Communication

594 relations: Abdomen, Acanthocyte, Acanthoma, Achondroplasia, Acid, Acoustics, Acromegaly, Acroosteolysis, Adenocarcinoma, Adipocyte, Adrenal artery, Adrenal gland, Aerosinusitis, Ageusia, Akinetopsia, Albinism, Alloimmunity, Alternative medicine, Ambidexterity, Amniocentesis, Amphismela, Amylase, Amylophagia, Analgesic, Anaplasia, Anatomical terms of location, Anatomical terms of motion, Ancient Greek, Androgen, Android (robot), Andrology, Anemia, Anesthesia, Angiography, Angioplasty, Angular cheilitis, Anisocytosis, Anisotropy, Ankylosis, Anorexia nervosa, Antibody, Antidiuretic, Antipsychotic, Antipyretic, Anus, Apathy, Aphallia, Aphasia, Apnea, Apoptosis, ..., Aquatic plant, Arachnophobia, Arteriole, Artery, Arthritis, Arthrodesis, Atherosclerosis, Atrium (heart), Autoimmunity, Autopsy, Auxology, Axilla, Bacteria, Bactericide, Bacteriophage, Balanitis, Bile, Biliary tract, Biological membrane, Biology, Biopsy, Black, Blastomere, Bleeding, Blepharoplasty, Blood, Blood transfusion, Blood vessel, Blue, Bone, Bone marrow, Brachycephaly, Bradycardia, Breast, British English, Bronchiectasis, Bronchiolitis obliterans, Bronchitis, Bronchus, Bursitis, Calculus (medicine), Cancer, Capitation (healthcare), Carcinoma, Cardiac ventriculography, Cardiogenic shock, Cardiology, Catabolism, Catalog, Cataplexy, Cataract, Cell (biology), Cerebellum, Cerebral hemisphere, Cervix, Chemotherapy, Chiropractic, Chlorophyll, Cholecystectomy, Cholecystitis, Cholemia, Chondrocalcinosis, Cilium, Circulatory system, Circumcision, Cisgender, Classical compound, Classical Latin, Cleavage (embryo), Clitoris, Clostridium, Cofactor (biochemistry), Colonoscopy, Colorectal surgery, Colostomy, Colposcopy, Common hepatic artery, Commotio cordis, Contraindication, Cornea, Cornu (horn), Costochondral joint, Cryoablation, Cuirass, Cuneiform script, Cyanopsia, Cytokine, Cytoplasmic streaming, Cytostasis, Dacryoadenitis, Dacryocystitis, Dehydration, Dentist, Dermatology, Dextrocardia, Diagnosis, Dialogue, Dialysis, Diarrhea, Digit (anatomy), Diplopia, Dipsomania, Disease, Dissection, Diuretic, Dromotropic, Duodenal atresia, Dwarfism, Dysentery, Dysgeusia, Dysphagia, Dysthymia, Dysuria, Eardrum, Ectoderm, Ectopia (medicine), Ectopic pregnancy, Electrocardiography, Electroencephalography, Endocrine system, Endocrinology, Endoscopy, Endospore, Enzyme, Eosin, Eosinophil, Epiblast, Epidermis, Epidural administration, Epidural hematoma, Epilepsy, Epileptic seizure, Episcleral layer, Episiotomy, Epispadias, Epithelium, Erythromelalgia, Esophagus, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Etymology, Eukaryote, Exophthalmos, Exoskeleton, Eye, Eyelash, Eyelid, Face, Fat, Fermentation, Fever, Fibrin, Fibroblast, Fine-needle aspiration, Finger, Fingerspelling, Foramen magnum, Foregut, French language, Fungus, Galactorrhea, Galaxy, Gallbladder, Gastric bypass surgery, Gastroenterology, Gastrostomy, Genu valgum, Germ cell, Gingivitis, Gland, Glans penis, Glaucoma, Glossary of medicine, Glucocorticoid, 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Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Karyorrhexis, Keratoscope, Kidney, Kidney development, Koilocyte, Kyphoscoliosis, Labial consonant, Labiodental consonant, Lacrimal canaliculi, Lactase, Lactation, Laparotomy, Large intestine, Larynx, Lateral pectoral nerve, Leiomyoma, Linguistics, Lip, Liposuction, Lissencephaly, List of medical abbreviations, Lithotripsy, Litre, Logos, Lotus-eaters, Lumbar vertebrae, Lung, Lymphatic system, Lymphedema, Lysosome, Lysozyme, Macrophage, Malakia, Mammography, Man, Manufacturing, Mastectomy, Medical dictionary, Medical terminology, Medication, Medicine, Melanin, Meningitis, Menopause, Menorrhagia, Menstrual cycle, Merocrine, Mesoderm, Mesothelioma, Metacarpal bones, Metatheria, Metrorrhagia, Microscope, Milk, Molar (tooth), Monocotyledon, Month, Morphology (biology), Mouth, Mucus, Multiple sclerosis, Muscle, Muscle weakness, Myalgia, Myasthenia gravis, Mydriasis, Myeloblast, Mylohyoid nerve, Myocyte, Myriad, Myringotomy, Myxoma, Nail biting, Narcolepsy, Navel, Necrosis, Necrotizing fasciitis, Neoplasm, Nephrology, Nephropexy, Nephroptosis, Nerve, Nervous system, Neurofibromatosis, New Latin, Nipple, Nociception, Normocapnia, Nosebleed, Obstetrics, Oligotroph, Omphalotomy, Oncology, Onychomycosis, Oogenesis, Oophorectomy, Ophthalmology, Opisthotonus, Optic papillitis, Optometry, Orchiectomy, Orders of magnitude (length), Organ (anatomy), Orthodontics, Osteoarthritis, Osteoclast, Osteomalacia, Osteopenia, Osteoporosis, Otology, Ovarian follicle, Ovary, Oxycodone, Oxygen, Oxytocin, Pachyderma, Pain, Pancytopenia, Panopticon, Panphobia, Papule, Paralysis, Paraplegia, Parvovirus, Pathology, Pauci-immune, Pectoriloquy, Pediatrics, Pedophilia, Pelvis, Penis removal, Pericardium, Perineum, Periodontology, Peripheral neuropathy, Peripheral ossifying fibroma, Peristalsis, Perspiration, Phagocyte, Pharyngitis, Pharynx, Phlebotomy, Phosphene, Phrenic nerve, Phrenology, Phyllodes tumor, Pia mater, Piriformis muscle, Ploidy, Pneumatology, Pneumonia, Podiatry, Poliomyelitis, Polydactyly, Polydipsia, Polymyositis, Polyurea, Polyuria, Porosity, Porphyroblast, Potassium, Prefix, Prenatal development, Presbycusis, Presbyopia, Pressure, Preterm birth, Primordial phallus, Prognosis, Proprioception, Prosopagnosia, Pseudoephedrine, Pseudohallucination, Psoriasis, Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychopathy, Psychosis, Pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, Pulmonary alveolus, Pus, Pyelonephritis, Pyknosis, Pylorus, Pyometra, Quadriceps femoris muscle, Radiculopathy, Radio frequency, Rectum, Red, Red algae, Red blood cell, Referred pain, Relapse, Restenosis, Reticulocyte, Rhabdomyolysis, Rhinoceros, Rhinoplasty, Rock (geology), Rubrospinal tract, Saliva, Salivary gland, Salpingectomy, Salpingopharyngeus muscle, Sanguine, Saphenous opening, Sarcoidosis, Sarcoma, Scabbard, Schistocyte, Schizophrenia, Scleroderma, Scoliosis, Scotopic vision, Semen, Sensation (fiction), Shoe-fitting fluoroscope, Shorthand, Sialogogue, Sigmoid colon, Silver (color), Sinusitis, Skull, Sleep, Solvation, Spasm, Spasmodic dysphonia, Spermatogenesis, Spermatozoon, Sphygmomanometer, Spleen, Splenectomy, Splenomegaly, Spondylitis, Stenosis, Stethoscope, Stomatognathic system, Subcutaneous tissue, Suffix, Sugar, Superior vena cava, Supraorbital vein, Surgery, Syndrome, Synesthesia, Synovial bursa, Tachycardia, Tears, Telangiectasia, Teratoma, Terminal hair, Testicle, Tetanus, Thelarche, Thorax, Thorns, spines, and prickles, Thrombocytopenia, Thrombus, Thyroid, Tissue (biology), Tonicity, Tonsillitis, Tooth, Topical anesthetic, Torticollis, Toxin, Toxoplasmosis, Trachea, Tracheotomy, Trichocyst, Trousseau sign of latent tetany, Tympanocentesis, Ultrasound, Ultraviolet, Ungual, Unilateral hearing loss, Uremia, Uremic pericarditis, Uric acid, Urinary bladder, Urology, Uterus, Vagina, Varicocele, Vasoconstriction, Vein, Venography, Venospasm, Venule, Vertebra, Vertebral column, Vesical arteries, Vomiting, Vulvodynia, White, White blood cell, Xenotransplantation, Xeroderma, Xerostomia, Xiphoid process, Yellow, Zoology. 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Abdomen

The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.

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Acanthocyte

Acanthocyte (from the Greek word ἄκανθα acantha, meaning 'thorn'), in biology and medicine, refers to a form of red blood cell that has a spiked cell membrane, due to abnormal thorny projections.

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Acanthoma

An acanthoma is a skin neoplasm composed of squamous or epidermal cells.

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Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder that results in dwarfism.

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Acid

An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).

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Acoustics

Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.

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Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a disorder that results from excess growth hormone (GH) after the growth plates have closed.

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Acroosteolysis

Acroosteolysis is resorption of the distal bony phalanges.

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Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma (plural adenocarcinomas or adenocarcinomata) is a type of cancerous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body.

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Adipocyte

Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.

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Adrenal artery

The adrenal arteries are arteries in the human abdomen that supply blood to the adrenal glands.

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Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.

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Aerosinusitis

Aerosinusitis, also called barosinusitis, sinus squeeze or sinus barotrauma is a painful inflammation and sometimes bleeding of the membrane of the paranasal sinus cavities, normally the frontal sinus.

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Ageusia

Ageusia is the loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, and umami (meaning "pleasant/savory taste").

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Akinetopsia

Akinetopsia (Greek: a for "without", kine for "to move" and opsia for "seeing"), also known as cerebral akinetopsia or motion blindness, is a neuropsychological disorder in which a patient cannot perceive motion in their visual field, despite being able to see stationary objects without issue.

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Albinism

Albinism in humans is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes.

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Alloimmunity

Alloimmunity (sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens or isoantigens.

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Alternative medicine

Alternative medicine, fringe medicine, pseudomedicine or simply questionable medicine is the use and promotion of practices which are unproven, disproven, impossible to prove, or excessively harmful in relation to their effect — in the attempt to achieve the healing effects of medicine.--> --> --> They differ from experimental medicine in that the latter employs responsible investigation, and accepts results that show it to be ineffective. The scientific consensus is that alternative therapies either do not, or cannot, work. In some cases laws of nature are violated by their basic claims; in some the treatment is so much worse that its use is unethical. Alternative practices, products, and therapies range from only ineffective to having known harmful and toxic effects.--> Alternative therapies may be credited for perceived improvement through placebo effects, decreased use or effect of medical treatment (and therefore either decreased side effects; or nocebo effects towards standard treatment),--> or the natural course of the condition or disease. Alternative treatment is not the same as experimental treatment or traditional medicine, although both can be misused in ways that are alternative. Alternative or complementary medicine is dangerous because it may discourage people from getting the best possible treatment, and may lead to a false understanding of the body and of science.-->---> Alternative medicine is used by a significant number of people, though its popularity is often overstated.--> Large amounts of funding go to testing alternative medicine, with more than US$2.5 billion spent by the United States government alone.--> Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment,--> and most studies showing any effect have been statistical flukes. Alternative medicine is a highly profitable industry, with a strong lobby. This fact is often overlooked by media or intentionally kept hidden, with alternative practice being portrayed positively when compared to "big pharma". --> The lobby has successfully pushed for alternative therapies to be subject to far less regulation than conventional medicine.--> Alternative therapies may even be allowed to promote use when there is demonstrably no effect, only a tradition of use. Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine and health care providers varies between and within countries. Despite laws making it illegal to market or promote alternative therapies for use in cancer treatment, many practitioners promote them.--> Alternative medicine is criticized for taking advantage of the weakest members of society.--! Terminology has shifted over time, reflecting the preferred branding of practitioners.. Science Based Medicine--> For example, the United States National Institutes of Health department studying alternative medicine, currently named National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, was established as the Office of Alternative Medicine and was renamed the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine before obtaining its current name. Therapies are often framed as "natural" or "holistic", in apparent opposition to conventional medicine which is "artificial" and "narrow in scope", statements which are intentionally misleading. --> When used together with functional medical treatment, alternative therapies do not "complement" (improve the effect of, or mitigate the side effects of) treatment.--> Significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively impact functional treatment, making it less effective, notably in cancer.--> Alternative diagnoses and treatments are not part of medicine, or of science-based curricula in medical schools, nor are they used in any practice based on scientific knowledge or experience.--> Alternative therapies are often based on religious belief, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or lies.--> Alternative medicine is based on misleading statements, quackery, pseudoscience, antiscience, fraud, and poor scientific methodology. Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and unethical.--> Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis has been called a waste of scarce research resources.--> Critics state that "there is really no such thing as alternative medicine, just medicine that works and medicine that doesn't",--> that the very idea of "alternative" treatments is paradoxical, as any treatment proven to work is by definition "medicine".-->.

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Ambidexterity

Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adapted in the use of both the left and the right hand.

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Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections, and also for sex determination, in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is sampled from the amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and then the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities.

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Amphismela

An amphismela is an anatomical knife, edged on both sides.

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Amylase

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.

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Amylophagia

Amylophagia is a condition involving the compulsive consumption of excessive amounts of purified starch.

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Analgesic

An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.

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Anaplasia

Anaplasia (from ἀνά ana, "backward" + πλάσις plasis, "formation") is a condition of cells with poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells.

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Anatomical terms of location

Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.

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Anatomical terms of motion

Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms.

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Ancient Greek

The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.

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Androgen

An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.

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Android (robot)

An android is a humanoid robot or synthetic organism designed to look and act like a human, especially one with a body having a flesh-like resemblance.

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Andrology

Andrology (from ἀνήρ, anēr, genitive ἀνδρός, andros, "man"; and -λογία, -logia) is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to men.

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Anemia

Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen.

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Anesthesia

In the practice of medicine (especially surgery and dentistry), anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness.

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Angiography

Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins and the heart chambers.

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Angioplasty

Angioplasty, also known as balloon angioplasty and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), is a minimally invasive, endovascular procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries or veins, typically to treat arterial atherosclerosis.

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Angular cheilitis

Angular cheilitis (AC) is inflammation of one or both corners of the mouth.

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Anisocytosis

Anisocytosis is a medical term meaning that a patient's red blood cells are of unequal size.

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Anisotropy

Anisotropy, is the property of being directionally dependent, which implies different properties in different directions, as opposed to isotropy.

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Ankylosis

Ankylosis or anchylosis (from Greek ἀγκύλος, bent, crooked) is a stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint, which may be the result of injury or disease.

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Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by low weight, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin, resulting in food restriction.

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Antibody

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

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Antidiuretic

An antidiuretic is a substance that helps to control fluid balance in an animal's body by reducing urination, opposing diuresis.

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Antipsychotic

Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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Antipyretic

Antipyretics (from anti- 'against' and 'feverish') are substances that reduce fever.

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Anus

The anus (from Latin anus meaning "ring", "circle") is an opening at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth.

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Apathy

Apathy is a lack of feeling, emotion, interest, and concern.

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Aphallia

Aphallia is a congenital malformation in which the phallus (penis or clitoris) is absent.

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Aphasia

Aphasia is an inability to comprehend and formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions.

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Apnea

Apnea or apnoea is suspension of breathing.

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Apoptosis

Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

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Aquatic plant

Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater).

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Arachnophobia

Arachnophobia is the irrational fear of spiders and other arachnids such as scorpions.

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Arteriole

An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries.

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Artery

An artery (plural arteries) is a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart to all parts of the body (tissues, lungs, etc).

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Arthritis

Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints.

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Arthrodesis

Arthrodesis, also known as artificial ankylosis or syndesis, is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones by surgery.

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Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the build up of plaque.

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Atrium (heart)

The atrium is the upper chamber in which blood enters the heart.

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Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues.

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Autopsy

An autopsy (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present for research or educational purposes.

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Auxology

Auxology, sometimes called auxanology (from Greek αὔξω, auxō, or αὐξάνω, auxanō, "grow"; and -λογία, -logia), is a meta-term covering the study of all aspects of human physical growth.

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Axilla

The axilla (also, armpit, underarm or oxter) is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.

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Bactericide

A bactericide or bacteriocide, sometimes abbreviated Bcidal, is a substance that kills bacteria.

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Bacteriophage

A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea.

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Balanitis

Balanitis is inflammation of the glans penis.

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Bile

Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.

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Biliary tract

The biliary tract, (biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile.

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Biological membrane

A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things.

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Biology

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.

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Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.

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Black

Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence or complete absorption of visible light.

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Blastomere

In biology, blastocoel is a type of cell produced by cleavage (cell division) of the zygote after fertilization and is an essential part of blastula formation.

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Bleeding

Bleeding, also known as hemorrhaging or haemorrhaging, is blood escaping from the circulatory system.

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Blepharoplasty

Blepharoplasty (Greek: blepharon, "eyelid" + plassein "to form") is the plastic surgery operation for correcting defects, deformities, and disfigurations of the eyelids; and for aesthetically modifying the eye region of the face.

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Blood

Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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Blood transfusion

Blood transfusion is generally the process of receiving blood or blood products into one's circulation intravenously.

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Blood vessel

The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body.

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Blue

Blue is one of the three primary colours of pigments in painting and traditional colour theory, as well as in the RGB colour model.

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Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.

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Bone marrow

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.

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Brachycephaly

Brachycephaly (from Greek roots meaning "short" and "head") is the shape of a skull shorter than typical for its species.

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Bradycardia

Bradycardia is a condition wherein an individual has a very slow heart rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults.

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Breast

The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of primates.

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British English

British English is the standard dialect of English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom.

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Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis is a disease in which there is permanent enlargement of parts of the airways of the lung.

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Bronchiolitis obliterans

Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), informally known as popcorn lung, is a disease that results in obstruction of the smallest airways of the lungs (bronchioles) due to inflammation.

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Bronchitis

Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs.

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Bronchus

A bronchus, is a passage of airway in the respiratory system that conducts air into the lungs.

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Bursitis

Bursitis is the inflammation of one or more bursae (small sacs) of synovial fluid in the body.

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Calculus (medicine)

A calculus (plural calculi), often called a stone, is a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body.

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Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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Capitation (healthcare)

Capitation is a payment arrangement for health care service providers such as physicians or nurse practitioners.

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Carcinoma

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells.

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Cardiac ventriculography

Cardiac ventriculography is a medical imaging test used to determine a patient's cardiac function in the right, or more typically, left ventricle.

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Cardiogenic shock

Cardiogenic shock is a medical emergency resulting from inadequate blood flow due to the dysfunction of the ventricles of the heart.

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Cardiology

Cardiology (from Greek καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart" and -λογία -logia, "study") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system.

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Catabolism

Catabolism (from Greek κάτω kato, "downward" and βάλλειν ballein, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

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Catalog

Catalog or catalogue may refer to.

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Cataplexy

Cataplexy is a sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness, typically triggered by emotions such as laughing, crying, or terror.

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Cataract

A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision.

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Cerebellum

The cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.

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Cerebral hemisphere

The vertebrate cerebrum (brain) is formed by two cerebral hemispheres that are separated by a groove, the longitudinal fissure.

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Cervix

The cervix or cervix uteri (neck of the uterus) is the lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system.

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Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.

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Chiropractic

Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine mostly concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine.

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Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.

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Cholecystectomy

Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder.

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Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder.

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Cholemia

Cholemia is a condition caused by the presence of excess bile in the blood.

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Chondrocalcinosis

Chondrocalcinosis is calcification in hyaline and/or fibrocartilage.

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Cilium

A cilium (the plural is cilia) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Circulatory system

The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.

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Circumcision

Male circumcision is the removal of the foreskin from the human penis.

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Cisgender

Cisgender (often abbreviated to simply cis) is a term for people whose gender identity matches the sex that they were assigned at birth.

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Classical compound

Classical compounds and neoclassical compounds are compound words composed from combining forms (which act as affixes or stems) derived from classical Latin or ancient Greek roots.

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Classical Latin

Classical Latin is the modern term used to describe the form of the Latin language recognized as standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.

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Cleavage (embryo)

In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early embryo.

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Clitoris

The clitoris is a female sex organ present in mammals, ostriches and a limited number of other animals.

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Clostridium

Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agent of botulism and an important cause of diarrhea, Clostridium difficile.

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Cofactor (biochemistry)

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.

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Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy or coloscopy is the endoscopic examination of the large bowel and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus.

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Colorectal surgery

Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine, dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon.

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Colostomy

A colostomy is a surgical procedure in which an opening (stoma) is formed by drawing the healthy end of the large intestine or colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place.

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Colposcopy

Colposcopy (hollow, womb, vagina + skopos "look at") is a medical diagnostic procedure to examine an illuminated, magnified view of the cervix and the tissues of the vagina and vulva.

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Common hepatic artery

The common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas.

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Commotio cordis

Commotio cordis (Latin, "agitation of the heart") is an often lethal disruption of heart rhythm that occurs as a result of a blow to the area directly over the heart (the precordial region), at a critical time during the cycle of a heart beat causing cardiac arrest.

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Contraindication

In medicine, a contraindication is a condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause the patient.

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Cornea

The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.

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Cornu (horn)

A cornu or cornum (cornū, cornūs or cornum, "horn", plural cornua, sometimes translated misleadingly as "cornet") was an ancient Roman brass instrument about long in the shape of a letter 'G'.

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Costochondral joint

The costochondral joints are the joints between the ribs and costal cartilage in the front of the rib cage.

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Cryoablation

Cryoablation is a process that uses extreme cold to destroy tissue.

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Cuirass

A cuirass (cuirasse, coriaceus) is a piece of armour, formed of a single or multiple pieces of metal or other rigid material which covers the front of the torso.

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Cuneiform script

Cuneiform script, one of the earliest systems of writing, was invented by the Sumerians.

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Cyanopsia

Cyanopsia is a medical term for seeing everything tinted with blue.

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Cytokine

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.

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Cytoplasmic streaming

Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around fungal and plant cells.

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Cytostasis

Cytostasis (cyto – cell; stasis – stoppage) is the inhibition of cell growth and multiplication.

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Dacryoadenitis

Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the lacrimal glands (the tear-producing glands).

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Dacryocystitis

Dacryocystitis is an infection of the lacrimal sac, secondary to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct at the junction of lacrimal sac.

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Dehydration

In physiology, dehydration is a deficit of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.

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Dentist

A dentist, also known as a dental surgeon, is a surgeon who specializes in dentistry, the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the oral cavity.

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Dermatology

Dermatology (from ancient Greek δέρμα, derma which means skin and λογία, logia) is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin, nails, hair and its diseases.

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Dextrocardia

Dextrocardia (from Latin dexter, meaning "right," and Greek kardia, meaning "heart") is a rare congenital condition in which the apex of the heart is located on the right side of the body.

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Diagnosis

Diagnosis is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon.

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Dialogue

Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange.

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Dialysis

In medicine, dialysis (from Greek διάλυσις, diàlysis, "dissolution"; from διά, dià, "through", and λύσις, lỳsis, "loosening or splitting") is the process of removing excess water, solutes and toxins from the blood in those whose native kidneys have lost the ability to perform these functions in a natural way.

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Diarrhea

Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.

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Digit (anatomy)

A digit is one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates.

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Diplopia

Diplopia, commonly known as double vision, is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizontally, vertically, diagonally (i.e., both vertically and horizontally), or rotationally in relation to each other.

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Dipsomania

Dipsomania is a historical term describing a medical condition involving an uncontrollable craving for alcohol.

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Disease

A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.

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Dissection

Dissection (from Latin dissecare "to cut to pieces"; also called anatomization) is the dismembering of the body of a deceased animal or plant to study its anatomical structure.

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Diuretic

A diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine.

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Dromotropic

Dromotropic derives from the Greek word "dromos", meaning running, a course, a race.

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Duodenal atresia

Duodenal atresia is the congenital absence or complete closure of a portion of the lumen of the duodenum.

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Dwarfism

Dwarfism, also known as short stature, occurs when an organism is extremely small.

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Dysentery

Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon, which always results in severe diarrhea and abdominal pains.

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Dysgeusia

Dysgeusia, also known as parageusia, is a distortion of the sense of taste.

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Dysphagia

Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing.

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Dysthymia

Dysthymia, now known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), is a mood disorder consisting of the same cognitive and physical problems as depression, with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms.

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Dysuria

In medicine, specifically urology, dysuria refers to painful urination.

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Eardrum

In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear.

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Ectoderm

Ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.

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Ectopia (medicine)

An ectopia is a displacement or malposition of an organ or other body part, which is then referred to as ectopic.

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Ectopic pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus.

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Electrocardiography

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin.

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Electroencephalography

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain.

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Endocrine system

The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that carry those hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs, and the feedback loops of homeostasis that the hormones drive.

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Endocrinology

Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones.

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Endoscopy

An endoscopy (looking inside) is used in medicine to look inside the body.

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Endospore

An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Eosin

Eosin is the name of several fluorescent acidic compounds which bind to and form salts with basic, or eosinophilic, compounds like proteins containing amino acid residues such as arginine and lysine, and stains them dark red or pink as a result of the actions of bromine on fluorescein.

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Eosinophil

Eosinophils sometimes called eosinophiles or, less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells and basophils, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during hematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating into blood, after which they are terminally differentiated and do not multiply. These cells are eosinophilic or "acid-loving" due to their large acidophilic cytoplasmic granules, which show their affinity for acids by their affinity to coal tar dyes: Normally transparent, it is this affinity that causes them to appear brick-red after staining with eosin, a red dye, using the Romanowsky method. The staining is concentrated in small granules within the cellular cytoplasm, which contain many chemical mediators, such as eosinophil peroxidase, ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonucleases (DNase), lipase, plasminogen, and major basic protein. These mediators are released by a process called degranulation following activation of the eosinophil, and are toxic to both parasite and host tissues. In normal individuals, eosinophils make up about 1–3% of white blood cells, and are about 12–17 micrometres in size with bilobed nuclei. While they are released into the bloodstream as neutrophils are, eosinophils reside in tissue They are found in the medulla and the junction between the cortex and medulla of the thymus, and, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, ovary, uterus, spleen, and lymph nodes, but not in the lung, skin, esophagus, or some other internal organs under normal conditions. The presence of eosinophils in these latter organs is associated with disease. For instance, patients with eosinophilic asthma have high levels of eosinophils that lead to inflammation and tissue damage, making it more difficult for patients to breathe. Eosinophils persist in the circulation for 8–12 hours, and can survive in tissue for an additional 8–12 days in the absence of stimulation. Pioneering work in the 1980s elucidated that eosinophils were unique granulocytes, having the capacity to survive for extended periods of time after their maturation as demonstrated by ex-vivo culture experiments.

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Epiblast

In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast (also known as the primitive ectoderm) is one of two distinct layers arising from the inner cell mass in the mammalian blastocyst or from the blastodisc in reptiles and birds.

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Epidermis

The epidermis is the outer layer of the three layers that make up the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.

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Epidural administration

Epidural administration (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "on, upon" + dura mater) is a medical route of administration in which a drug such as epidural analgesia and epidural anaesthesia or contrast agent is injected into the epidural space around the spinal cord.

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Epidural hematoma

Epidural hematoma is when bleeding occurs between the tough outer membrane covering the brain (dura mater), and the skull.

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Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures.

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Epileptic seizure

An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

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Episcleral layer

The episclera is the outermost layer of the sclera.

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Episiotomy

Episiotomy, also known as perineotomy, is a surgical incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall generally done by a midwife or obstetrician.

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Epispadias

An epispadias is a rare type of malformation of the penis in which the urethra ends in an opening on the upper aspect of the penis.

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Epithelium

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

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Erythromelalgia

Erythromelalgia, formerly known as Mitchell's disease (after Silas Weir Mitchell), is a rare vascular peripheral pain disorder in which blood vessels, usually in the lower extremities or hands, are episodically blocked (frequently on and off daily), then become hyperemic and inflamed.

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Esophagus

The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet (gut), is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach.

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Esthesioneuroblastoma

Esthesioneuroblastoma, also called "olfactory neuroblastoma", is a rare cancer of the nasal cavity.

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Etymology

EtymologyThe New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".

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Eukaryote

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).

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Exophthalmos

Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.

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Exoskeleton

An exoskeleton (from Greek έξω, éxō "outer" and σκελετός, skeletós "skeleton") is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to the internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of, for example, a human.

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Eye

Eyes are organs of the visual system.

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Eyelash

An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grows at the edge of the eyelid.

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Eyelid

An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects the human eye.

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Face

The face is a central body region of sense and is also very central in the expression of emotion among humans and among numerous other species.

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Fat

Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with carbohydrate and protein.

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Fermentation

Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen.

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Fever

Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.

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Fibrin

Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood.

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Fibroblast

A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.

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Fine-needle aspiration

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate lumps or masses.

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Finger

A finger is a limb of the human body and a type of digit, an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of humans and other primates.

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Fingerspelling

Fingerspelling (or dactylology) is the representation of the letters of a writing system, and sometimes numeral systems, using only the hands.

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Foramen magnum

The foramen magnum (great hole) is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals.

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Foregut

The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct, and is attached to the abdominal walls by mesentery.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Galactorrhea

Galactorrhea (also spelled galactorrhoea) (galacto- + -rrhea) or lactorrhea (lacto- + -rrhea) is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing.

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Galaxy

A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.

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Gallbladder

In vertebrates, the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine.

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Gastric bypass surgery

Gastric bypass surgery refers to a surgical procedure in which the stomach is divided into a small upper pouch and a much larger lower "remnant" pouch and then the small intestine is rearranged to connect to both.

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Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology (MeSH heading) is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders.

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Gastrostomy

Gastrostomy is the creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastric decompression.

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Genu valgum

Genu valgum, commonly called "knock-knee", is a condition in which the knees angle in and touch each other when the legs are straightened.

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Germ cell

A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually.

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Gingivitis

Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that occurs around the teeth.

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Gland

A gland is a group of cells in an animal's body that synthesizes substances (such as hormones) for release into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).

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Glans penis

The glans penis is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the human penis.

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Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.

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Glossary of medicine

This glossary of medical terms is a list of definitions about medicine, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

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Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.

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Glycolysis

Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.

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Gnathodynamometer

A gnathodynamometer (or occlusometer) is an instrument for measuring the force exerted in closing the mouth.

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Gold (color)

Gold, also called golden, is a color.

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Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea, also spelled gonorrhoea, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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Green

Green is the color between blue and yellow on the visible spectrum.

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Grey

Grey (British English) or gray (American English; see spelling differences) is an intermediate color between black and white.

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Gynecomastia

Gynecomastia is an endocrine system disorder in which a noncancerous increase in the size of male breast tissue occurs.

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Haematopoiesis

Haematopoiesis (from Greek αἷμα, "blood" and ποιεῖν "to make"; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components.

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Haemophilia

Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.

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Harlequin-type ichthyosis

Harlequin-type ichthyosis is a genetic disorder which results in thickened skin over nearly the entire body at birth.

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Hearing

Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear.

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Heart

The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.

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Hemangioma

Hemangioma is a benign tumor formed by a collection of excess blood vessels.

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Hematemesis

Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of blood.

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Hematology

Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.

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Hematophagy

Hematophagy (sometimes spelled haematophagy or hematophagia) is the practice by certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words αἷμα haima "blood" and φάγειν phagein "to eat").

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Hemiballismus

Ballismus or ballism (called hemiballismus or hemiballism in its unilateral form) is a very rare movement disorder.

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Hemiparesis

Hemiparesis, or unilateral paresis, is weakness of one entire side of the body (hemi- means "half").

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Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.

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Hepatitis

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.

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Hepatology

Hepatology is the branch of medicine that incorporates the study of liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas as well as management of their disorders.

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Hermaphrodite

In biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has complete or partial reproductive organs and produces gametes normally associated with both male and female sexes.

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Hernia

A hernia is the abnormal exit of tissue or an organ, such as the bowel, through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides.

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Histology

Histology, also microanatomy, is the study of the anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals using microscopy.

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Homeopathy

Homeopathy or homœopathy is a system of alternative medicine developed in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on his doctrine of like cures like (similia similibus curentur), a claim that a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people would cure similar symptoms in sick people.

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Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.

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Homogeneity and heterogeneity

Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts often used in the sciences and statistics relating to the uniformity in a substance or organism.

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Homosexuality

Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender.

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Human musculoskeletal system

The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems.

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Human nose

The human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils.

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Humerus

The humerus (plural: humeri) is a long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.

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Hydrocele

A hydrocele is an accumulation of serous fluid in a body cavity.

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Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain.

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Hydrophobe

In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water.

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Hyoid bone

The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.

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Hyperacusis

Hyperacusis (or hyperacousis) is a debilitating hearing disorder characterized by an increased sensitivity to certain frequencies and volume ranges of sound (a collapsed tolerance to usual environmental sound).

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Hypergeusia

Hypergeusia is a taste disorder where the sense is abnormally heightened.

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Hyperhidrosis

Hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by abnormally increased sweating, in excess of that required for regulation of body temperature.

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Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia, also spelled hyperkalaemia, is an elevated level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum.

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Hypertension

Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.

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Hypogeusia

Hypogeusia is a reduced ability to taste things (to taste sweet, sour, bitter, or salty substances).

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Hypospadias

Hypospadias is a congenital disorder of the urethra where the urinary opening is not at the usual location on the head of the penis.

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Hypothermia

Hypothermia is reduced body temperature that happens when a body dissipates more heat than it absorbs.

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Hypovolemia

Hypovolemia is a state of decreased blood volume; more specifically, decrease in volume of blood plasma.

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Hysterectomy

Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus.

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Hysteria

Hysteria, in the colloquial use of the term, means ungovernable emotional excess.

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Iatrochemistry

Iatrochemistry (or chemical medicine) is a branch of both chemistry and medicine (ἰατρός (iatrós) was the Greek word for "physician" or "medicine").

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Idiopathic disease

An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparently spontaneous origin.

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Ileocecal valve

The ileocecal valve (ileal papilla, ileocaecal valve, Tulp's valve, Tulpius valve, Bauhin's valve, ileocecal eminence, valve of Varolius or colic valve) is a sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine.

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Ileum

The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.

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Indigestion

Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia, is a condition of impaired digestion.

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Infectious mononucleosis

Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).

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Inferior colliculus

The inferior colliculus (IC) (Latin for lower hill) is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex.

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Inflammation

Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

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Infrahyoid muscles

The infrahyoid muscles (strap muscles) are a group of four pairs of muscles in the anterior (frontal) part of the neck.

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Injury

Injury, also known as physical trauma, is damage to the body caused by external force.

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Insomnia

Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.

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International scientific vocabulary

International scientific vocabulary (ISV) comprises scientific and specialized words whose language of origin may or may not be certain, but which are in current use in several modern languages (that is, translingually).

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Intra-articular ligament of head of rib

The intra-articular ligament of head of rib (interarticular in older texts) is situated in the interior of the articulation of head of rib.

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Intramural sports

Intramural sports or intramurals are recreational sports organized within a particular institution, usually an educational institution, or a set geographic area.

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Intrathecal administration

Intrathecal administration is a route of administration for drugs via an injection into the spinal canal, or into the subarachnoid space so that it reaches the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is useful in spinal anaesthesia, chemotherapy, or pain management applications.

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Iridectomy

An iridectomy, also known as a surgical iridectomy or corectomy, is the surgical removal of part of the iris.

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Iron overload

Iron overload (variously known as haemochromatosis, hemochromatosis, hemochromocytosis, Celtic curse, Irish illness, British gene, Scottish sickness and bronzing diabetes) indicates accumulation of iron in the body from any cause.

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Ischemia

Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).

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Ischioanal fossa

The ischioanal fossa (formerly called ischiorectal fossa) is the fat-filled wedge shaped space located lateral to the anal canal and inferior to the pelvic diaphragm.

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Ischium

The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone (os coxae).

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Joint

A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole.

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Juxtaglomerular apparatus

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (also known as the juxtaglomerular complex) is a structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron, the functional units of the kidney.

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Karyorrhexis

Karyorrhexis (from Greek κάρυον karyon, "kernel, seed or nucleus", and ῥῆξις rhexis, "bursting") is the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm.

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Keratoscope

A keratoscope, sometimes known as Placido's disk, is an ophthalmic instrument used to assess the shape of the anterior surface of the cornea.

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Kidney

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.

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Kidney development

Kidney development, or nephrogenesis, describes the embryologic origins of the kidney, a major organ in the urinary system.

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Koilocyte

A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus.

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Kyphoscoliosis

Kyphoscoliosis describes an abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal and sagittal plane.

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Labial consonant

Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.

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Labiodental consonant

In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.

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Lacrimal canaliculi

The lacrimal canaliculi, (sing. canaliculus), also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each eyelid that commence at minute orifices, termed puncta lacrimalia, on the summits of the papillae lacrimales, seen on the margins of the lids at the lateral extremity of the lacus lacrimalis.

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Lactase

Lactase is an enzyme produced by many organisms.

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Lactation

Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.

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Laparotomy

A laparotomy is a surgical procedure involving a large incision through the abdominal wall to gain access into the abdominal cavity.

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Large intestine

The large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates.

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Larynx

The larynx, commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck of tetrapods involved in breathing, producing sound, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.

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Lateral pectoral nerve

The lateral nerve (lateral anterior thoracic nerve) arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and through it from the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical nerves.

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Leiomyoma

A leiomyoma, also known as fibroids, is a benign smooth muscle tumor that very rarely becomes cancer (0.1%).

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Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context.

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Lip

Lips are a visible body part at the mouth of humans and many animals.

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Liposuction

Liposuction, or simply lipo, is a type of cosmetic surgery that removes fat from the human body in an attempt to change its shape.

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Lissencephaly

Lissencephaly is a set of rare brain disorders where the whole or parts of the surface of the brain appear smooth.

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List of medical abbreviations

Abbreviations are used very frequently in medicine.

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Lithotripsy

Lithotripsy is a medical procedure involving the physical destruction of hardened masses like kidney stones, bezoars or gallstones.

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Litre

The litre (SI spelling) or liter (American spelling) (symbols L or l, sometimes abbreviated ltr) is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm3), 1,000 cubic centimetres (cm3) or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre (or litre) occupies a volume of 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm (see figure) and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Greek — where it was a unit of weight, not volume — via Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in several subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI,, p. 124. ("Days" and "hours" are examples of other non-SI units that SI accepts.) although not an SI unit — the SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3). The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "litre", a spelling which is shared by almost all English-speaking countries. The spelling "liter" is predominantly used in American English. One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram, because the kilogram was originally defined in 1795 as the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice. Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact.

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Logos

Logos (lógos; from λέγω) is a term in Western philosophy, psychology, rhetoric, and religion derived from a Greek word variously meaning "ground", "plea", "opinion", "expectation", "word", "speech", "account", "reason", "proportion", and "discourse",Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott,: logos, 1889.

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Lotus-eaters

In Greek mythology the lotus-eaters (λωτοφάγοι, lōtophagoi), also referred to as the lotophagi or lotophaguses (singular lotophagus) or lotophages (singular lotophage), were a race of people living on an island dominated by lotus plants.

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Lumbar vertebrae

The lumbar vertebrae are, in human anatomy, the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis.

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Lung

The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.

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Lymphatic system

The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system and an important part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning "water") directionally towards the heart.

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Lymphedema

Lymphedema, also known as lymphoedema and lymphatic edema, is a condition of localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system, which normally returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.

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Lysosome

A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in nearly all animal cells.

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Lysozyme

Lysozyme, also known as muramidase or N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system.

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Macrophage

Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).

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Malakia

Malakia (μαλακία, "softness", "weakliness") is an ancient Greek word that, in relation to men, has sometimes been translated as "effeminacy".

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Mammography

Mammography (also called mastography) is the process of using low-energy X-rays (usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening.

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Man

A man is a male human.

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Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.

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Mastectomy

Mastectomy (from Greek μαστός "breast" and ἐκτομή ektomia "cutting out") is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.

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Medical dictionary

A medical dictionary is a lexicon for words used in medicine.

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Medical terminology

Medical terminology is language used to precisely describe the human body including its components, processes, conditions affecting it, and procedures performed upon it.

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Medication

A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

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Melanin

Melanin (from μέλας melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.

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Meningitis

Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.

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Menopause

Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.

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Menorrhagia

Menorrhagia is a menstrual period with excessively heavy flow and falls under the larger category of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).

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Menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible.

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Merocrine

Merocrine (or eccrine) is a term used to classify exocrine glands and their secretions in the study of histology.

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Mesoderm

In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.

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Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that develops from the thin layer of tissue that covers many of the internal organs (known as the mesothelium).

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Metacarpal bones

In human anatomy, the metacarpal bones or metacarpus, form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist which forms the connection to the forearm.

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Metatheria

Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals.

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Metrorrhagia

Metrorrhagia (metro.

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Microscope

A microscope (from the μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

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Milk

Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals.

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Molar (tooth)

The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth.

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Monocotyledon

Monocotyledons, commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants (angiosperms) whose seeds typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon.

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Month

A month is a unit of time, used with calendars, which is approximately as long as a natural period related to the motion of the Moon; month and Moon are cognates.

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Morphology (biology)

Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

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Mouth

In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, buccal cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds.

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Mucus

Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes.

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Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.

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Muscle

Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.

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Muscle weakness

Muscle weakness or myasthenia (my- from Greek μυο meaning "muscle" + -asthenia ἀσθένεια meaning "weakness") is a lack of muscle strength.

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Myalgia

Myalgia, or muscle pain, is a symptom of many diseases and disorders.

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Myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness.

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Mydriasis

Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil, usually having a non-physiological cause, or sometimes a physiological pupillary response.

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Myeloblast

The myeloblast is a unipotent stem cell, which will differentiate into one of the effectors of the granulocyte series.

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Mylohyoid nerve

The mylohyoid nerve (or nerve to mylohyoid) is a nerve that innervates the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.

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Myocyte

A myocyte (also known as a muscle cell) is the type of cell found in muscle tissue.

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Myriad

A myriad (from Ancient Greek label) is technically the number ten thousand; in that sense, the term is used almost exclusively in translations from Greek, Latin, or Chinese, or when talking about ancient Greek numbers.

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Myringotomy

A myringotomy, sometimes called by other names, is a surgical procedure in which a tiny incision is created in the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to relieve pressure caused by excessive buildup of fluid, or to drain pus from the middle ear.

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Myxoma

A myxoma (New Latin from Greek 'muxa' for mucus) is a myxoid tumor of primitive connective tissue.

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Nail biting

Nail biting, also known as onychophagy or onychophagia (or even erroneously onchophagia), is an oral compulsive habit.

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Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

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Navel

The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus, colloquially known as the belly button, or tummy button) is a hollowed or sometimes raised area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord.

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Necrosis

Necrosis (from the Greek νέκρωσις "death, the stage of dying, the act of killing" from νεκρός "dead") is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis.

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Necrotizing fasciitis

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF), commonly known as flesh-eating disease, is an infection that results in the death of the body's soft tissue.

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Neoplasm

Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.

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Nephrology

Nephrology (from Greek nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the kidneys: the study of normal kidney function and kidney disease, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation).

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Nephropexy

Nephropexy is the surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney (nephroptosis).

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Nephroptosis

Nephroptosis (also called floating kidney or renal ptosis) is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up.

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Nerve

A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (nerve fibers, the long and slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system.

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Nervous system

The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.

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Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a group of three conditions in which tumors grow in the nervous system.

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New Latin

New Latin (also called Neo-Latin or Modern Latin) was a revival in the use of Latin in original, scholarly, and scientific works between c. 1375 and c. 1900.

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Nipple

The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which milk leaves the breast through the lactiferous ducts.

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Nociception

Nociception (also nocioception or nociperception, from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is the sensory nervous system's response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.

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Normocapnia

Normocapnia or normocarbia is a state of normal arterial carbon dioxide pressure, usually about 40 mmHg.

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Nosebleed

A nosebleed, also known as epistaxis, is the common occurrence of bleeding from the nose.

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Obstetrics

Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

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Oligotroph

An oligotroph is an organism that can live in an environment that offers very low levels of nutrients.

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Omphalotomy

Omphalotomy is the medical procedure that involves the cutting of the umbilical cord after childbirth.

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Oncology

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

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Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis, also known as tinea unguium, is a fungal infection of the nail.

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Oogenesis

Oogenesis, ovogenesis, or oögenesis is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further development when fertilized.

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Oophorectomy

Oophorectomy (from Greek ᾠοφόρος, ōophóros, 'egg-bearing' + ἐκτομή, ektomḗ, 'a cutting out of') is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.

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Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine and surgery (both methods are used) that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eyeball and orbit.

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Opisthotonus

Opisthotonus or opisthotonos, from Greek roots, ὄπισθεν, opisthen meaning "behind" and τόνος tonos meaning "tension", is a state of severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual's head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete "bridging" or "arching" position.

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Optic papillitis

Optic papillitis is a specific type of optic neuritis.

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Optometry

Optometry is a health care profession which involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease.

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Orchiectomy

Orchiectomy (also named orchidectomy, and sometimes shortened as orchi) is a surgical procedure in which one or both testicles are removed.

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Orders of magnitude (length)

The following are examples of orders of magnitude for different lengths.

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Organ (anatomy)

Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.

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Orthodontics

Orthodontia, also called orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, is a specialty field of dentistry that deals primarily with malpositioned teeth and the jaws: their diagnosis, prevention and correction.

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Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone.

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Osteoclast

An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.

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Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium.

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Osteopenia

Osteopenia is a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal.

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Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone.

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Otology

Otology is a branch of medicine which studies normal and pathological anatomy and physiology of the ear (hearing and vestibular sensory systems and related structures and functions) as well as their diseases, diagnosis and treatment.

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Ovarian follicle

An ovarian follicle is a roughly spheroid cellular aggregation set found in the ovaries.

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Ovary

The ovary is an organ found in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum.

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Oxycodone

Oxycodone, sold under brand names such as Percocet and OxyContin among many others, is an opioid medication which is used for the relief of moderate to severe pain.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Oxytocin

Oxytocin (Oxt) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide.

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Pachyderma

Pachyderma or pachydermia, is the thickening of skin like that of a pachyderm.

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Pain

Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.

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Pancytopenia

Pancytopenia is a medical condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red and white blood cells, as well as platelets.

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Panopticon

The Panopticon is a type of institutional building and a system of control designed by the English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in the late 18th century.

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Panphobia

Panphobia, omniphobia, pantophobia, or panophobia is a vague and persistent dread of some unknown evil.

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Papule

A papule is a circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid, varying in area from a pinhead to 1 cm.

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Paralysis

Paralysis is a loss of muscle function for one or more muscles.

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Paraplegia

Paraplegia is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities.

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Parvovirus

Parvovirus is the common name applied to all the viruses in the Parvoviridae taxonomic family.

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Pathology

Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.

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Pauci-immune

Pauci-immune (pauci- Latin: few, little) vasculitis is a form of vasculitis that is associated with minimal evidence of hypersensitivity upon immunofluorescent staining for IgG.

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Pectoriloquy

Pectoriloquy is the increased resonance of the voice through the lung structures, so that it is clearly audible using a stethoscope on the chest.

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Pediatrics

Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents.

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Pedophilia

Pedophilia, or paedophilia, is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children.

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Pelvis

The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is either the lower part of the trunk of the human body between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region of the trunk) or the skeleton embedded in it (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton).

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Penis removal

In ancient civilizations, the removal of the human penis was sometimes used to demonstrate superiority or dominance over an enemy.

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Pericardium

The pericardium is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

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Perineum

The perineum is the space between the anus and scrotum in the male and between the anus and the vulva in the female.

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Periodontology

Periodontology or periodontics (from Greek περί peri "around"; and ὀδούς odous "tooth", genitive ὀδόντος odontos) is the specialty of dentistry that studies supporting structures of teeth, as well as diseases and conditions that affect them.

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Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, or other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected.

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Peripheral ossifying fibroma

Peripheral ossifying fibroma “a gingival nodule which is composed of a cellular fibroblastic connective tissue stroma which is associated with the formation of randomly dispersed foci of mineralised products, which consists of bone, cementum-like tissue, or a dystrophic calcification.

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Peristalsis

Peristalsis is a radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles that propagates in a wave down a tube, in an anterograde direction.

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Perspiration

Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.

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Phagocyte

Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.

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Pharyngitis

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx.

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Pharynx

The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx, or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs.

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Phlebotomy

Phlebotomy (from the Greek words phlebo-, meaning "pertaining to a blood vessel", and -tomia, meaning "cutting of") is the process of making an incision in a vein with a needle.

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Phosphene

A phosphene is a phenomenon characterized by the experience of seeing light without light actually entering the eye.

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Phrenic nerve

The phrenic nerve is a nerve that originates in the neck (C3-C5) and passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm.

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Phrenology

Phrenology is a pseudomedicine primarily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules.

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Phyllodes tumor

Phyllodes tumors (from Greek: phullon leaf), also cystosarcoma phyllodes, cystosarcoma phylloides and phylloides tumor, are typically large, fast-growing masses that from form the periductal stromal cells of the breast.

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Pia mater

Pia mater (or in, retrieved 2012-07-28.), often referred to as simply the pia, is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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Piriformis muscle

The piriformis is a muscle in the gluteal region of the lower limb.

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Ploidy

Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.

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Pneumatology

Pneumatology in Christianity refers to a particular discipline within Christian theology that focuses on the study of the Holy Spirit.

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Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.

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Podiatry

Podiatry or podiatric medicine is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower extremity.

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Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.

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Polydactyly

Polydactyly or polydactylism, also known as hyperdactyly, is a congenital physical anomaly in humans and animals resulting in supernumerary fingers and/or toes.

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Polydipsia

Polydipsia is excessive thirst or excess drinking.

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Polymyositis

Polymyositis (PM) is a type of chronic inflammation of the muscles (inflammatory myopathy) related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis.

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Polyurea

Polyurea is a type of elastomer that is derived from the reaction product of an isocyanate component and a synthetic resin blend component through step-growth polymerization.

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Polyuria

Polyuria is excessive or an abnormally large production or passage of urine (greater than 2.5 or 3 L over 24 hours in adults).

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Porosity

Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%.

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Porphyroblast

A porphyroblast is a large mineral crystal in a metamorphic rock which has grown within the finer grained groundmass.

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Potassium

Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.

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Prefix

A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word.

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Prenatal development

Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation.

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Presbycusis

Presbycusis (also spelled presbyacusis, from Greek presbys "old" + akousis "hearing"), or age-related hearing loss, is the cumulative effect of aging on hearing.

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Presbyopia

Presbyopia is a condition associated with the aging of the eye that results in progressively worsening ability to focus clearly on close objects.

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Pressure

Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.

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Preterm birth

Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age.

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Primordial phallus

In embryology, the primordial phallus refers to the clitoris of a female or the penis in the male, particularly during fetal development of the urinary and reproductive organs, before sexual differentiation is evident.

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Prognosis

Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).

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Proprioception

Proprioception, from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own", "individual", and capio, capere, to take or grasp, is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement.

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Prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia, also called face blindness, (" Choisser had even begun to a name for the condition: face blindness.") is a cognitive disorder of face perception in which the ability to recognize familiar faces, including one's own face (self-recognition), is impaired, while other aspects of visual processing (e.g., object discrimination) and intellectual functioning (e.g., decisionmaking) remain intact.

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Pseudoephedrine

Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes.

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Pseudohallucination

A pseudohallucination is an involuntary sensory experience vivid enough to be regarded as a hallucination, but recognised by the patient not to be the result of external stimuli.

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Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease characterized by patches of abnormal skin.

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Psychiatry

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders.

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Psychology

Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.

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Psychopathy

Psychopathy, sometimes considered synonymous with sociopathy, is traditionally defined as a personality disorder characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited, and egotistical traits.

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Psychosis

Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that results in difficulties telling what is real and what is not.

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Pterygoid processes of the sphenoid

The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid (from Greek pteryx, pterygos, "wing"), one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and the greater wings of the sphenoid bone unite.

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Pulmonary alveolus

A pulmonary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity") is a hollow cavity found in the lung parenchyma, and is the basic unit of ventilation.

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Pus

Pus is an exudate, typically white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site of inflammation during bacterial or fungal infection.

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Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection.

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Pyknosis

Pyknosis, or karyopyknosis, is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis.

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Pylorus

The pylorus, or pyloric part, connects the stomach to the duodenum.

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Pyometra

Pyometra or pyometrea is a uterine infection.

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Quadriceps femoris muscle

The quadriceps femoris (also called the quadriceps extensor, quadriceps or quads), is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh.

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Radiculopathy

Radiculopathy, also commonly referred to as pinched nerve, refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly (a neuropathy).

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Radio frequency

Radio frequency (RF) refers to oscillatory change in voltage or current in a circuit, waveguide or transmission line in the range extending from around twenty thousand times per second to around three hundred billion times per second, roughly between the upper limit of audio and the lower limit of infrared.

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Rectum

The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in humans and some other mammals, and the gut in others.

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Red

Red is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet.

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Red algae

The red algae, or Rhodophyta, are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae.

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Red blood cell

Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.

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Referred pain

Referred pain, also called reflective pain, is pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.

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Relapse

In medicine, relapse or recidivism is a recurrence of a past (typically medical) condition.

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Restenosis

Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis, a narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted blood flow.

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Reticulocyte

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red blood cells in the human body.

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Rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly.

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Rhinoceros

A rhinoceros, commonly abbreviated to rhino, is one of any five extant species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae, as well as any of the numerous extinct species.

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Rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty (ῥίς rhis, nose + πλάσσειν plassein, to shape), commonly known as a nose job, is a plastic surgery procedure for correcting and reconstructing the form, restoring the functions, and aesthetically enhancing the nose by resolving nasal trauma (blunt, penetrating, blast), congenital defect, respiratory impediment, or a failed primary rhinoplasty.

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Rock (geology)

Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

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Rubrospinal tract

The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system.

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Saliva

Saliva is a watery substance formed in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands.

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Salivary gland

The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts.

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Salpingectomy

Salpingectomy refers to the surgical removal of a Fallopian tube.

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Salpingopharyngeus muscle

The salpingopharyngeus muscle arises from the superior border of the medial cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube), in the nasal cavity, making the posterior welt of the torus tubarius; it passes downward and blends with the posterior fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle.

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Sanguine

Sanguine or red chalk is chalk of a reddish-brown colour, so called because it resembles the colour of dried blood.

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Saphenous opening

In anatomy, the saphenous opening (saphenous hiatus, also fossa ovalis) is an oval opening in the upper mid part of the fascia lata of the thigh.

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Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomas.

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Sarcoma

A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin.

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Scabbard

A scabbard is a sheath for holding a sword, knife, or other large blade.

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Schistocyte

A schistocyte or schizocyte (from Greek schistos for "divided" or schistein for "to split", and kytos for "hollow" or "cell") is a fragmented part of a red blood cell.

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Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand reality.

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Scleroderma

Scleroderma is a group of autoimmune diseases that may result in changes to the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs.

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Scoliosis

Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spine has a sideways curve.

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Scotopic vision

Scotopic vision is the vision of the eye under low-light levels.

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Semen

Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa.

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Sensation (fiction)

Sensation is the fiction-writing mode for portraying a character's perception of the senses.

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Shoe-fitting fluoroscope

Shoe-fitting fluoroscopes, also sold under the names X-ray Shoe Fitter, Pedoscope and Foot-o-scope, were X-ray fluoroscope machines installed in shoe stores from the 1920s until about the 1970s in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, South Africa, Germany and Switzerland.

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Shorthand

Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language.

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Sialogogue

A sialogogue, sialagogue, ptysmagogue or ptyalagogue is a drug or substance that increases the flow rate of saliva.

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Sigmoid colon

The sigmoid colon (pelvic colon) is the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus.

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Silver (color)

Silver or metallic gray is a color tone resembling gray that is a representation of the color of polished silver.

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Sinusitis

Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection or rhinosinusitis, is inflammation of the sinuses resulting in symptoms.

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Skull

The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates.

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Sleep

Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles, and reduced interactions with surroundings.

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Solvation

Solvation describes the interaction of solvent with dissolved molecules.

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Spasm

A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the heart.

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Spasmodic dysphonia

Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm.

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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.

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Spermatozoon

A spermatozoon (pronounced, alternate spelling spermatozoön; plural spermatozoa; from σπέρμα "seed" and ζῷον "living being") is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete.

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Sphygmomanometer

A sphygmomanometer, also known as a blood pressure meter, blood pressure monitor, or blood pressure gauge, is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure.

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Spleen

The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates.

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Splenectomy

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure that partially or completely removes the spleen.

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Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen.

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Spondylitis

Spondylitis is an inflammation of the vertebra.

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Stenosis

A stenosis is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure.

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Stethoscope

The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.

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Stomatognathic system

The stomatognathic system is an anatomic system comprising teeth, jaws and associated soft tissues.

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Subcutaneous tissue

The subcutaneous tissue, also called the hypodermis, hypoderm, subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.

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Suffix

In linguistics, a suffix (sometimes termed postfix) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.

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Sugar

Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.

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Superior vena cava

The superior vena cava (SVC) is the superior of the two venae cavae, the great venous trunks that return deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium of the heart.

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Supraorbital vein

The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein.

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Surgery

Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.

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Syndrome

A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms that are correlated with each other and, often, with a particular disease or disorder.

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Synesthesia

Synesthesia is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.

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Synovial bursa

A bursa (plural bursae or bursas) is a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (similar in consistency to that of a raw egg white).

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Tachycardia

Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate.

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Tears

Tearing, lacrimation, or lachrymation is the secretion of tears, which often serves to clean and lubricate the eyes in response to an irritation of the eyes.

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Telangiectasia

Telangiectasias, also known as spider veins, are small dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, measuring between 0.5 and 1 millimeter in diameter.

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Teratoma

A teratoma is a tumor made up of several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, or bone.

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Terminal hair

Terminal hairs are thick, long, and dark, as compared with vellus hair.

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Testicle

The testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland in all animals, including humans.

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Tetanus

Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is an infection characterized by muscle spasms.

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Thelarche

Thelarche is the onset of secondary (postnatal) breast development, usually occurring at the beginning of puberty in girls.

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Thorax

The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ thorax "breastplate, cuirass, corslet" via thorax) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen.

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Thorns, spines, and prickles

In plant morphology, thorns, spines, and prickles, and in general spinose structures (sometimes called spinose teeth or spinose apical processes), are hard, rigid extensions or modifications of leaves, roots, stems or buds with sharp, stiff ends, and generally serve the same function: physically deterring animals from eating the plant material.

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Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of thrombocytes, also known as platelets, in the blood.

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Thrombus

A thrombus, colloquially called a blood clot, is the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis.

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Thyroid

The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.

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Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.

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Tonicity

Tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient, as defined by the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane.

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Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, typically of rapid onset.

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Tooth

A tooth (plural teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food.

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Topical anesthetic

A topical anesthetic is a local anesthetic that is used to numb the surface of a body part.

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Torticollis

Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is a dystonic condition defined by an abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position, which may be due to a variety of causes.

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Toxin

A toxin (from toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded.

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Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

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Trachea

The trachea, colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs.

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Tracheotomy

Tracheotomy, or tracheostomy, is a surgical procedure which consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (windpipe).

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Trichocyst

A trichocyst is an organelle found in certain ciliates and dinoflagellates.

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Trousseau sign of latent tetany

Trousseau sign of latent tetany is a medical sign observed in patients with low calcium.

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Tympanocentesis

Tympanocentesis is the drainage of fluid from the middle ear usually caused by otitis media, by using a small-gauge needle to puncture the tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum.

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Ultrasound

Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing.

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Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.

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Ungual

An ungual (from Latin unguis, i.e. nail) is a highly modified distal toe bone which ends in a hoof, claw, or nail.

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Unilateral hearing loss

Unilateral hearing loss (UHL) or single-sided deafness (SSD) is a type of hearing impairment where there is normal hearing in one ear and impaired hearing in the other ear.

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Uremia

Uremia is the condition of having "urea in the blood".

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Uremic pericarditis

Uremic pericarditis is a form of pericarditis.

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Uric acid

Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.

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Urinary bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in humans and some other animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.

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Urology

Urology (from Greek οὖρον ouron "urine" and -λογία -logia "study of"), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive organs.

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Uterus

The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.

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Vagina

In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract.

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Varicocele

A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum.

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Vasoconstriction

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.

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Vein

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

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Venography

Venography (also called phlebography or ascending phlebography) is a procedure in which an x-ray of the veins, a venogram, is taken after a special dye is injected into the bone marrow or veins.

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Venospasm

Venospasm is the contraction of a vein, which may follow infusion of a cold or irritating substance into the vein.

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Venule

A venule is a very small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows blood to return from the capillary beds to drain into the larger blood vessels, the veins.

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Vertebra

In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.

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Vertebral column

The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton.

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Vesical arteries

Vesical arteries are variable in numbers.

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Vomiting

Vomiting, also known as emesis, puking, barfing, throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.

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Vulvodynia

Vulvodynia is a chronic pain syndrome that affects the vulvar area and occurs without an identifiable cause.

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White

White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue), because it fully reflects and scatters all the visible wavelengths of light.

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White blood cell

White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

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Xenotransplantation

Xenotransplantation (xenos- from the Greek meaning "foreign"), is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another.

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Xeroderma

Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for "dry skin", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers.

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Xerostomia

Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth and dry mouth syndrome, is dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of saliva, or reduced salivary flow, or have no identifiable cause.

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Xiphoid process

The xiphoid process, or xiphisternum or metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process (extension) of the lower (inferior) part of the sternum, which is usually ossified in the adult human.

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Yellow

Yellow is the color between orange and green on the spectrum of visible light.

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Zoology

Zoology or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes

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