved health care, military, or other government spending programs, and dominate the list of largest pharmaceutical settlements. The government recovered $38.9 billion under the False Claims Act between 1987 and 2013 and of this amount, $27.2 billion or 70% was from qui tam cases brought by relators.

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False evidence

False evidence, fabricated evidence, forged evidence or tainted evidence is information created or obtained illegally, to sway the verdict in a court case.

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False imprisonment

False imprisonment occurs when a person is restricted in their personal movement within any area without justification or consent.

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False pretenses

In criminal law, property is obtained by false pretenses when the acquisition results from intentional misrepresenting of a past or existing fact.

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Falsifiability

A statement, hypothesis, or theory has falsifiability (or is falsifiable) if it can logically be proven false by contradicting it with a basic statement.

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Falsing

In telecommunications, falsing is when a decoder assumes that it is detecting a valid input even though one is not present.

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Falsity

Falsity (from Latin falsitas) or falsehood is a perversion of truth originating in the deceitfulness of one party, and culminating in the damage of another party.

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Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus

Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus is a Latin phrase meaning "false in one thing, false in everything." At common law, it is the legal principle that a witness who testifies falsely about one matter is not credible to testify about any matter.

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Family

Every person has his/her own family.mother reproduces with husband for children.In the context of human society, a family (from familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth), affinity (by marriage or other relationship), or co-residence (as implied by the etymology of the English word "family" from Latin familia 'family servants, domestics collectively, the servants in a household,' thus also 'members of a household, the estate, property; the household, including relatives and servants,' abstract noun formed from famulus 'servant, slave ') or some combination of these.

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Family (biology)

In biological classification, family (familia, plural familiae) is one of the eight major taxonomic ranks; it is classified between order and genus.

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Family court

Family court is a court of Equity convened to decide matters and make orders in relation to family law, such as custody of children.

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Family law

Family law (also called matrimonial law or the law of domestic relations) is an area of the law that deals with family matters and domestic relations.

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Family patrimony

Family patrimony is a type of civil law patrimony that is created by marriage or civil union (where recognized) which creates a bundle of entitlements and obligations that must be shared by the spouses or partners upon divorce, annulment, dissolution of marriage or dissolution of civil union, when there must be a division of property.

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Family purpose doctrine

In law, the family purpose doctrine is a rule that holds the owner of an automobile liable for damages to others while a member of the family is driving the vehicle, regardless of whether or not the owner gave permission.

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Fanaticism

Fanaticism (from the Latin adverb fānāticē (fren-fānāticus; enthusiastic, ecstatic; raging, fanatical, furious)) is a belief or behavior involving uncritical zeal or with an obsessive enthusiasm.

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Farang

Farang (ฝรั่ง, colloquially) is a generic Thai word for someone of European ancestry, no matter where they may come from.

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Farm

A farm is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with the primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production.

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Farmer

A farmer (also called an agriculturer) is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials.

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Faro (card game)

Faro, Pharaoh, or Farobank is a late 17th-century French gambling card game.

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Farrier

A farrier is a specialist in equine hoof care, including the trimming and balancing of horses' hooves and the placing of shoes on their hooves, if necessary.

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Fasti

In ancient Rome, the fasti (Latin plural) were chronological or calendar-based lists, or other diachronic records or plans of official and religiously sanctioned events.

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Father

A father is the male parent of a child.

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Fathom

A fathom is a unit of length in the imperial and the U.S. customary systems equal to, used especially for measuring the depth of water.

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Fatwa

A fatwā (فتوى; plural fatāwā فتاوى.) in the Islamic faith is a nonbinding but authoritative legal opinion or learned interpretation that the Sheikhul Islam, a qualified jurist or mufti, can give on issues pertaining to the Islamic law.

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Faubourg

Faubourg is an ancient French term approximating "suburb" (now generally termed banlieue).

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Faujdar

Faujdar was a title awarded by Mughal and other Muslim rulers in South Asia to garrison commanders.

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FCC fairness doctrine

The fairness doctrine of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), introduced in 1949, was a policy that required the holders of broadcast licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was—in the FCC's view—honest, equitable, and balanced.

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Fealty

An oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas (faithfulness), is a pledge of allegiance of one person to another.

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Fear

Fear is a feeling induced by perceived danger or threat that occurs in certain types of organisms, which causes a change in metabolic and organ functions and ultimately a change in behavior, such as fleeing, hiding, or freezing from perceived traumatic events.

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Federal Communications Commission

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government created by statute (and) to regulate interstate communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.

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Federal Constitutional Court

The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht; abbreviated: BVerfG) is the supreme constitutional court for the Federal Republic of Germany, established by the constitution or Basic Law of Germany.

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Federal judge

Federal judges are judges appointed by a federal level of government as opposed to the state / provincial / local level.

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Federal judiciary of the United States

The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government.

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Federal jurisdiction (United States)

Federal jurisdiction refers to the legal scope of the government's powers in the United States of America.

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Federal law

Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country.

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Federal preemption

In the law of the United States, federal preemption is the invalidation of a U.S. state law that conflicts with federal law.

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Federal question jurisdiction

In United States law, federal question jurisdiction is the subject-matter jurisdiction of United States federal courts to hear a civil case because the plaintiff has alleged a violation of the United States Constitution, federal law, or a treaty to which the United States is a party.

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Federal Tort Claims Act

The Federal Tort Claims Act (August 2, 1946, ch.646, Title IV,, and) ("FTCA") is a 1946 federal statute that permits private parties to sue the United States in a federal court for most torts committed by persons acting on behalf of the United States.

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Federal tribunals in the United States

The federal tribunals of the United States include both Article III tribunals (federal courts) as well as adjudicative entities which are classified as Article I or Article IV tribunals.

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Federalism

Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system.

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Federation

A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central (federal) government.

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Fee

A fee is the price one pays as remuneration for rights or services.

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Fee simple

In English law, a fee simple or fee simple absolute is an estate in land, a form of freehold ownership.

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Fee tail

In English common law, fee tail or entail is a form of trust established by deed or settlement which restricts the sale or inheritance of an estate in real property and prevents the property from being sold, devised by will, or otherwise alienated by the tenant-in-possession, and instead causes it to pass automatically by operation of law to an heir pre-determined by the settlement deed.

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Fehu

The Fe rune (Old Norse fé; Old English feoh) represents the f-sound in the Younger Futhark and Futhorc alphabets.

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Feigned action

Feigned action is an action brought on a pretended right, when the plaintiff has no true cause of action, for some illegal purpose.

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Felicific calculus

The felicific calculus is an algorithm formulated by utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) for calculating the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to cause.

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Felony

The term felony, in some common law countries, is defined as a serious crime.

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Felony murder rule

The rule of felony murder is a legal doctrine in some common law jurisdictions that broadens the crime of murder: when an offender kills (regardless of intent to kill) in the commission of a dangerous or enumerated crime (called a felony in some jurisdictions), the offender, and also the offender's accomplices or co-conspirators, may be found guilty of murder.

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Fenian

Fenian was an umbrella term for the Fenian Brotherhood and Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), fraternal organisations dedicated to the establishment of an independent Irish Republic in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Feoffee

Under the feudal system in England, a feoffee is a trustee who holds a fief (or "fee"), that is to say an estate in land, for the use of a beneficial owner.

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Feoffment

In the Middle Ages, especially under the European feudal system, feoffment or enfeoffment was the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service.

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Feria

In the liturgy of the Catholic Church, a feria is a day of the week other than Sunday.

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Ferling

Ferling is the surname of the following people.

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Ferry

A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water.

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Fetial

A fetial (Latin plural fetiales) was a type of priest in Ancient Rome.

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Fetishism

A fetish (derived from the French fétiche; which comes from the Portuguese feitiço; and this in turn from Latin facticius, "artificial" and facere, "to make") is an object believed to have supernatural powers, or in particular, a human-made object that has power over others.

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Feu (land tenure)

Feu was previously the most common form of land tenure in Scotland, as conveyancing in Scots law was dominated by feudalism until the Scottish Parliament passed the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000.

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Feud

A feud, referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud, vendetta, faida, beef, clan war, gang war, or private war, is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans.

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Feudal land tenure in England

Under the English feudal system several different forms of land tenure existed, each effectively a contract with differing rights and duties attached thereto.

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Feudalism

Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries.

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Fiat Automobiles

Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. (originally FIAT, lit) is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (previously Fiat S.p.A.). Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business, and traces its history back to 1899 when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced.

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Fictitious defendants

A fictitious defendant is a person that cannot be identified by the plaintiff before a lawsuit is commenced.

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Fiduciary

A fiduciary is a person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust with one or more other parties (person or group of persons).

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Fief

A fief (feudum) was the central element of feudalism and consisted of heritable property or rights granted by an overlord to a vassal who held it in fealty (or "in fee") in return for a form of feudal allegiance and service, usually given by the personal ceremonies of homage and fealty.

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Fieri

Fieri is an international organisation of students and young professionals between the ages of 18 and 39 who are of an Italian descent.

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Fieri facias

A fieri facias, usually abbreviated fi.

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Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights and, among other things, protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases.

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Fighting words

Fighting words are written or spoken words intended to incite hatred or violence from their target.

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Filing (legal)

In law, filing is the act of submitting a document to the clerk of a court for the court's immediate consideration and for storage in the court's files.

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Financial endowment

A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization.

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Fine (penalty)

A fine or mulct is money that a court of law or other authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other offence.

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Fiqh

Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.

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Firm offer

A firm offer is an offer that will remain open for a certain period or until a certain time or happening of a certain event, during which it is incapable of being revoked.

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First to file and first to invent

First to file (FTF) and first to invent (FTI) are legal concepts that define who has the right to the grant of a patent for an invention.

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Fiscal year

A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is the period used by governments for accounting and budget purposes, which vary between countries.

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Fisheries management

Fisheries management is the activity of protecting fishery resources so sustainable exploitation is possible, drawing on fisheries science, and including the precautionary principle.

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Fixture (property law)

A fixture, as a legal concept, means any physical property that is permanently attached (fixed) to real property (usually land) Property not affixed to real property is considered chattel property.

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Flag

A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular or quadrilateral) with a distinctive design and colors.

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Flag of the United States

The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States.

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Fleta

Fleta is a treatise, written in Latin, with the sub-title seu Commentarius juris Anglicani, on the common law of England.

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Flight

Flight is the process by which an object moves through an atmosphere (or beyond it, as in the case of spaceflight) without contact with the surface.

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Floating capital

Floating capital denotes currency in circulation and assets which can be used for many purposes.

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Floating charge

A floating charge is a security interest over a fund of changing assets (e.g. stocks) of a company or other artificial person.

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Floor

A floor is the bottom surface of a room or vehicle or even possibly the surface on which people dance, commonly referred to as a 'dance floor'.

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Florin

The Florentine florin was a coin struck from 1252 to 1533 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard during that time.

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Flotsam, jetsam, lagan, and derelict

In maritime law, flotsam, jetsam, lagan, and derelict are specific kinds of shipwreck.

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FOB (shipping)

FOB, "Free On Board", is a term in international commercial law specifying at what point respective obligations, costs, and risk involved in the delivery of goods shift from the seller to the buyer under the Incoterms 2010 standard published by the International Chamber of Commerce.

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Forbearance

In the context of a mortgage process, forbearance is a special agreement between the lender and the borrower to delay a foreclosure.

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Force majeure

Force majeure – or vis major (Latin) – meaning "superior force", also known as cas fortuit (French) or casus fortuitus (Latin) "chance occurrence, unavoidable accident", is a common clause in contracts that essentially frees both parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond the control of the parties, such as a war, strike, riot, crime, or an event described by the legal term act of God (hurricane, flood, earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc.), prevents one or both parties from fulfilling their obligations under the contract.

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Forced heirship

Forced heirship is a form of testate partible inheritance whereby the estate of a deceased (de cujus) is separated into (1) an indefeasible portion, the forced estate (Germ Pflichtteil, Fr réserve, It, legittima, Sp legítima), passing to the deceased's next-of-kin (conjunctissimi), and (2) a discretionary portion, or free estate (Germ frei verfügbare Quote, Fr quotité disponible, It quota disponible, Sp tercio de libre disposición), to be freely disposed of by will.

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Forcible entry

Forcible entry is defined by Merriam-webster's Dictionary of Law as the unlawful taking of possession of real property by force or threats of force or unlawful entry into or onto another's property, especially when accompanied by force.

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Foreclosure

Foreclosure is a legal process in which a lender attempts to recover the balance of a loan from a borrower who has stopped making payments to the lender by forcing the sale of the asset used as the collateral for the loan.

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Foreign corporation

A foreign corporation is a term used in the United States for an existing corporation that is registered to do business in a state or jurisdiction other than where it was originally incorporated.

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Foreign policy of the United States

The foreign policy of the United States is its interactions with foreign nations and how it sets standards of interaction for its organizations, corporations and system citizens of the United States.

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Forensic science

Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.

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Forgery

Forgery is the process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive for the sake of altering the public perception, or to earn profit by selling the forged item.

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Formal contract

The Twelfth Edition of Business Law: Text Cases (Clarkson, Miller & Cross), says that formal contracts are, "contracts that require a special form or method of creation to be enforceable." It uses negotiable instruments as an example of formal contracts, such as: checks, drafts, promissory notes, and certificates of deposit.

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Fornication

Fornication is generally consensual sexual intercourse between two people not married to each other.

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Forum non conveniens

Forum non conveniens (Latin for "forum not agreeing") (FNC) is a (mostly) common law legal doctrine whereby courts may refuse to take jurisdiction over matters where there is a more appropriate forum available to the parties.

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Forum shopping

Forum shopping is a colloquial term for the practice of litigants having their legal case heard in the court thought most likely to provide a favorable judgment.

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Foster care

Foster care is a system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home (residential child care community, treatment center,...), or private home of a state-certified caregiver, referred to as a "foster parent" or with a family member approved by the state.

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Fosterage

Fosterage, the practice of a family bringing up a child not their own, differs from adoption in that the child's parents, not the foster-parents, remain the acknowledged parents.

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Foundation (evidence)

In law, a foundation is sufficient preliminary evidence of the authenticity and relevance for the admission of material evidence in the form of exhibits or testimony of witnesses.

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Four Corners

The Four Corners is a region of the United States consisting of the southwestern corner of Colorado, southeastern corner of Utah, northeastern corner of Arizona, and northwestern corner of New Mexico.

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Four corners (law)

Four corners (law) is the meaning of a written contract, will, or deed as represented solely by its textual content.

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Fourierism

Fourierism is the systematic set of economic, political, and social beliefs first espoused by French intellectual Charles Fourier (1772–1837).

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Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights that prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.

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Frais

Frais is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

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Franc

The franc (₣) is the name of several currency units.

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Franchise tax

A franchise tax is a government levy (tax) charged by some US states to certain business organizations such as corporations and partnerships with a nexus in the state.

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Franchising

Franchising is based on a marketing concept which can be adopted by an organisation as a strategy for business expansion.

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Francia

Francia, also called the Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), or Frankish Empire was the largest post-Roman Barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.

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Francs-tireurs

Francs-tireurs (French for "free shooters") was a term for irregular military applied to formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71).

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Francus

Francus is an invention of Merovingian scholars which referred to a legendary eponymous king of the Franks, a descendant of the Trojans, founder of the Merovingian dynasty and forefather of Charlemagne.

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Frank-marriage

Frank-marriage (liberum maritagium), in real property law, a species of estate tail, now obsolete.

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Franking

Franking refers to any devices, markings, or combinations thereof ("franks") applied to mails of any class which qualifies them to be postally serviced.

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Fraternity

A fraternity (from Latin frater: "brother"; "brotherhood"), fraternal order or fraternal organization is an organization, a society or a club of men associated together for various religious or secular aims.

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Fratricide

Fratricide (from the Latin words frater "brother" and cida "killer," or cidum "a killing," both from caedere "to kill, to cut down") is the act of killing one's brother.

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Fraud

In law, fraud is deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right.

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Fraud in the factum

Fraud in the Factum is a type of fraud where misrepresentation causes one to enter a transaction without accurately realizing the risks, duties, or obligations incurred.

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Fraudulent conveyance

A fraudulent conveyance, or fraudulent transfer, is an attempt to avoid debt by transferring money to another person or company.

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Fraudulent trading

In company law, fraudulent trading is doing business with intent to defraud creditors.

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Fraus

In Roman mythology, Fraus was the goddess or personification of treachery and fraud.

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Fraxinet

Fraxinet or Fraxinetum (translit or rtl Farakhsha, from Latin fraxinus: "ash tree", fraxinetum: "ash forest") was the site of a 10th-century fortress established by Muslims at modern La Garde-Freinet, near Saint-Tropez, in Provence.

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Free and clear

In property law, the term free and clear refers to ownership without legal encumbrances, such as a lien or mortgage.

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Free Bench

"Free bench" is a legal term referring to an ancient manorial custom in parts of England whereby a widow, until she remarried, could retain tenure of her late husband's land.

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Free economic zone

Free economic zones (FEZ), free economic territories (FETs) or free zones (FZ) are a class of special economic zone (SEZ) designated by the trade and commerce administrations of various countries.

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Free software license

A free software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software.

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Free warren

Free warren—often simply warren—refers to a type of franchise or privilege conveyed by a sovereign in mediaeval England to an English subject, promising to hold them harmless for killing game of certain species within a stipulated area, usually a wood or small forest.

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Free will

Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.

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Freedman

A freedman or freedwoman is a former slave who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.

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Freedom of assembly

Freedom of assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their collective or shared ideas.

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Freedom of association

Freedom of association encompasses both an individual's right to join or leave groups voluntarily, the right of the group to take collective action to pursue the interests of its members, and the right of an association to accept or decline membership based on certain criteria.

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Freedom of Information Act

Freedom of Information Act may refer to the following legislations in different jurisdictions which mandate the national government to disclose certain data to the general public upon request.

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Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government influence or intervention.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.

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Freedom of speech by country

Freedom of speech is the concept of the inherent human right to voice one's opinion publicly without fear of censorship or punishment.

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Freedom of the press

Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.

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Freedom of thought

Freedom of thought (also called freedom of conscience or ideas) is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints.

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Freehold (law)

In common law jurisdictions (e.g. England and Wales, United States, Australia, Canada and Ireland), a freehold is the common ownership of real property, or land, and all immovable structures attached to such land, as opposed to a leasehold, in which the property reverts to the owner of the land after the lease period has expired.

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French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools

The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (e.g., government-operated) primary and secondary schools.

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French people

The French (Français) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France.

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Frequency

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.

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Frere

Frere is a surname.

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Fresca

Fresca is a diet lime and grapefruit citrus soft drink made by The Coca-Cola Company.

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Friendly society

A friendly society (sometimes called a mutual society, benevolent society, fraternal organization or ROSCA) is a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking.

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Friendly suit

In the United States, a friendly suit is most often used when two parties desire or require judicial recognition of a settlement agreement, and so one sues the other despite the lack of conflict between them.

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Frisking

Frisking (also called a patdown or pat down) is a search of a person's outer clothing wherein a person runs his or her hands along the outer garments to detect any concealed weapons.

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Frith

Frith is an Old English word meaning "peace; freedom from molestation, protection; safety, security".

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Frivolous litigation

In law, frivolous litigation is the practice of starting or carrying on lawsuits that, due to their lack of legal merit, have little to no chance of being won.

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Frontage

Frontage is the boundary between a plot of land or a building and the road onto which the plot or building fronts.

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Frontier

A frontier is the political and geographical area near or beyond a boundary.

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Fructus naturales

In property law, fructus naturales are the natural fruits of the land on which they arise, such as agricultural produce and wild game.

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Fruges

Fruges is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

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Fruit

In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.

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Fruit of the poisonous tree

Fruit of the poisonous tree is a legal metaphor in the United States used to describe evidence that is obtained illegally.

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Frustration of purpose

Frustration of purpose, in law, is a defense to enforcement of a contract.

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Fuel tax

A fuel tax (also known as a petrol, gasoline or gas tax, or as a fuel duty) is an excise tax imposed on the sale of fuel.

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Fugitive

A fugitive (or runaway) is a person who is fleeing from custody, whether it be from jail, a government arrest, government or non-government questioning, vigilante violence, or outraged private individuals.

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Full Faith and Credit Clause

Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, known as the "Full Faith and Credit Clause", addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state." According to the Supreme Court, there is a difference between the credit owed to laws (i.e. legislative measures and common law) as compared to the credit owed to judgments.

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Functus officio

Functus officio, an officer or agency whose mandate has expired either because of the arrival of an expiry date or because an agency has accomplished the purpose for which it was created.

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Fundamental justice

In Canadian and New Zealand law, fundamental justice is the fairness underlying the administration of justice and its operation.

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Fundamentalism

Fundamentalism usually has a religious connotation that indicates unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs.

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Fungibility

In economics, fungibility is the property of a good or a commodity whose individual units are essentially interchangeable.

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Future interest

In property law and real estate, a future interest is a legal right to property ownership that does not include the right to present possession or enjoyment of the property.

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Futuwwa

Futuwwa (Arabic: فتوة, "young-manliness" or "chivalry") was a conception of moral behavior around which myriad institutions of Medieval confraternity developed.

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Fyrd

A fyrd was a type of early Anglo-Saxon army that was mobilised from freemen to defend their shire, or from selected representatives to join a royal expedition.

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Gag order

A gag order (also known as a gagging order or suppression order) is an order, typically a legal order by a court or government, restricting information or comment from being made public or passed onto any unauthorized third party.

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Gallows

A gallows (or scaffold) is a frame, typically wooden, used for execution by hanging.

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Game law

Game laws are statutes which regulate the right to pursue and take or kill certain kinds of fish and wild animal (game).

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Gaps and gores

The term gaps and gores refers to portions of land areas that do not conform to boundaries found in land surveys based upon imprecise measurements and other ambiguities of metes and bounds.

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Garnishment

Garnishment is an American legal process for collecting a monetary judgment on behalf of a plaintiff from a defendant.

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Gas chamber

A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced.

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Gemara

The Gemara (also transliterated Gemora, Gemarah, or, less commonly, Gemorra; from Hebrew, from the Aramaic verb gamar, study) is the component of the Talmud comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah.

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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas.

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General assignment

A general assignment or assignment is a concept in bankruptcy law that has a similar meaning, due to common law ancestry, in different jurisdictions, but wide dispersion in practical application.

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General counsel

A general counsel, chief counsel, or chief legal officer (CLO) is the chief lawyer of a legal department, usually in a company or a governmental department.

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General denial

In pleading, a general denial is a denial that relates to all allegations which are not otherwise pleaded to.

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General order

A general order, in military and paramilitary organizations, is a published directive, originated by a commander and binding upon all personnel under his or her command.

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General partnership

A general partnership, the basic form of partnership under common law, is in most countries an association of persons or an unincorporated company with the following major features.

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General plan

A general plan is a broad planning guideline to a city's or county's future development goals and provides policy statements to achieve those development goals.

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General strike

A general strike (or mass strike) is a strike action in which a substantial proportion of the total labour force in a city, region, or country participates.

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General Synod

The General Synod is the title of the governing body of some church organizations.

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Generation-skipping transfer tax

The U.S. generation-skipping transfer tax imposes a tax on both outright gifts and transfers in trust to or for the benefit of unrelated persons who are more than 37.5 years younger than the donor or to related persons more than one generation younger than the donor, such as grandchildren.

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Geneva Conventions

Original document as PDF in single pages, 1864 The Geneva Conventions comprise four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish the standards of international law for humanitarian treatment in war.

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Genocide

Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part.

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German town law

The German town law (Deutsches Stadtrecht) or German municipal concerns (Deutsches Städtewesen) was a set of early town privileges based on the Magdeburg rights developed by Otto I. The Magdeburg Law became the inspiration for regional town charters not only in Germany, but also in Central and Eastern Europe who modified it during the Middle Ages.

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Gibbeting

A gibbet is any instrument of public execution (including guillotine, executioner's block, impalement stake, hanging gallows, or related scaffold), but gibbeting refers to the use of a gallows-type structure from which the dead or dying bodies of criminals were hung on public display to deter other existing or potential criminals.

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Gift

A gift or a present is an item given to someone without the expectation of payment or return.

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Gift (law)

A gift, in the law of property, is the voluntary transfer of property from one person (the donor or grantor) to another (the donee or grantee) without full valuable consideration.

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Gift tax

In economics, a gift tax is the tax on money or property that one living person gives to another.

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Gift tax in the United States

A gift tax is a tax imposed on the transfer of ownership of property.

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Glasnost

In the Russian language the word glasnost (гла́сность) has several general and specific meanings.

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Glossary of French expressions in English

Around 45% of English vocabulary is of French origin, most coming from the Anglo-Norman spoken by the upper classes in England for several hundred years after the Norman Conquest, before the language settled into what became Modern English.

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Going concern

Continuation of an entity as a going concern is presumed as the basis for financial reporting unless and until the entity’s liquidation becomes imminent.

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Good cause

Good cause is a legal term denoting adequate or substantial grounds or reason to take a certain action, or to fail to take an action prescribed by law.

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Good faith

Good faith (bona fides), in human interactions, is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction.

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Good faith (law)

In contract law, the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is a general presumption that the parties to a contract will deal with each other honestly, fairly, and in good faith, so as to not destroy the right of the other party or parties to receive the benefits of the contract.

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Good governance

Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the international development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources.

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Good Samaritan law

Good Samaritan laws offer legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to those who are, or who they believe to be, injured, ill, in peril, or otherwise incapacitated.

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Goods

In economics, goods are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product.

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Goseibai Shikimoku

The Goseibai Shikimoku (御成敗式目) or the Formulary of Adjudications was the legal code of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan, promulgated by third shikken Hōjō Yasutoki in 1232.

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Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state.

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Government-granted monopoly

In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement.

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Grace period

A grace period is a period immediately after the deadline for an obligation during which a late fee, or other action that would have been taken as a result of failing to meet the deadline, is waived provided that the obligation is satisfied during the grace period.

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Grand Inquisitor

Grand Inquisitor (Inquisitor Generalis, literally Inquisitor General or General Inquisitor) was the lead official of the Inquisition.

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Grand jury

A grand jury is a legal body empowered to conduct official proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought.

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Grandfather clause

A grandfather clause (or grandfather policy) is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases.

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Grandparent visitation

Grandparent visitation is a legal right that grandparents in some jurisdictions may have to have court-ordered contact (or visitation) with their grandchildren.

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Grant (money)

Grants are non-repayable funds or products disbursed or gifted by one party (grant makers), often a government department, corporation, foundation or trust, to a recipient, often (but not always) a nonprofit entity, educational institution, business or an individual.

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Grant deed

A grant deed is used in some states and jurisdictions for the sale or other transfer of real property from one person or entity to another person or entity.

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Grantor–grantee index

A grantor–grantee index is a general term for two lists of real property transfers maintained in alphabetical order of the last name of the parties transferring the property.

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Gratuitous

No description.

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Gravamen

Gravamen (from Lat. gravare, to weigh down; gravis, heavy), (plural gra·va·mens or gra·vam·i·na), a complaint or grievance, the ground of a legal action, and particularly the more serious part of a charge against an accused person.

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Gross income

Gross income is all a person's receipts and gains from all sources, before any deductions.

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Gross negligence

Gross negligence is the "lack of slight diligence or care" or "a conscious, voluntary act or omission in reckless disregard of a legal duty and of the consequences to another party." In some jurisdictions a person injured as a result of gross negligence may be able to recover punitive damages from the person who caused the injury or loss.

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Grounds for divorce

Grounds for divorce are regulations specifying the circumstances under which a person will be granted a divorce.

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Group boycott

In competition law, a group boycott is a type of secondary boycott in which two or more competitors in a relevant market refuse to conduct business with a firm unless the firm agrees to cease doing business with an actual or potential competitor of the firms conducting the boycott.

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Group Litigation Order

A group litigation order (or GLO) is an order of a court in England and Wales, which permits a number of claims which give rise to common or related issues (of fact or law) to be managed collectively.

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Guanxi

Guanxi describes the rudimentary dynamic in personalized social networks of influence (which can be best described as the relationships individuals cultivate with other individuals) and is a central idea in Chinese society.

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Guarantee

Guarantee is a legal term more comprehensive and of higher import than either warranty or "security".

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Guest statute

A guest statute is a term used in the law of torts to describe a statute that makes it significantly more difficult for a passenger in an automobile to recover damages from the driver for injuries received in an accident resulting from ordinary negligence on the part of the driver.

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Guild

A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area.

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Guillotine

A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.

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Guilt (law)

In criminal law, guilt is the state of being responsible for the commission of an offense.

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Habeas corpus

Habeas corpus (Medieval Latin meaning literally "that you have the body") is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.

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Habitability

Habitability is the conformance of a residence or abode to the implied warranty of habitability.

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Habitants

Habitants were French settlers and the inhabitants of French origin who farmed the land along the two shores of the St. Lawrence River and Gulf in what is the present-day Province of Quebec in Canada.

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Habitual Criminals Act

A Habitual Criminals Act is an act where, after a certain number of convictions for certain crimes, dependent upon severity, a person is sentenced to an additional term ranging from a number of years to life imprisonment.

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Habitual offender

A habitual offender, repeat offender or career criminal is a person convicted of a new crime who was previously convicted of a crime(s).

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Hableh

Hableh (حبله, also transliterated Hable, Habla, Hablah, Hibla, Hiblah) is a Palestinian village located in the Qalqilya Governorate in the northwestern West Bank.

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Hacienda

An hacienda (or; or), in the colonies of the Spanish Empire, is an estate, similar in form to a Roman villa.

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Hadith

Ḥadīth (or; حديث, pl. Aḥādīth, أحاديث,, also "Traditions") in Islam refers to the record of the words, actions, and the silent approval, of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Hadith studies

Hadith studies (علم الحديث ʻilm al-ḥadīth "knowledge of hadith", also science of hadith, or science of hadith criticism) consist of several religious disciplines used in the study and evaluation of the Islamic hadith — i.e. the record of the words, actions, and the silent approval of the Islamic prophet Muhammad by Muslim scholars.

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Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907

The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands.

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Hague–Visby Rules

The Hague–Visby Rules is a set of international rules for the international carriage of goods by sea.

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Halakha

Halakha (הֲלָכָה,; also transliterated as halacha, halakhah, halachah or halocho) is the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah.

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Halal

Halal (حلال, "permissible"), also spelled hallal or halaal, refers to what is permissible or lawful in traditional Islamic law.

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Halsbury's Laws of England

Halsbury's Laws of England is a uniquely comprehensive encyclopaedia of law, and provides the only complete narrative statement of law in England and Wales.

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Hanafi

The Hanafi (حنفي) school is one of the four religious Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence (fiqh).

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Hanbali

The Hanbali school (المذهب الحنبلي) is one of the four traditional Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence (fiqh).

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Hanged, drawn and quartered

To be hanged, drawn and quartered was from 1352 a statutory penalty in England for men convicted of high treason, although the ritual was first recorded during the reign of King Henry III (1216–1272).

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Hanging

Hanging is the suspension of a person by a noose or ligature around the neck.

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Happiness

In psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.

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Haram

Haram (حَرَام) is an Arabic term meaning "forbidden".

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Harassment

Harassment covers a wide range of behaviors of an offensive nature.

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Harm reduction

Harm reduction, or harm minimization, is a range of public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with various human behaviors, both legal and illegal.

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Harmless error

A harmless error is a ruling by a trial judge that, although mistaken, does not meet the burden for a losing party to reverse the original decision of the trier of fact on appeal, or to warrant a new trial.

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Hate speech

Hate speech is speech that attacks a person or group on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, national origin, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

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Head of Household

Head of Household is a filing status for individual United States taxpayers.

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Headnote

A headnote is a brief summary of a particular point of law that is added to the text of a court decision to aid readers in locating discussion of a legal issue in an opinion.

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Headright

A headright is a legal grant of land to settlers.

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Heads of loss

In contract law or tort law, the term heads of loss or heads of claim refers to categories of damage that a party may incur.

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Healthcare proxy

A healthcare proxy is a document (legal instrument) with which a patient (primary individual) appoints an agent to legally make healthcare decisions on behalf of the patient, when he or she is incapable of making and executing the healthcare decisions stipulated in the proxy.

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Hearing (law)

In law, a hearing is a proceeding before a court or other decision-making body or officer, such as a government agency or a Parliamentary committee.

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Hearsay

Hearsay evidence is "an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of matter asserted".

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Heir apparent

An heir apparent is a person who is first in a line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person.

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Heirs of the body

In English law, heirs of the body is the principle that certain types of property pass to a descendant of the original holder, recipient or grantee according to a fixed order of kinship.

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Hell or high water clause

A hell or high water clause is a clause in a contract, usually a lease, which provides that the payments must continue irrespective of any difficulties which the paying party may encounter (usually in relation to the operation of the leased asset).

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Hereditament

In law, a hereditament (from Latin hereditare, to inherit, from heres, heir) is any kind of property that can be inherited.

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Herem (censure)

Herem (also Romanized chērem, ḥērem) is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community.

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Herem (priestly gift)

In the Tanakh, the term herem (Hebrew חֵרֶם) is used, among other meanings, for an object or real property to be devoted to God, with God authorizing a kohen (Jewish priest) to be its receiving agent.

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Herem (war or property)

Herem or cherem (Hebrew: חרם, ḥērem), as used in the Tanakh, means ‘devote’ or ‘destroy’.

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Heresy

Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization.

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Hidden asset

In finance, a hidden asset is an asset that is not shown on a balance sheet.

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High Court (Hong Kong)

The High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, consists of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance; it deals with criminal and civil cases which have risen beyond the lower courts.

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High Court (Ireland)

The High Court is established by Article 34 of the Constitution of Ireland, which grants it "full original jurisdiction in and power to determine all matters and questions whether of law or fact, civil or criminal", as well as the ability to determine "the validity of any law having regard to the provisions of this Constitution".

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High Court (Singapore)

The High Court of the Republic of Singapore is the lower division of the Supreme Court of Singapore, the upper being the Court of Appeal.

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High Court judge (England and Wales)

A Justice of the High Court, commonly known as a ‘High Court judge’, is a judge of the High Court of Justice of England and Wales, and represents the third highest level of judge in the courts of England and Wales.

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High Court of Australia

The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia.

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High Court of Cassation and Justice

The High Court of Cassation and Justice (Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție) is Romania's supreme court, and the court of last resort.

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High Court of Fiji

The High Court of Fiji is one of three courts that was established by Chapter 9 of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji — the others being the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court.

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High Court of Justice

The High Court of Justice is, together with the Court of Appeal and the Crown Court, one of the Senior Courts of England and Wales.

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High Court of Justice (Isle of Man)

The High Court of Justice of the Isle of Man is governed by the High Court Act 1991.

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High Court of Justiciary

The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court in Scotland.

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High Court of New Zealand

The High Court of New Zealand is a superior court established in 1841.

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High Court of South Africa

The High Court of South Africa is a superior court of law in South Africa.

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High Courts (Malaysia)

The High Courts in Malaysia are the third-highest courts in the hierarchy of courts, after the Federal Court and the Court of Appeal.

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Highway

A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land.

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Highwayman

A highwayman was a robber who stole from travellers.

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Hima (environmental protection)

A Hima is defined by the Qur'an as "a private pasture".

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Himalaya clause

A Himalaya clause is a contractual provision expressed to be for the benefit of a third party who is not a party to the contract.

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Hit and run

In traffic laws, a hit-and-run is the act of causing a traffic accident and not stopping afterwards.

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Holder in due course

The Preservation of Consumers’ Claims and Defenses, formally known as the "Trade Regulation Rule Concerning Preservation of Consumers' Claims and Defenses," protects consumers when merchants sell a consumer's credit contracts to other lenders.

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Holding (law)

The holding is a court's determination of a matter of law based on the issue presented in the particular case.

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Holding company

A holding company is a company that owns other companies' outstanding stock.

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Holographic will

A holographic will is a will and testament that has been entirely handwritten and signed by the testator.

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Home rule

Home rule is government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens.

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Home Secretary

Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Home Department, normally referred to as the Home Secretary, is a senior official as one of the Great Offices of State within Her Majesty's Government and head of the Home Office.

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Homestead Acts

The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws under which an applicant, upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, could acquire ownership of land, typically called a "homestead.” In all, more than 270 million acres of public land, or nearly 10% of the total area of the U.S., was transferred to 1.6 million homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the Mississippi River.

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Homestead exemption

The homestead exemption is a legal regime to protect the value of the homes of residents from property taxes, creditors, and circumstances that arise from the death of the homeowner spouse.

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Homestead principle

The homestead principle is the principle by which one gains ownership of an unowned natural resource by performing an act of original appropriation.

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Hometowned

No description.

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Homicide

Homicide is the act of one human killing another.

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Homosexuality and religion

The relationship between religion and homosexuality has varied greatly across time and place, within and between different religions and denominations, and regarding different forms of homosexuality and bisexuality.

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Hong Kong trade mark law

The trade mark law of Hong Kong is based on the Trade Marks Ordinance Cap.

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Honour

Honour (or honor in American English, note) is the idea of a bond between an individual and a society, as a quality of a person that is both of social teaching and of personal ethos, that manifests itself as a code of conduct, and has various elements such as valor, chivalry, honesty, and compassion.

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Hornbook (law)

In United States legal education, hornbooks are one-volume legal treatises, written primarily for law students on subjects typically covered by law school courses.

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Hostile witness

A hostile witness, otherwise known as an adverse witness or an unfavorable witness, is a witness at trial whose testimony on direct examination is either openly antagonistic or appears to be contrary to the legal position of the party who called the witness.

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Hostile work environment

In United States labor law, a hostile work environment exists when one's behavior within a workplace creates an environment that is difficult or uncomfortable for another person to work in due to discrimination.

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Hot pursuit

Hot pursuit (also known as fresh or immediate pursuit) refers to the urgent and direct pursuit of a criminal suspect by law enforcement officers, or by belligerents under international rules of engagement for military forces.

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Hotchpot

In civil and property law, hotchpot (sometimes referred to as hotchpotch or the hotchpotch rule) refers to the blending, combining or offsetting of property (typically gifts) to ensure equality of a later division of property.

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House of Lords

The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Household

A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share meals or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people.

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Housing cooperative

A housing cooperative, co-op, or housing company (especially in Finland), is a legal entity, usually a cooperative or a corporation, which owns real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings; it is one type of housing tenure.

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Housing tenure

Housing tenure refers to the financial arrangements under which someone has the right to live in a house or apartment.

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Howe v Earl of Dartmouth

Howe v Earl of Dartmouth (1802) 7 Ves 137 is an English trusts law case.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.

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Human rights in the United States

Human rights in the United States comprise and very focused of a series of rights which are legally protected by the Constitution of the United States, including the amendments, state constitutions, conferred by treaty and customary international law, and enacted legislatively through Congress, state legislatures, and state referenda and citizen's initiatives.

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Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition.

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Hung jury

A hung jury or deadlocked jury is a judicial jury that cannot agree upon a verdict after extended deliberation and is unable to reach the required unanimity or supermajority.

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Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) or inhibited sexual desire (ISD) is considered a sexual dysfunction and is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity, as judged by a clinician.

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Hypothecation

Hypothecation is the practice where (usually through a letter of hypothecation) a debtor pledges collateral to secure a debt or as a condition precedent to the debt, or a third party pledges collateral for the debtor.

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Idea–expression divide

The idea–expression divide or idea–expression dichotomy limits the scope of copyright protection by differentiating an idea from the expression or manifestation of that idea.

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Idem

idem. is a Latin term meaning "the same".

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Ignorantia juris non excusat

Ignorantia juris non excusatBlack's Law Dictionary, 5th Edition, pg.

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Ijma

Ijmāʿ (إجماع) is an Arabic term referring to the consensus or agreement of the Muslim scholars basically on religious issues.

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Ijtihad

Ijtihad (اجتهاد, lit. effort, physical or mental, expended in a particular activity) is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question.

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Illegal drug trade

The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws.

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Illegal immigration

Illegal immigration is the illegal entry of a person or a group of persons across a country's border, in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country, with the intention to remain in the country, as well as people who remain living in another country when they do not have the legal right to do so.

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Illusory promise

In contract law, an illusory promise is one that courts will not enforce.

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Illustrations of the rule against perpetuities

The fertile octogenarian and the unborn widow are two legal fictions from the law of real property (and trusts) that can be used either to invoke the rule against perpetuities to make an interest in property void or, alternatively and much more frequently, to demonstrate the seemingly bizarre results that can occur as a result of the rule.

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Imam

Imam (إمام; plural: أئمة) is an Islamic leadership position.

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Immediately (law)

In legal usage, "immediately" forms several compounds based on its conventional definitions.

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Immigration

Immigration is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens, or to take up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as a foreign worker.

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Immigration Appellate Authority

The Immigration Appellate Authority (IAA) was an independent judicial body in the United Kingdom constituted under the Immigration Act 1971, with jurisdiction to hear appeals from many immigration and asylum decisions.

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Impeachment

Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of government.

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Impleader

Impleader is a procedural device before trial in which one party joins a third party into a lawsuit because that third party is liable to an original defendant.

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Implied Bill of Rights

The Implied Bill of Rights is a judicial theory in Canadian jurisprudence that recognizes that certain basic principles are underlying the Constitution of Canada.

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Implied consent

Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).

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Implied warranty

In common law jurisdictions, an implied warranty is a contract law term for certain assurances that are presumed to be made in the sale of products or real property, due to the circumstances of the sale.

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Importation right

An importation right is the legal ability to import a product into a certain country.

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Impossibility

In contract law, impossibility is an excuse for the nonperformance of duties under a contract, based on a change in circumstances (or the discovery of preexisting circumstances), the nonoccurrence of which was an underlying assumption of the contract, that makes performance of the contract literally impossible.

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Imputation (law)

In law, the principle of imputation or attribution underpins the concept that ignorantia juris non excusat—ignorance of the law does not excuse.

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In camera

In camera (Latin: "in a chamber").

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In flagrante delicto

In flagrante delicto (Latin: "in blazing offence") or sometimes simply in flagrante (Latin: "in blazing") is a legal term used to indicate that a criminal has been caught in the act of committing an offence (compare). The colloquial "caught red-handed" or "caught rapid" are English equivalents.

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In forma pauperis

In forma pauperis (IFP or i.f.p.) is a Latin legal term meaning "in the character or manner of a pauper".

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In haec verba

In Haec Verba (meaning "in these words") is a phrase in Latin legal usage, which refers to incorporating verbatim text into a complaint, pleading or other legal document as was mentioned in a deed or agreement which is in question or cause of dispute, or in another legal instrument (such as a legal description, statute, etc.). This may be done either by reciting the words verbatim in the text or in some cases by attaching a copy with the pleading or other legal instrument.

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In kind

In economics and finance, in kind refers to goods, services, and transactions not involving money or not measured in monetary terms.

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In loco parentis

The term in loco parentis, Latin for "in the place of a parent" refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent.

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In open court

In open court is a legal term in the United States defined by the appearance by a party or their attorney in a public court session such as during a trial.

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In pari delicto

In pari delicto (potior/melior est conditio possidentis), Latin for "in equal fault (better is the condition of the possessor)", is a legal term used to indicate that two persons or entities are equally at fault, whether the malfeasance in question is a crime or tort.

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In personam

In personam is a Latin phrase meaning "directed toward a particular person".

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In re

In re, Latin for "in the matter ", is a term with several different, but related meanings.

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In rem jurisdiction

In rem jurisdiction ("power about or against 'the thing) is a legal term describing the power a court may exercise over property (either real or personal) or a "status" against a person over whom the court does not have in personam jurisdiction.

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In situ

In situ (often not italicized in English) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to "on site" or "in position".

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In terrorem

In terrorem, Latin for "into/about fear", is a legal threat, usually one given in hope of compelling someone to act without resorting to a lawsuit or criminal prosecution.

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Incarceration in the United States

Incarceration in the United States is one of the main forms of punishment and rehabilitation for the commission of felony and other offenses.

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Incest

Incest is sexual activity between family members or close relatives.

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Inchoate offense

An inchoate offense, preliminary crime, inchoate crime or incomplete crime is a crime of preparing for or seeking to commit another crime.

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Income

Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity within a specified timeframe, which is generally expressed in monetary terms.

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Income tax

An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) that varies with respective income or profits (taxable income).

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Incontrovertible evidence

Incontrovertible evidence is a colloquial term for evidence introduced to prove a fact that is supposed to be so conclusive that there can be no other truth to the matter; evidence so strong it overpowers contrary evidence, directing a fact-finder to a specific and certain conclusion.

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Incorporation (business)

Incorporation is the formation of a new corporation (a corporation being a legal entity that is effectively recognized as a person under the law).

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Incorporation by reference

Incorporation by reference is the act of including a second document within another document by only mentioning the second document.

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Incorporeality

Incorporeal or uncarnate means without a physical body, presence or form.

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Incriminate

No description.

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Indecent exposure

Indecent exposure is the deliberate exposure in public or in view of the general public by a person of a portion or portions of his or her body, in circumstances where the exposure is contrary to local moral or other standards of appropriate behavior.

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Indefinite imprisonment

Indefinite imprisonment or indeterminate imprisonment is the imposition of a sentence by imprisonment with no definite period of time set during sentencing.

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Indemnity

Indemnity is a contractual obligation of one party (indemnitor) to compensate the loss occurred to the other party (indemnitee) due to the act of the indemnitor or any other party.

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Indenture

An indenture is a legal contract that reflects or covers a debt or purchase obligation.

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Indentured servitude

An indentured servant or indentured laborer is an employee (indenturee) within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract (indenture) to work for a particular employer for a fixed time.

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Independent contractor

An independent contractor is a natural person, business, or corporation that provides goods or services to another entity under terms specified in a contract or within a verbal agreement.

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Indeterminacy debate in legal theory

The indeterminacy debate in legal theory can be summed up as follows: Can the law constrain the results reached by adjudicators in legal disputes? Some members of the critical legal studies movement — primarily legal academics in the United States — argued that the answer to this question is "no." Another way to state this position is to suggest that disputes cannot be resolved with clear answers and thus there is at least some amount of uncertainty in legal reasoning and its application to disputes.

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Indictable offence

In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a prima facie case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence).

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Indictment

An indictment is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime.

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Indispensable party

An indispensable party (also called a required party, necessary party, or necessary and indispensable party) is a party in a lawsuit whose participation is required for jurisdiction or the purpose of rendering a judgment.

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Individual and group rights

Group rights, also known as collective rights, are rights held by a group qua group rather than by its members severally; in contrast, individual rights are rights held by individual people; even if they are group-differentiated, which most rights are, they remain individual rights if the right-holders are the individuals themselves.

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Individual capital

Individual capital, the economic view of talent, comprises inalienable or personal traits of persons, tied to their bodies and available only through their own free will, such as skill, creativity, enterprise, courage, capacity for moral example, non-communicable wisdom, invention or empathy, non-transferable personal trust and leadership.

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Industrial design right

An industrial design right is an intellectual property right that protects the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian.

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Ineffective assistance of counsel

Ineffective assistance of counsel is a claim raised by a convicted criminal defendant where the innocent defendant's legal counsel performed so ineffectively that it deprived the defendant of the constitutional right guaranteed by the Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Infant

An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless") is the more formal or specialised synonym for "baby", the very young offspring of a human.

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Infanticide Act

The Infanticide Act is the name of two Acts introduced into English Law that started treating the killing of an infant child by its mother during the early months of life as a lesser crime than murder.

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Inference

Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences.

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Information

Information is any entity or form that provides the answer to a question of some kind or resolves uncertainty.

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Information and belief

In the law of evidence, the phrase information and belief identifies a statement that is made, not from firsthand knowledge, but "based on secondhand information that the declarant believes is true".

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Information privacy

Information privacy, or data privacy (or data protection), is the relationship between the collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal and political issues surrounding them.

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Informed consent

Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, or for disclosing personal information.

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Ingress, egress, and regress

In property law, ingress, egress, and regress are the rights of a person (such as a lessee) to enter, leave, and return to a property, respectively.

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Inheritance

Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual.

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Inheritance tax

A tax paid by a person who inherits money or property or a levy on the estate (money and property) of a person who has died.

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Injunction

An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts.

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Injury

Injury, also known as physical trauma, is damage to the body caused by external force.

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Innocence

Innocence is a lack of guilt, with respect to any kind of crime, or wrongdoing.

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Inns of Court

The Inns of Court in London are the professional associations for barristers in England and Wales.

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Innuendo

An innuendo is a hint, insinuation or intimation about a person or thing, especially of a denigrating or a derogatory nature.

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Inquest

An inquest is a judicial inquiry in common law jurisdictions, particularly one held to determine the cause of a person's death.

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Inquisition

The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat public heresy committed by baptized Christians.

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Inquisitor

An inquisitor was an official (usually with judicial or investigative functions) in an Inquisition; an organization or program intended to eliminate heresy and other things contrary to the doctrine or teachings of the Catholic faith.

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Inquisitorial system

An inquisitorial system is a legal system where the court or a part of the court is actively involved in investigating the facts of the case, as opposed to an adversarial system where the role of the court is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecution and the defense.

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Insanity

Insanity, craziness, or madness is a spectrum of both group and individual behaviors characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns.

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Insanity defense

The insanity defense, also known as the mental disorder defense, is a defense by excuse in a criminal case, arguing that the defendant is not responsible for his or her actions due to an episodic or persistent psychiatric disease at the time of the criminal act.

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Insider

An insider is a member of any group of people of limited number and generally restricted access.

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Insider trading

Insider trading is the trading of a public company's stock or other securities (such as bonds or stock options) by individuals with access to nonpublic information about the company.

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Insolvency

Insolvency is the state of being unable to pay the money owed, by a person or company, on time; those in a state of insolvency are said to be insolvent.

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Inspection of documents

In pre-trial discovery, parties may have the right to inspect documents that are relevant to the case.

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Instructional capital

Instructional capital is a term used in educational administration after the 1960s, to reflect capital resulting from investment in producing learning materials.

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Insurance

Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss.

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Intangible property

Intangible property, also known as incorporeal property, describes something which a person or corporation can have ownership of and can transfer ownership to another person or corporation, but has no physical substance, for example brand identity or knowledge/intellectual property.

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Integrated circuit layout design protection

Layout designs (topographies) of integrated circuits are a field in the protection of intellectual property.

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Integrated criminal justice information system

An integrated justice information system, commonly referred to as IJIS or Integrated Justice Information Sharing, is any computer network, system or architecture that allows justice practitioners and agencies to electronically access and share information between systems and/or across jurisdictional lines.

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Integration clause

In contract law, an integration clause, merger clause, (sometimes, particularly in the United Kingdom, referred to as an entire agreement clause) is a clause in a written contract which declares that contract to be the complete and final agreement between the parties.

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Intellectual capital

Intellectual capital is the intangible value of a business, covering its people (human capital), the value inherent in its relationships (Relational capital), and everything that is left when the employees go home (Structural capital), of which Intellectual property (IP) is but one component.

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Intellectual property

Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect, and primarily encompasses copyrights, patents, and trademarks.

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Intellectual rights

Intellectual rights (from "droits intellectuels") is a term sometimes used to refer to the legal protection afforded to owners of intellectual capital.

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Intendant of New France

The Intendant of New France was an administrative position in the French colony of New France.

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Intention (criminal law)

In criminal law, intent is one of three general classes of mens rea necessary to constitute a conventional, as opposed to strict liability, crime.

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Inter se

Inter se (also styled as inter sese) is a Legal Latin phrase that means "mong or between themselves".

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Inter vivos

Inter vivos (Latin, between the living) is a legal term referring to a transfer or gift made during one's lifetime, as opposed to a testamentary transfer (a gift that takes effect on death) under the subject of trust.

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Interest

Interest is payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (i.e., the amount borrowed), at a particular rate.

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Interference proceeding

An interference proceeding, also known as a priority contest, is an inter partes proceeding to determine the priority issues of multiple patent applications.

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Interim order

The term interim order refers to an order issued by a court during the pendency of the litigation.

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Interlineation

Interlineation is a legal term that signifies writing has been inserted between earlier language.

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Interlocutory

Interlocutory is a legal term which can refer to an order, sentence, decree, or judgment, given in an intermediate stage between the commencement and termination of a cause of action, used to provide a temporary or provisional decision on an issue.

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Intermediate sanctions

Intermediate sanctions is a term used in regulations enacted by the United States Internal Revenue Service that is applied to non-profit organizations who engage in transactions that inure to the benefit of a disqualified person within the organization.

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Internal affairs doctrine

The internal affairs doctrine is a choice of law rule in corporations law.

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Internal Revenue Code section 183

Section 183 of the United States Internal Revenue Code, sometimes referred to as the "hobby loss rule," limits the losses that can be deducted from income which are attributable to hobbies and other not-for-profit activities.

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International Business Companies Act

The International Business Companies Act, 1984 was a statute of the British Virgin Islands which permitted the incorporation of International Business Companies (IBCs) within the Territory.

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International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (abbreviated ICJ; commonly referred to as the World Court) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).

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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly with resolution 2200A (XXI) on 16 December 1966, and in force from 23 March 1976 in accordance with Article 49 of the covenant.

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International Criminal Court

The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague in the Netherlands.

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International criminal law

International criminal law is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration.

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International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR; Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda; Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda) was an international court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to judge people responsible for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), was a body of the United Nations established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars, and to try their perpetrators.

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International human rights instruments

International human rights instruments are treaties and other international documents relevant to international human rights law and the protection of human rights in general.

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International human rights law

International human rights law (IHRL) is the body of international law designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels.

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International law

International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations.

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International relations

International relations (IR) or international affairs (IA) — commonly also referred to as international studies (IS) or global studies (GS) — is the study of interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global level.

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International trade

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.

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International trade law

International trade law includes the appropriate rules and customs for handling trade between countries.

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International waters

The terms international waters or trans-boundary waters apply where any of the following types of bodies of water (or their drainage basins) transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and estuaries, rivers, lakes, groundwater systems (aquifers), and wetlands.

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Internment

Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges, and thus no trial.

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Interpleader

Interpleader is civil procedure that allows a plaintiff or a defendant to initiate a lawsuit in order to compel two or more other parties to litigate a dispute.

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Interrogation

Interrogation (also called questioning) is interviewing as commonly employed by law enforcement officers, military personnel, and intelligence agencies with the goal of eliciting useful information.

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Interrogatories

In law, interrogatories (also known as requests for further information) are a formal set of written questions propounded by one litigant and required to be answered by an adversary in order to clarify matters of fact and help to determine in advance what facts will be presented at any trial in the case.

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Intertemporal law

Intertemporal Law is a concept in the field of legal theory.

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Intervening cause

An intervening cause is an event that occurs after a tortfeasor's initial act of negligence and causes injury/harm to a victim.

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Intervention (law)

In law, intervention is a procedure to allow a nonparty, called intervenor (also spelled intervener) to join ongoing litigation, either as a matter of right or at the discretion of the court, without the permission of the original litigants.

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Intestacy

Intestacy is the condition of the estate of a person who dies without having made a valid will or other binding declaration.

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Intimate part

An intimate part, personal part or private part is a place on the human body which is customarily kept covered by clothing in public venues and conventional settings, as a matter of fashion and cultural norms.

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Intra

Intra is the third album by avant-garde metal band Ram-Zet released on September 6, 2005 in the US by Tabu Records.

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Intra fauces terra

Intra fauces terrae is a Legal Latin phrase which translates as "In the jaws of the land".

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Intrinsic fraud

Intrinsic fraud is an intentionally false representation that goes to the heart of what a given lawsuit is about, in other words, whether fraud was used to procure the transaction.

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Inuus

In ancient Roman religion, Inuus was a god, or aspect of a god, who embodied sexual intercourse.

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Inventor

An inventor is a person who creates or discovers a new method, form, device or other useful means that becomes known as an invention.

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Inventor's notebook

An inventor's notebook is used by inventors, scientists and engineers to record their ideas, invention process, experimental tests and results and observations.

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Inventory

Inventory (American English) or stock (British English) is the goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate goal of resale (or repair).

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Inverse condemnation

Inverse condemnation is a term used in the law to describe a situation in which the government takes private property but fails to pay the compensation required by the 5th Amendment of the Constitution, so the property's owner has to sue to obtain the required just compensation.

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Investiture

Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, "dress" from vestis "robe"), is the formal installation of an incumbent.

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Investment

In general, to invest is to allocate money (or sometimes another resource, such as time) in the expectation of some benefit in the future – for example, investment in durable goods, in real estate by the service industry, in factories for manufacturing, in product development, and in research and development.

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Invitation to treat

An invitation to treat (or invitation to bargain in the United States) is a concept within contract law.

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Invitee

In the law of torts, an invitee is a person who is invited to land by the possessor of the land as a member of the public or one who enters the land of another for the purpose of business dealings with the possessor of the land.

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Invoice

An invoice, bill or tab is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer, relating to a sale transaction and indicating the products, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller had provided the buyer.

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Involuntary commitment

Involuntary commitment or civil commitment (also known informally as sectioning or being sectioned in some jurisdictions, such as the UK) is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified agent to have symptoms of severe mental disorder is court-ordered into treatment in a psychiatric hospital (inpatient) or in the community (outpatient).

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Ipse dixit

Ipse dixit (Latin for "he said it himself") is an assertion without proof; or a dogmatic expression of opinion.

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Ipsissima verba

Ipsissima verba, Latin for "the very words," is a legal term referring to material, usually established authority, that a writer or speaker is quoting or referring to.

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Ipso facto

Ipso facto is a Latin phrase, directly translated as "by the fact itself", which means that a specific phenomenon is a direct consequence, a resultant effect, of the action in question, instead of being brought about by a previous action.

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Irreconcilable differences

The concept of irreconcilable differences provides possible grounds for divorce in a number of jurisdictions.

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Irreparable injury

An irreparable injury is, in equity, "the type of harm which no monetary compensation can cure or put conditions back the way they were.".

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Irresistible impulse

In criminal law, irresistible impulse is a defense by excuse, in this case some sort of insanity, in which the defendant argues that they should not be held criminally liable for their actions that broke the law, because they could not control those actions, even if they knew them to be wrong.

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Islamic dietary laws

Islamic jurisprudence specifies which foods are halāl (حَلَال "lawful") and which are harām (حَرَامْ "unlawful").

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Islamic philosophy

In the religion of Islam, two words are sometimes translated as philosophy—falsafa (literally "philosophy"), which refers to philosophy as well as logic, mathematics, and physics; and Kalam (literally "speech"), which refers to a rationalist form of Islamic philosophy and theology based on the interpretations of Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism as developed by medieval Muslim philosophers.

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Issue (genealogy)

In genealogy and wills, issue refers to a person's lineal descendants.

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Issued shares

Issued shares is a term of law and finance for the number of shares of a corporation which have been allocated (allotted) and are subsequently held by shareholders.

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IT law

Information technology law (also called "cyberlaw") concerns the law of information technology, including computing and the internet.

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Ius naturale

Ius naturale is Latin for natural right, the laws common to all beings.

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Ja'fari jurisprudence

Jaʿfari jurisprudence, (Persian: فقه جعفری) Jaʿfari school of thought, Jaʿfarite School, or Jaʿfari Fiqh is the school of jurisprudence of most Shia Muslims, derived from the name of Ja'far al-Sadiq, the 6th Shia Imam.

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Jargon

Jargon is a type of language that is used in a particular context and may not be well understood outside that context.

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Jaywalking

Jaywalking occurs when a pedestrian walks in or crosses a roadway illegally.

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Jewish principles of faith

There is no established formulation of principles of faith that are recognized by all branches of Judaism.

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Jewish Theological Seminary of America

The Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) is a religious education organization located in New York, New York.

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Jim Crow laws

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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John Doe

"John Doe", "John Roe" or "Richard Roe" (for men), "Jane Doe" or "Jane Roe" (for women), and "Baby Doe", "Janie Doe" or "Johnny Doe" (for children), or just "Doe" or "Roe" are multiple-use names that have two distinct usages.

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Joinder

In law, a joinder is the joining of two or more legal issues together.

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Joint

A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole.

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Joint and several liability

Where two or more persons are liable in respect of the same liability, in most common law legal systems they may either be.

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Joint custody

Joint custody is a form of child custody pursuant to which custody rights are awarded to both parents.

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Joint venture

A joint venture (JV) is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance.

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Joint wills and mutual wills

Joint wills and mutual wills are closely related terms used in the law of wills to describe two types of testamentary writing that may be executed by a married couple to ensure that their property is disposed of identically.

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Jointure

Jointure is, in law, a provision for a wife after the death of her husband.

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Jones Law (Philippines)

The Jones Law (c. 416, also known as the Jones Act, the Philippine Autonomy Act, and the Act of Congress of August 29, 1916) was an Organic Act passed by the United States Congress.

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Journeyman

A journeyman is a skilled worker who has successfully completed an official apprenticeship qualification in a building trade or craft.

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Joyride (crime)

To joyride is to drive around in a stolen vehicle with no particular goal other than the pleasure or thrill of doing so.

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Judge

A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges.

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Judge advocate

A judge advocate is an officer of the court or judicial officer, usually associated with the armed services.

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Judge Advocate General of the Armed Forces

In the United Kingdom, the Judge Advocate General and Judge Martial of all the Forces is a judge responsible for the court-martial process within the Royal Navy, British Army and Royal Air Force.

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Judgement

Judgement (or judgment) is the evaluation of evidence to make a decision.

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Judgment (law)

In law, a judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding.

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Judgment debtor

In English and American law, a judgment debtor is a person against whom a judgment ordering him to pay a sum of money has been obtained and remains unsatisfied.

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Judgment in Berlin

Judgment in Berlin is a 1984 book by federal judge Herbert Jay Stern about a hijacking trial in the United States Court for Berlin in 1979, over which he presided.

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Judgment notwithstanding verdict

Judgment notwithstanding the verdict, also called judgment non obstante veredicto, or JNOV, is a type of judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) that is sometimes rendered at the conclusion of a jury trial.

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Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) is the highest court of appeal for certain British territories and Commonwealth countries.

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Judicial discretion

Judicial discretion is the power of the judiciary to make some legal decisions according to their discretion.

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Judicial disqualification

Judicial disqualification, also referred to as recusal, is the act of abstaining from participation in an official action such as a legal proceeding due to a conflict of interest of the presiding court official or administrative officer.

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Judicial economy

Judicial economy is the principle that the limited resources of the legal system or a given court should be conserved by the refusal to decide one or more claims raised in a case.

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Judicial functions of the House of Lords

The House of Lords, in addition to having a legislative function, historically also had a judicial function.

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Judicial independence

Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary needs to be kept away from the other branches of government.

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Judicial interference

Judicial interference is the actions of courts or judicial officers in matters that are interpreted by some as beyond their constitutionally established role.

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Judicial notice

Judicial notice is a rule in the law of evidence that allows a fact to be introduced into evidence if the truth of that fact is so notorious or well known, or so authoritatively attested, that it cannot reasonably be doubted.

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Judicial review

Judicial review is a process under which executive or legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary.

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Judiciary

The judiciary (also known as the judicial system or court system) is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state.

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Junior barrister

A junior barrister is a barrister who has not yet attained the rank of Queen's Counsel.

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Jurat

The jurats are lay people in Guernsey and Jersey who act as judges of fact rather than law, though they preside over land conveyances and liquor licensing.

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Juridical person

A juridical person is a non-human legal entity, in other words any organization that is not a single natural person but is authorized by law with duties and rights and is recognized as a legal person and as having a distinct identity.

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Juris Doctor

The Juris Doctor degree (J.D. or JD), also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree (J.D., JD, D.Jur. or DJur), is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees.

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Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction (from the Latin ius, iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined field of responsibility, e.g., Michigan tax law.

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Jurisprudence

Jurisprudence or legal theory is the theoretical study of law, principally by philosophers but, from the twentieth century, also by social scientists.

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Jurist

A jurist (from medieval Latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law).

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Jury

A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment.

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Jury fees

Jury fees refer to the daily stipend paid to jurors.

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Jury instructions

Jury instructions are the set of legal rules that jurors ought follow when deciding a case.

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Jury nullification

Jury nullification is a concept where members of a trial jury find a defendant not guilty if they do not support a government's law, do not believe it is constitutional or humane, or do not support a possible punishment for breaking the law.

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Jury selection

Jury selection is the selection of the people who will serve on a jury during a jury trial.

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Jury stress

Jury stress or juror stress is physical and mental tension that affects members of juries.

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Jury tampering

Jury tampering is the crime of unduly attempting to influence the composition and/or decisions of a jury during the course of a trial.

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Jury trial

A jury trial, or trial by jury, is a lawful proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact.

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Jus ad bellum

Jus ad bellum (Latin for "right to war") is a set of criteria that are to be consulted before engaging in war in order to determine whether entering into war is permissible, that is, whether it is a just war.

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Jus commune

Jus commune or ius commune is Latin for "common law" in certain jurisdictions.

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Jus gentium

The ius gentium or jus gentium (Latin for "law of nations") is a concept of international law within the ancient Roman legal system and Western law traditions based on or influenced by it.

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Jus inter gentes

Jus inter gentes, is the body of treaties, U.N. conventions, and other international agreements.

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Jus sanguinis

Jus sanguinis (right of blood) is a principle of nationality law by which citizenship is not determined by place of birth but by having one or both parents who are citizens of the state.

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Jus soli

Jus soli, meaning "right of the soil", commonly referred to as birthright citizenship, is the right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship.

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Just cause

Just cause is a common standard in United States labor law arbitration that is used in labor union contracts in the United States as a form of job security.

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Just compensation

Just compensation is required to be paid by the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (and counterpart state constitutions) when private property is taken (or in some states, taken or damaged).

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Just war theory

Just war theory (Latin: jus bellum iustum) is a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics studied by military leaders, theologians, ethicists and policy makers.

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Justice

Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered.

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Justice of the peace

A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer, of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission (letters patent) to keep the peace.

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Justiciability

Justiciability concerns the limits upon legal issues over which a court can exercise its judicial authority.

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Justifiable homicide

The concept of justifiable homicide in criminal law (e.g. as opposed to culpable homicide) stands on the dividing line between an excuse, a justification, and an exculpation.

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Justification (jurisprudence)

Justification is a defense in a criminal case, by which a defendant who committed the crime as defined, claims he did no wrong, because committing the crime advanced some social interest or vindicated a right of such importance that it outweighs the wrongfulness of the crime.

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Juvenile court

A juvenile court (or young offender's court) is a tribunal having special authority to pass judgements for crimes that are committed by children or adolescents who have not attained the age of majority.

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Juvenile delinquency

Juvenile delinquency, also known as "juvenile offending", is participation in illegal behavior by minors (juveniles, i.e. individuals younger than the statutory age of majority).

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Kangaroo court

A kangaroo court is a court that ignores recognized standards of law or justice, and often carries little or no official standing in the territory within which it resides.

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Karaite Judaism

Karaite Judaism or Karaism (also spelt Qaraite Judaism or Qaraism) is a Jewish religious movement characterized by the recognition of the Tanakh alone as its supreme authority in Halakha (Jewish religious law) and theology.

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Karma

Karma (karma,; italic) means action, work or deed; it also refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect).

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Kashrut

Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus) is a set of Jewish religious dietary laws.

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Kellogg–Briand Pact

The Kellogg–Briand Pact (or Pact of Paris, officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy) is a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them".

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Kidnapping

In criminal law, kidnapping is the unlawful carrying away (asportation) and confinement of a person against his or her will.

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Know-how

Know-how (or knowhow) is a term for practical knowledge on how to accomplish something, as opposed to "know-what" (facts), "know-why" (science), or "know-who" (communication).

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Kollel

A kolel or kollel (כולל, pl., kollelim, a "gathering" or "collection") is an institute for full-time, advanced study of the Talmud and rabbinic literature.

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Laïcité

Laïcité, literally "secularity", is a French concept of secularism.

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Labour law

Labour law (also known as labor law or employment law) mediates the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions and the government.

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Laches (equity)

Laches ("latches",; Law French: remissness, dilatoriness, from Old French laschesse) refers to a lack of diligence and activity in making a legal claim, or moving forward with legal enforcement of a right, particularly in regards to equity; hence, it is an unreasonable delay that can be viewed as prejudicing the opposing party.

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Land use

Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods.

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Land value tax

A land/location value tax (LVT), also called a site valuation tax, split rate tax, or site-value rating, is an ad valorem levy on the unimproved value of land.

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Landlocked country

A landlocked state or landlocked country is a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas.

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Landlord

A landlord is the owner of a house, apartment, condominium, land or real estate which is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called a tenant (also a lessee or renter).

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Landlord and Tenant Acts

Landlord and Tenant Act (with variations) is a stock short title used for legislation about rights and responsibilities of landlords and tenants of leasehold estate in Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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Landlord's lien

Landlord's lien is or was a lien at common law which a landlord would acquire over the personal property of a tenant to secure the payment of rent and other obligations under the lease.

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Lapse and anti-lapse

Lapse and anti-lapse are complementary concepts under the law of wills, which address the disposition of property that is willed to someone who dies before the testator (the writer of the will).

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Larceny

Larceny is a crime involving the unlawful taking of the personal property of another person or business.

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Last antecedent rule

The last antecedent rule is a doctrine of interpretation of a statute, by which "Referential and qualifying phrases, where no contrary intention appears, refer solely to the last antecedent." The rule is typically bound by "common sense" and is flexible enough to avoid application that "would involve an absurdity, do violence to the plain intent of the language, or if the context for other reason requires a deviation from the rule.". A more formulaic approach to the rule requires, "Evidence that a qualifying phrase is supposed to apply to all antecedents instead of only to the immediately preceding one may be found in the fact that it is separated from the antecedents by a comma." Kenneth A. Adams, author of A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting, has criticized this canon of construction as being applied inconsistently and contrary to the guidance of many manuals of style: Manuals of style recognize that the comma is used to indicate a slight break in a sentence.

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Last clear chance

The last clear chance is a doctrine in the law of torts that is employed in contributory negligence jurisdictions.

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Last Judgment

The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, or The Day of the Lord (Hebrew Yom Ha Din) (יום הדין) or in Arabic Yawm al-Qiyāmah (یوم القيامة) or Yawm ad-Din (یوم الدین) is part of the eschatological world view of the Abrahamic religions and in the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism.

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Latent defect

In the law of the sale of property (both real estate and personal property or chattels) a latent defect is a fault in the property that could not have been discovered by a reasonably thorough inspection before the sale.

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Law

Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.

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Law and economics

Law and economics or economic analysis of law is the application of economic theory (specifically microeconomic theory) to the analysis of law that began mostly with scholars from the Chicago school of economics.

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Law and literature

The law and literature movement focuses on the interdisciplinary connection between law and literature.

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Law and motion calendar

Each judge or courtroom will have a law and motion calendar, setting aside the times when only motions and special legal arguments are heard.

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Law book

A law book is a book about law.

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Law clerk

A law clerk or a judicial clerk is an individual—generally an attorney—who provides direct assistance and counsel to a judge in making legal determinations and in writing opinions by researching issues before the court.

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Law dictionary

A law dictionary is a dictionary that is designed and compiled to give information about terms used in the field of law.

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Law French

Law French is an archaic language originally based on Old Norman and Anglo-Norman, but increasingly influenced by Parisian French and, later, English.

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Law library

A law library is a special library used by law students, lawyers, judges and their law clerks, historians and other scholars of legal history in order to research the law.

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Law of agency

The law of agency is an area of commercial law dealing with a set of contractual, quasi-contractual and non-contractual fiduciary relationships that involve a person, called the agent, that is authorized to act on behalf of another (called the principal) to create legal relations with a third party.

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Law of Canada

The Canadian legal system has its foundation in the English common law system, inherited from being a former colony of the United Kingdom and later a Commonwealth Realm member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

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Law of obligations

The law of obligations is one branch of private law under the civil law legal system and so-called "mixed" legal systems.

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Law of Russia

The primary and fundamental statement of laws in the Russian Federation is the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

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Law of the case

The law of the case is a legal term of art that is applicable mainly in common law, or Anglo-American, jurisdictions that recognize the related doctrine of stare decisis. The phrase refers to instances where "rulings made by a trial court and not challenged on appeal become the law of the case." "Unless the trial court's rulings were clearly in error or there has been an important change in circumstances, the court's prior rulings must stand." Usually the situation occurs when either a case is on appeal for the second time—e.g. if the reviewing court remanded the matter to the trial court and the party appeals again or if the case was appealed in a higher appellate court—for example, from an appellate court to the highest court.

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Law of the land

The phrase law of the land is a legal term, equivalent to the Latin lex terrae, or legem terrae in the accusative case.

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Law of the Republic of Ireland

The law of Ireland consists of constitutional, statute and common law.

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Law of the Soviet Union

The Law of the Soviet Union was the law as it developed in the Soviet Union (USSR) following the October Revolution of 1917.

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Law of the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom has three legal systems, each of which applies to a particular geographical area.

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Law of the United States

The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States.

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Law of war

The law of war is a legal term of art which refers to the aspect of public international law concerning acceptable justifications to engage in war (jus ad bellum) and the limits to acceptable wartime conduct (jus in bello or international humanitarian law).

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Law reform

Law reform or legal reform is the process of examining existing laws, and advocating and implementing changes in a legal system, usually with the aim of enhancing justice or efficiency.

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Law school

A law school (also known as a law centre or college of law) is an institution specializing in legal education, usually involved as part of a process for becoming a lawyer within a given jurisdiction.

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Law society

A law society is an association of lawyers with a regulatory role that included the right to supervise the training, qualifications and conduct of lawyers.

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Lawsuit

A lawsuit (or suit in law) is "a vernacular term for a suit, action, or cause instituted or depending between two private persons in the courts of law." A lawsuit is any proceeding by a party or parties against another in a court of law.

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Lawyer

A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary.

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Lay assessor

Lay assessors are used by the government of the United Kingdom to evaluate the quality of service provided by government agencies to the public and citizens of the United Kingdom.

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Layoff

A layoff is the temporary suspension or permanent termination of employment of an employee or, more commonly, a group of employees (collective layoff) for business reasons, such as personnel management or downsizing an organization.

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Lübeck law

The Lübeck law (Lübisches (Stadt)Recht) was the constitution of a municipal form of government developed at Lübeck, now in Schleswig-Holstein, after it was made a free city in 1226.

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Leading

In typography, leading refers to the distance between adjacent lines of type; however, the exact definition has become confused.

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Leading question

In common law systems that rely on testimony by witnesses, a leading question or suggestive interrogation is a question that suggests the particular answer or contains the information the examiner is looking to have confirmed.

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Lease

A lease is a contractual arrangement calling for the lessee (user) to pay the lessor (owner) for use of an asset.

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Lease and release

Lease and release is literally the lease (tenancy) of non-tenanted property by its owner followed by a release (relinquishment) of the landlord's interest in the property.

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Leasehold estate

A leasehold estate is an ownership of a temporary right to hold land or property in which a lessee or a tenant holds rights of real property by some form of title from a lessor or landlord.

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Legal abuse

Legal abuse refers to abuses associated with both civil and criminal legal action.

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Legal advertising

Legal advertising is advertising by lawyers (attorneys at law) and law firms.

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Legal age

Legal age or codified age refers to age at which a person may legally engage in a certain activity.

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Legal aid

Legal aid is the provision of assistance to people otherwise unable to afford legal representation and access to the court system.

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Legal Aid Society

The Legal Aid Society in New York City is the United States' oldest and largest provider of legal aid to the indigent—those in poverty in the United States.

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Legal case

A legal case is a dispute between opposing parties resolved by a court, or by some equivalent legal process.

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Legal consequences of marriage and civil partnership in England and Wales

This is a list of legal consequences of forming a marriage or civil partnership in England and Wales.

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Legal custody

Legal custody is a legal term in England and Wales.

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Legal debate

A legal debate is a discussion between lawyers, legal academics, jurists, politicians, and others who might have an interest or expertise in the law, about a particular legal issue.

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Legal English

Legal English is the type of English as used in legal writing.

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Legal fiction

A legal fiction is a fact assumed or created by courts which is then used in order to help reach a decision or to apply a legal rule.

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Legal formalism

Legal formalism is both a positive or descriptive theory of adjudication and a normative theory of how judges ought to decide cases.

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Legal guardian

A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward.

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Legal history

Legal history or the history of law is the study of how law has evolved and why it changed.

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Legal immunity

Legal immunity, or immunity from prosecution, is a legal status wherein an individual or entity can not be held liable for a violation of the law to facilitate societal aims that outweigh the value of imposing liability in such cases.

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Legal instrument

Legal instrument is a legal term of art that is used for any formally executed written document that can be formally attributed to its author, records and formally expresses a legally enforceable act, process, or contractual duty, obligation, or right, and therefore evidences that act, process, or agreement.

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Legal lexicography

Legal lexicography is the complex of activities concerned with the development of theories and principles for the design, compilation, use, and evaluation of dictionaries within the field of law, see e.g. Nielsen 1994.

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Legal liability

In law, liable means "esponsible or answerable in law; legally obligated." Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law and can arise from various areas of law, such as contracts, torts, taxes, or fines given by government agencies.

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Legal maxim

A legal maxim is an established principle or proposition of law in Western civilization, and a species of aphorism and general maxim.

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Legal person

A legal person (in legal contexts often simply person, less ambiguously legal entity) is any human or non-human entity, in other words, any human being, firm, or government agency that is recognized as having privileges and obligations, such as having the ability to enter into contracts, to sue, and to be sued.

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Legal pluralism

Legal pluralism is the existence of multiple legal systems within one (human) population and/or geographic area.

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Legal positivism

Legal positivism is a school of thought of analytical jurisprudence, largely developed by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century legal thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Austin.

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Legal process

Legal process (or sometimes "process"), are the proceedings in any civil lawsuit or criminal prosecution and, particularly, describes the formal notice or writ used by a court to exercise jurisdiction over a person or property.

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Legal realism

Legal realism is a naturalistic approach to law, and is the view that jurisprudence should emulate the methods of natural science, i.e., rely on empirical evidence.

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Legal release

A legal release is a legal instrument that acts to terminate any legal liability between the releasor and the releasee(s), signed by the releasor.

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Legal separation

Legal separation (sometimes judicial separation, separate maintenance, divorce a mensa et thoro, or divorce from bed-and-board) is a legal process by which a married couple may formalize a de facto separation while remaining legally married.

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Legal technicality

The term legal technicality is a casual or colloquial phrase referring to a technical aspect of law.

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Legal tender

Legal tender is a medium of payment recognized by a legal system to be valid for meeting a financial obligation.

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Legal translation

Legal translation is the translation of texts within the field of law.

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Legalism (Chinese philosophy)

Fajia or Legalism is one of Sima Tan's six classical schools of thought in Chinese philosophy.

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Legalism (theology)

Legalism (or nomism), in Christian theology, is the act of putting the Law of Moses above the gospel, which is 1 Corinthians 15:1-4, by establishing requirements for salvation beyond faith (trust) in Jesus Christ, specifically, trust in His finished work - the shedding of His blood for our sins, and reducing the broad, inclusive, and general precepts of the Bible to narrow and rigid moral codes.

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Legalism (Western philosophy)

Legalism, in the Western sense, is an approach to the analysis of legal questions characterized by abstract logical reasoning focusing on the applicable legal text, such as a constitution, legislation, or case law, rather than on the social, economic, or political context.

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Legality of cannabis

The legality of cannabis for general or recreational use varies from country to country.

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Legalization

Legalization (also spelled legalisation) is the process of removing a legal prohibition against something which is currently not legal.

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Legatee

A legatee, in the law of wills, is any individual or organization bequeathed any portion of a testator's estate.

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Legislation

Legislation (or "statutory law") is law which has been promulgated (or "enacted") by a legislature or other governing body or the process of making it.

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Legislature

A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city.

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Legitimacy (family law)

Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.

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Legitimacy (political)

In political science, legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime.

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Legitime

In Civil law and Roman law, the legitime (legitima portio), also known as a forced share or legal right share, of a decedent's estate is that portion of the estate from which he cannot disinherit his children, or his parents, without sufficient legal cause.

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Lemon law

Lemon laws are American state laws that provide a remedy for purchasers of cars and other consumer goods in order to compensate for products that repeatedly fail to meet standards of quality and performance.

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Lesser included offense

In criminal law, a lesser included offense is a crime for which all of the elements necessary to impose liability are also elements found in a more serious crime.

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Lethal injection

Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person (typically a barbiturate, paralytic, and potassium solution) for the express purpose of causing immediate death.

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Letter (message)

A letter is one person's written message to another pertaining to some matter of common concern.

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Letter of credit

A letter of credit (LC), also known as a documentary credit, bankers commercial credit, is a payment mechanism used in international trade to perform the same economic function as a guarantee, by allocating risk undertaken by contracting parties.

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Letter of marque

A letter of marque and reprisal (lettre de marque; lettre de course) was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture enemy vessels.

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Letter of wishes

A letter of wishes is a non-binding indication by the settlor of the manner in which he wishes the trustees to exercise their discretion in relation to a discretionary trust.

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Letters of Administration

Letters of Administration are granted by a Surrogate Court or probate registry to appoint appropriate people to deal with a deceased person's estate where property will pass under Intestacy Rules or where there are no executors living (and willing and able to act) having been validly appointed under the deceased's will.

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Letters patent

Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation.

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Letters rogatory

Letters rogatory or letters of request are a formal request from a court to a foreign court for some type of judicial assistance.

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Leverage (finance)

In finance, leverage (sometimes referred to as gearing in the United Kingdom and Australia) is any technique involving the use of borrowed funds in the purchase of an asset, with the expectation that the after tax income from the asset and asset price appreciation will exceed the borrowing cost.

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Lex ferenda

Lex ferenda is a Latin expression that means "future law" used in the sense of "what the law should be" (as opposed to lex lata - "the current law").

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Lex lata

Lex lata (also called de lege lata) is a Latin expression that means "the law as it exists" (as opposed to lex ferenda).

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Lex loci delicti commissi

The lex loci delicti commissi is the Latin term for "law of the place where the delict was committed" in the conflict of laws.

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Lex mercatoria

Lex mercatoria (from the Latin for "merchant law"), often referred to as "the Law Merchant" in English, is the body of commercial law used by merchants throughout Europe during the medieval period.

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Lex scripta

Lex scripta pl.

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Libel Act 1792

The Libel Act 1792 (32 Geo. III c. 60) (also known as Fox's Act) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain.

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Libertarian theories of law

Libertarian theories of law build upon classical liberal and individualist doctrines.

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Liberty

Liberty, in politics, consists of the social, political, and economic freedoms to which all community members are entitled.

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License

A license (American English) or licence (British English) is an official permission or permit to do, use, or own something (as well as the document of that permission or permit).

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Licensee

A licensee can mean the holder of a license, or in U.S. tort law, a licensee is a person who is on the property of another, despite the fact that the property is not open to the general public, because the owner of the property has allowed the licensee to enter.

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Lie detection

Lie detection is an assessment of a verbal statement with the goal to reveal a possible intentional deceit.

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Lien

A lien is a form of security interest granted over an item of property to secure the payment of a debt or performance of some other obligation.

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Life

Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.

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Life annuity

A life annuity is an annuity, or series of payments at fixed intervals, paid while the purchaser (or annuitant) is alive.

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Life estate

In common law and statutory law, a life estate is the ownership of land for the duration of a person's life.

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Life imprisonment

Life imprisonment (also known as imprisonment for life, life in prison, a life sentence, a life term, lifelong incarceration, life incarceration or simply life) is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural life or until paroled.

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Limited company

In a limited company, the liability of members or subscribers of the company is limited to what they have invested or guaranteed to the company.

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Limited jurisdiction

Limited jurisdiction, or special jurisdiction, is the court's jurisdiction only on certain types of cases such as bankruptcy, family matters, etc.

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Limited liability

Limited liability is where a person's financial liability is limited to a fixed sum, most commonly the value of a person's investment in a company or partnership.

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Limited liability company

A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States of America-specific form of a private limited company.

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Limited partnership

A limited partnership (LP) is a form of partnership similar to a general partnership except that while a general partnership must have at least two general partners (GPs), a limited partnership must have at least one GP and at least one limited partner.

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Lineal descendant

A lineal descendant, in legal usage, is a blood relative in the direct line of descent – the children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc.

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Liquidated damages

Liquidated damages (also referred to as liquidated and ascertained damages) are damages whose amount the parties designate during the formation of a contract for the injured party to collect as compensation upon a specific breach (e.g., late performance).

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Liquidation

In United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and United States law and business, liquidation is the process by which a company is brought to an end.

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Liquidator (law)

In law, a liquidator is the officer appointed when a company goes into winding-up or liquidation who has responsibility for collecting in all of the assets under such circumstances of the company and settling all claims against the company before putting the company into dissolution.

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Lis pendens

In United States law, a lis pendens is a written notice that a lawsuit has been filed concerning real estate, involving either the title to the property or a claimed ownership interest in it.

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List of high courts in India

There are 24 high courts at the state and union territory level of India, which together with the Supreme Court of India at the national level, comprise the country's judicial system.

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List of Latin legal terms

A number of Latin terms are used in legal terminology and legal maxims.

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List of Latin phrases (C)

Additional references.

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List of Latin phrases (D)

Additional sources.

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List of Latin phrases (E)

Additional sources.

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List of Latin phrases (I)

Additional sources.

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List of Latin phrases (N)

Additional references.

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List of Latin phrases (P)

Additional references.

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List of Latin phrases (U)

Additional references'.

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List of Latin phrases (V)

Additional references.

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List of Roman laws

This is a partial list of Roman laws.

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List of sex-related court cases in the United States

The United States Supreme Court and various U.S. state courts have decided several cases regarding pornography, sexual activity, and reproductive rights.

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List of Tosafists

Tosafists were medieval rabbis from France and Germany who are among those known in Talmudical scholarship as Rishonim (there were Rishonim in Spain also) who created critical and explanatory glosses (questions, notes, interpretations, rulings and sources) on the Talmud.

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Listed building

A listed building, or listed structure, is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, Cadw in Wales, and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency in Northern Ireland.

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Literary property

Literary property is a term used in publishing to refer to works generally covered by copyright but also an associated set of property rights that go far beyond what courts have historically permitted to be claimed as copyright infringement.

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Liturgy

Liturgy is the customary public worship performed by a religious group, according to its beliefs, customs and traditions.

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Livery

A livery is a uniform, insignia or symbol adorning, in a non-military context, a person, an object or a vehicle that denotes a relationship between the wearer of the livery and an individual or corporate body.

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Livery of seisin

Livery of seisin is an archaic legal conveyancing ceremony, formerly practised in feudal England and in other countries following English common law, used to convey holdings in property.

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Loan guarantee

A loan guarantee, in finance, is a promise by one party (the guarantor) to assume the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults.

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Loan shark

A loan shark is a person or body who offers loans at extremely high interest rates usually without holding relevant authorization from the local financial regulator (illegally).

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Location

The terms location and place in geography are used to identify a point or an area on the Earth's surface or elsewhere.

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Lockout (industry)

A lockout is a temporary work stoppage or denial of employment initiated by the management of a company during a labor dispute.

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Locus in quo

Locus in quo means, in British common law, the "scene of the event", or The phrase comes from the Latin language, meaning "The place in which".

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Loitering

Loitering is the act of remaining in a particular public place for a protracted time without any apparent purpose.

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Long cause

A long cause is a case whose trial is expected to take longer than that of a short cause, which in most jurisdictions is defined to be one day.

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Long Vacation

Long Vacation (ロングバケーション, also known as ロンバケ) is a Japanese television drama series from Fuji Television, first shown in Japan from 15 April to 24 June 1996.

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Long-arm jurisdiction

Long-arm jurisdiction is the ability of local courts to exercise jurisdiction over foreign ("foreign" meaning out of jurisdiction, whether a state, province, or nation) defendants, whether on a statutory basis or through a court's inherent jurisdiction (depending on the jurisdiction).

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Lord Chancellor

The Lord Chancellor, formally the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest ranking among those Great Officers of State which are appointed regularly in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking even the Prime Minister.

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Lord Chancellor's Department

The Lord Chancellor's Department was a United Kingdom government department answerable to the Lord Chancellor with jurisdiction over England and Wales.

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Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales

The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales is the head of the judiciary and President of the Courts of England and Wales.

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Lord Keeper of the Great Seal

The Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England, and later of Great Britain, was formerly an officer of the English Crown charged with physical custody of the Great Seal of England.

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Lord President of the Council

The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking below the Lord High Treasurer but above the Lord Privy Seal.

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Lord President of the Court of Session

The Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General is the most senior judge in Scotland, the head of the judiciary, and the presiding judge of the College of Justice, the Court of Session, and the High Court of Justiciary.

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Lord Steward

The Lord Steward or Lord Steward of the Household, in England, is an important official of the Royal Household.

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Lords of Appeal in Ordinary

Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, commonly known as Law Lords, were judges appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 to the British House of Lords in order to exercise its judicial functions, which included acting as the highest court of appeal for most domestic matters.

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Loss of consortium

Loss of consortium is a term used in the law of torts that refers to the deprivation of the benefits of a family relationship due to injuries caused by a tortfeasor.

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Loss of use

Loss of use is the inability, due to a tort or other injury to use a body part, animal, equipment, premises, or other property.

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Lost volume seller

Lost volume seller is a legal term in the law of contracts.

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Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property

Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property are categories of the common law of property which deals with personal property or chattel which has left the possession of its rightful owner without having directly entered the possession of another person.

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M'Naghten rules

The M'Naghten rule (pronounced, and sometimes spelled, McNaughton) is any variant of the 1840s jury instruction in a criminal case when there is a defense of insanity: The rule was formulated as a reaction to the acquittal in 1843 of Daniel M'Naghten on the charge of murdering Edward Drummond, whom M'Naghten had mistaken for British Prime Minister Robert Peel.

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Madhhab

A (مذهب,, "way to act"; pl. مذاهب) is a school of thought within fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).

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Madrasa

Madrasa (مدرسة,, pl. مدارس) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion), and whether a school, college, or university.

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Magdeburg rights

Magdeburg rights (Magdeburger Recht; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages, granted by the local ruler.

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Magistrate

The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to a civilian officer who administers the law.

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Magna Carta

Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "the Great Charter of the Liberties"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "Great Charter"), is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.

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Maintenance (technical)

The technical meaning of maintenance involves operational and functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary devices, equipment, machinery, building infrastructure, and supporting utilities in industrial, business, governmental, and residential installations.

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Majority

A majority is the greater part, or more than half, of the total.

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Malfeasance in office

Malfeasance in office, or official misconduct, is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties.

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Malice aforethought

Malice aforethought was the "premeditation" or "predetermination" (with malice) that was required as an element of some crimes in some jurisdictions, citing, West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2.

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Malicious prosecution

Malicious prosecution is a common law intentional tort, while like the tort of abuse of process, its elements include (1) intentionally (and maliciously) instituting and pursuing (or causing to be instituted or pursued) a legal action (civil or criminal) that is (2) brought without probable cause and (3) dismissed in favor of the victim of the malicious prosecution.

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Maliki

The (مالكي) school is one of the four major madhhab of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Malpractice

In the law of torts, malpractice, also known as professional negligence, is an "instance of negligence or incompetence on the part of a professional".

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Malum in se

Malum in se (plural mala in se) is a Latin phrase meaning wrong or evil in itself.

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Malum prohibitum

Malum prohibitum (plural mala prohibita, literal translation: "wrong prohibited") is a Latin phrase used in law to refer to conduct that constitutes an unlawful act only by virtue of statute, as opposed to conduct that is evil in and of itself, or malum in se. Conduct that is so clearly violative of society's standards for allowable conduct that it is illegal under English common law is usually regarded as malum in se.

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Management

Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body.

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Mandamus

Mandamus (Latin "we command") is a judicial remedy in the form of an order from a superior court, to any government, subordinate court, corporation, or public authority, to do (or forbear from doing) some specific act which that body is obliged under law to do (or refrain from doing), and which is in the nature of public duty, and in certain cases one of a statutory duty.

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Mandate (criminal law)

A criminal court may impose a "mandate" as part of a legal process on a person accused of a crime consisting of an obligation to engage in certain conditions or activities in exchange for suspension or reduction in penalty; such as, conditions of probation, conditional discharges, or other conditional sentences.

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Mandate (international law)

In international law, a mandate is a binding obligation issued from an inter-governmental organization (e.g. the United Nations) to a country which is bound to follow the instructions of the organization.

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Mandate of Heaven

The Mandate of Heaven or Tian Ming is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China.

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Mandatory sentencing

Mandatory sentencing requires that offenders serve a predefined term for certain crimes, commonly serious and violent offenses.

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Mann Act

The White-Slave Traffic Act, or the Mann Act, is a United States federal law, passed June 25, 1910 (ch. 395,; codified as amended at). It is named after Congressman James Robert Mann of Illinois, and in its original form made it a felony to engage in interstate or foreign commerce transport of "any woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose".

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Manorialism

Manorialism was an essential element of feudal society.

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Manslaughter

Manslaughter is a common law legal term for homicide considered by law as less culpable than murder.

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Manslaughter in English law

In the English law of homicide, manslaughter is a less serious offence than murder, the differential being between levels of fault based on the mens rea (Latin for "guilty mind") or by reason of a partial defence.

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Manumission

Manumission, or affranchisement, is the act of an owner freeing his or her slaves.

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Manusmriti

The Manusmṛti (Sanskrit: मनुस्मृति), also spelled as Manusmriti, is an ancient legal text among the many of Hinduism.

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Mare clausum

Mare clausum (legal Latin meaning "closed sea") is a term used in international law to mention a sea, ocean or other navigable body of water under the jurisdiction of a state that is closed or not accessible to other states.

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Marital deduction

Marital deduction is a type of tax law that allows a person to give assets to his or her spouse with reduced or no tax imposed upon the transfer.

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Marital life estate

A marital life estate is, in the common law tradition of the United States and Great Britain, a life estate held by the spouse (husband or wife) or widowed spouse, for the duration of that spouse's life.

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Market capitalization

Market capitalization (market cap) is the market value of a publicly traded company's outstanding shares.

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Market value

Market value or OMV (Open Market Valuation) is the price at which an asset would trade in a competitive auction setting.

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Marketable title

Marketable title (real estate) is a title that a court of equity considers to be so free from defect that it will legally force its acceptance by a buyer.

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Marriage

Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a socially or ritually recognised union between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between those spouses, as well as between them and any resulting biological or adopted children and affinity (in-laws and other family through marriage).

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Marriageable age

Marriageable age (or marriage age) is the minimum age at which a person is allowed by law to marry, either as a right or subject to parental or other forms of consent.

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Marshal

Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society.

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Martial law

Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civilian functions of government, especially in response to a temporary emergency such as invasion or major disaster, or in an occupied territory. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public.

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Masoretes

The Masoretes (Hebrew: Ba'alei ha-Masora) were groups of Jewish scribe-scholars who worked between the 6th and 10th centuries CE, based primarily in early medieval Palestine in the cities of Tiberias and Jerusalem, as well as in Iraq (Babylonia).

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Masoretic Text

The Masoretic Text (MT, 𝕸, or \mathfrak) is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the Tanakh for Rabbinic Judaism.

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Massachusetts business trust

A Massachusetts Business Trust (MBT) is a legal trust set up for the purposes of business, but not necessarily one that is operated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

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Master (judiciary)

A master is a judge in the courts of England and in numerous other jurisdictions based on the common law tradition.

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Master and Servant Act

Master and Servant Acts or Masters and Servants Acts were laws designed to regulate relations between employers and employees during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Master of Laws

The Master of Laws (M.L. or LL.M.; Latin Magister Legum or Legum Magister) is a postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject.

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Master of the Rolls

The Keeper or Master of the Rolls and Records of the Chancery of England, known as the Master of the Rolls, is the second-most senior judge in England and Wales after the Lord Chief Justice, and serves as President of the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal and Head of Civil Justice.

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Master of the Rolls in Ireland

The Master of the Rolls in Ireland was an official in the Irish Chancery under English and British rule, equivalent to the Master of the Rolls in the English Chancery.

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Material witness

A material witness (in American law) is a person with information alleged to be material concerning a criminal proceeding.

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Materiality (law)

Materiality is a legal term that has different meanings, depending on context.

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Matrimonial regime

Matrimonial regimes, or marital property systems, are systems of property ownership between spouses providing for the creation or absence of a marital estate, and if created, what properties are included in that estate, how and by whom it is managed, and how it will be divided and inherited at the end of the marriage.

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Matter

In the classical physics observed in everyday life, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

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Maturity (finance)

In finance, maturity or maturity date refers to the final payment date of a loan or other financial instrument, at which point the principal (and all remaining interest) is due to be paid.

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Maxims of equity

Maxims of equity are legal maxims that serve as a set of general principles or rules which are said to govern the way in which equity operates.

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Mayhem (crime)

Mayhem is a common law criminal offense consisting of the intentional maiming of another person.

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Mechanic's lien

A mechanic's lien is a security interest in the title to property for the benefit of those who have supplied labor or materials that improve the property.

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Mediation

Mediation is a dynamic, structured, interactive process where a neutral third party assists disputing parties in resolving conflict through the use of specialized communication and negotiation techniques.

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Medical ethics

Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research.

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Medical jurisprudence

Medical jurisprudence or legal medicine is the branch of science and medicine involving the study and application of scientific and medical knowledge to legal problems, such as inquests, and in the field of law.

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Medieval Inquisition

The Medieval Inquisition was a series of Inquisitions (Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184–1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s).

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Meeting of the minds

Meeting of the minds (also referred to as mutual agreement, mutual assent or consensus ad idem) is a phrase in contract law used to describe the intentions of the parties forming the contract.

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Megan's Law

Megan's Law is the name for a federal law, and informal name for subsequent state laws, in the United States requiring law enforcement authorities to make information available to the public regarding registered sex offenders.

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Memorandum

A memorandum (abbrev.: memo; from Latin memorandum est, "It must be remembered (that)...") is a note, document or other communication that helps the memory by recording events or observations on a topic such as may be used in a business office.

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Memorandum of association

The memorandum of association of company, often simply called the memorandum (and then often capitalised as an abbreviation for the official name, which is a proper noun and usually includes other words) is one of the most important documents and must be drafted with care.

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Mens rea

Mens rea (Law Latin for "guilty mind") is the mental element of a person's intention to commit a crime; or knowledge that one's action or lack of action would cause a crime to be committed.

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Mental health law

Mental health law includes a wide variety of legal topics and pertain to people with a diagnosis or possible diagnosis of a mental health condition, and to those involved in managing or treating such people.

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Mergers and acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are transactions in which the ownership of companies, other business organizations, or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities.

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Mesne

Mesne (an Anglo-French legal form of the O. Fr. meien, mod. moyen, mean, Med. Lat. medianus, in the middle, cf. English mean), middle or intermediate, an adjective used in several legal phrases.

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Mesne assignment

In property law, a mesne assignment is an intermediate assignment in a series of assignments which occurs prior to the final assignment.

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Mesne profits

Mesne (pronounced "mean") profits are sums of money paid for the occupation of land to a person with right of immediate occupation, where no permission has been given for that occupation.

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Metes and bounds

Metes and bounds is a system or method of describing land, real property (in contrast to personal property) or real estate.

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Military alliance

A military alliance is an international agreement concerning national security, when the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance.

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Military dictatorship

A military dictatorship (also known as a military junta) is a form of government where in a military force exerts complete or substantial control over political authority.

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Military justice

Military justice (or military law) is the body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces.

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Militia

A militia is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a nation, or subjects of a state, who can be called upon for military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel, or historically, members of a warrior nobility class (e.g., knights or samurai).

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Mineral rights

Mineral rights are property rights to exploit an area for the minerals it harbors.

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Ministerial act

A ministerial act is a government action "performed according to legal authority, established procedures or instructions from a superior, without exercising any individual judgment." It can be any act a functionary or bureaucrat performs in a prescribed manner, without exercising any individual judgment or discretion.

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Minor (law)

In law, a minor is a person under a certain age, usually the age of majority, which legally demarcates childhood from adulthood.

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Minutes

Minutes, also known as minutes of meeting (abbreviation MoM), protocols or, informally, notes, are the instant written record of a meeting or hearing.

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Miranda warning

The Miranda warning, which also can be referred to as a person's Miranda rights, is a right to silence warning given by police in the United States to criminal suspects in police custody (or in a custodial interrogation) before they are interrogated to preserve the admissibility of their statements against them in criminal proceedings.

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Misappropriation

In law, misappropriation is the unauthorized use of another's name, likeness, or identity without that person's permission, resulting in harm to that person.

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Mischief

Mischief or malicious mischief is the specific name for different criminal offenses in a number of different jurisdictions.

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Misdemeanor

A misdemeanor (American English, spelled misdemeanour in British English) is any "lesser" criminal act in some common law legal systems.

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Misfeasance

Misfeasance, nonfeasance and malfeasance are types of failure to discharge public obligations existing by common law, custom or statute.

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Mishnah

The Mishnah or Mishna (מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb shanah, or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions known as the "Oral Torah".

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Mishnah Berurah

The Mishnah Berurah (משנה ברורה "Clarified Teaching") is a work of halakha (Jewish law) by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (Poland, 1838–1933), also colloquially known by the name of another of his books, Chofetz Chaim "Desirer of Life".

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Mishpat Ivri

Mishpat Ivri (Hebrew משפט עברי "Jewish/Hebrew law/jurisprudence") are the aspects of Halakha ("traditional Jewish law") that are relevant to "non-religious" or "secular" law.

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Misjoinder

In legal procedure (both civil and criminal), misjoinder refers to a wrongful joinder.

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Misnomer

A misnomer is a name or term that suggests an idea that is known to be wrong.

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Misprision of felony

Misprision of felony is an offence under the common law of England that is no longer active in many common law countries.

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Misprision of treason

Misprision of treason is an offence found in many common law jurisdictions around the world, having been inherited from English law.

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Misrepresentation

A concept of English law, a misrepresentation is an untrue or misleading statement of fact made during negotiations by one party to another, the statement then inducing that other party into the contract.

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Mistake of law

Mistake of law is a legal principle referring to one or more errors that were made by a person in understanding how the applicable law applied to their past activity that is under analysis by a court.

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Mitigating factor

In United States criminal law, a mitigating factor is any information or evidence presented to the court regarding the defendant or the circumstances of the crime that might result in reduced charges or a lesser sentence.

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Mitzvah

In its primary meaning, the Hebrew word (meaning "commandment",,, Biblical:; plural, Biblical:; from "command") refers to precepts and commandments commanded by God.

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Mock trial

A mock trial is an act or imitation trial.

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Modus operandi

A modus operandi (often shortened to M.O.) is someone's habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations, but also more generally.

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Moiety title

Moiety title is a legal term describing a portion other than a whole of ownership of property.

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Monarch

A monarch is a sovereign head of state in a monarchy.

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Money laundering

Money laundering is the act of concealing the transformation of profits from illegal activities and corruption into ostensibly "legitimate" assets.

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Monism and dualism in international law

The terms monism and dualism are used to describe two different theories of the relationship between international law and national law.

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Monopoly

A monopoly (from Greek μόνος mónos and πωλεῖν pōleîn) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity.

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Monopoly on violence

The monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force, also known as the monopoly on violence (Gewaltmonopol des Staates), is a core concept of modern public law, which goes back to Jean Bodin's 1576 work Les Six livres de la République and Thomas Hobbes' 1651 book Leviathan.

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Monument

A monument is a type of—usually three-dimensional—structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, historical, political, technical or architectural importance.

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Moot court

Moot court is an extracurricular activity at many law schools in which participants take part in simulated court or arbitration proceedings, usually involving drafting memorials or memoranda and participating in oral argument.

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Mootness

In law, the terms moot and mootness have different meanings in British English and American English.

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Mopery

Mopery is a vague, informal name for minor offenses.

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Moral absolutism

Moral absolutism is an ethical view that particular actions are intrinsically right or wrong.

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Moral certainty

Moral certainty is a concept of intuitive probability.

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Moral relativism

Moral relativism may be any of several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different people and cultures.

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Moral responsibility

In philosophy, moral responsibility is the status of morally deserving praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act or omission, in accordance with one's moral obligations.

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Moral rights

Moral rights are rights of creators of copyrighted works generally recognized in civil law jurisdictions and, to a lesser extent, in some common law jurisdictions.

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Moral turpitude

Moral turpitude is a legal concept in the United States and some other countries that refers to "an act or behavior that gravely violates the sentiment or accepted standard of the community".

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Moral universalism

Moral universalism (also called moral objectivism or universal morality) is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for "all similarly situated individuals", regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or any other distinguishing feature.

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Morality

Morality (from) is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper.

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Moratorium (law)

A moratorium is a delay or suspension of an activity or a law.

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Mores

Mores (sometimes; from Latin mōrēs,, plural form of singular mōs, meaning "manner", "custom", "usage", "habit") was introduced from English into American English by William Graham Sumner (1840–1910), an early U.S. sociologist, to refer to social norms that are widely observed and are considered to have greater moral significance than others.

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Morganatic marriage

Morganatic marriage, sometimes called a left-handed marriage, is a marriage between people of unequal social rank, which in the context of royalty prevents the passage of the husband's titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage.

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Mortgage law

A mortgage is a security interest in real property held by a lender as a security for a debt, usually a loan of money.

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Motion (legal)

In United States law, a motion is a procedural device to bring a limited, contested issue before a court for decision.

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Motion for more definite statement

A motion for more definite statement in many jurisdictions in the United States, and under United States federal law, is a means of obtaining a more detailed motion from the opposing party in a civil case before interposing a responsive pleading.

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Motion in limine

In U.S. law, a motion in limine ("at the start", literally, "on the threshold") is a motion, discussed outside the presence of the jury, to request that certain testimony be excluded.

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Motion to quash

A motion to quash is a request to a court to render a previous decision of that court or a lower judicial body null or invalid.

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Motion to strike (court of law)

A motion to strike is a request by one party in a trial requesting that the presiding judge order the removal of all or part of the opposing party's pleading to the court.

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Motive (law)

A motive, in law, especially criminal law, is the cause that moves people to induce a certain action.

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Motor vehicle exception

The motor vehicle exception is a legal rule in the United States that modifies the normal probable cause requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and, when applicable, allows a police officer to search a motor vehicle without a search warrant.

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Motor vehicle theft

Motor vehicle theft or grand theft auto is the criminal act of stealing or attempting to steal a motor vehicle.

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Mullah

Mullah (ملا, Molla, ملا / Mollâ, Molla, মোল্লা) is derived from the Arabic word مَوْلَى mawlā, meaning "vicar", "master" and "guardian".

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Multiple citizenship

Multiple citizenship, dual citizenship, multiple nationality or dual nationality, is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states.

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Multiplicity of suits

Multiplicity of suits is a term to describe when more than one lawsuit exists regarding the same transaction or occurrence.

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Municipality

A municipality is usually a single urban or administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and state laws to which it is subordinate.

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Muniment

A Muniment or Muniment of Title is a legal term for a document, title deed or other evidence, that indicates ownership of an asset.

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Murder

Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human being with malice aforethought.

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Murder in English law

Murder is an offence under the common law of England and Wales.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.

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Mutatis mutandis

Mutatis mutandis is a Medieval Latin phrase meaning "the necessary changes having been made" or "once the necessary changes have been made".

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Mutilation

Mutilation or maiming (from the Latin: mutilus) is cutting off or injury to a body part of a person so that the part of the body is permanently damaged, detached or disfigured.

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Mutiny

Mutiny is a criminal conspiracy among a group of people (typically members of the military or the crew of any ship, even if they are civilians) to openly oppose, change, or overthrow a lawful authority to which they are subject.

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Nacht und Nebel

Nacht und Nebel was a directive issued by Adolf Hitler on 7 December 1941 targeting political activists and resistance "helpers" in World War II to be imprisoned or killed, while the family and the population remained uncertain as to the fate or whereabouts of the Nazi state's alleged offender.

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Name change

Name change generally refers to the legal act by a person of adopting a new name different from their name at birth, marriage or adoption.

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Napoleonic Code

The Napoleonic Code (officially Code civil des Français, referred to as (le) Code civil) is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804.

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Narcotic

The term narcotic (from ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with sleep-inducing properties.

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National Insurance

National Insurance (NI) is a tax system in the United Kingdom paid by workers and employers for funding state benefits.

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National Labor Relations Board

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an independent US government agency with responsibilities for enforcing US labor law in relation to collective bargaining and unfair labor practices.

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National trade union center

A national trade union center is a federation or confederation of trade unions in a single country.

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Nationality

Nationality is a legal relationship between an individual person and a state.

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Natural law

Natural law (ius naturale, lex naturalis) is a philosophy asserting that certain rights are inherent by virtue of human nature, endowed by nature—traditionally by God or a transcendent source—and that these can be understood universally through human reason.

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Natural person

In jurisprudence, a natural person is a person (in legal meaning, i.e., one who has its own legal personality) that is an individual human being, as opposed to a legal person, which may be a private (i.e., business entity or non-governmental organization) or public (i.e., government) organization.

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Ne exeat

At common law, ne exeat (Latin "that he not depart") is an equitable writ restraining a person from leaving the jurisdiction of the court or the state.

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Negative pledge

Negative pledge is a provision in a contract which prohibits a party to the contract from creating any security interests over certain property specified in the provision.

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Negative pregnant

A negative pregnant (sometimes called a pregnant denial) refers to a denial which implies its affirmative opposite by seeming to deny only a qualification of the allegation and not the allegation itself.

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Negligence

Negligence (Lat. negligentia) is a failure to exercise appropriate and or ethical ruled care expected to be exercised amongst specified circumstances.

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Negligence per se

Negligence per se is a doctrine in US law whereby an act is considered negligent because it violates a statute (or regulation).

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Negotiable instrument

A negotiable instrument is a document guaranteeing the payment of a specific amount of money, either on demand, or at a set time, with the payer usually named on the document.

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Negotiation

Negotiation comes from the Latin neg (no) and otsia (leisure) referring to businessmen who, unlike the patricians, had no leisure time in their industriousness; it held the meaning of business (le négoce in French) until the 17th century when it took on the diplomatic connotation as a dialogue between two or more people or parties intended to reach a beneficial outcome over one or more issues where a conflict exists with respect to at least one of these issues.

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Nemo dat quod non habet

Nemo dat quod non habet, literally meaning "no one gives what he doesn't have" is a legal rule, sometimes called the nemo dat rule, that states that the purchase of a possession from someone who has no ownership right to it also denies the purchaser any ownership title.

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Nemo iudex in causa sua

Nemo iudex in causa sua (or nemo iudex in sua causa) is a Latin phrase that means, literally, "no-one should be a judge in his own case." It is a principle of natural justice that no person can judge a case in which they have an interest.

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Neutral country

A neutral country is a state, which is either neutral towards belligerents in a specific war, or holds itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts (including avoiding entering into military alliances such as NATO).

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New trial

A new trial or retrial is a recurrence of a court case.

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Next friend

In common law, a next friend (Legal English prochein ami) is a person who represents another person who is under disability or otherwise unable to maintain a suit on his or her own behalf and who does not have a legal guardian.

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Next of kin

A person's next of kin (NOK) is that person's closest living blood relative or relatives.

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Nihil dicit

Nihil dicit is Latin for "he says nothing"; a judgment for want of a plea.

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Nisi prius

Nisi prius is a historical term in English law.

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NNN lease

In United States real estate business, "net lease" is a term used for an arrangement in which the tenant or lessee is responsible for paying, in addition to base rent, some or all of the expenses related to real-estate ownership.

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No-contest clause

A no-contest clause, also called an in terrorem clause, is a clause in a legal document, such as a contract or a will, that is designed to threaten someone, usually with litigation or criminal prosecution, into acting, refraining from action, or ceasing to act.

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No-fault divorce

No-fault divorce is a divorce in which the dissolution of a marriage does not require a showing of wrongdoing by either party.

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No-fault insurance

In its broadest sense, no-fault insurance is any type of insurance contract under which insureds are indemnified for losses by their own insurance company, regardless of fault in the incident generating losses.

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No-par stock

No-par stock is stock issued with no par or face value.

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Noble Eightfold Path

The Noble Eightfold Path (ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo, āryāṣṭāṅgamārga) is an early summary of the path of Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara, the painful cycle of rebirth.

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Nolle prosequi

Nolle prosequi is a legal term of art and a Latin legal phrase meaning "be unwilling to pursue","".

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Nolo contendere

Nolo contendere is a legal term that comes from the Latin phrase for "I do not wish to contend" and it is also referred to as a plea of no contest.

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Nominal party

In a civil lawsuit, a nominal party is one named as a party on the record of an action, but having no interest in the action.

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Non compos mentis

The Latin non compos mentis translates as "of unsound mind": nōn ("not") prefaces compos mentis, meaning "having control of one's mind".

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Non est factum

Non est factum (Latin for "it is not deed") is a defence in contract law that allows a signing party to escape performance of an agreement "which is fundamentally different from what he or she intended to execute or sign." A claim of non est factum means that the signature on the contract was signed by mistake, without knowledge of its meaning.

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Non liquet

In law, a non liquet is a situation where there is no applicable law.

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Non-binding arbitration

Non-binding arbitration is a type of arbitration in which the arbitrator makes a determination of the rights of the parties to the dispute, but this determination is not binding upon them, and no enforceable arbitration award is issued.

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Non-compete clause

In contract law, a non-compete clause (often NCC), or covenant not to compete (CNC), is a clause under which one party (usually an employee) agrees not to enter into or start a similar profession or trade in competition against another party (usually the employer).

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Non-disclosure agreement

A non-disclosure agreement (NDA), also known as a confidentiality agreement (CA), confidential disclosure agreement (CDA), proprietary information agreement (PIA) or secrecy agreement (SA), is a legal contract between at least two parties that outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict access to or by third parties.

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Non-executive director

A non-executive director (abbreviated to non-exec, NED or NXD) independent director or external director is a member of the board of directors of a company or organisation who does not form part of the executive management team.

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Non-suit

A non-suit (British English) or nonsuit (American English) is a legal procedure.

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Nonconforming use

A type of zoning variance where a parcel of land may be given an exception from current zoning ordinances due to improvements made by a prior owner or before the current zoning ordinances made the desired use non-conforming under local law.

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Nonprofit organization

A non-profit organization (NPO), also known as a non-business entity or non-profit institution, is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a shared point of view.

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Nonviolence

Nonviolence is the personal practice of being harmless to self and others under every condition.

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Nota bene

Nota bene (or; plural form notate bene) is a Latin phrase meaning 'note well'.

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Notary public

A notary public (or notary or public notary) of the common law is a public officer constituted by law to serve the public in non-contentious matters usually concerned with estates, deeds, powers-of-attorney, and foreign and international business.

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Notice

Notice is the legal concept describing a requirement that a party be aware of legal process affecting their rights, obligations or duties.

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Notice of default

A notice of default is a notification given to a borrower stating that he or she has not made their payments by the predetermined deadline, or is otherwise in default on the mortgage contract.

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Novation

Novation, in contract law and business law, is the act of.

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Nuisance

Nuisance (from archaic nocence, through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, "to hurt") is a common law tort.

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Nulla bona

Nulla bona is a Latin legal term meaning "no goods" – a sheriff writes this when he can find no property to seize to pay off a court judgment.

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Nulla poena sine lege

Nulla poena sine lege (Latin for "no penalty without a law") is a legal principle, requiring that one cannot be punished for doing something that is not prohibited by law.

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Nunc pro tunc

Nunc pro tunc (English translation: "now for then") is a Latin expression in common legal use in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries.

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Nuremberg Code

The Nuremberg Code (Nürnberger Kodex) is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a result of the subsequent Nuremberg trials at the end of the Second World War.

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Nuremberg trials

The Nuremberg trials (Die Nürnberger Prozesse) were a series of military tribunals held by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war after World War II.

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Oath

Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon āð, also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise with wording relating to something considered sacred as a sign of verity.

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Obiter dictum

Obiter dictum (usually used in the plural, obiter dicta) is Latin phrase meaning "by the way", that is, a remark in a judgment that is "said in passing".

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Object (philosophy)

An object is a technical term in modern philosophy often used in contrast to the term subject.

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Objection (United States law)

In the law of the United States of America, an objection is a formal protest raised in court during a trial to disallow a witness's testimony or other evidence which would be in violation of the rules of evidence or other procedural law.

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Objectivism (Ayn Rand)

Objectivism is a philosophical system developed by Russian-American writer Ayn Rand (1905–1982).

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Obligatio consensu

Consensu or obligatio consensu or obligatio consensu contracta or obligations ex consensuGeorge Bowyer.

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Obligation

An obligation is a course of action that someone is required to take, whether legal or moral.

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Obscenity

An obscenity is any utterance or act that strongly offends the prevalent morality of the time.

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Obstruction of justice

Obstruction of justice, in United States jurisdictions, is the crime of obstructing prosecutors or other (usually government) officials.

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Occupancy

Within the context of building construction and building codes, "occupancy" refers to the use, or intended use, of a building, or portion of a building, for the shelter or support of persons, animals or property.

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Occupational disease

An occupational disease is any chronic ailment that occurs as a result of work or occupational activity.

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Occupational hazard

An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace.

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Of counsel

Of counsel is, in the legal profession of the United States, often the title of an attorney who has a relationship with a law firm or an organization, but is not an associate or a partner.

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Offer and acceptance

Offer and acceptance analysis is a traditional approach in contract law.

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Offer of judgment

The Offer of Judgment rule is a United States tort reform law aimed at controlling unnecessary litigation and at encouraging settlement.

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Offer of proof

An offer of proof is a kind of motion that a lawyer may present to a judge or to the official presiding over an administrative hearing.

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Officer of the court

In common law jurisdictions, the generic term officer of the court is applied to all those who, in some degree in function of their professional or similar qualifications, have a part in the legal system.

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Official

An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either their own or that of their superior and/or employer, public or legally private).

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Official receiver

An officer of the Insolvency Service of the United Kingdom, an official receiver (OR) is an officer of the court to which he is attached.

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Official Solicitor

The Office of the Official Solicitor is a part of the Ministry of Justice of the Government of the United Kingdom.

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Officious intermeddler

An officious intermeddler is a person who voluntarily, and without request or pre-existing legal duty, interjects him- or herself into the affairs of another, and then seeks remuneration for services or reimbursement.

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Offshore company

The term "offshore company" or "offshore corporation" is used in at least two distinct and different ways.

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Old Bailey

The Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, commonly referred to as the Old Bailey from the street on which it stands, is a court in London and one of a number of buildings housing the Crown Court.

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Ombudsman

An ombudsman, ombud, or public advocate is an official who is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints of maladministration or a violation of rights.

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Omission (law)

An omission is a failure to act, which generally attracts different legal consequences from positive conduct.

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Omnibus clause

An omnibus clause is a clause that provides or includes all residuary not specifically mentioned.

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Open adoption

Open adoption is a form of adoption in which the biological and adoptive families have access to varying degrees of each other's personal information and have an option of contact.

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Open-source license

An open-source license is a type of license for computer software and other products that allows the source code, blueprint or design to be used, modified and/or shared under defined terms and conditions.

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Opening statement

An opening statement is generally the first occasion that the trier of fact (jury or judge) has to hear from a lawyer in a trial, aside possibly from questioning during voir dire.

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Operation of law

The phrase "by operation of law" is a legal term that indicates that a right or liability has been created for a party, irrespective of the intent of that party, because it is dictated by existing legal principles.

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Opinio juris sive necessitatis

Opinio juris sive necessitatis ("an opinion of law or necessity") or simply opinio juris ("an opinion of law") is the belief that an action was carried out as a legal obligation.

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Opinion

An opinion is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is not conclusive.

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Oppression remedy

In corporate law in Commonwealth countries, an oppression remedy is a statutory right available to oppressed shareholders.

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Option (finance)

In finance, an option is a contract which gives the buyer (the owner or holder of the option) the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on a specified date, depending on the form of the option.

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Oral argument in the United States

Oral arguments are spoken to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer (or parties when representing themselves) of the legal reasons why they should prevail.

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Oral contract

An oral contract is a contract, the terms of which have been agreed by spoken communication.

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Oral law

An oral law is a code of conduct in use in a given culture, religion or community application, by which a body of rules of human behaviour is transmitted by oral tradition and effectively respected, or the single rule that is orally transmitted.

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Order in Council

An Order in Council is a type of legislation in many countries, especially the Commonwealth realms.

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Order of succession

An order of succession is the sequence of those entitled to hold a high office such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility in the order in which they stand in line to it when it becomes vacated.

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Order to show cause

An order to show cause is a type of court order that requires one or more of the parties to a case to justify, explain, or prove something to the court.

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Ordinary (officer)

An ordinary (from Latin ordinarius) is an officer of a church or civic authority who by reason of office has ordinary power to execute laws.

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Ordinary course of business

In law, the ordinary course of business covers the usual transactions, customs and practices of a certain business and of a certain firm.

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Ordinary resolution

In business or commercial law in certain common law jurisdictions, an ordinary resolution is a resolution passed by the shareholders of a company by a simple or bare majority (for example more than 50% of the vote) either at a convened meeting of shareholders or by circulating a resolution for signature.

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Organized crime

Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals who intend to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for money and profit.

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Original jurisdiction

The original jurisdiction of a court is the power to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction, when a higher court has the power to review a lower court's decision.

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Original sin

Original sin, also called "ancestral sin", is a Christian belief of the state of sin in which humanity exists since the fall of man, stemming from Adam and Eve's rebellion in Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

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Originating application

An originating application is the first, provisional, or primary application in any legal process, such as a lawsuit, application for a real estate mortgage, patent, or bankruptcy petition.

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Orphan

An orphan (from the ορφανός orphanós) is someone whose parents have died, unknown, or have permanently abandoned them.

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Out-of-pocket expense

In North American financial context an out-of-pocket expense (or out-of-pocket cost) is the direct outlay of cash that may or may not be later reimbursed from a third-party source.

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Outlaw

In historical legal systems, an outlaw is declared as outside the protection of the law.

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Outline of law

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to law: Law – is the set of rules and principles (laws) by which a society is governed, through enforcement by governmental authorities.

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Output contract

An output contract is an agreement in which a producer agrees to sell his or her entire production to the buyer, who in turn agrees to purchase the entire output.

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Over-the-counter drug

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare professional, as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be sold only to consumers possessing a valid prescription.

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Overcharge

Overcharge is an economic term that refers to the difference between an observed market price and a price that would have been observed in the absence of collusion.

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Overt act

In criminal law, an overt act is the one that can be clearly proved by evidence and from which criminal intent can be inferred, as opposed to a mere intention in the mind to commit a crime.

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Owe

Owe is a surname or given name, a spelling variation of Ove.

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Owner-occupancy

Owner-occupancy or home-ownership is a form of housing tenure where a person, called the owner-occupier, owner-occupant, or home owner, owns the home in which he/she lives.

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Ownership

Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over property, which may be an object, land/real estate or intellectual property.

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Package pilferage

Pilferage is the theft of part of the contents of a package.

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Pacta sunt servanda

Pacta sunt servanda (Latin for "agreements must be kept"), a brocard, is a basic principle of civil law, canon law, and international law.

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Pain and suffering

Pain and suffering is the legal term for the physical and emotional stress caused from an injury (see also pain and suffering).

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Palimony

Palimony is the division of financial assets and real property on the termination of a personal live-in relationship wherein the parties are not legally married.

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Papal infallibility

Papal infallibility is a dogma of the Catholic Church that states that, in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Peter, the Pope is preserved from the possibility of error "when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church." This doctrine was defined dogmatically at the First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican of 1869–1870 in the document Pastor aeternus, but had been defended before that, existing already in medieval theology and being the majority opinion at the time of the Counter-Reformation.

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Paralegal

A paralegal is an individual, qualified by education, training or work experience, who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency, or other entity and who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible.

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Paraphilia

Paraphilia (previously known as sexual perversion and sexual deviation) is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals.

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Pardon

A pardon is a government decision to allow a person to be absolved of guilt for an alleged crime or other legal offense, as if the act never occurred.

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Parens patriae

Parens patriae is Latin for "parent of the nation" (lit., "parent of the fatherland").

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Parent

A parent is a caregiver of the offspring in their own species.

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Parent company

A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operation by doing and influencing or electing its board of directors.

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Parent-in-law

A parent-in-law is a person who has a legal affinity with another by being the parent of the other's spouse.

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Pari passu

Pari passu is a Latin phrase that literally means "with an equal step" or "on equal footing".

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Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, signed in Paris, France, on 20 March 1883, was one of the first intellectual property treaties.

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Parish

A parish is a church territorial entity constituting a division within a diocese.

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Parliament

In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.

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Parliamentary procedure

Parliamentary procedure is the body of rules, ethics and customs governing meetings and other operations of clubs, organizations, legislative bodies and other deliberative assemblies.

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Parliamentary sovereignty

Parliamentary sovereignty (also called parliamentary supremacy or legislative supremacy) is a concept in the constitutional law of some parliamentary democracies.

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Parliamentary system

A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.

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Parody

A parody (also called a spoof, send-up, take-off, lampoon, play on something, caricature, or joke) is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation.

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Parol

A parol is an ornamental, star-shaped Christmas lantern from the Philippines.

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Parol evidence rule

The parol evidence rule is a rule in the Anglo-American common law regarding contracts, and governs what kinds of evidence parties to a contract dispute can introduce to identify the specific terms of a contract.

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Parole

Parole is a temporary release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions before the completion of the maximum sentence period, originating from the French parole ("voice, spoken words").

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Parquetry

Parquet (from the French "a small compartment") is a geometric mosaic of wood pieces used for decorative effect in flooring.

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Partial verdict

In criminal law, a partial verdict occurs when the jury finds the defendant guilty or not guilty on some, but not all, of the charges against them.

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Particular

In metaphysics, particulars are defined as concrete, spatiotemporal entities as opposed to abstract entities, such as properties or numbers.

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Partition (law)

A partition is a term used in the law of real property to describe an act, by a court order or otherwise, to divide up a concurrent estate into separate portions representing the proportionate interests of the owners of property.

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Partner (business rank)

A partner in a law firm, accounting firm, consulting firm, or financial firm is a highly ranked position, traditionally indicating co-ownership of a partnership in which the partners were entitled to a share of the profits as "equity partners." The title can also be used in corporate entities where equity is held by shareholders.

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Partnership

A partnership is an arrangement where parties, known as partners, agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests.

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Party (law)

A party is a person or group of persons that compose a single entity which can be identified as one for the purposes of the law.

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Party wall

A party wall (occasionally parti-wall or parting wall, also known as common wall) is a dividing partition between two adjoining buildings that is shared by the occupants of each residence or business.

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Passenger

A passenger (also abbreviated as pax) is a person who travels in a vehicle but bears little or no responsibility for the tasks required for that vehicle to arrive at its destination or otherwise operate the vehicle.

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Passing off

In common law countries such as England, Australia and New Zealand, passing off is a common law tort which can be used to enforce unregistered trade mark rights.

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Patent

A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.

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Patent Cooperation Treaty

The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international patent law treaty, concluded in 1970.

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Patent infringement

Patent infringement is the commission of a prohibited act with respect to a patented invention without permission from the patent holder.

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Patent pending

"Patent pending" (sometimes abbreviated by "pat. pend." or "pat. pending") or "patent applied for" are legal designations or expressions that can be used in relation to a product or process once a patent application for the product or process has been filed, but prior to the patent being issued or the application abandoned.

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Patentability

Within the context of a national or multilateral body of law, an invention is patentable if it meets the relevant legal conditions to be granted a patent.

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Patently unreasonable

In Canadian law, patently unreasonable or the patent unreasonableness test was a standard of review used by a court when performing judicial review of administrative decisions.

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Paternity law

Paternity law refers to body of law underlying legal relationship between a father and his biological or adopted children and deals with the rights and obligations of both the father and the child to each other as well as to others.

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Patient

A patient is any recipient of health care services.

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Patrimony of affectation

In certain civil law jurisdictions (e.g., France, Quebec, Mexico, etc.), the patrimoine d'affectation is property, assets, or a legal estate that can be divided for a fiduciary purpose, as being distinct from a person's general assets.

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Patronage

Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another.

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Pay-as-you-earn tax

A pay-as-you-earn tax (PAYE) or pay-as-you-go (in Australia) is a withholding tax on income payments to employees.

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Payment

A payment is the trade of value from one party (such as a person or company) to another for goods, or services, or to fulfill a legal obligation.

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Peace bond

In Canadian law, a peace bond is an order from a criminal court that requires a person to keep the peace and be on good behaviour for a period of time.

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Peaceable possession

In real estate and real property law, peaceable possession is "holding property without any adverse claim to possession or title by another".

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Pecuniary

-- This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special:Shortpages.

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Pedophilia

Pedophilia, or paedophilia, is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children.

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Peer group

In sociology, a peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people who have similar interests (homophily), age, background, or social status.

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Peer review

Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producers of the work (peers).

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Peerage

A peerage is a legal system historically comprising hereditary titles in various countries, comprising various noble ranks.

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Pejorative

A pejorative (also called a derogatory term, a slur, a term of abuse, or a term of disparagement) is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative connotation or a low opinion of someone or something, showing a lack of respect for someone or something.

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Penal

Penal is a town in south Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago.

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Penal colony

A penal colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory.

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Penal notice

In civil procedure a penal notice is a warning endorsed on a court order, notifying the recipient that he or she is liable to committal to prison or to pay a fine for breach of the order.

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Penal transportation

Penal transportation or transportation refers to the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination.

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Penance

Penance is repentance of sins as well as an alternate name for the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox sacrament of Reconciliation or Confession.

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Pendente lite

Pendente lite is a Latin term meaning "awaiting the litigation" or "pending the litigation" which applies to court orders which are in effect while a matter (such as a divorce) is pending.

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Pension

A pension is a fund into which a sum of money is added during an employee's employment years, and from which payments are drawn to support the person's retirement from work in the form of periodic payments.

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Per capita

Per capita is a Latin prepositional phrase: per (preposition, taking the accusative case, meaning "by means of") and capita (accusative plural of the noun caput, "head").

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Per curiam decision

In law, a per curiam decision (or opinion) is a ruling issued by an appellate court of multiple judges in which the decision rendered is made by the court (or at least, a majority of the court) acting collectively (and typically, though not necessarily, unanimously).

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Per diem

Per diem (Latin for "per day" or "for each day") or daily allowance is a specific amount of money an organization gives an individual, often an employee, per day to cover living expenses when traveling for work.

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Per minas

Per minas, in British common law, to engage in behavior "by means of menaces or threats".

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Per quod

Per quod is a Latin phrase (meaning whereby) used to illustrate that the existence of a thing or an idea is on the basis of external circumstances not explicitly known or stated.

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Per stirpes

Per stirpes ("by branch") is a legal term from Latin.

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Peremptory challenge

In English and American law, the right of peremptory challenge is a right in jury selection for the attorneys to reject a certain number of potential jurors without stating a reason.

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Peremptory norm

A peremptory norm (also called jus cogens or ius cogens; Latin for "compelling law") is a fundamental principle of international law that is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is permitted.

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Peremptory plea

In the common law, the peremptory pleas (pleas in bar) are defensive pleas that set out special reasons for which a trial cannot proceed; they serve to bar the case entirely.

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Peremptory writ of mandamus

A peremptory writ of mandamus (also peremptory writ of mandate or simply peremptory mandamus) is an absolute and unqualified writ (a formal written command) to the defendant to do the act in question.

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Perfection (law)

In law, perfection relates to the additional steps required to be taken in relation to a security interest in order to make it effective against third parties or to retain its effectiveness in the event of default by the grantor of the security interest.

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Performance

Performance is completion of a task with application of knowledge, skills and abilities.

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Perjury

Perjury is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters a generation material to an official proceeding.

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Permanent Court of Arbitration

The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is an intergovernmental organization located at The Hague in the Netherlands.

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Permanent residence (United States)

United States lawful permanent residency, informally known as having a green card, is the immigration status of a person authorized to live and work in the United States of America permanently.

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Permissive

A permissive cell or host is one that allows a virus to circumvent its defenses and replicate.

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Perpetuity

A perpetuity is an annuity that has no end, or a stream of cash payments that continues forever.

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Person

A person is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility.

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Person having ordinary skill in the art

A person having ordinary skill in the art (abbreviated PHOSITA), a person of (ordinary) skill in the art (POSITA or PSITA), a person skilled in the art, a skilled addressee or simply a skilled person is a legal fiction found in many patent laws throughout the world.

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Persona non grata

In diplomacy, a persona non grata (Latin: "person not appreciated", plural: personae non gratae) is a foreign person whose entering or remaining in a particular country is prohibited by that country's government.

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Personal exemption

Under United States tax law, a personal exemption is an amount that a resident taxpayer is entitled to claim as a tax deduction against personal income in calculating taxable income and consequently federal income tax.

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Personal jurisdiction

Personal jurisdiction is a court's jurisdiction over the parties to a lawsuit, as opposed to subject-matter jurisdiction, which is jurisdiction over the law and facts involved in the suit.

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Personal property

Personal property is generally considered property that is movable, as opposed to real property or real estate.

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Personal representative

In common law jurisdictions, a personal representative or legal personal representative is a person appointed by a court to administer the estate of another person.

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Personality rights

The right of publicity, often called personality rights, is the right of an individual to control the commercial use of his or her name, image, likeness, or other unequivocal aspects of one's identity.

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Perversion

Perversion is a type of human behavior that deviates from that which is understood to be orthodox or normal.

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Petit jury

In common law, a petit jury (or trial jury, sometimes petty jury) hears the evidence in a trial as presented by both the plaintiff (petitioner) and the defendant (respondent).

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Petition

A petition is a request to do something, most commonly addressed to a government official or public entity.

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Petition to make special

In United States patent law, a petition to make special (PTMS) is a formal request submitted to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) asking that a patent application be examined ahead of the other pending applications in the same technological art.

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Petitioner

A petitioner is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.

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Philosophy of law

Philosophy of law is a branch of philosophy and jurisprudence that seeks to answer basic questions about law and legal systems, such as "What is law?", "What are the criteria for legal validity?", "What is the relationship between law and morality?", and many other similar questions.

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Phlegm

Phlegm (φλέγμα "inflammation, humour caused by heat") is a liquid secreted by the mucous membranes of mammals.

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Physician–patient privilege

Physician–patient privilege is a legal concept, related to medical confidentiality, that protects communications between a patient and his or her doctor from being used against the patient in court.

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Picketing

Picketing is a form of protest in which people (called picketers) congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place.

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Piercing the corporate veil

Piercing the corporate veil or lifting the corporate veil is a legal decision to treat the rights or duties of a corporation as the rights or liabilities of its shareholders.

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Pillory

The pillory was a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, formerly used for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse.

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Piracy

Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties.

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Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.

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Plain view doctrine

In the United States plain view doctrine allows an officer to seize, without a warrant, evidence and contraband that are found in plain view during a lawful observation.

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Plaint note

A plaint note is a legal document, chiefly referred to as such under English law and that of other Commonwealth nations.

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Plaint number

A plaint number is "an old-fashioned term for a claim number".

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Plaintiff

A plaintiff (Π in legal shorthand) is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court.

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Planetary nomenclature

Planetary nomenclature, like terrestrial nomenclature, is a system of uniquely identifying features on the surface of a planet or natural satellite so that the features can be easily located, described, and discussed.

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Plea

In legal terms, a plea is simply an answer to a claim made by someone in a criminal case under common law using the adversarial system.

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Plea bargain

The plea bargain (also plea agreement, plea deal, copping a plea, or plea in mitigation) is any agreement in a criminal case between the prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor.

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Pleading

In law as practiced in countries that follow the English models, a pleading is a formal written statement of a party's claims or defenses to another party's claims in a civil action.

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Plenary power

A plenary power or plenary authority is a complete and absolute power to take action on a particular issue, with no limitations.

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Police

A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by a state to enforce the law, to protect people and property, and to prevent crime and civil disorder.

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Police brutality

Police brutality is one of several forms of police misconduct which involves undue violence by police members.

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Police lineup

A police lineup (in American English) or identity parade (in British English) is a process by which a crime victim or witness's putative identification of a suspect is confirmed to a level that can count as evidence at trial.

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Police power (United States constitutional law)

In United States constitutional law, police power is the capacity of the states to regulate behavior and enforce order within their territory for the betterment of the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of their inhabitants.

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Police state

Police state is a term denoting a government that exercises power arbitrarily through the power of the police force.

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Political corruption

Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for illegitimate private gain.

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Political freedom

Political freedom (also known as political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies.

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Political prisoner

A political prisoner is someone imprisoned because they have opposed or criticized the government responsible for their imprisonment.

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Political question

In American Constitutional law, the political question doctrine is closely linked to the concept of justiciability, as it comes down to a question of whether or not the court system is an appropriate forum in which to hear the case.

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Political science

Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior.

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Poll tax

A poll tax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual.

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Polyandry

Polyandry (from πολυ- poly-, "many" and ἀνήρ anēr, "man") is a form of polygamy in which a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time.

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Polygamy

Polygamy (from Late Greek πολυγαμία, polygamía, "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses.

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Polygraph

A polygraph, popularly referred to as a lie detector, measures and records several physiological indices such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a series of questions.

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Pornography

Pornography (often abbreviated porn) is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the exclusive purpose of sexual arousal.

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Port of entry

In general, a port of entry (POE) is a place where one may lawfully enter a country.

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Positive law

Positive laws (ius positum) are human-made laws that oblige or specify an action.

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Possession (law)

In law, possession is the control a person's intentional exercises toward a thing.

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Possession of stolen goods

Possession of stolen goods is a crime in which an individual has bought, been given, or acquired stolen goods anyway.

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Possession proceedings

In law, possession proceedings are proceedings in a court of law due to a dispute over possession of a physical asset.

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Possessory

In legal usage, Possessory forms several compounds.

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Post-dated cheque

In banking, post-dated cheque is a cheque written by the drawer (payer) for a date in the future.

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Posting rule

The posting rule (or mailbox rule in the United States, also known as the "postal rule" or "deposited acceptance rule") is an exception to the general rule of contract law in common law countries that acceptance of an offer takes place when communicated.

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Pour-over will

A pour-over will is a testamentary device wherein the writer of a will creates a trust, and decrees in the will that the property in his or her estate at the time of his or her death shall be distributed to the Trustee of the trust.

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Poverty

Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain (variant) amount of material possessions or money.

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Poverty law

Poverty law is the body of law which concerns the rights of low-income individuals and families to access government benefits.

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Power (social and political)

In social science and politics, power is the ability to influence or outright control the behaviour of people.

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Power of appointment

A power of appointment is a term most frequently used in the law of wills to describe the ability of the testator (the person writing the will) to select a person who will be given the authority to dispose of certain property under the will.

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Power of arrest

The power of arrest is a mandate given by a central authority that allows an individual to remove a criminal's (or suspected criminal's) liberty.

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Power of attorney

A power of attorney (POA) or letter of attorney is a written authorization to represent or act on another's behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter.

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Practice direction

In English law, a practice direction is a supplemental protocol to rules of civil and criminal procedure in the courts – "a device to regulate minor procedural matters".

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Practice of law

In its most general sense, the practice of law involves giving legal advice to clients, drafting legal documents for clients, and representing clients in legal negotiations and court proceedings such as lawsuits, and is applied to the professional services of a lawyer or attorney at law, barrister, solicitor, or civil law notary.

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Praemunire

In English history, praemunire or praemunire facias was a 14th-century law that prohibited the assertion or maintenance of papal jurisdiction, imperial or foreign, or some other alien jurisdiction or claim of supremacy in England, against the supremacy of the monarch.

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Praetor

Praetor (also spelled prætor) was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army (in the field or, less often, before the army had been mustered); or, an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned various duties (which varied at different periods in Rome's history).

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Pre-emption right

A pre-emption right, or right of pre-emption, is a contractual right to acquire certain property newly coming into existence before it can be offered to any other person or entity.

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Precedent

In common law legal systems, a precedent, or authority, is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.

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Preference

A preference is a technical term in psychology, economics and philosophy usually used in relation to choosing between alternatives; someone has a preference for A over B if they would choose A rather than B.

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Preferential creditor

A preferential creditor (in some jurisdictions called a preferred creditor) is a creditor receiving a preferential right to payment upon the debtor's bankruptcy under applicable insolvency laws.

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Preferred stock

Preferred stock (also called preferred shares, preference shares or simply preferreds) is a type of stock which may have any combination of features not possessed by common stock including properties of both an equity and a debt instrument, and is generally considered a hybrid instrument.

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Prejudice (legal term)

Prejudice is a legal term with different meanings when used in criminal, civil or common law.

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Preliminary hearing

Within some criminal justice systems, a preliminary hearing, preliminary examination, evidentiary hearing or probable cause hearing is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial.

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Preliminary injunction

A preliminary injunction, in equity, is an injunction entered by a court prior to a final determination of the merits of a legal case, in order to restrain a party from going ahead with a course of conduct or compelling a party to continue with a course of conduct until the case has been decided.

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Premises

Premises are land and buildings together considered as a property.

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Prenuptial agreement

A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement, commonly abbreviated to prenup or prenupt, is a contract entered into prior to marriage, civil union or any agreement prior to the main agreement by the people intending to marry or contract with each other.

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Prerogative writ

A prerogative writ is a writ (official order) directing the behavior of another arm of government, such as an agency, official, or other court.

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Prescription drug

A prescription drug (also prescription medication or prescription medicine) is a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed.

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President of the Family Division

The President of the Family Division is the head of the Family Division of the High Court of Justice in England and Wales and Head of Family Justice.

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Presumption

In the law of evidence, a presumption of a particular fact can be made without the aid of proof in some situations.

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Presumption of innocence

The presumption of innocence is the principle that one is considered innocent unless proven guilty.

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Pretermitted heir

A pretermitted heir is a term used in the law of property to describe a person who would likely stand to inherit under a will, except that the testator (the person who wrote the will) did not include the person in the testator's will.

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Price fixing

Price fixing is an agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity only at a fixed price, or maintain the market conditions such that the price is maintained at a given level by controlling supply and demand.

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Prima facie

Prima facie is a Latin expression meaning on its first encounter or at first sight.

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Prime suspect

A prime suspect or key suspect is a person who is considered by the law enforcement agency investigating a crime to be the most likely suspect.

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Primogeniture

Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the paternally acknowledged, firstborn son to inherit his parent's entire or main estate, in preference to daughters, elder illegitimate sons, younger sons and collateral relatives; in some cases the estate may instead be the inheritance of the firstborn child or occasionally the firstborn daughter.

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Prior restraint

Prior restraint (also referred to as prior censorship or pre-publication censorship) is censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression.

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Prison

A prison, also known as a correctional facility, jail, gaol (dated, British English), penitentiary (American English), detention center (American English), or remand center is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state.

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Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Privacy

Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively.

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Private bill

A private bill is a proposal for a law that would apply to a particular individual or group of individuals, or corporate entity.

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Private carrier

...

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Private Express Statutes

The Private Express Statutes (PES) are a group of United States federal civil and criminal laws placing various restrictions on the carriage and delivery of letters by all organizations other than the United States Postal Service.

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Private law

Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts or torts (as it is called in the common law), and the law of obligations (as it is called in civil legal systems).

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Private property

Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities.

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Private road

A private road is a road owned and maintained by a private individual, organization, or company rather than by a government.

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Privateer

A privateer is a private person or ship that engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war.

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Privately held company

A privately held company, private company, or close corporation is a business company owned either by non-governmental organizations or by a relatively small number of shareholders or company members which does not offer or trade its company stock (shares) to the general public on the stock market exchanges, but rather the company's stock is offered, owned and traded or exchanged privately.

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Privilege (evidence)

In the law of evidence, a privilege is a rule of evidence that allows the holder of the privilege to refuse to disclose information or provide evidence about a certain subject or to bar such evidence from being disclosed or used in a judicial or other proceeding.

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Privilege (law)

A privilege is a certain entitlement to immunity granted by the state or another authority to a restricted group, either by birth or on a conditional basis.

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Privity

Privity is the legal term for a close, mutual, or successive relationship to the same right of property or the power to enforce a promise or warranty.

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Privy council

A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government.

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Privy Council of Sweden

The Council of the Realm, or simply The Council (Riksrådet: sometimes in Senatus Regni Sueciae) was a cabinet of medieval origin, consisting of magnates (stormän) which advised, and at times co-ruled with, the King of Sweden.

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Pro bono

Pro bono publico (for the public good; usually shortened to pro bono) is a Latin phrase for professional work undertaken voluntarily and without payment.

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Pro forma

The term pro forma (Latin for "as a matter of form" or "for the sake of form") is most often used to describe a practice or document that is provided as a courtesy or satisfies minimum requirements, conforms to a norm or doctrine, tends to be performed perfunctorily or is considered a formality.

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Pro hac vice

Pro hac vice, Latin: "for this occasion" or "for this event" (literally, "for this turn"), is a legal term usually referring to a practice in common law jurisdictions, whereby a lawyer who has not been admitted to practice in a certain jurisdiction is allowed to participate in a particular case in that jurisdiction.

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Pro se legal representation in the United States

Pro se legal representation comes from Latin, literally meaning "on behalf of themselves", which basically means advocating on one's own behalf before a court, rather than being represented by a lawyer.

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Pro tempore

Pro tempore, abbreviated pro tem or p.t., is a Latin phrase which best translates to "for the time being" in English.

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Probable cause

In United States criminal law, probable cause is the standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal or the issuing of a search warrant.

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Probate

Probate is the judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased, or whereby the estate is settled according to the laws of intestacy in the state of residence of the deceased at time of death in the absence of a legal will.

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Probate court

A probate court (sometimes called a surrogate court) is a court that has competence in a jurisdiction to deal with matters of probate and the administration of estates.

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Probation

Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an offender, ordered by the court instead of serving time in prison.

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Problem of evil

The problem of evil refers to the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil with an omnibenevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent God (see theism).

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Procedendo

In common-law jurisprudence, procedendo is one of the prerogative writs.

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Procedural defense

In jurisprudence, procedural defenses are forms of defense challenging the legitimacy of the legal proceeding.

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Procedural justice

Procedural justice is the idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources.

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Procedural law

Procedural law, adjective law, or rules of court comprises the rules by which a court hears and determines what happens in civil, lawsuit, criminal or administrative proceedings.

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Proceedings

In academia and librarianship, proceedings are the acts and happenings of an academic field, a learned society, or an academic conference.

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Proctor

Proctor, a variant of procurator, is a person who takes charge of, or acts for, another.

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Procuration

Procuration is the action of taking care of, hence management, stewardship, agency.

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Procuring (prostitution)

Procuring or pandering is the facilitation or provision of a prostitute or sex worker in the arrangement of a sex act with a customer.

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Product liability

Product liability is the area of law in which manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, retailers, and others who make products available to the public are held responsible for the injuries those products cause.

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Professional corporation

Professional corporations or professional service corporation (abbreviated as PC or PSC) are those corporate entities for which many corporation statutes make special provision, regulating the use of the corporate form by licensed professionals such as attorneys, architects, engineers, public accountants and physicians.

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Professional negligence in English law

In the English law of tort, professional negligence is a subset of the general rules on negligence to cover the situation in which the defendant has represented him or herself as having more than average skills and abilities.

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Professional responsibility

Professional responsibility is the area of legal practice that encompasses the duties of attorneys to act in a professional manner, obey the law, avoid conflicts of interest, and put the interests of clients ahead of their own interests.

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Proffer

A proffer is an offer made prior to any formal negotiations.

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Prohibition

Prohibition is the illegality of the manufacturing, storage in barrels or bottles, transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcohol including alcoholic beverages, or a period of time during which such illegality was enforced.

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Promise

A promise is a commitment by someone to do or not do something.

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Promissory note

A promissory note, sometimes referred to as a note payable, is a legal instrument (more particularly, a financial instrument and a debt instrument), in which one party (the maker or issuer) promises in writing to pay a determinate sum of money to the other (the payee), either at a fixed or determinable future time or on demand of the payee, under specific terms.

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Property

Property, in the abstract, is what belongs to or with something, whether as an attribute or as a component of said thing.

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Property abstract

A property abstract is a collection of legal documents that chronicle transactions associated with a particular parcel of land.

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Property damage

Property damage (or, in England and Wales criminal damage) is damage to or the destruction of public or private property, caused either by a person who is not its owner or by natural phenomena.

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Property law

Property law is the area of law that governs the various forms of ownership and tenancy in real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property, within the common law legal system.

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Property tax

A property tax or millage rate is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property, usually levied on real estate.

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Proprietor

No description.

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Prosecutor

A prosecutor is a legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system.

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Prostitution

Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment.

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Protective custody

Protective custody is a type of imprisonment (or care) to protect a person from harm, either from outside sources or other prisoners.

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Protest

A protest (also called a remonstrance, remonstration or demonstration) is an expression of bearing witness on behalf of an express cause by words or actions with regard to particular events, policies or situations.

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Provisional remedy

The purpose of a provisional remedy is the preservation of the status quo until final disposition of a matter can occur.

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Provocation (legal)

Provocation is a set of events that might be adequate to cause a reasonable person to lose self control, whereby a criminal act is less morally culpable than a premeditated act done out of pure malice (malice aforethought).

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Proximate cause

In the law, a proximate cause is an event sufficiently related to an injury that the courts deem the event to be the cause of that injury.

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Prudent man rule

The Prudent Man Rule is based on common law stemming from the 1830 Massachusetts court formulation, Harvard College v. Amory The prudent man rule, written by Massachusetts Justice Samuel Putnam (1768-1853), directs trustees "to observe how men of prudence, discretion and intelligence manage their own affairs, not in regard to speculation, but in regard to the permanent disposition of their funds, considering the probable income, as well as the probable safety of the capital to be invested." Under the Prudent Man Rule, when the governing trust instrument is silent concerning the types of investments permitted, the fiduciary is required to invest trust assets as a "prudent man" would invest his own property with the following factors in mind.

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Pseudonym

A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their first or true name (orthonym).

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Psychological abuse

Psychological abuse (also referred to as psychological violence, emotional abuse, or mental abuse) is a form of abuse, characterized by a person subjecting, or exposing, another person to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder.

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Psychological pain

Psychological pain, mental pain, or emotional pain is an unpleasant feeling (a suffering) of a psychological, non-physical origin.

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Public

In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings.

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Public auction

A public auction is an auction held on behalf of a government in which the property to be auctioned is either property owned by the government, or property which is sold under the authority of a court of law or a government agency with similar authority.

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Public company

A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public corporation is a corporation whose ownership is dispersed among the general public in many shares of stock which are freely traded on a stock exchange or in over the counter markets.

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Public defender

A public defender is an attorney appointed to represent people who cannot afford to hire one.

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Public domain

The public domain consists of all the creative works to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply.

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Public figure

A public figure is a person such as a politician, celebrity, or business leader, who has a certain social position within a certain scope and a significant influence and so is often widely concerned by the public, can benefit enormously from society, and is closely related to public interests in society.

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Public limited company

A public limited company (legally abbreviated to plc) is a type of public company under the United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland.

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Public nuisance

In English criminal law, public nuisance is a class of common law offence in which the injury, loss, or damage is suffered by the public, in general, rather than an individual, in particular.

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Public property

Public property is property that is dedicated to public use and is a subset of state property.

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Public records

Public records are documents or pieces of information that are not considered confidential and generally pertain to the conduct of government.

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Public trust doctrine

The public trust doctrine is the principle that the sovereign holds in trust for public use some resources such as shoreline between the high and low tide lines, regardless of private property ownership.

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Public trustee

The public trustee is an office established pursuant to national (and, where applicable, state or territory) statute, to act as a trustee, usually where a sum is required to be deposited as security by legislation, where courts remove another trustee, or for estates where either no executor is named by will or the testator elects to name the Public Trustee.

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Public use

Public use is a legal requirement under the takings clause ("nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation") of the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, that owners of property seized by eminent domain for "public use" be paid "just compensation".

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Public utility

A public utility (usually just utility) is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure).

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Public-benefit corporation

Public-benefit corporations are a specific type of corporation that allow for public benefit to be a charter purpose in addition to the traditional corporate goal of maximizing profit for shareholders.

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Public-order crime

In criminology, public-order crime is defined by Siegel (2004) as "crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently", i.e., it is behaviour that has been labelled criminal because it is contrary to shared norms, social values, and customs.

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Publication

To publish is to make content available to the general public.

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Publici juris

Publici juris is a legal Latin term, approximately translating to English as "of public right".

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Publishing

Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public.

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Puffery

In everyday language, puffery refers to exaggerated or false praise.

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Puisne judge

A puisne judge or puisne justice (French: puisné or puîné, "since-born" i.e. "junior") is a dated term for an ordinary judge of a particular court.

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Punitive damages

Punitive damages, or exemplary damages, are damages intended to reform or deter the defendant and others from engaging in conduct similar to that which formed the basis of the lawsuit.

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Putative father

A putative father, with some variations in specific language, generally means a man whose legal relationship to a child has not been established but who is alleged to be or claims that he may be the biological father of a child who is born to a woman to whom he is not married at the time of the child's birth.

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Putative father registry

In the United States, the putative father registry is a state level legal option for unmarried males to document through a notary public any female they engage with in intercourse, for the purpose of retaining parental rights for any child they may father.

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Quaere

Quaere is legal Latin, literally meaning "inquire" or "query".

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Quantum meruit

Quantum meruit is a Latin phrase meaning "what one has earned".

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Quasi

Quasi is an American indie rock band formed in Portland, Oregon in 1993 by former spouses Sam Coomes (vocals, guitar, rocksichord, various keyboards, bass) and Janet Weiss (vocals and drums).

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Quasi in rem jurisdiction

A quasi in rem legal action (Latin, "as if against a thing") is a legal action based on property rights of a person absent from the jurisdiction.

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Quasi-contract

A quasi-contract (or implied-in-law contract or constructive contract) is a fictional contract recognised by a court.

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Quasi-corporation

A quasi-corporation is an entity that exercises some of the functions of a corporation, but has not been granted separate legal personality by statute.

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Quasi-criminal

Quasi-criminal means a lawsuit or equity proceeding that has some, but not all, of the qualities of a criminal prosecution.

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Quasi-delict

Quasi-delict is a French legal term used in some civil law jurisdictions, encompassing the common law concept of negligence as the breach of a non-wilful extra-contractual obligation to third parties.

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Quasi-judicial body

A quasi-judicial body is a non judicial body which can interpret law.

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Queen's Bench

The Queen's Bench (or, during the reign of a male monarch, the King's Bench, Cour du banc du Roi) is the superior court in a number of jurisdictions within some of the Commonwealth realms.

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Queen's Counsel

A Queen's Counsel (postnominal QC), or King's Counsel (postnominal KC) during the reign of a king, is an eminent lawyer (usually a barrister or advocate) who is appointed by the Monarch to be one of "Her Majesty's Counsel learned in the law." The term is also recognised as an honorific.

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Queen's Privy Council for Canada

The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC) (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR)), sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or simply the Privy Council, is the full group of personal consultants to the monarch of Canada on state and constitutional affairs.

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Question of law

In law, a question of law, also known as a point of law, is a question that must be answered by applying relevant legal principles to interpretation of the law.

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Qui tam

In common law, a writ of qui tam is a writ whereby a private individual who assists a prosecution can receive all or part of any penalty imposed.

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Quid pro quo

Quid pro quo ("something for something" in Latin) is a phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; "a favour for a favour".

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Quiet title

An action to quiet title is a lawsuit brought in a court having jurisdiction over property disputes, in order to establish a party's title to real property, or personal property having a title, of against anyone and everyone, and thus "quiet" any challenges or claims to the title.

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Quit-rent

Quit rent, quit-rent, or quitrent, is a tax or land tax imposed on occupants of freehold or leased land in lieu of services to a higher landowning authority, usually a government or its assigns.

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Quitclaim deed

A quitclaim deed is a legal instrument that is used to transfer interest in real property.

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Quo warranto

In British and American common law, quo warranto (Medieval Latin for "by what warrant?") is a prerogative writ requiring the person to whom it is directed to show what authority they have for exercising some right, power, or franchise they claim to hold.

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Quorum

A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature) necessary to conduct the business of that group.

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Quran

The Quran (القرآن, literally meaning "the recitation"; also romanized Qur'an or Koran) is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah).

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Rabbi

In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah.

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Rabbinic literature

Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history.

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Rabbinical Assembly

The Rabbinical Assembly (RA) is the international association of Conservative rabbis.

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Race to the courthouse

"Race to the courthouse" is an informal name used to describe the rule in some jurisdictions that the first conveyance instrument, mortgage, lien or judgment to be filed with the appropriate recorder's office, will have priority and prevail over documents filed subsequently, irrespective of the date of execution of the documents at issue.

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Racial discrimination

Racial discrimination refers to discrimination against individuals on the basis of their race.

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Racial segregation

Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

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Racism

Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Racket (crime)

A racket is a planned or organized criminal act, usually in which the criminal act is a form of business or a way to earn illegal or extorted money regularly or briefly but repeatedly.

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Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, commonly referred to as the RICO Act or simply RICO, is a United States federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization.

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Radical transparency

Radical transparency is a phrase used across fields of governance, politics, software design and business to describe actions and approaches that radically increase the openness of organizational process and data.

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Ransom

Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release, or it may refer to the sum of money involved.

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Rape

Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without that person's consent.

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Ratification

Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent that lacked the authority to bind the principal legally.

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Ratio decidendi

Ratio decidendi (Latin plural rationes decidendi) is a Latin phrase meaning "the reason" or "the rationale for the decision".

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Ratio scripta

"Ratio scripta", or "written reason", was the assessment of Roman law commonly held in Europe during the Medieval period.

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Rational basis review

Rational basis review, in U.S. constitutional law, refers to the default standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

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Re Atkinson

Re Atkinson, Barbers' Company v Grose-Smith 2 Ch 160 is an English trusts law case, which lays down a rule of equity relating to the disposition by the trustees of an authorised mortgage security where the security forms part of a trust fund, and the beneficiaries of the trust fund include a tenant for life and a remainderman.

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Real estate

Real estate is "property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, (more generally) buildings or housing in general.

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Real estate investment trust

A real estate investment trust (REIT) is a company that owns, and in most cases operates, income-producing real estate.

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Real party in interest

In law, the real party in interest is the one who actually possesses the substantive right being asserted and has a legal right to enforce the claim (under applicable substantive law).

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Real property

In English common law, real property, real estate, realty, or immovable property is land which is the property of some person and all structures (also called improvements or fixtures) integrated with or affixed to the land, including crops, buildings, machinery, wells, dams, ponds, mines, canals, and roads, among other things.

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Real versus nominal value (economics)

In economics, a real value of a good or other entity has been adjusted for inflation, enabling comparison of quantities as if prices had not changed.

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Reason

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying logic, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.

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Reasonable doubt

Reasonable doubt is a term used in jurisdiction of common law countries.

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Reasonable person

In law, a reasonable person, reasonable man, or the man on the Clapham omnibus is a hypothetical person of legal fiction crafted by the courts and communicated through case law and jury instructions.

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Reasonable time

Reasonable time is that amount of time which is fairly necessary, conveniently, to do whatever is required to be done, as soon as circumstances permit.

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Rebbe

Rebbe (רבי: or Oxford Dictionary of English, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary) is a Yiddish word derived from the Hebrew word rabbi, which means 'master', 'teacher', or 'mentor'.

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Rebuttable presumption

Both in common law and in civil law, a rebuttable presumption (in Latin, praesumptio iuris tantum) is an assumption made by a court, one that is taken to be true unless someone comes forward to contest it and prove otherwise.

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Rebuttal

In law, rebuttal is a form of evidence that is presented to contradict or nullify other evidence that has been presented by an adverse party.

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Recapture

Recapture is a 1930 drama in three acts by Preston Sturges, his third play to appear on Broadway.

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Receipt

A receipt (also known as a bill of parcel, unpacking note, packaging slip, (delivery) docket, shipping list, packing list, packing slip, delivery list, manifest or customer receipt), is a document acknowledging that a person has received money or property in payment following a sale or other transfer of goods or provision of a service.

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Receivership

In law, receivership is a situation in which an institution or enterprise is held by a receiver—a person "placed in the custodial responsibility for the property of others, including tangible and intangible assets and rights"—especially in cases where a company cannot meet financial obligations or enters bankruptcy.

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Recharacterisation

Recharacterisation in law (and sometimes in accountancy) means the treatment of a certain course of conduct in a different manner to which the participants describe it.

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Recidivism

Recidivism (from recidive and ism, from Latin recidīvus "recurring", from re- "back" and cadō "I fall") is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been trained to extinguish that behavior.

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Reciprocal discovery

In United States criminal procedure, the Federal government and certain states have reciprocal discovery laws that compel defendants to disclose some information to prosecutors before trial.

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Reckless driving

In United States law, reckless driving is a major moving traffic violation.

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Recklessness (law)

In criminal law and in the law of tort, recklessness may be defined as the state of mind where a person deliberately and unjustifiably pursues a course of action while consciously disregarding any risks flowing from such action.

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Recognizance

In some common law nations, a recognizance is a conditional obligation undertaken by a person before a court.

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Reconstructionist Judaism

Reconstructionist Judaism is a modern Jewish movement that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization and is based on the conceptions developed by Mordecai Kaplan (1881–1983).

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Record sealing

Record sealing is the practice of sealing or, in some cases, destroying court records that would otherwise be publicly accessible as public records.

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Recorder (judge)

A Recorder is a judicial officer in England and Wales and some other common law jurisdictions.

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Recorder of deeds

Recorder of deeds is a government office tasked with maintaining public records and documents, especially records relating to real estate ownership that provide persons other than the owner of a property with real rights over that property.

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Recording (real estate)

The vast majority of states in the United States employ a system of recording legal instruments (otherwise known as deeds registration) that affect the title of real estate as the exclusive means for publicly documenting land titles and interests.

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Recoupment

Recoupment is the practice, common in the music industry, of claiming an advance provided to an artist back from that artist rather than (or, as well as) from related sources.

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Rectification (law)

Rectification is a remedy whereby a court orders a change in a written document to reflect what it ought to have said in the first place.

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Redemption value

Redemption value is the price at which the issuing company may choose to repurchase a security before its maturity date.

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Redirect examination

When a witness is presented for testimony in the U.S. judicial system, the order is "direct" testimony, then the opposing attorney does "cross" and then "redirect" from the attorney first offering the witness.

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Referee

A referee or simply ref is the person of authority in a variety of sports who is responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral point of view and making on-the-fly decisions that enforce the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection.

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Referendum

A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal.

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Reform Judaism

Reform Judaism (also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism) is a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of the faith, the superiority of its ethical aspects to the ceremonial ones, and a belief in a continuous revelation not centered on the theophany at Mount Sinai.

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Refugee

A refugee, generally speaking, is a displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely (for more detail see legal definition).

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Registered office

A registered office is the official address of an incorporated company, association or any other legal entity.

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Registration statement

In the United States, a registration statement is a set of documents, including a prospectus, which a company must file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission before it proceeds with a public offering.

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Regulation

Regulation is an abstract concept of management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends.

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Regulation (European Union)

A regulation is a legal act of the European Union that becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously.

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Regulatory taking

Regulatory taking is a situation in which a government regulation limits the uses of private property to such a degree that the regulation effectively deprives the property owners of economically reasonable use or value of their property to such an extent that it deprives them of utility or value of that property, even though the regulation does not formally divest them of title to it.

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Rehearing

Rehearing may refer to.

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Reichstag Fire Decree

The Reichstag Fire Decree (Reichstagsbrandverordnung) is the common name of the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State (Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat) issued by German President Paul von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in immediate response to the Reichstag fire.

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Reid technique

The Reid technique is a method of questioning suspects to try to assess their credibility, developed by consultant and polygraph expert John Reid.

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Relevance

Relevance is the concept of one topic being connected to another topic in a way that makes it useful to consider the second topic when considering the first.

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Relevance (law)

Relevance, in the common law of evidence, is the tendency of a given item of evidence to prove or disprove one of the legal elements of the case, or to have probative value to make one of the elements of the case likelier or not.

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Relief

Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material.

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Religion and sexuality

Each major religion has developed moral codes covering issues of sexuality, morality, ethics etc.

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Religious law

Religious law refers to ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions.

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Religious text

Religious texts (also known as scripture, or scriptures, from the Latin scriptura, meaning "writing") are texts which religious traditions consider to be central to their practice or beliefs.

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Remainder

In mathematics, the remainder is the amount "left over" after performing some computation.

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Remainder (law)

In property law of the United Kingdom and the United States and other common law countries, a remainder is a future interest given to a person (who is referred to as the transferee or remainderman) that is capable of becoming possessory upon the natural end of a prior estate created by the same instrument.

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Remainderman

A remainderman is a person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property upon the termination of the estate of the former owner.

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Remand (court procedure)

The remand court procedure is used by higher courts to send cases back to lower courts for further action.

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Remittitur

A remittitur is a ruling by a judge (usually upon motion to reduce or throw out a jury verdict) lowering the amount of damages granted by a jury in a civil case.

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Remuneration

Remuneration is considered the pay or other compensation provided in exchange for the services performed; not to be confused with giving (away), or donating, or the act of providing to.

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Rent regulation

Rent regulation is a system of laws, administered by a court or a public authority, which aim to ensure the quality and affordability of housing and tenancies on the rental market for land.

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Rental value

Rental value is the fair market value of property while rented out in a lease.

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Renting

Renting, also known as hiring or letting, is an agreement where a payment is made for the temporary use of a good, service or property owned by another.

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Repeal

A repeal is the removal or reversal of a law.

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Repentance

Repentance is the activity of reviewing one's actions and feeling contrition or regret for past wrongs, which is accompanied by commitment to change for the better.

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Replevin

Replevin or claim and delivery (sometimes called revendication) is a legal remedy which enables a person to recover personal property taken wrongfully or unlawfully, pending a final determination by a court of law, and to obtain compensation for resulting losses.

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Report

A report or account is an informational work, such as writing, speech, television or film, made with the intention of relaying information or recounting events in a presentable form.

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Repossession

Repossession is a term used to describe when.

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Reprisal

A reprisal is a limited and deliberate violation of international law to punish another sovereign state that has already broken them.

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Reputation

Reputation or image of a social entity (a person, a social group, or an organization) is an opinion about that entity, typically as a result of social evaluation on a set of criteria.

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Requirements contract

A requirements contract is a contract in which one party agrees to supply as much of a good or service as is required by the other party, and in exchange the other party expressly or implicitly promises that it will obtain its goods or services exclusively from the first party.

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Res gestae

Res gestae (Latin "things done") is a term found in substantive and procedural American jurisprudence and English law.

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Res ipsa loquitur

In the common law of torts, res ipsa loquitur (Latin for "the thing speaks for itself") is a doctrine that infers negligence from the very nature of an accident or injury in the absence of direct evidence on how any defendant behaved.

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Res judicata

Res judicata (RJ) or res iudicata, also known as claim preclusion, is the Latin term for "a matter judged", and refers to either of two concepts: in both civil law and common law legal systems, a case in which there has been a final judgment and is no longer subject to appeal; and the legal doctrine meant to bar (or preclude) continued litigation of a case on same issues between the same parties.

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Res nullius

Res nullius (lit: nobody's thing) is a Latin term derived from private Roman law whereby res (an object in the legal sense, anything that can be owned, even a slave, but not a subject in law such as a citizen nor land) is not yet the object of rights of any specific subject.

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Res publica christiana

Res publica christiana is a Latin phrase combining the idea of res publica and christiana to describe the worldwide community of Christianity and its well-being.

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Rescission (contract law)

In contract law, rescission has been defined as the unmaking of a contract between parties.

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Rescue doctrine

In the USA, the rescue doctrine of the law of torts holds that if a tortfeasor creates a circumstance that places the tort victim in danger, the tortfeasor is liable not only for the harm caused to the victim, but also the harm caused to any person injured in an effort to rescue that victim.

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Reseller

A reseller is a company or individual (merchant) that purchases goods or services with the intention of selling them rather than consuming or using them.

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Reservation (law)

A reservation in international law is a caveat to a state's acceptance of a treaty.

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Reserved decision

Reserved decision is a legal term.

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Residency (domicile)

Residency is the act of establishing or maintaining a residence in a given place.

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Residuary estate

A residuary estate, in the law of wills, is any portion of the testator's estate that is not specifically devised to someone in the will, or any property that is part of such a specific devise that fails.

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Resistance movement

A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability.

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Resisting arrest

In some countries, resisting arrest is a criminal charge against an individual who has committed, depending on the jurisdiction, at least one of the following acts.

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Resolution (law)

In law, resolution is a written motion adopted by a deliberative body.

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Respondeat superior

Respondeat superior (Latin: "let the master answer"; plural: respondeant superiores) is a doctrine that a party is responsible for (has vicarious liability for) acts of their agents.

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Responsa

Responsa (Latin: plural of responsum, "answers") comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by legal scholars in response to questions addressed to them.

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Restatements of the Law

In American jurisprudence, the Restatements of the Law are a set of treatises on legal subjects that seek to inform judges and lawyers about general principles of common law.

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Restitution

The law of restitution is the law of gains-based recovery.

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Restorative justice

Restorative justice is an approach to justice in which the response to a crime is to organize a mediation between the victim and the offender, and sometimes with representatives of a wider community as well.

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Restraining order

A restraining order or protective order is an order used by a court to protect a person, business, company, establishment, or entity, and the general public, in a situation involving alleged domestic violence, harassment, stalking, or sexual assault.

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Restraint of trade

Restraint of trade is a common law doctrine relating to the enforceability of contractual restrictions on freedom to conduct business.

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Restraint on alienation

A restraint on alienation, in the law of real property, is a clause used in the conveyance of real property that seeks to prohibit the recipient from selling or otherwise transferring his interest in the property.

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Result

A result (also called upshot) is the final consequence of a sequence of actions or events expressed qualitatively or quantitatively.

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Resulting trust

A resulting trust (from the Latin 'resalire' meaning 'to jump back') is the creation of an implied trust by operation of law, where property is transferred to someone who pays nothing for it; and then is implied to have held the property for benefit of another person.

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Retirement

Retirement is the withdrawal from one's position or occupation or from one's active working life.

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Retraction

A retraction is a public statement made about an earlier statement that withdraws, cancels, refutes, or reverses the original statement or ceases and desists from publishing the original statement.

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Retributive justice

Retributive justice is a theory of justice that holds that the best response to a crime is a punishment proportional to the offense, inflicted because the offender deserves the punishment.

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Revenue ruling

Revenue Rulings are public administrative rulings by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States Department of the Treasury of the United States federal government that apply the law to particular factual situations.

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Reversible error

In United States law, a reversible error is an error of sufficient gravity to warrant reversal of a judgment on appeal.

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Reversion (law)

A reversion in property law is a future interest that is retained by the grantor after the conveyance of an estate of a lesser quantum that he has (such as the owner of a fee simple granting a life estate or a leasehold estate).

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Review

A review is an evaluation of a publication, service, or company such as a movie (a movie review), video game (video game review), musical composition (music review of a composition or recording), book (book review); a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or computer; or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, play, musical theater show, dance show, or art exhibition.

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Revocation

Revocation is the act of recall or annulment.

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Revoke

In trick-taking card games, a revoke (or renege, or) is a violation of the rules regarding the play of tricks serious enough to render the round invalid.

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Right of self-defense

The right of self-defense (also called, when it applies to the defense of another, alter ego defense, defense of others, defense of a third person) is the right for people to use reasonable force or defensive force, for the purpose of defending one's own life or the lives of others, including, in certain circumstances, the use of deadly force.

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Right of way

Right of way is a term used to describe "the legal right, established by usage or grant, to pass along a specific route through grounds or property belonging to another", or "a path or thoroughfare subject to such a right".

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Right to privacy

The right to privacy is an element of various legal traditions to restrain governmental and private actions that threaten the privacy of individuals.

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Right to silence

The right to silence is a legal principle which guarantees any individual the right to refuse to answer questions from law enforcement officers or court officials.

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Right-to-work law

"Right-to-work laws" are statutes in 28 U.S. states that prohibit union security agreements between companies and workers' unions.

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Rights

Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.

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Rights of audience

In common law, a right of audience is generally a right of a lawyer to appear and conduct proceedings in court on behalf of their client.

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Riot

A riot is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property or people.

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Riot control

Riot control refers to the measures used by police, military, or other security forces to control, disperse, and arrest people who are involved in a riot, demonstration, or protest.

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Riparian water rights

Riparian water rights (or simply riparian rights) is a system for allocating water among those who possess land along its path.

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Riparian zone

A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream.

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Risk

Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value.

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Risk of loss

Risk of loss is a term used in the law of contracts to determine which party should bear the burden of risk for damage occurring to goods after the sale has been completed, but before delivery has occurred.

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Ritual

A ritual "is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and performed according to set sequence".

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Robbery

Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force, or by putting the victim in fear.

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Robert's Rules of Order

Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, commonly referred to as Robert’s Rules of Order, RONR, or simply Robert’s Rules, is the most widely used manual of parliamentary procedure in the United States.

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Rocket docket

A rocket docket refers to a court or other tribunal that is noted for its speedy disposition of cases and controversies that come before it, often by maintaining strict adherence to the law as pertains to filing deadlines, etc.

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Roman Forum

The Roman Forum, also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum (Foro Romano), is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome.

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Roman law

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.

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Room

A room is any distinguishable space within a structure.

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Royal assent

Royal assent or sanction is the method by which a country's monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament.

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Royal charter

A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate.

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Royal Commission

A Royal Commission is a major ad-hoc formal public inquiry into a defined issue in some monarchies.

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Royal Court of Justice

The Bhutanese Royal Court of Justice (Dzongkha: དཔལ་ལྡན་འབྲུག་པའི་དྲང་ཁྲིམས་ལྷན་སྡེ་; Wylie Dpal-ldan 'Brug-pai Drang-khrims Lhan-sde; Palden Drukpa Drangkhrim Lhende) is the government body which oversees the judicial system of Bhutan.

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Royal Courts of Justice

The Royal Courts of Justice, commonly called the Law Courts, is a court building in London which houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales.

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Royal prerogative

The royal prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognized in common law and, sometimes, in civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy, as belonging to the sovereign and which have become widely vested in the government.

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Royal warrant

A royal warrant is a document issued by a monarch which confers rights or privileges on the recipient, or has the effect of law.

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Royalty payment

A royalty is a payment made by one party, the licensee or franchisee to another that owns a particular asset, the licensor or franchisor for the right to ongoing use of that asset.

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Rule against perpetuities

The rule against perpetuities is a rule in the Anglo-American common law that prevents people from using legal instruments (usually a deed or a will) to exert control over the ownership of property for a time long beyond the lives of people living at the time the instrument was written.

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Rule by decree

Rule by decree is a style of governance allowing quick, unchallenged creation of law by a single person or group, and is used primarily by dictators, absolute monarchs and military leaders.

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Rule in Dearle v Hall

The rule in Dearle v Hall (1828) 3 Russ 1 is an English common law rule to determine priority between competing equitable claims to the same asset.

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Rule in Dumpor's Case

The Rule in Dumpor's Case is a common law rule of property law first set forth by Sir Edward Coke in 1578 (4 Coke 1196). In its most basic form, it states that once a landlord has consented to an assignment of a tenant's interest in a leasehold estate, he implicitly consents to all future assignments by the tenant.

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Rule in Shelley's Case

The Rule in Shelley's Case is a rule of law that may apply to certain future interests in real property and trusts created in common law jurisdictions.

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Rule in Wild's Case

The Rule in Wild's Case is a common law rule of construction dating back to 1599 concerning a particular type of ambiguity in devises (such as grants or bequests) of real property: If a grantor (O) grants, by deed or will, property to another person (A) with the language "To A and her children", who gets lawful possession of the property? The rule resolves this ambiguity as follows.

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Rule of law

The rule of law is the "authority and influence of law in society, especially when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behavior; (hence) the principle whereby all members of a society (including those in government) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes".

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Rulemaking

In administrative law, rule-making is the process that executive and independent agencies use to create, or promulgate, regulations.

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Rum-running

Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of transporting (smuggling) alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law.

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Ruse de guerre

The French ruse de guerre, sometimes literally translated as ruse of war, is a non-uniform term; generally what is understood by "ruse of war" can be separated into two groups: the first classifies the phrase purely as an act of military deception against one's opponent; the second emphasizes acts against one's opponent by creative, clever, unorthodox means, sometimes involving force multipliers or superior knowledge.

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S corporation

An S corporation, for United States federal income tax purposes, is a closely held corporation (or, in some cases, a limited liability company (LLC) or a partnership) that makes a valid election to be taxed under Subchapter S of Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code.

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Sabotage

Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, effort or organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption or destruction.

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Salafi movement

The Salafi movement or Salafist movement or Salafism is a reform branch or revivalist movement within Sunni Islam that developed in Egypt in the late 19th century as a response to European imperialism.

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Sales

Sales is activity related to selling or the amount of goods or services sold in a given time period.

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Sales tax

A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services.

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Samaritan Pentateuch

The Samaritan Pentateuch, also known as the Samaritan Torah (תורה שומרונית torah shomronit), is a text of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, written in the Samaritan alphabet and used as scripture by the Samaritans.

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Same-sex marriage

Same-sex marriage (also known as gay marriage) is the marriage of a same-sex couple, entered into in a civil or religious ceremony.

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Sanctions (law)

Sanctions, in law and legal definition, are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or with rules and regulations.

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Sanhedrin

The Sanhedrin (Hebrew and Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: סנהדרין; Greek: Συνέδριον, synedrion, "sitting together," hence "assembly" or "council") was an assembly of twenty-three or seventy-one rabbis appointed to sit as a tribunal in every city in the ancient Land of Israel.

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Sasine

Sasine in Scots law is the delivery of feudal property, typically land.

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Satyagraha

Satyagraha सत्याग्रह; satya: "truth", graha: "insistence" or "holding firmly to") or holding onto truth or truth force – is a particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948). He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles in South Africa for Indian rights. Satyagraha theory influenced Martin Luther King Jr.'s and James Bevel's campaigns during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, and many other social justice and similar movements. Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.

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Saunders v Vautier

, (1841) 4 Beav 115 is a leading English trusts law case.

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Savings and loan association

A savings and loan association (S&L), or thrift institution, is a financial institution that specializes in accepting savings, deposits, and making mortgage and other loans.

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Scapegoat

In the Bible, a scapegoat is an animal which is ritually burdened with the sins of others then driven away.

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Sciens

In law, sciens, the Latin word for "knowlingly", describes a state of mind.

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Scienter

Scienter is a legal term that refers to intent or knowledge of wrongdoing.

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Scire facias

In English law, a writ of scire facias (Latin, meaning literally "make known") was a writ founded upon some judicial record directing the sheriff to make the record known to a specified party, and requiring the defendant to show cause why the party bringing the writ should not be able to cite that record in his own interest, or why, in the case of letters patent and grants, the patent or grant should not be annulled and vacated.

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Scope of employment

Scope of employment is the legal consideration of the various activities which may occur in the performance of a person's job, especially those acts which are reasonably relative to the job description and foreseeable by the employer.

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Scots law

Scots law is the legal system of Scotland.

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Scrivener

A scrivener (or scribe) was a person who could read and write or who wrote letters to court and legal documents.

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Scutage

Scutage is a medieval English tax levied on holders of a knight's fee under the feudal land tenure of knight-service.

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Seal (East Asia)

A seal, in an East and Southeast Asian context is a general name for printing stamps and impressions thereof which are used in lieu of signatures in personal documents, office paperwork, contracts, art, or any item requiring acknowledgement or authorship.

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Seal (emblem)

A seal is a device for making an impression in wax, clay, paper, or some other medium, including an embossment on paper, and is also the impression thus made.

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Search and seizure

Search and Seizure is a procedure used in many civil law and common law legal systems by which police or other authorities and their agents, who, suspecting that a crime has been committed, commence a search of a person's property and confiscate any relevant evidence found in connection to the crime.

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Search warrant

A search warrant is a court order that a magistrate or judge issues to authorize law enforcement officers to conduct a search of a person, location, or vehicle for evidence of a crime and to confiscate any evidence they find.

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Secret police

The term secret police (or political police)Ilan Berman & J. Michael Waller, "Introduction: The Centrality of the Secret Police" in Dismantling Tyranny: Transitioning Beyond Totalitarian Regimes (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. xv.

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Secret rebate

A secret rebate is a kick-back that is made available to some customers or business partners but concealed from others, to the detriment of competition.

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Secret trial

A secret trial is a trial that is not open to the public, nor generally reported in the news, especially any in-trial proceedings.

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Secret trust

A secret trust is a trust which arises when property is left to a person (the legatee) under a will on the understanding that they will hold the property as trustee for the benefit of beneficiaries who are not named in the will.

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Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section that confirms that the rights listed in the Charter are guaranteed.

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Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada.

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Secularism

Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the attainment of such is termed secularity).

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Secured creditor

A secured creditor is a creditor with the benefit of a security interest over some or all of the assets of the debtor.

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Secured transaction

Generally, a secured transaction is a loan or a credit transaction in which the lender acquires a security interest in collateral owned by the borrower and is entitled to foreclose on or repossess the collateral in the event of the borrower's default.

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Security (finance)

A security is a tradable financial asset.

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Security agreement

A security agreement, in the law of the United States, is a contract that governs the relationship between the parties to a kind of financial transaction known as a secured transaction.

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Security deposit

A security deposit is a sum of money held in trust either as an initial part-payment in a purchasing process (often used to prevent the seller selling an item to someone else during an agreed period of time while the buyer verifies the suitability of the item, or arranges finance) - also known as an earnest payment, or else, in the course of a rental agreement to ensure the property owner against default by the tenant and for the cost of repair in relation to any damage explicitly specified in the lease and that did in fact occur.

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Security for costs

Security for costs is a common law legal concept of application only in costs jurisdictions, and is an order sought from a court in litigation.

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Security interest

A security interest is a legal right granted by a debtor to a creditor over the debtor's property (usually referred to as the collateral) which enables the creditor to have recourse to the property if the debtor defaults in making payment or otherwise performing the secured obligations.

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Security of tenure

Security of tenure is a term used in political science to describe a constitutional or legal guarantee that a political office-holder cannot be removed from office except in exceptional and specified circumstances.

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Sedition

Sedition is overt conduct, such as speech and organization, that tends toward insurrection against the established order.

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Seduction

Seduction is the process of deliberately enticing a person, to engage in a relationship, to lead astray, as from duty, rectitude, or the like; to corrupt, to persuade or induce to engage in sexual behaviour.

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Seigniorage

Seigniorage, also spelled seignorage or seigneurage (from Old French seigneuriage "right of the lord (seigneur) to mint money"), is the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it.

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Seisin

Seisin (or seizin) denotes the legal possession of a feudal fiefdom or fee, that is to say an estate in land.

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Self-dealing

Self-dealing is the conduct of a trustee, attorney, corporate officer, or other fiduciary that consists of taking advantage of his position in a transaction and acting in his own interests rather than in the interests of the beneficiaries of the trust, corporate shareholders, or his clients.

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Self-defense

Self-defence (self-defense in some varieties of English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm.

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Self-determination

The right of people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms.

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Self-help

Self-help or self-improvement is a self-guided improvementAPA Dictionary of Physicology, 1st ed., Gary R. VandenBos, ed., Washington: American Psychological Association, 2007.

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Self-incrimination

Self-incrimination is the act of exposing oneself generally, by making a statement "to an accusation or charge of crime; to involve oneself or another in a criminal prosecution or the danger thereof." Self-incrimination can occur either directly or indirectly: directly, by means of interrogation where information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed; or indirectly, when information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed voluntarily without pressure from another person.

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Semble

Semble is an Norman French word meaning "it seems or appears to be" or, more simply, "it seems".

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Semikhah

Smicha or semikhah (סמיכה, "leaning "), also smichut ("ordination"), smicha lerabbanut ("rabbinical ordination"), or smicha lehazzanut ("cantorial ordination"), is derived from a Hebrew word which means to "rely on" or "to be authorized".

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Sentence (law)

A sentence is a decree of punishment of the court in criminal procedure.

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Separation of church and state

The separation of church and state is a philosophic and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the nation state.

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Separation of powers

The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state.

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Separatism

A common definition of separatism is that it is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group.

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Septuagint

The Septuagint or LXX (from the septuāgintā literally "seventy"; sometimes called the Greek Old Testament) is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew.

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Serfdom

Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism.

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Seriatim

In law, seriatim (Latin for "in series") indicates that a court is addressing multiple issues in a certain order, such as the order in which the issues were originally presented to the court.

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Service (economics)

In economics, a service is a transaction in which no physical goods are transferred from the seller to the buyer.

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Service mark

A service mark or servicemark is a trademark used in the United States and several other countries to identify a service rather than a product.

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Service of process

Service of process is the procedure by which a party to a lawsuit gives an appropriate notice of initial legal action to another party (such as a defendant), court, or administrative body in an effort to exercise jurisdiction over that person so as to enable that person to respond to the proceeding before the court, body, or other tribunal.

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Servient estate

A servient estate (or servient premises or servient tenement) is a parcel of land that is subject to an easement.

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Set-aside

Set-aside was a scheme introduced by the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1988 (Regulation (EEC) 1272/88), to (i) help reduce the large and costly surpluses produced in Europe under the guaranteed price system of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP); and (ii) to deliver some environmental benefits following considerable damage to agricultural ecosystems and wildlife as a result of the intensification of agriculture.

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Set-off (law)

In law, set-off or netting are legal techniques applied between persons with mutual rights and liabilities, replacing gross positions with net positions.

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Settlement (litigation)

In law, a settlement is a resolution between disputing parties about a legal case, reached either before or after court action begins.

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Settlement conference

A settlement conference is a meeting between opposing sides of a lawsuit at which the parties attempt to reach a mutually agreeable resolution of their dispute without having to proceed to a trial.

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Settlor

In law a settlor is a person who settles property on trust law for the benefit of beneficiaries.

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Seven deadly sins

The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings.

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Severable contract

In contract law, a severable contract is a contract that is actually composed of several separate contracts concluded between the same parties, so that failing (breaching) one part of such a 'severable' contract does not breach the whole contract.

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Sex offender

A sex offender (sexual offender, sex abuser, or sexual abuser) is a person who has committed a sex crime.

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Sex offender registries in the United States

Sex offender registries in the United States exist at both the federal and state levels.

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Sex tourism

Sex tourism is a phenomenon whereby a person travels away from his or her community to engage in sexual activity, particularly with prostitutes.

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Sex worker

A sex worker is a person who is employed in the sex industry.

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Sexism

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender.

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Sexual abuse

Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is usually undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another.

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Sexual assault

Sexual assault is an act in which a person coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will.

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Sexual ethics

Sexual ethics or sex ethics (also called sexual morality) is the study of human sexuality and the expression of human sexual behavior.

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Sexual harassment

Sexual harassment is bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors.

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Sexual norm

A sexual norm can refer to a personal or a social norm.

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Sexual orientation discrimination

Sexual orientation discrimination is discrimination based on sexuality.

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Shafi‘i

The Shafi‘i (شافعي, alternative spelling Shafei) madhhab is one of the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam.

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Shame

Shame is a painful, social emotion that can be seen as resulting "...from comparison of the self's action with the self's standards...". but which may equally stem from comparison of the self's state of being with the ideal social context's standard.

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Share (finance)

In financial markets, a share is a unit used as mutual funds, limited partnerships, and real estate investment trusts.

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Share capital

A corporation's share capital (or capital stock in US English) is the portion of a corporation's equity that has been obtained by the issue of shares in the corporation to a shareholder, usually for cash.

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Shareholder

A shareholder or stockholder is an individual or institution (including a corporation) that legally owns one or more shares of stock in a public or private corporation.

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Shareholders' agreement

A shareholders' agreement (sometimes referred to in the U.S. as a stockholders' agreement) (SHA) is an agreement amongst the shareholders or members of a company.

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Sharia

Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law (شريعة) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

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Sharp practice

Sharp practice or sharp dealing is a pejorative phrase to describe sneaky or cunning behavior that is technically within the rules of the law but borders on being unethical.

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Sheikh

Sheikh (pronounced, or; شيخ, mostly pronounced, plural شيوخ)—also transliterated Sheik, Shykh, Shaik, Shayk, Shaykh, Cheikh, Shekh, and Shaikh—is an honorific title in the Arabic language.

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Shepard's Citations

Shepard's Citations is a citator used in United States legal research that provides a list of all the authorities citing a particular case, statute, or other legal authority.

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Sheriff

A sheriff is a government official, with varying duties, existing in some countries with historical ties to England, where the office originated.

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Shield laws in the United States

A shield law is legislation designed to protect reporters' privilege.

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Shoplifting

Shoplifting (also known as boosting and five-finger discount), is the unnoticed theft of goods from an open retail establishment.

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Short cause

If the parties to a case anticipate that it will not take up a significant amount of time, they may apply for the court to designate it as a short cause.

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Shortening

Shortening is any fat that is a solid at room temperature and used to make crumbly pastry and other food products.

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Shulchan Aruch

The Shulchan Aruch (שֻׁלְחָן עָרוּך, literally: "Set Table"), sometimes dubbed in English as the Code of Jewish Law, is the most widely consulted of the various legal codes in Judaism.

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Sick leave

Sick leave (or paid sick days or sick pay) is time off from work that workers can use to stay home to address their health and safety needs without losing pay.

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Sidebar (law)

In the United States, the sidebar is an area in a courtroom near the judge's bench where lawyers may be called to speak with the judge so that the jury cannot hear the conversation and/or they may speak off the record.

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Signature

A signature (from signare, "to sign") is a handwritten (and often stylized) depiction of someone's name, nickname, or even a simple "X" or other mark that a person writes on documents as a proof of identity and intent.

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Signing bonus

A signing bonus or sign-on bonus is a sum of money paid to a new employee by a company as an incentive to join that company.

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Silk

Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.

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Simultaneous death

Simultaneous death is a problem of inheritance which occurs when two people (sometimes referred to as commorientes) die at, or very near, the same time, and at least one of them is entitled to part or all of the other's estate on their death.

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Sin

In a religious context, sin is the act of transgression against divine law.

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Sin offering

A sin offering (קרבן חטאת korban khatta'at, lit: "purification offering") is a sacrificial offering described and commanded in the Torah (Lev. 4.1-35); it could be fine flour or a proper animal.

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Sine qua non

Sine qua non or condicio sine qua non (plural: condiciones sine quibus non) is an indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient.

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Situated ethics

Situated ethics, often confused with situational ethics, is a view of applied ethics in which abstract standards from a culture or theory are considered to be far less important than the ongoing processes in which one is personally and physically involved, e.g. climate, ecosystem, etc.

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Situational ethics

Situational ethics or situation ethics takes into account the particular context of an act when evaluating it ethically, rather than judging it according to absolute moral standards.

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Situs (law)

In law, the situs (pronounced) (Latin for position or site) of property is where the property is treated as being located for legal purposes.

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Slander of title

In law, slander of title is normally a claim involving real estate in which one entity publishes a false statement that disparages or clouds another entity's title to property, causing a financial loss.

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Slavery

Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.

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Slavery at common law

Slavery at common law in former colonies of the British Empire developed slowly over centuries, and was characterised by inconsistent decisions and varying rationales for the treatment of slavery, the slave trade, and the rights of slaves and slave owners.

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Small claims court

Small-claims courts have limited jurisdiction to hear civil cases between private litigants.

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Smuggling

Smuggling is the illegal transportation of objects, substances, information or people, such as out of a house or buildings, into a prison, or across an international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations.

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Socage

Socage was one of the feudal duties and hence land tenure forms in the feudal system.

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Social capital

Social capital is a form of economic and cultural capital in which social networks are central; transactions are marked by reciprocity, trust, and cooperation; and market agents produce goods and services not mainly for themselves, but for a common good.

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Social class

A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.

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Social control

Social control is a concept within the disciplines of the social sciences.

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Social justice

Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society.

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Socialist law

Socialist law or Soviet law denotes a general type of legal system which has been used in communist and formerly communist states.

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Sociological classifications of religious movements

Various sociological classifications of religious movements have been proposed by scholars.

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Sodomy

Sodomy is generally anal or oral sex between people or sexual activity between a person and a non-human animal (bestiality), but it may also mean any non-procreative sexual activity.

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Sodomy law

A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes.

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Software license

A software license is a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of software.

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Software patent

A software patent is a patent on a piece of software, such as a computer program, libraries, user interface, or algorithm.

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Sole proprietorship

A sole proprietorship, also known as the sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of enterprise that is owned and run by one natural person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity.

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Solicitation

Solicitation is the act of offering, or attempting to purchase, goods or services.

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Solicitor

A solicitor is a legal practitioner who traditionally deals with most of the legal matters in some jurisdictions.

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Solidarity action

Solidarity action (also known as secondary action, a secondary boycott, or a sympathy strike) is industrial action by a trade union in support of a strike initiated by workers in a separate corporation, but often the same enterprise, group of companies, or connected firm.

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Solitary confinement

Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff, for 22–24 hours a day, with a sentence ranging from days to decades.

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Solvency

Solvency, in finance or business, is the degree to which the current assets of an individual or entity exceed the current liabilities of that individual or entity.

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Solvent

A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution.

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Sounds in

In law, the phrase sounds in identifies the legal basis or cause of action that underlies each claim.

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Southern Poverty Law Center

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation.

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Sovereign immunity

Sovereign immunity, or crown immunity, is a legal doctrine by which the sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution.

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Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

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Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.

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Speaking demurrer

A speaking demurrer is an attempt to use a demurrer to challenge the factual claims of a complaint.

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Special administrator

A Special administrator is a court-appointed person who administrates a court-defined part of an estate during probate.

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Special appearance

A special appearance is a term used in the American law of civil procedure to describe a civil defendant's appearance in the court of another state solely to dispute the personal jurisdiction of the court over that defendant.

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Special master

In the law of the United States, a special master is generally a subordinate official appointed by a judge to make sure that judicial orders are actually followed, or in the alternative, to hear evidence on behalf of the judge and make recommendations to the judge as to the disposition of a matter.

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Special prosecutor

In the United States, a special prosecutor (or special counsel or independent counsel or independent prosecutor) is a lawyer appointed to investigate, and potentially prosecute, a particular case of suspected wrongdoing for which a conflict of interest exists for the usual prosecuting authority.

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Specific devise

A specific devise" is a testamentary disposition of real property, such as "I leave Blackacre to John Smith".

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Specific finding

A specific finding pertains to a type of verdict rendered in a jury trial.

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Specific legacy

A specific legacy (or specific bequest) is a testamentary gift of a precisely identifiable object, distinguished from all other things of the same kind — such as, a gift of a particular piece of jewelry.

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Specific performance

Specific performance is an equitable remedy in the law of contract, whereby a court issues an order requiring a party to perform a specific act, such to complete performance of the contract.

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Speculative damages

Speculative damages are damages claimed by a plaintiff for losses that may occur in the future, but are highly improbable.

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Speed limit

Road speed limits are used in most countries to set the maximum (or minimum in some cases) speed at which road vehicles may legally travel on particular stretches of road.

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Speed limit enforcement

Speed limit enforcement is the effort made by appropriately empowered authorities to improve driver compliance with speed limits.

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Speedy trial

The right to a speedy trial is a human right under which it is asserted that a government prosecutor may not delay the trial of a criminal suspect arbitrarily and indefinitely.

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Spendthrift trust

A spendthrift trust is a trust that is created for the benefit of a person (often unable to control his spending) that gives an independent trustee full authority to make decisions as to how the trust funds may be spent for the benefit of the beneficiary.

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Spoliation of evidence

The spoliation of evidence is the intentional, reckless, or negligent withholding, hiding, altering, fabricating, or destroying of evidence relevant to a legal proceeding.

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Spot zoning

Spot zoning is the application of zoning to a specific parcel or parcels of land within a larger zoned area when the rezoning is usually at odds with a city's master plan and current zoning restrictions.

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Squatting

Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use.

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Stakeholder (law)

A stakeholder in law, notably gambling law, is a third party who temporarily holds money or property while its owner is still being determined.

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Stamp duty

Stamp duty is a tax that is levied on documents.

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Standard form contract

A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as a contract of adhesion, a leonine contract, a take-it-or-leave-it contract, or a boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favorable terms and is thus placed in a "take it or leave it" position.

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Standard of care

In tort law, the standard of care is the only degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care.

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Standard of review

In law, the standard of review is the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal.

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Standing (law)

In law, standing or locus standi is the term for the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party's participation in the case.

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Star Chamber

The Star Chamber (Latin: Camera stellata) was an English court of law which sat at the royal Palace of Westminster, from the late to the mid-17th century (c. 1641), and was composed of Privy Councillors and common-law judges, to supplement the judicial activities of the common-law and equity courts in civil and criminal matters.

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State act

State act or state action may refer to.

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State of emergency

A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to perform actions that it would normally not be permitted.

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State religion

A state religion (also called an established religion or official religion) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state.

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State-owned enterprise

A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business enterprise where the state has significant control through full, majority, or significant minority ownership.

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Stationhouse bail

Stationhouse bail is a type of bail that some defendants accused of misdemeanors may be allowed to pay at the police station.

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Statism

In political science, statism is the belief that the state should control either economic or social policy, or both, to some degree.

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Status conference

A status conference is a court-ordered meeting with a judge (or under some circumstances an authorized counsel) where they decide the date of the trial.

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Statute

A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a city, state, or country.

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Statute of frauds

The statute of frauds refers to the requirement that certain kinds of contracts be memorialized in a writing, signed by the party to be charged, with sufficient content to evidence the contract.

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Statute of limitations

Statutes of limitations are laws passed by legislative bodies in common law systems to set the maximum time after an event within which legal proceedings may be initiated.

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Statutory instrument

In many countries, a statutory instrument is a form of delegated legislation.

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Statutory interpretation

Statutory interpretation is the process by which courts interpret and apply legislation.

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Statutory law

Statutory law or statute law is written law set down by a body of legislature or by a singular legislator (in the case of absolute monarchy).

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Statutory rape

In some common law jurisdictions, statutory rape is nonforcible sexual activity in which one of the individuals is below the age of consent (the age required to legally consent to the behavior).

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Stay of execution

A stay of execution is a court order to temporarily suspend the execution of a court judgment or other court order.

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Stay of proceedings

A stay of proceedings is a ruling by the court in civil and criminal procedure, halting further legal process in a trial or other legal proceeding.

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Stet

Stet is an obelism, used by proofreaders and editors to instruct the typesetter or writer to disregard a change the editor or proofreader had previously marked.

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Stipendiary magistrate

Stipendiary magistrates, magistrates in receipt of a stipend, were the most junior judges in the Scottish judiciary.

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Stipulation

In United States law, a stipulation is a formal legal acknowledgment and agreement made between opposing parties before a pending hearing or trial.

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Stock

The stock (also capital stock) of a corporation is constituted of the equity stock of its owners.

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Stock certificate

In corporate law, a stock certificate (also known as certificate of stock or share certificate) is a legal document that certifies ownership of a specific number of shares or stock in a corporation.

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Stock transfer agent

A stock transfer agent or share registry or Transfer Agency is a company, usually a third party unrelated to stock transactions, which cancels the name and certificate of the shareholder who sold the shares of stock, and substitutes the new owner's name on the official master shareholder listing.

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Stoning

Stoning, or lapidation, is a method of capital punishment whereby a group throws stones at a person until the subject dies.

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Strait of Dover

The Strait of Dover or Dover Strait, historically known as the Dover Narrows (pas de Calais - Strait of Calais); Nauw van Kales or Straat van Dover), is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel, marking the boundary between the Channel and North Sea, separating Great Britain from continental Europe. The shortest distance across the strait,, is from the South Foreland, northeast of Dover in the English county of Kent, to Cap Gris Nez, a cape near to Calais in the French département of Pas-de-Calais. Between these points lies the most popular route for cross-channel swimmers. The entire strait is within the territorial waters of France and the United Kingdom, but a right of transit passage under the UNCLOS exists allowing unrestricted shipping. On a clear day, it is possible to see the opposite coastline of England from France and vice versa with the naked eye, with the most famous and obvious sight being the white cliffs of Dover from the French coastline and shoreline buildings on both coastlines, as well as lights on either coastline at night, as in Matthew Arnold's poem "Dover Beach".

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Strata title

Strata title is a form of ownership devised for multi-level apartment blocks and horizontal subdivisions with shared areas.

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Strategic lawsuit against public participation

A strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP) is a lawsuit that is intended to censor, intimidate, and silence critics by burdening them with the cost of a legal defense until they abandon their criticism or opposition.

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Straw deed

A straw deed is when two deeds are filed in quick succession, the first from Party A to Party B and then the second from Party B back to Party A. This is used to sidestep legal restrictions of sales between spouses or joint owners, or to incorporate a new survey description.

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Straw man

A straw man is a common form of argument and is an informal fallacy based on giving the impression of refuting an opponent's argument, while actually refuting an argument that was not presented by that opponent.

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Street

A street is a public thoroughfare (usually paved) in a built environment.

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Strict constructionism

In the United States, strict constructionism refers to a particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation.

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Strict liability

In criminal and civil law, strict liability is a standard of liability under which a person is legally responsible for the consequences flowing from an activity even in the absence of fault or criminal intent on the part of the defendant.

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Strike action

Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.

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Strike for cause

Strike for cause (also referred to as challenge for cause or removal for cause) is a method of eliminating potential members from a jury panel in the United States.

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Structure

Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.

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Stupidity

Stupidity is a lack of intelligence, understanding, reason, wit, or common sense.

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Sua sponte

In law, sua sponte (Latin: "of his, her, its or their own accord") or suo motu "on its own motion" describes an act of authority taken without formal prompting from another party.

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Sub judice

In law, sub judice, Latin for "under judgment", means that a particular case or matter is under trial or being considered by a judge or court.

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Sub modo

Sub modo is Latin for "Subject to a modification or qualification." In a contract sub modo, the agreement between the parties may be altered or limited within certain parameters.

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Sub silentio

Sub silentio is legal latin meaning "under" or "in silence" It is often used as a reference to something that is implied but not expressly stated.

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Subcontractor

A subcontractor is an individual or in many cases a business that signs a contract to perform part or all of the obligations of another's contract.

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Subordination (finance)

Subordination in banking and finance refers to the order of priorities in claims for ownership or interest in various assets.

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Subordination agreement

A subordination agreement is a legal document used to make the claim of one party junior to (or inferior to) a claim in favor of another.

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Subornation of perjury

In American law and in Scots law the subornation of perjury is the crime of persuading a person to commit perjury, the swearing of a false oath to tell the truth in a legal proceeding, whether spoken or written.

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Subpoena

A subpoena (also subpœna) or witness summons is a writ issued by a government agency, most often a court, to compel testimony by a witness or production of evidence under a penalty for failure.

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Subpoena ad testificandum

A subpoena ad testificandum is a court summons to appear and give oral testimony for use at a hearing or trial.

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Subpoena duces tecum

A subpoena duces tecum (pronounced in English, but not in Latin), or subpoena for production of evidence, is a court summons ordering the recipient to appear before the court and produce documents or other tangible evidence for use at a hearing or trial.

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Subrogation

Subrogation is a legal doctrine whereby one person is entitled to enforce the subsisting or revived rights of another for one's own benefit.

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Subscription business model

The subscription business model is a business model where a customer must pay a subscription price to have access to a product or service.

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Subsidiary

A subsidiary, subsidiary company or daughter company"daughter company.

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Substance intoxication

Substance intoxication is a type of substance use disorder which is potentially maladaptive and impairing, but reversible, and associated with recent use of a substance.

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Substantial performance

At common law, substantial performance is an alternative principle to the perfect tender rule.

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Substantive law

Substantive law is the set of laws that governs how members of a society are to behave.

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Substitution of attorney

A substitution of attorney is a legal document that may be created during a lawsuit if a party wishes to replace its attorney with another one.

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Suffering

Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual.

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Suffrage

Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote).

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Suggestion of death

A suggestion of death, in law, refers to calling the death of a party to the attention of a court and making it a matter of record, as a step in the revival of an action abated by the death of a party.

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Sui generis

Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its (his, her, their) own kind; in a class by itself; unique." A number of disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities.

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Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.

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Sum certain

A sum certain is a specified and set amount of money owed by one person to another.

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Summary judgment

In law, a summary judgment (also judgment as a matter of law) is a judgment entered by a court for one party and against another party summarily, i.e., without a full trial.

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Summary offence

A summary offence is a crime in some common law jurisdictions that can be proceeded against summarily, without the right to a jury trial and/or indictment (required for an indictable offence).

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Summing

Summing (April 16, 1978 – October 10, 2008) was an American thoroughbred racehorse and sire.

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Summons

A summons (also known in England and Wales as a claim form and in the Australian state of New South Wales as a Court Attendance Notice (CAN)) is a legal document issued by a court (a judicial summons) or by an administrative agency of government (an administrative summons) for various purposes.

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Sunnah

Sunnah ((also sunna) سنة,, plural سنن) is the body of traditional social and legal custom and practice of the Islamic community, based on the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions (or disapprovals) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as various reports about Muhammad's companions.

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Superior court

In common law systems, a superior court is a court of general competence which typically has unlimited jurisdiction with regard to civil and criminal legal cases.

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Supersedeas bond

A supersedeas bond, also known as a defendant's appeal bond, is a type of surety bond that a court requires from an appellant who wants to delay payment of a judgment until the appeal is over.

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Supplemental jurisdiction

Supplemental jurisdiction is the authority of United States federal courts to hear additional claims substantially related to the original claim even though the court would lack the subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the additional claims independently.

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Suppression of evidence

Suppression of evidence is a term used in the United States legal system to describe the lawful or unlawful act of preventing evidence from being shown in a trial.

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Supremacy Clause

The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the supreme law of the land.

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Supreme court

A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in many legal jurisdictions.

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Supreme Court of Canada

The Supreme Court of Canada (Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada, the final court of appeals in the Canadian justice system.

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Supreme Court of India

The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review.

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Supreme Court of New Zealand

The Supreme Court of New Zealand (in Māori: Te Kōti Mana Nui) is the highest court and the court of last resort of New Zealand, having formally come into existence on 1 January 2004.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.

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Surety

In finance, a surety, surety bond or guaranty involves a promise by one party to assume responsibility for the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults.

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Surety bond

A surety bond or surety is a promise by a surety or guarantor to pay one party (the obligee) a certain amount if a second party (the principal) fails to meet some obligation, such as fulfilling the terms of a contract.

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Surplusage

In jurisprudence, surplusage is a useless statement completely irrelevant to the cause.

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Surrebuttal

In an adversarial process, for instance a court proceeding, a surrebuttal is a response to the opposing party's rebuttal; in essence it is a rebuttal to a rebuttal.

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Surrender (military)

Surrender, in military terms, is the relinquishment of control over territory, combatants, fortifications, ships or armament to another power.

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Suspended sentence

A suspended sentence is a legal term for a judge's delaying of a defendant's serving of a sentence after they have been found guilty, in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of probation.

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Sustain

In music, sustain is a parameter of musical sound over time.

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Syndicate

A syndicate is a self-organizing group of individuals, companies, corporations or entities formed to transact some specific business, to pursue or promote a shared interest.

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Synod

A synod is a council of a church, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application.

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Synthetic lease

A synthetic lease is a financing structure by which a company structures the ownership of an asset so that –.

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Table A

Table A in UK company law is the old name for the Model Articles or default form of articles of association for companies limited by shares incorporated either in England and Wales or in Scotland before 1 October 2009 where the incorporators do not explicitly choose to use a modified form.

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Tacking (law)

Tacking is a legal concept arising under the common law relating to competing priorities between two or more security interests arising over the same asset.

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Tallage

Tallage or talliage (from the French tailler, i.e. a part cut out of the whole) may have signified at first any tax, but became in England and France a land use or land tenure tax.

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Talmud

The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד talmūd "instruction, learning", from a root LMD "teach, study") is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law and theology.

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Tangible property

Tangible property in law is, literally, anything which can be touched, and includes both real property and personal property (or moveable property), and stands in distinction to intangible property.

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Taqlid

Taqlid or taqleed (Arabic تَقْليد taqlīd) is an Islamic terminology denoting the conformity of one person to the teaching of another.

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Targum

The targumim (singular: "targum", תרגום) were spoken paraphrases, explanations and expansions of the Jewish scriptures (also called the Tanakh) that a rabbi would give in the common language of the listeners, which was then often Aramaic.

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Tax

A tax (from the Latin taxo) is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or other legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures.

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Tax avoidance

Tax avoidance is the legal usage of the tax regime in a single territory to one's own advantage to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law.

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Tax credit

A tax credit is a tax incentive which allows certain taxpayers to subtract the amount of the credit they have accrued from the total they owe the state.

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Tax deduction

Tax deduction is a reduction of income that is able to be taxed and is commonly a result of expenses, particularly those incurred to produce additional income.

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Tax evasion

Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, and trusts.

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Tax exemption

Tax exemption is a monetary exemption which reduces taxable income.

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Tax haven

A tax haven is defined as a jurisdiction with very low "effective" rates of taxation ("headline" rates may be higher).

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Tax law

Tax law is an area of legal study dealing with the constitutional, common-law, statutory, tax treaty, and regulatory rules that constitute the law applicable to taxation.

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Tax reform

Tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected or managed by the government and is usually undertaken to improve tax administration or to provide economic or social benefits.

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Tax sale

A tax sale is the forced sale of property (usually real estate) by a governmental entity for unpaid taxes by the property's owner.

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Tax treaty

Many countries have entered into tax treaties (also called double tax agreements, or DTAs) with other countries to avoid or mitigate double taxation.

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Taxation in the United States

The United States of America has separate federal, state, and local government(s) with taxes imposed at each of these levels.

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Taxation of costs

Taxation of costs, now known as Detailed Assessment in English law following the Civil Procedure Act 1998, is a ministerial function performed by a court upon the resolution of case.

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Telephone tapping

Telephone tapping (also wire tapping or wiretapping in American English) is the monitoring of telephone and Internet conversations by a third party, often by covert means.

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Ten Commandments

The Ten Commandments (עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת, Aseret ha'Dibrot), also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity.

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Tenement

A tenement is a multi-occupancy building of any sort.

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Terra nullius

Terra nullius (plural terrae nullius) is a Latin expression meaning "nobody's land", and is a principle sometimes used in international law to describe territory that may be acquired by a state's occupation of it.

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Territorial integrity

Territorial integrity is the principle under international law that prohibits states from the use of force against the "territorial integrity or political independence" of another state.

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Terrorism

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.

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Terry stop

In the United States, a Terry stop is a brief detention of a person by police on reasonable suspicion of involvement in criminal activity but short of probable cause to arrest.

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Test Act

The Test Acts were a series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and nonconformists.

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Testamentary capacity

In the common law tradition, testamentary capacity is the legal term of art used to describe a person's legal and mental ability to make or alter a valid will.

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Testamentary disposition

A testamentary disposition is any gift of any property by a testator under the terms of a will.

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Testamentary trust

A testamentary trust (sometimes referred to as a will trust or trust under will) is a trust which arises upon the death of the testator, and which is specified in his or her will.

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Testator

A testator is a person who has written and executed a last will and testament that is in effect at the time of his/her death.

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Testimony

In law and in religion, testimony is a solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter.

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Texas Declaration of Independence

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The Crown

The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions (such as Crown dependencies, provinces, or states).

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Theft

In common usage, theft is the taking of another person's property or services without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it.

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Theocracy

Theocracy is a form of government in which a deity is the source from which all authority derives.

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Theological virtues

Theological virtues are virtues associated in Christian theology and philosophy with salvation resulting from the grace of God.

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Third-party beneficiary

A third-party beneficiary, in the law of contracts, is a person who may have the right to sue on a contract, despite not having originally been an active party to the contract.

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Three-strikes law

In the United States, habitual offender laws (commonly referred to as three-strikes laws) were first implemented on March 7, 1994 and are part of the United States Justice Department's Anti-Violence Strategy.

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Tide

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of Earth.

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Time and materials

Time and materials (aka T&M) is a standard phrase in a contract for construction, product development or any other piece of work in which the employer agrees to pay the contractor based upon the time spent by the contractor's employees and subcontractors employees to perform the work, and for materials used in the construction (plus the contractor's mark up on the materials used), no matter how much work is required to complete construction.

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Time is of the essence

"Time is of the essence" is a term used in contract law in England and Wales, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, other Commonwealth counties and the United States expressing "the need for timely completion", i.e. indicating that one or more parties to the agreement must perform by the time to which the parties have agreed if a delay will cause material harm.

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Time served

In criminal law, "time served" describes a sentence where the defendant is credited immediately after the guilty verdict with the time spent in remand awaiting trial.

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Timeshare

A timeshare (sometimes called vacation ownership) is a property with a divided form of ownership or use rights.

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Tipstaff

The Tipstaff is an officer of a court or, in some countries, a law clerk to a judge.

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Tithe

A tithe (from Old English: teogoþa "tenth") is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory tax to government.

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Title

A title is a prefix or suffix added to someone's name in certain contexts.

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Title (property)

In property law, a title is a bundle of rights in a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or equitable interest.

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Title insurance

Title insurance is a form of indemnity insurance predominantly found in the United States which insures against financial loss from defects in title to real property and from the invalidity or unenforceability of mortgage loans.

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Title retention clause

A retention of title clause (also called a Romalpa clause in some jurisdictions) is a provision in a contract for the sale of goods that the title to the goods remains vested in the seller until certain obligations (usually payment of the purchase price) are fulfilled by the buyer.

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Title search

In real estate business and law, a title search or property title search is the process of retrieving documents evidencing events in the history of a piece of real property, to determine relevant interests in and regulations concerning that property.

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Toll bridge

A toll bridge is a bridge where a monetary charge (or "toll") is required to pass over.

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Toll road

A toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private road for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage.

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Tolling (law)

Tolling is a legal doctrine that allows for the pausing or delaying of the running of the period of time set forth by a statute of limitations, such that a lawsuit may potentially be filed even after the statute of limitations has run.

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Tontine

A tontine (English pronunciation) is an investment plan for raising capital, devised in the 17th century and relatively widespread in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Tools of trade

Tools of trade is a term generally used in bankruptcy law to determine what property a person would commonly use for the purpose of making a living, as items that are tools of trade are separately exempt from attachment with an additional amount above that normally given for a person's property.

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Torah

Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") has a range of meanings.

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Torah study

Torah study is the study of the Torah, Hebrew Bible, Talmud, responsa, rabbinic literature and similar works, all of which are Judaism's religious texts.

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Torrens title

Torrens title is a land registration and land transfer system, in which a state creates and maintains a register of land holdings, which serves as the conclusive evidence (termed "indefeasibility") of title of the person recorded on the register as the proprietor (owner), and of all other interests recorded on the register.

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Tort

A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act.

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Torture

Torture (from the Latin tortus, "twisted") is the act of deliberately inflicting physical or psychological pain in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or compel some action from the victim.

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Tosefta

The Tosefta (Talmudic Aramaic: תוספתא, "supplement, addition") is a compilation of the Jewish oral law from the late 2nd century, the period of the Mishnah.

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Total depravity

Total depravity (also called radical corruption or pervasive depravity) is a Christian theological doctrine derived from the Augustinian concept of original sin.

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Totalitarian democracy

Totalitarian democracy, or anarcho-monarchism, is a term popularized by Israeli historian J. L. Talmon to refer to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right to vote, have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the government.

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Totalitarianism

Benito Mussolini Totalitarianism is a political concept where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to control every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.

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Totten trust

A Totten trust (also referred to as a "Payable on Death" account) is a form of trust in the United States in which one party (the settlor or "grantor" of the trust) places money in a bank account or security with instructions that upon the settlor's death, whatever is in that account will pass to a named beneficiary.

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Totten v. United States

Totten v. United States,, is a United States Supreme Court case in which the court ruled on judicial jurisdiction in espionage cases.

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Tracing (law)

Tracing is a legal process, not a remedy, by which a claimant demonstrates what has happened to his/her property, identifies its proceeds and those persons who have handled or received them, and asks the court to award a proprietary remedy in respect of the property, or an asset substituted for the original property or its proceeds.

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Trade

Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.

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Trade name

A trade name, trading name, or business name is a pseudonym frequently used by companies to operate under a name different from their registered, legal name.

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Trade secret

A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, commercial method, or compilation of information not generally known or reasonably ascertainable by others by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors or customers.

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Trade union

A trade union or trades union, also called a labour union (Canada) or labor union (US), is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals; such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers.

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Trademark

A trademark, trade mark, or trade-markThe styling of trademark as a single word is predominantly used in the United States and Philippines only, while the two-word styling trade mark is used in many other countries around the world, including the European Union and Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth jurisdictions (although Canada officially uses "trade-mark" pursuant to the Trade-mark Act, "trade mark" and "trademark" are also commonly used).

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Trademark law of the People's Republic of China

The system of trademark law in mainland China is administered by the China Trade Mark Office or CTMO (with an appeal function administered by the Trademark Review and Adjudication Board and the courts).

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Tragedy of the commons

The tragedy of the commons is a term used in social science to describe a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action.

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Transferred intent

Transferred intent (or transferred malice in English law) is a legal doctrine that holds that, when the intention to harm one individual inadvertently causes a second person to be hurt instead, the perpetrator is still held responsible.

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Transparency (behavior)

Transparency, as used in science, engineering, business, the humanities and in other social contexts, is operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed.

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Travel visa

A visa (from the Latin charta visa, meaning "paper which has been seen") is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner, allowing them to enter, remain within, or to leave that country.

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Treason

In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more extreme acts against one's nation or sovereign.

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Treasure trove

Treasure trove is an amount of money or coin, gold, silver, plate, or bullion found hidden underground or in places such as cellars or attics, where the treasure seems old enough for it to be presumed that the true owner is dead and the heirs undiscoverable.

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Treasury stock

A treasury stock or reacquired stock is stock which is also bought back by the issuing company, reducing the amount of outstanding stock on the open market ("open market" including insiders' holdings).

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Treaty

A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations.

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Treaty of Waitangi

The Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) is a treaty first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and Māori chiefs (Rangatira) from the North Island of New Zealand.

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Treble damages

Treble damages, in United States law, is a term that indicates that a statute permits a court to triple the amount of the actual/compensatory damages to be awarded to a prevailing plaintiff.

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Trespass

Trespass is an area of criminal law or tort law broadly divided into three groups: trespass to the person, trespass to chattels and trespass to land.

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Trial

In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes.

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Trial advocacy

Trial advocacy is the branch of knowledge concerned with making attorneys and other advocates more effective in trial proceedings.

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Trial by combat

Trial by combat (also wager of battle, trial by battle or judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat; the winner of the fight was proclaimed to be right.

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Trial by ordeal

Trial by ordeal was an ancient judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused was determined by subjecting them to a painful, or at least an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience.

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Trial court

A trial court or court of first instance is a court having original jurisdiction, in which trials take place.

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Trial de novo

In law, the expression trial de novo means a "new trial" by a different tribunal (de novo is a Latin expression meaning "afresh", "anew", "beginning again", hence the literal meaning "new trial").

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Trial in absentia

Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person who is subject to it is not physically present at those proceedings.

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Tribunal

A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.

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Tribute

A tribute (/ˈtrɪbjuːt/) (from Latin tributum, contribution) is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance.

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Trier of fact

A trier of fact, or finder of fact, is a person, or group of persons, who determines facts in a legal proceeding, usually a trial.

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Trinoda necessitas

Trinoda necessitas ("three-knotted obligation" in Latin) is a term used to refer to a "threefold tax" in Anglo-Saxon times.

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TRIPS Agreement

The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

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Truancy

Truancy is any intentional, unjustified, unauthorized, or illegal absence from compulsory education.

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Trust instrument

A trust instrument (also sometimes called a deed of trust, where executed by way of deed) is an instrument in writing executed by a settlor used to constitute a trust.

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Trust law

A trust is a three-party fiduciary relationship in which the first party, the trustor or settlor, transfers ("settles") a property (often but not necessarily a sum of money) upon the second party (the trustee) for the benefit of the third party, the beneficiary.

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Trustee in bankruptcy

A trustee in bankruptcy is an entity, often an individual, in charge of administering a bankruptcy estate.

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Trusts & Estates (journal)

Trusts & Estates is a wealth management journal published by Penton Media which covers trust law and estates.

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Truth in Lending Act

The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) of 1968 is a United States federal law designed to promote the informed use of consumer credit, by requiring disclosures about its terms and cost to standardize the manner in which costs associated with borrowing are calculated and disclosed.

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Turn state's evidence

A criminal turns state's evidence by admitting guilt and testifying as a witness for the state against his associate(s) or accomplice(s), often in exchange for leniency in sentencing or immunity from prosecution.

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Tute Bianche

Tute Bianche was a militant Italian social movement, active from 1994 to 2001.

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Twelve Tables

According to Greek tradition, the Law of the Twelve Tables (Leges Duodecim Tabularum or Duodecim Tabulae) was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law.

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Twinkie defense

"Twinkie defense" is a derisive label for an improbable legal defense.

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Uberrima fides

Uberrima fides (sometimes seen in its genitive form uberrimae fidei) is a Latin phrase meaning "utmost good faith" (literally, "most abundant faith").

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Ulama

The Arabic term ulama (علماء., singular عالِم, "scholar", literally "the learned ones", also spelled ulema; feminine: alimah and uluma), according to the Encyclopedia of Islam (2000), in its original meaning "denotes scholars of almost all disciplines".

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Ultimate fact

In law, the ultimate fact is the conclusion (or conclusions) of factual evidence made by a jury after deliberation.

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Ultra vires

Ultra vires is a Latin phrase meaning "beyond the powers".

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Ultrahazardous activity

An ultrahazardous activity in the common law of torts is one that is so inherently dangerous that a person engaged in such an activity can be held strictly liable for injuries caused to another person, even if the person engaged in the activity took every reasonable precaution to prevent others from being injured.

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Unconscionability

Unconscionability (sometimes known as unconscionable dealing/conduct in Australia) is a doctrine in contract law that describes terms that are so extremely unjust, or overwhelmingly one-sided in favor of the party who has the superior bargaining power, that they are contrary to good conscience.

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Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19th century, and used by African-American slaves to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause.

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Underwriting

Underwriting services are provided by some large specialist financial institutions, such as banks, insurance or investment houses, whereby they guarantee payment in case of damage or financial loss and accept the financial risk for liability arising from such guarantee.

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Undisclosed principal

In agency law, an undisclosed principal is a person who uses an agent for negotiations with a third party who has no knowledge of the identity of the agent's principal.

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Undue influence

In jurisprudence, undue influence is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another person.

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Unfair competition

Unfair (or disloyal) competition in commercial law is a deceptive business practice that causes economic harm to other businesses or to consumers.

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Unfair dismissal

In labour law, unfair dismissal is an act of employment termination made without good reason or contrary to the country's specific legislation.

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Unfree labour

Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), compulsion, or other forms of extreme hardship to themselves or members of their families.

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Uniform Code of Military Justice

The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) is the foundation of military law in the United States.

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Uniform Commercial Code

The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), first published in 1952, is one of a number of uniform acts that have been put into law with the goal of harmonizing the law of sales and other commercial transactions across the United States of America (U.S.) through UCC adoption by all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories.

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Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act

The Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act concerns interstate cooperation in the collection of spousal and child support.

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Uninsured motorist clause

An uninsured motorist clause is a provision commonly found in United States automobile insurance policies that provides for a driver to receive damages for any injury he or she receives from an uninsured, negligent driver.

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Unissued stock

Unissued stock is stock that has been authorized in a company's charter, but has never been sold.

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Unitary patent

The European patent with unitary effect (EPUE), more commonly known as the unitary patent, is a new type of European patent in advanced stage of adoption which would be valid in participating member states of the European Union.

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Unitary state

A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate.

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United Nations Charter

The Charter of the United Nations (also known as the UN Charter) of 1945 is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization.

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United Nations Convention against Torture

The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (commonly known as the United Nations Convention against Torture (UNCAT)) is an international human rights treaty, under the review of the United Nations, that aims to prevent torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment around the world.

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United Nations Human Rights Committee

The United Nations Human Rights Committee is a United Nations body of 18 experts that meets three times a year for four-week sessions (spring session at UN headquarters in New York, summer and fall sessions at the UN Office in Geneva) to consider the five-yearly reports submitted by 169 UN member states on their compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR, and any individual petitions concerning 116 States parties to the Optional Protocol.

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United States bankruptcy court

United States bankruptcy courts are courts created under Article I of the United States Constitution.

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United States Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

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United States Code

The Code of Laws of the United States of America (variously abbreviated to Code of Laws of the United States, United States Code, U.S. Code, U.S.C., or USC) is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States.

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United States Constitution

The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.

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United States constitutional law

United States constitutional law is the body of law governing the interpretation and implementation of the United States Constitution.

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United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals

The United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (CCPA) was a United States federal court which existed from 1909 to 1982 and had jurisdiction over certain types of civil disputes.

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United States courts of appeals

The United States courts of appeals or circuit courts are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system.

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United States Declaration of Independence

The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776.

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United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the U.S. government, responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice in the United States, equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries. The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. The Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The department is responsible for investigating instances of financial fraud, representing the United States government in legal matters (such as in cases before the Supreme Court), and running the federal prison system. The department is also responsible for reviewing the conduct of local law enforcement as directed by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions.

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United States Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel

The Office of Special Counsel is an office of the United States Department of Justice.

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United States district court

The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal court system.

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United States federal judicial district

For purposes of the federal judicial system, Congress has divided the United States into judicial districts.

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United States Patent and Trademark Office

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is an agency in the U.S. Department of Commerce that issues patents to inventors and businesses for their inventions, and trademark registration for product and intellectual property identification.

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United States trademark law

A trademark is a word, phrase, or logo that identifies the source of goods or services.

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United States Treasury security

A United States Treasury security is an IOU from the US Government.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France.

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Universal jurisdiction

Universal jurisdiction allows states or international organizations to claim criminal jurisdiction over an accused person regardless of where the alleged crime was committed, and regardless of the accused's nationality, country of residence, or any other relation with the prosecuting entity.

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Unjust enrichment

In contract law, unjust enrichment occurs when one person is enriched at the expense of another in circumstances that the law sees as unjust.

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Unlawful assembly

Unlawful assembly is a legal term to describe a group of people with the mutual intent of deliberate disturbance of the peace.

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Unlawful combatant

An unlawful combatant, illegal combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent is a person who directly engages in armed conflict in violation of the laws of war.

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Unspecified claim

An unspecified claim is a tort claim "where the amount to be awarded is left to the Court to determine." Examples of unspecified claims are unspecified damages for personal injuries, such as from a motor vehicle accident (MVA) or medical malpractice.

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Up tack

The up tack or falsum (⊥, \bot in LaTeX, U+22A5 in Unicode) is a constant symbol used to represent.

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Use tax

A use tax is a type of tax levied in the United States by numerous state governments.

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Usucaption

Usucaption (Latin usucapio), also known as acquisitive prescription, is a concept found in civil law systems and has its origin in the Roman law of property.

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Usufruct

Usufruct is a limited real right (or in rem right) found in civil-law and mixed jurisdictions that unites the two property interests of usus and fructus.

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Usury

Usury is, as defined today, the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans that unfairly enrich the lender.

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Uti possidetis

Uti possidetis (Latin for "as you possess") is a principle in international law that territory and other property remains with its possessor at the end of a conflict, unless otherwise provided for by treaty; if such a treaty does not include conditions regarding the possession of property and territory taken during the war, then the principle of uti possidetis will prevail.

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Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility.

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Utility (patent)

In United States patent law, utility is a patentability requirement.

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Vacated judgment

A vacated judgment makes a previous legal judgment legally void.

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Vacatio legis

Vacatio legis (absence of law) is a technical term in both Catholic canon law and civil law which refers to the period between the promulgation of a law and the time the law takes legal effect.

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Vagueness doctrine

In American constitutional law, a statute is void for vagueness and unenforceable if it is too vague for the average citizen to understand.

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Valid claim

In Law, a valid claim is a "grievance that can be resolved by legal action." It is a claim that is not frivolous, nor is based on fraud.

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Variance (land use)

A variance is a deviation from the set of rules a municipality applies to land use and land development, typically a zoning ordinance, building code or municipal code.

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Vassal

A vassal is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe.

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Vehicular homicide

Vehicular homicide is a crime that involves the death of a person other than the driver as a result of either criminally negligent or murderous operation of a motor vehicle.

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Vendée

The Vendée is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west-central France, on the Atlantic Ocean.

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Vendor

In a supply chain, a vendor, or a seller, is an enterprise that contributes goods or services.

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Venue (law)

Venue (law) is the location where a case is heard.

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Verdict

In law, a verdict is the formal finding of fact made by a jury on matters or questions submitted to the jury by a judge.

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Vest

The vest is a garment worn on the upper body and must be close fitting.

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Vesting

In law, vesting is to give an immediately secured right of present or future deployment.

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Vexatious litigation

Vexatious litigation is legal action which is brought, regardless of its merits, solely to harass or subdue an adversary.

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Vicarious liability

Vicarious liability is a form of a strict, secondary liability that arises under the common law doctrine of agency, respondeat superior, the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate or, in a broader sense, the responsibility of any third party that had the "right, ability or duty to control" the activities of a violator.

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Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 is an international treaty that defines a framework for diplomatic relations between independent countries.

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Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) is a treaty concerning the international law on treaties between states.

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Vigilante

A vigilante is a civilian or organization acting in a law enforcement capacity (or in the pursuit of self-perceived justice) without legal authority.

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Violence

Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation," although the group acknowledges that the inclusion of "the use of power" in its definition expands on the conventional understanding of the word.

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Virginia Declaration of Rights

The Virginia Declaration of Rights is a document drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish "inadequate" government.

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Virtue ethics

Virtue ethics (or aretaic ethics, from Greek ἀρετή (arete)) are normative ethical theories which emphasize virtues of mind and character.

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Virtue jurisprudence

In the philosophy of law, virtue jurisprudence is the set of theories of law related to virtue ethics.

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Viz.

The abbreviation viz. (or viz without a full stop), short for the Latin italic, is used as a synonym for "namely", "that is to say", "to wit", or "as follows".

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Void (law)

In law, void means of no legal effect.

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Void marriage

A void marriage is a marriage which is unlawful or invalid under the laws of the jurisdiction where it is entered.

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Voidable

Voidable, in law, is a transaction or action that is valid but may be annulled by one of the parties to the transaction.

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Voidable marriage

A voidable marriage (also called an avoidable marriage) is a marriage which can be canceled at the option of one of the parties.

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Voir dire

Voir dire is a legal phrase for a variety of procedures connected with jury trials.

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Volens

In law, volens is a state of mind, referring to voluntary acceptance of a specific risk.

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Voluntary association

A voluntary group or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, common-interest association,Prins HEL et al. (2010).. Cengage Learning. association, or society) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement, usually as volunteers, to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose.

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Voting trust

A voting trust is an arrangement whereby the shares in a company of one or more shareholders and the voting rights attached thereto are legally transferred to a trustee, usually for a specified period of time (the "trust period").

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Voyeurism

Voyeurism is the sexual interest in or practice of spying on people engaged in intimate behaviors, such as undressing, sexual activity, or other actions usually considered to be of a private nature.

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Vulgate

The Vulgate is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible that became the Catholic Church's officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible during the 16th century.

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Wahhabism

Wahhabism (الوهابية) is an Islamic doctrine and religious movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.

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Waiver

A waiver is the voluntary relinquishment or surrender of some known right or privilege.

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Walking possession

Walking possession refers to the legal practice in the United Kingdom under which a bailiff takes possession of the goods of a defaulting debtor, but does not remove the goods.

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Waqf

A waqf (وقف), also known as habous or mortmain property, is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law, which typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets.

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War crime

A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility.

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War Crimes Law (Belgium)

Belgium's War Crimes Law invokes the concept of universal jurisdiction to allow anyone to bring war crime charges in Belgian courts, regardless of where the alleged crimes have taken place.

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War on drugs

War on Drugs is an American term usually applied to the U.S. federal government's campaign of prohibition of drugs, military aid, and military intervention, with the stated aim being to reduce the illegal drug trade.

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War Powers Resolution

The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Act) (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548) is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress.

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War reparations

War reparations are payments made after a war by the vanquished to the victors.

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Ward (law)

In law, a ward is someone placed under the protection of a legal guardian.

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Warrant (law)

A warrant is generally an order that serves as a specific type of authorization, that is, a writ issued by a competent officer, usually a judge or magistrate, which permits an otherwise illegal act that would violate individual rights and affords the person executing the writ protection from damages if the act is performed.

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Warrant of committal

Warrant of Committal is a legal term used by the law systems of Canada and the United Kingdom, which allows a magistrate or judge to enforce a judgment or order against a person or corporation that has refused or neglected to comply with a known court ruling or order within a known fixed period of time.

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Warrant of delivery

Warrant of delivery is a method of enforcing court judgments used in the legal systems of the United Kingdom and Canada.

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Warrant of execution

A warrant of execution is a form of writ of execution used in the County court in England and Wales (only).

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Warrant of possession

A Warrant of Possession under Australian law can be issued after a lessor or agent has applied for, and received, a termination order to end a residential tenancy.

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Warranty

In contract law, a warranty has various meanings but generally means a guarantee or promise which provides assurance by one party to the other party that specific facts or conditions are true or will happen.

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Warranty deed

A warranty deed is a type of deed where the grantor (seller) guarantees that he or she holds clear title to a piece of real estate and has a right to sell it to the grantee (buyer).

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Waste

Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials.

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Watered stock

Watered stock is an asset with an artificially-inflated value.

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Weimar Constitution

The Constitution of the German Reich (Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs), usually known as the Weimar Constitution (Weimarer Verfassung) was the constitution that governed Germany during the Weimar Republic era (1919–1933).

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West American Digest System

The West American Digest System is a system of identifying points of law from reported cases and organizing them by topic and key number.

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Whiplash (medicine)

Whiplash is a non-medical term describing a range of injuries to the neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck associated with extension, although the exact injury mechanisms remain unknown.

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Whistleblower

A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.

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White-collar crime

White-collar crime refers to financially motivated, nonviolent crime committed by business and government professionals.

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Widow

A widow is a woman whose spouse has died and a widower is a man whose spouse has died.

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Will and testament

A will or testament is a legal document by which a person, the testator, expresses their wishes as to how their property is to be distributed at death, and names one or more persons, the executor, to manage the estate until its final distribution.

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Will contest

A will contest, in the law of property, is a formal objection raised against the validity of a will, based on the contention that the will does not reflect the actual intent of the testator (the party who made the will) or that the will is otherwise invalid.

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Willful violation

In the North American legal justice system and in US Occupational Safety and Health regulations, willful violation (also called 'willful non-compliance') is an "act done voluntarily with either an intentional disregard of, or plain indifference to," the requirements of Acts, regulations, statutes or relevant workplace policies.

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Window tax

The window tax was a property tax based on the number of windows in a house.

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Witch-hunt

A witch-hunt or witch purge is a search for people labelled "witches" or evidence of witchcraft, often involving moral panic or mass hysteria.

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Witness

A witness is someone who has, who claims to have, or is thought, by someone with authority to compel testimony, to have knowledge relevant to an event or other matter of interest.

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Witness statement

A witness statement is a signed document recording the evidence of a witness.

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Work-product doctrine

In American civil procedure, the work-product doctrine protects materials prepared in anticipation of litigation from discovery by opposing counsel.

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Workers' compensation

Workers' compensation is a form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment in exchange for mandatory relinquishment of the employee's right to sue their employer for the tort of negligence.

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World Intellectual Property Organization

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN).

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World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

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Writ

In common law, a writ (Anglo-Saxon gewrit, Latin breve) is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction; in modern usage, this body is generally a court.

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Writ of attachment

A writ of attachment is a court order to "attach" or seize an asset.

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Writ of execution

A writ of execution (also known as an execution) is a court order granted to put in force a judgment of possession obtained by a plaintiff from a court.

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Writ of prohibition

A writ of prohibition is a writ directing a subordinate to stop doing something the law prohibits.

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Wrongful death claim

Wrongful death is a claim against a person who can be held liable for a death.

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Wrongful dismissal

In law, wrongful dismissal, also called wrongful termination or wrongful discharge, is a situation in which an employee's contract of employment has been terminated by the employer, where the termination breaches one or more terms of the contract of employment, or a statute provision or rule in employment law.

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Wrongful trading

Wrongful trading is a type of civil wrong found in UK insolvency law, under Section 214 Insolvency Act 1986.

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Yellow-dog contract

A yellow-dog contract (a yellow-dog clause of a contract, or an ironclad oath) is an agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union.

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Yeshiva

Yeshiva (ישיבה, lit. "sitting"; pl., yeshivot or yeshivos) is a Jewish institution that focuses on the study of traditional religious texts, primarily the Talmud and the Torah.

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Zoning

Zoning is the process of dividing land in a municipality into zones (e.g. residential, industrial) in which certain land uses are permitted or prohibited.

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Zoophilia

Zoophilia is a paraphilia involving a sexual fixation on non-human animals.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_law_articles