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Liver

Index Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion. [1]

337 relations: ABCB11, Abdomen, Abdominal cavity, Acute liver failure, Acute-phase protein, Adrenal gland, Alagille syndrome, Alanine transaminase, Albumin, Alcoholic hepatitis, Alcoholic liver disease, Alcoholism, Alkali, Allotransplantation, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, Amino acid, Amino acid synthesis, Ammonia, Ampulla of Vater, Anabolism, Anatomical terms of location, Ancient Greece, Anger, Angiotensin, Antithrombin, APOA2, Artificial organ, Ascites, Autoimmune disease, BAAT, Bare area of the liver, Battle of Uhud, Beef, Benign tumor, Benzodiazepine, Bile, Bile canaliculus, Bile duct, Biliary atresia, Biliary tract, Bilirubin, Biochemistry, Biosynthesis, Blood, Blood plasma, Blood pressure, Blood test, Blood vessel, Bone marrow, Braunschweiger (sausage), ..., Bruise, Budd–Chiari syndrome, Calf, Cambridge, Canals of Hering, Cantlie line, Carbohydrate metabolism, Caucasus, Cavernous liver haemangioma, Celiac ganglia, Cell cycle, Cell potency, Central veins of liver, Chicken, Cholangiocyte, Cholestasis, Cholesterol, Chopped liver, Cirrhosis, Claude Couinaud, Coagulation, Cod liver oil, Colic flexures, Common bile duct, Common hepatic artery, Common hepatic duct, Common stingray, Compensatory growth (organ), Complement system, Copper, CT scan, Cystic duct, Detoxification, Dietary supplement, Digestion, Disease, Divination, Domestic pig, Drug metabolism, Ductus venosus, Duodenum, Eagle, Embryo, Emulsion, Endoderm, England, Epithelium, Factor IX, Factor V, Factor VII, Factor VIII, Factor X, Factor XI, Factor XIII, Falciform ligament, Fatty acid, Fatty acid degradation, Fatty liver, Ferrol, Galicia, Fetus, Fibrinogen, Fibrinogen beta chain, Fibroblast growth factor, Fibrosis, Foie gras, Food, Foregut, Fossa (anatomy), Fowl, Francis Glisson, French cuisine, Friction, G0 phase, G1 phase, Gallbladder, Gastrointestinal tract, Germ layer, Gestation, Gland, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose, Glucuronidation, GLUT2, Glycerol, Glycogen, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Glycoprotein, Goose, Greek language, Greek mythology, Gross anatomy, Half-life, Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib, Haruspex, Heart development, Hematopoietic stem cell, Hemodynamics, Hemoglobin, Hepatectomy, Hepatic artery proper, Hepatic diverticulum, Hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatic portal system, Hepatic stellate cell, Hepatic veins, Hepatitis, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E, Hepatocyte, Hepatomegaly, Hepatotoxicity, Herpes simplex virus, Herpesviridae, Hilum (anatomy), Hind bint Utbah, Hindi, Histology, Homology (biology), Hormone, Human, Human digestive system, Human embryogenesis, Human serum albumin, Hydroxyacid oxidase (glycolate oxidase) 1, Hypotension, Infection, Inferior vena cava, Insulin, Insulin-like growth factor, Insulin-like growth factor 1, Iron, Itch, James Hillman, Japanese cuisine, Jaundice, Jerusalem mixed grill, Joint, Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Kupffer cell, Lactic acid, Lamb and mutton, Lancelet, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Lateral plate mesoderm, Lebanese cuisine, Left triangular ligament, Lesser omentum, Ligament, Ligamentum venosum, Lipid, Lipogenesis, Lipolysis, Liver, Liver biopsy, Liver cancer, Liver dialysis, Liver failure, Liver function tests, Liver pâté, Liver segment, Liver shot, Liver sinusoid, Liver span, Liver transplantation, Liver-Eating Johnson, Liverwurst, Lobe (anatomy), Lobes of liver, Lobules of liver, Lorazepam, Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, Lymphocyte, Magnetic resonance imaging, Mayo Clinic, Mecca, Medical imaging, Mesenchyme, Mesothelium, Metabolism, Metabolite, Methylation, Mineral (nutrient), Mixed grill, Mononuclear phagocyte system, Oncotic pressure, Organ (anatomy), Organ transplantation, Organogenesis, Oxazepam, Oxygen, Palpation, Pancreas, Pancreatic duct, Paracetamol, Parenchyma, Peptide, Perisinusoidal space, Peritoneal ligament, Peritoneum, Persian language, Phagocyte, Placenta, Plasmin, Platelet, Polycystic liver disease, Porta hepatis, Portacaval anastomosis, Portal hypertension, Portal triad, Portal vein, Portal venous system, Pre-eclampsia, Primary biliary cholangitis, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Prometheus, Protein, Protein C, Protein S, Quadrant (abdomen), RDH16, Red blood cell, Regeneration (biology), Renin, Retinoic acid, Retinol, Rib cage, Right triangular ligament, Round ligament of liver, Roy Yorke Calne, Sashimi, Sausage, Septum transversum, Serology, Serous fluid, Sexually transmitted infection, Sinusoid (blood vessel), Skilpadjies, SLC27A5, Snake, South Africa, Southeast Asian ovalocytosis, Spleen, Stem cell, Stercobilin, Steroid hormone, Stir frying, Swelling (medical), T cell, Talmud, The Message (1976 film), Thomas Starzl, Thoracic cavity, Thoracic diaphragm, Thrombin, Thrombopoietin, Thrombosis, Thymus, Tissue (biology), Titan (mythology), Toxication, Toxicity, Traumatic brain injury, Triglyceride, Ultrasound, Umbilical vein, United States, Urdu, Urea, Urea cycle, Vagus nerve, Vascular occlusion, Venous blood, Vertebrate, Viral hepatitis, Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Vitelline veins, Vitellogenin, Vulture, Wnt signaling pathway, Zulu language. Expand index (287 more) »

ABCB11

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B member 11 also known as ABCB11 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ABCB11 gene.

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Abdomen

The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.

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Abdominal cavity

The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs.

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Acute liver failure

Acute liver failure is the appearance of severe complications rapidly after the first signs of liver disease (such as jaundice), and indicates that the liver has sustained severe damage (loss of function of 80–90% of liver cells).

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Acute-phase protein

Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation.

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Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.

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Alagille syndrome

Alagille syndrome, Alagille-Watson syndrome or ALGS, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that affects the liver, heart, kidney, and other systems of the body.

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Alanine transaminase

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a transaminase enzyme.

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Albumin

The albumins (formed from Latin: albumen "(egg) white; dried egg white") are a family of globular proteins, the most common of which are the serum albumins.

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Alcoholic hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis is hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) due to excessive intake of alcohol.

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Alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease is a term that encompasses the liver manifestations of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.

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Alcoholism

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems.

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Alkali

In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qaly “ashes of the saltwort”) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element.

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Allotransplantation

Allotransplant (allo- meaning "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs, to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species.

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Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or AATD) is a genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds.

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Ammonia

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

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Ampulla of Vater

The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct.

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Anabolism

Anabolism (from ἁνά, "upward" and βάλλειν, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.

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Anatomical terms of location

Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 13th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (AD 600).

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Anger

Anger or wrath is an intense negative emotion.

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Angiotensin

Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.

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Antithrombin

Antithrombin (AT) is a small protein molecule that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system.

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APOA2

Apolipoprotein A-II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA2 gene.

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Artificial organ

An artificial organ is an engineered device or tissue that is implanted or integrated into a human — interfacing with living tissue — to replace a natural organ, to duplicate or augment a specific function or functions so the patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible.

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Ascites

Ascites is the abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen.

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Autoimmune disease

An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.

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BAAT

Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BAAT gene.

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Bare area of the liver

The bare area of the liver (nonperitoneal area) is a large triangular area on the diaphragmatic surface of the liver, devoid of peritoneal covering.

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Battle of Uhud

The Battle of Uhud (غزوة أحد) was a battle between the early Muslims and their Quraish Meccan enemies in AD 624 in the northwest of the Arabian peninsula.

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Beef

Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle.

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Benign tumor

A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.

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Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines (BZD, BZs), sometimes called "benzos", are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.

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Bile

Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.

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Bile canaliculus

Bile canaliculus (plural:bile canaliculi; also called bile capillaries) is a thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes.

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Bile duct

A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile, and is present in most vertebrates.

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Biliary atresia

Biliary atresia, also known as extrahepatic ductopenia and progressive obliterative cholangiopathy, is a childhood disease of the liver in which one or more bile ducts are abnormally narrow, blocked, or absent.

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Biliary tract

The biliary tract, (biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile.

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Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

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Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.

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Blood

Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

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Blood plasma

Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells.

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Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

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Blood test

A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.

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Blood vessel

The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body.

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Bone marrow

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.

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Braunschweiger (sausage)

Braunschweiger (named after Braunschweig, Germany) is the name for several types of sausages in different regions.

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Bruise

A contusion, commonly known as a bruise, is a type of hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues.

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Budd–Chiari syndrome

Budd–Chiari syndrome is a very rare condition, affecting one in a million adults.

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Calf

A calf (plural, calves) is the young of domestic cattle.

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Cambridge

Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London.

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Canals of Hering

The Canals of Hering, or intrahepatic bile ductules, are part of the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver.

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Cantlie line

In medicine, the Cantlie line or Cantlie's line is an imaginary division of the liver used when performing a hepatectomies.

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Carbohydrate metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

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Cavernous liver haemangioma

A cavernous liver haemangioma or hepatic haemangioma is a benign tumour of the liver composed of hepatic endothelial cells.

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Celiac ganglia

The celiac ganglia or coeliac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen.

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Cell cycle

The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.

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Cell potency

Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.

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Central veins of liver

The central veins of liver (or central venules) are veins found at the center of hepatic lobules (one vein at each lobule center).

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Chicken

The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.

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Cholangiocyte

Cholangiocytes are the epithelial cells of the bile duct.

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Cholestasis

Cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum.

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Cholesterol

Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule.

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Chopped liver

Chopped liver is a liver pâté popular in Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine.

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Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage.

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Claude Couinaud

Claude Couinaud (16 February 1922, Neuilly-sur-Seine - 4 May 2008, Paris) was a French surgeon and anatomist who made significant contributions in the field of hepatobiliary surgery.

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Coagulation

Coagulation (also known as clotting) is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.

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Cod liver oil

Cod liver oil is a dietary supplement derived from liver of cod fish (Gadidae).

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Colic flexures

There are two colic flexures, or curvatures in the transverse colon.

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Common bile duct

The common bile duct, sometimes abbreviated CBD, is a duct in the gastrointestinal tract of organisms that have a gall bladder.

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Common hepatic artery

The common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas.

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Common hepatic duct

The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver).

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Common stingray

The common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

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Compensatory growth (organ)

Compensatory growth is a type of regenerative growth that can take place in a number of human organs after the organs are either damaged, removed, or cease to function.

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Complement system

The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen's cell membrane.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.

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CT scan

A CT scan, also known as computed tomography scan, makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.

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Cystic duct

The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gallbladder to the common bile duct.

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Detoxification

Detoxification or detoxication (detox for short) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including the human body, which is mainly carried out by the liver.

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Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.

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Digestion

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.

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Disease

A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.

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Divination

Divination (from Latin divinare "to foresee, to be inspired by a god", related to divinus, divine) is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual.

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Domestic pig

The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus or only Sus domesticus), often called swine, hog, or simply pig when there is no need to distinguish it from other pigs, is a large, even-toed ungulate.

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Drug metabolism

Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.

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Ductus venosus

In the fetus, the ductus venosus (Arantius' duct after Julius Caesar Aranzi) shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the inferior vena cava.

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Duodenum

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.

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Eagle

Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae.

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Embryo

An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.

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Emulsion

An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable).

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Endoderm

Endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Epithelium

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

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Factor IX

Factor IX (or Christmas factor) is one of the serine proteases of the coagulation system; it belongs to peptidase family S1.

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Factor V

Factor V (pronounced factor five) is a protein of the coagulation system, rarely referred to as proaccelerin or labile factor.

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Factor VII

Factor VII (blood-coagulation factor VIIa, activated blood coagulation factor VII, formerly known as proconvertin) is one of the proteins that causes blood to clot in the coagulation cascade.

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Factor VIII

Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential blood-clotting protein, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF).

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Factor X

Factor X, also known by the eponym Stuart–Prower factor, is an enzyme of the coagulation cascade.

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Factor XI

Factor XI or plasma thromboplastin antecedent is the zymogen form of factor XIa, one of the enzymes of the coagulation cascade.

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Factor XIII

Factor XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor is an enzyme of the blood coagulation system that crosslinks fibrin.

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Falciform ligament

The falciform ligament is a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior (ventral) body wall, and separates the left lobe into lateral and medial segments.

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Fatty acid

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.

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Fatty acid degradation

Fatty acid degradation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down into their metabolites, in the end generating acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the citric acid cycle, the main energy supply of animals.

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Fatty liver

Fatty liver is a reversible condition wherein large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis (i.e., abnormal retention of lipids within a cell).

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Ferrol, Galicia

Ferrol (In the neighbourhood of Strabo's Cape Nerium, modern day Cape Prior), is a city in the Province of A Coruña in Galicia, on the Atlantic coast in north-western Spain.

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Fetus

A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.

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Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen (factor I) is a glycoprotein that in vertebrates circulates in the blood.

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Fibrinogen beta chain

Fibrinogen beta chain, also known as FGB, is a gene found in humans and most other vertebrates with a similar system of blood coagulation.

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Fibroblast growth factor

The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.

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Fibrosis

Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process.

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Foie gras

Foie gras (French for "fat liver") is a luxury food product made of the liver of a duck or goose that has been specially fattened.

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Food

Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism.

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Foregut

The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct, and is attached to the abdominal walls by mesentery.

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Fossa (anatomy)

In anatomy, a fossa (plural fossae; from the Latin "fossa", ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the hypophyseal fossa (the depression in the sphenoid bone).

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Fowl

Fowl are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes).

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Francis Glisson

Francis Glisson (1597 – 14 October 1677) was a British physician, anatomist, and writer on medical subjects.

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French cuisine

French cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices from France.

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Friction

Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.

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G0 phase

The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle.

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G1 phase

The g1 phase, or Gap 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division.

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Gallbladder

In vertebrates, the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine.

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Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.

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Germ layer

A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that form during embryogenesis.

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Gestation

Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside viviparous animals.

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Gland

A gland is a group of cells in an animal's body that synthesizes substances (such as hormones) for release into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).

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Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

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Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

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Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids.

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GLUT2

Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) also known as solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2 (SLC2A2) is a transmembrane carrier protein that enables protein facilitated glucose movement across cell membranes.

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Glycerol

Glycerol (also called glycerine or glycerin; see spelling differences) is a simple polyol compound.

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Glycogen

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

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Glycogenesis

Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage.

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Glycogenolysis

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1).

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Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.

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Goose

Geese are waterfowl of the family Anatidae.

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Greek language

Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

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Greek mythology

Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.

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Gross anatomy

Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy) is the study of anatomy at the visible (macroscopic) level.

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Half-life

Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value.

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Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib

Ḥamzah ibn ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib (حمزة ابن عبد المطّلب) (c.570–625)Muhammad ibn Saad.

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Haruspex

In the religion of Ancient Rome, a haruspex (plural haruspices; also called aruspex) was a person trained to practice a form of divination called haruspicy (haruspicina), the inspection of the entrails (exta—hence also extispicy (extispicium)) of sacrificed animals, especially the livers of sacrificed sheep and poultry.

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Heart development

Heart development refers to the prenatal development of the human heart.

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Hematopoietic stem cell

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells.

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Hemodynamics

Hemodynamics or hæmodynamics is the dynamics of blood flow.

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Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.

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Hepatectomy

Hepatectomy is the surgical resection (removal of all or part) of the liver.

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Hepatic artery proper

The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepatic artery), arises from the common hepatic artery and runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile duct to form the portal triad.

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Hepatic diverticulum

For use of the term in molluscs refer to Diverticulum (mollusc) The hepatic diverticulum (or liver bud) is a primordial cellular extension of the embryonic foregut endoderm that gives rise to the parenchyma of the liver.

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Hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is an altered level of consciousness as a result of liver failure.

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Hepatic portal system

In human anatomy, the hepatic portal system is the system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries.

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Hepatic stellate cell

Hepatic stellate cells (here HSC), also known as perisinusoidal cells or Ito cells (earlier lipocytes or fat-storing cells), are pericytes found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver, also known as the space of Disse (a small area between the sinusoids and hepatocytes).

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Hepatic veins

In human anatomy, the hepatic veins are the veins that drain de-oxygenated blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava.

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Hepatitis

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.

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Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV).

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Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver.

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Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.

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Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D (hepatitis delta) is a disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), a small spherical enveloped virusoid.

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Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E is a viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) caused by infection with a virus called hepatitis E virus.

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Hepatocyte

A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver.

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Hepatomegaly

Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged liver.

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Hepatotoxicity

Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage.

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Herpes simplex virus

Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans.

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Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans.

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Hilum (anatomy)

In human anatomy, the hilum (plural hila), sometimes formerly called a hilus (plural hili), is a depression or fissure where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter an organ.

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Hind bint Utbah

Hind bint ‘Utbah (هند بنت عتبة) was an Arab woman who lived in the late 6th and early 7th centuries CE; she was the wife of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, a powerful man of Mecca, in western Arabia.

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Hindi

Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, IAST: Mānak Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language.

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Histology

Histology, also microanatomy, is the study of the anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals using microscopy.

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Homology (biology)

In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.

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Human

Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.

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Human digestive system

The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).

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Human embryogenesis

Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development.

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Human serum albumin

Human serum albumin is the serum albumin found in human blood.

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Hydroxyacid oxidase (glycolate oxidase) 1

Hydroxyacid oxidase (glycolate oxidase) 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAO1 gene.

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Hypotension

Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.

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Infection

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

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Inferior vena cava

The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart.

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Insulin

Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.

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Insulin-like growth factor

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin.

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Insulin-like growth factor 1

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), also called somatomedin C, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Itch

Itch (also known as pruritus) is a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch.

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James Hillman

James Hillman (April 12, 1926 – October 27, 2011) was an American psychologist.

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Japanese cuisine

Japanese cuisine encompasses the regional and traditional foods of Japan, which have developed through centuries of social and economic changes.

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Jaundice

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels.

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Jerusalem mixed grill

Jerusalem mixed grill (מעורב ירושלמי) (me'orav Yerushalmi) is a grilled meat dish considered a specialty of Jerusalem.

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Joint

A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole.

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Juxtaglomerular apparatus

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (also known as the juxtaglomerular complex) is a structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron, the functional units of the kidney.

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Kupffer cell

Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids.

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Lactic acid

Lactic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)COOH.

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Lamb and mutton

Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of domestic sheep (species Ovis aries) at different ages.

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Lancelet

The lancelets — also known as amphioxi (singular, amphioxus) consist of about 32 species of fish-like marine chordates in the order Amphioxiformes.

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Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease involving clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, abnormal cells deriving from bone marrow and capable of migrating from skin to lymph nodes.

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Lateral plate mesoderm

Lateral plate mesoderm is a type of mesoderm that is found at the periphery of the embryo.

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Lebanese cuisine

Lebanese cuisine is a Levantine style of cooking that includes an abundance of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, starches, fresh fish and seafood; animal fats are consumed sparingly.

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Left triangular ligament

The left triangular ligament is a fold of some considerable size, which connects the posterior part of the upper surface of the left lobe of the liver to the diaphragm; its anterior layer is continuous with the left layer of the falciform ligament.

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Lesser omentum

The lesser omentum (small omentum or gastrohepatic omentum) is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach (hepatogastric ligament) and the first part of the duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament).

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Ligament

A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.

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Ligamentum venosum

The ligamentum venosum is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation.

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Lipid

In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.

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Lipogenesis

Lipogenesis is the process by which acetyl-CoA is converted to fatty acids.

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Lipolysis

Lipolysis is the breakdown of lipids and involves hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids.

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Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.

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Liver biopsy

Liver biopsy is the biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue) from the liver.

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Liver cancer

Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in the liver.

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Liver dialysis

Liver dialysis is a detoxification treatment for liver failure and has shown promise for patients with hepatorenal syndrome.

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Liver failure

Liver failure or hepatic insufficiency is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function as part of normal physiology.

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Liver function tests

Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs) are groups of blood tests that give information about the state of a patient's liver.

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Liver pâté

Liver pâté is a meat spread popular in northern and eastern Europe.

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Liver segment

In the widely used Couinaud (or "French") system of anatomy of the liver, the functional lobes are further divided into a total of eight subsegments based on a transverse plane through the bifurcation of the main portal vein.

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Liver shot

A liver shot or liver punch is a punch, kick, or knee strike to the right side of the ribcage that damages the liver.

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Liver sinusoid

A liver sinusoid is a type of sinusoidal blood vessel (with fenestrated, discontinuous endothelium) that serves as a location for mixing of the oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery and the nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein.

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Liver span

The liver span is a measurement performed during physical examination to determine the size of the liver and identify possible hepatomegaly.

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Liver transplantation

Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with the healthy liver from another person (allograft).

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Liver-Eating Johnson

John "Liver-Eating" Johnson born John Jeremiah Garrison Johnston (c.1824 – January 21, 1900) was a mountain man of the American Old West.

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Liverwurst

Liverwurst, leberwurst, or liver sausage is a kind of sausage made from liver.

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Lobe (anatomy)

In anatomy, a lobe is a clear anatomical division or extension of an organ (as seen for example in the brain, the lung, liver or the kidney) that can be determined without the use of a microscope at the gross anatomy level.

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Lobes of liver

The liver is grossly divided into two portions – a right and a left lobe, as viewed from the front (diaphragmatic) surface; but the underside (the visceral surface) shows it to be divided into four lobes and includes the caudate and quadrate lobes.

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Lobules of liver

A hepatic lobule is a small division of the liver defined at the microscopic (histological scale).

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Lorazepam

Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a benzodiazepine medication.

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Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor

The low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (nerve growth factor receptor (TNFR superfamily, member 16), also called the LNGFR or p75 neurotrophin receptor) is one of the two receptor types for the neurotrophins, a family of protein growth factors that stimulate neuronal cells to survive and differentiate.

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Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.

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Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

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Mayo Clinic

The Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit academic medical center based in Rochester, Minnesota focused on integrated clinical practice, education, and research.

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Mecca

Mecca or Makkah (مكة is a city in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula, and the plain of Tihamah in Saudi Arabia, and is also the capital and administrative headquarters of the Makkah Region. The city is located inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of above sea level, and south of Medina. Its resident population in 2012 was roughly 2 million, although visitors more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj (حَـجّ, "Pilgrimage") period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah (ذُو الْـحِـجَّـة). As the birthplace of Muhammad, and the site of Muhammad's first revelation of the Quran (specifically, a cave from Mecca), Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslims. Mecca is home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islam's holiest site, as well as being the direction of Muslim prayer. Mecca was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, acting either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger polities. It was conquered by Ibn Saud in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, home to structures such as the Abraj Al Bait, also known as the Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel, the world's fourth tallest building and the building with the third largest amount of floor area. During this expansion, Mecca has lost some historical structures and archaeological sites, such as the Ajyad Fortress. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj. As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the Muslim world,Fattah, Hassan M., The New York Times (20 January 2005). even though non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city.

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Medical imaging

Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).

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Mesenchyme

Mesenchyme, in vertebrate embryology, is a type of connective tissue found mostly during the development of the embryo.

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Mesothelium

The mesothelium is a membrane composed of simple squamous epithelium that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracic cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery), mediastinum and pericardium (heart sac).

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Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.

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Metabolite

A metabolite is the intermediate end product of metabolism.

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Methylation

In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.

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Mineral (nutrient)

In the context of nutrition, a mineral is a chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life.

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Mixed grill

Many regional cuisines feature a mixed grill, a meal consisting of a traditional assortment of grilled meats.

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Mononuclear phagocyte system

In immunology, the mononuclear phagocyte system or mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or macrophage system) is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue.

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Oncotic pressure

Oncotic pressure, or colloid osmotic pressure, is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system.

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Organ (anatomy)

Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.

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Organ transplantation

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.

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Organogenesis

In animal development, organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and goes until birth.

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Oxazepam

Oxazepam is a short-to-intermediate-acting benzodiazepine.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Palpation

Palpation is the process of using one's hands to check the body, especially while perceiving/diagnosing a disease or illness.

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Pancreas

The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.

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Pancreatic duct

The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct), is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juice provided from the exocrine pancreas which aids in digestion.

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Paracetamol

--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.

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Parenchyma

Parenchyma is the bulk of a substance.

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Peptide

Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.

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Perisinusoidal space

The perisinusoidal space (or space of Disse) is a location in the liver between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid.

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Peritoneal ligament

Peritoneal ligaments are folds of peritoneum that are used to connect viscera to viscera or the abdominal wall.

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Peritoneum

The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids.

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Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.

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Phagocyte

Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.

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Placenta

The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.

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Plasmin

Plasmin is an important enzyme present in blood that degrades many blood plasma proteins, including fibrin clots.

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Platelet

Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.

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Polycystic liver disease

Polycystic liver disease (PLD) usually describes the presence of multiple cysts scattered throughout normal liver tissue.

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Porta hepatis

The porta hepatis or transverse fissure of the liver is a short but deep fissure, about 5 cm long, extending transversely beneath the left portion of the right lobe of the liver, nearer its posterior surface than its anterior border.

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Portacaval anastomosis

A portacaval anastomosis (also known as porto-systemic anastomosis or portal caval system) is a specific type of anastomosis that occurs between the veins of the portal circulation and those of the systemic circulation.

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Portal hypertension

Portal hypertension is hypertension (high blood pressure) in the hepatic portal system – made up of the portal vein and its branches, that drain from most of the intestine to the liver.

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Portal triad

A portal triad (also known as portal canal, portal field, portal area, or portal tract) is a distinctive arrangement in the liver.

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Portal vein

The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver.

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Portal venous system

In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart.

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Pre-eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and often a significant amount of protein in the urine.

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Primary biliary cholangitis

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is an autoimmune disease of the liver.

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Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a group of familial cholestatic conditions caused by defects in biliary epithelial transporters.

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Prometheus

In Greek mythology, Prometheus (Προμηθεύς,, meaning "forethought") is a Titan, culture hero, and trickster figure who is credited with the creation of man from clay, and who defies the gods by stealing fire and giving it to humanity, an act that enabled progress and civilization.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein C

Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV, is a zymogen, the activated form of which plays an important role in regulating anticoagulation, inflammation, cell death, and maintaining the permeability of blood vessel walls in humans and other animals.

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Protein S

Protein S (also known as S-Protein) is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the liver.

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Quadrant (abdomen)

The human abdomen is divided into regions by anatomists and physicians for purposes of study, diagnosis, and therapy.

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RDH16

Retinol dehydrogenase 16 (all-trans) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RDH16 gene.

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Red blood cell

Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.

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Regeneration (biology)

In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage.

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Renin

Renin (etymology and pronunciation), also known as an angiotensinogenase, is an aspartic protease protein and enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)—also known as the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis—that mediates the volume of extracellular fluid (blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction.

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Retinoic acid

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) that mediates the functions of vitamin A required for growth and development.

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Retinol

Retinol, also known as Vitamin A1, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

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Rib cage

The rib cage is an arrangement of bones in the thorax of most vertebrates.

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Right triangular ligament

The right triangular ligament is situated at the right extremity of the bare area, and is a small fold which passes to the diaphragm, being formed by the apposition of the upper and lower layers of the coronary ligament.

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Round ligament of liver

The round ligament of the liver (or ligamentum teres, or ligamentum teres hepatis) is a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver.

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Roy Yorke Calne

Sir Roy Yorke Calne, FRCP, FRCS, FRS, is a British surgeon and pioneer in organ transplantation.

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Sashimi

Sashimi (刺身) is a Japanese delicacy consisting of very fresh raw meat or fish sliced into thin pieces.

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Sausage

A sausage is a cylindrical meat product usually made from ground meat, often pork, beef, or veal, along with salt, spices and other flavourings, and breadcrumbs, encased by a skin.

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Septum transversum

The septum transversum is a thick mass of cranial mesenchyme, formed in the embryo, that gives rise to parts of the thoracic diaphragm and the ventral mesentery of the foregut in the developed human being.

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Serology

Serology is the scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids.

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Serous fluid

In physiology, the term serous fluid or serosal fluid (originating from the Medieval Latin word serosus, from Latin serum) is any of various body fluids resembling serum, that are typically pale yellow and transparent and of a benign nature.

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Sexually transmitted infection

Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex.

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Sinusoid (blood vessel)

A sinusoid is a small blood vessel that is a type of capillary similar to a fenestrated endothelium.

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Skilpadjies

Skilpadjies is a traditional South African food, also known by other names such as muise, vlermuise and pofadder.

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SLC27A5

Bile acyl-CoA synthetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SLC27A5 gene.

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Snake

Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes.

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South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

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Southeast Asian ovalocytosis

Southeast Asian ovalocytosis is a blood disorder that is similar to, but distinct from hereditary elliptocytosis.

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Spleen

The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates.

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Stem cell

Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.

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Stercobilin

Stercobilin is a tetrapyrrolic bile pigment and is one end-product of heme catabolism.

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Steroid hormone

A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone.

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Stir frying

Stir frying is a Chinese cooking technique in which ingredients are fried in a small amount of very hot oil while being stirred in a wok.

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Swelling (medical)

In medical parlance, swelling, turgescence or tumefaction is a transient abnormal enlargement of a body part or area not caused by proliferation of cells.

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T cell

A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

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Talmud

The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד talmūd "instruction, learning", from a root LMD "teach, study") is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law and theology.

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The Message (1976 film)

The Message (الرسالة Ar-Risālah; originally known as Mohammad, Messenger of God) is a 1976 epic historical drama film directed by Moustapha Akkad, chronicling the life and times of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Thomas Starzl

Thomas Earl Starzl (March 11, 1926 – March 4, 2017) was an American physician, researcher, and expert on organ transplants.

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Thoracic cavity

The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia).

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Thoracic diaphragm

For other uses, see Diaphragm (disambiguation). The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (partition), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity.

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Thrombin

Thrombin (fibrinogenase, thrombase, thrombofort, topical, thrombin-C, tropostasin, activated blood-coagulation factor II, blood-coagulation factor IIa, factor IIa, E thrombin, beta-thrombin, gamma-thrombin) is a serine protease, an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the F2 gene.

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Thrombopoietin

Thrombopoietin (THPO) also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene.

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Thrombosis

Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις thrómbōsis "clotting”) is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

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Thymus

The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.

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Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.

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Titan (mythology)

In Greek mythology, the Titans (Greek: Τιτάν, Titán, Τiτᾶνες, Titânes) and Titanesses (or Titanides; Greek: Τιτανίς, Titanís, Τιτανίδες, Titanídes) were members of the second generation of divine beings, descending from the primordial deities and preceding the Olympians.

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Toxication

Toxication or toxification is the conversion of a chemical compound into a more toxic form in living organisms or in substrates such as soil or water.

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Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.

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Traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as intracranial injury, occurs when an external force injures the brain.

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Triglyceride

A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri- and glyceride).

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Ultrasound

Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing.

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Umbilical vein

The umbilical vein is a vein present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the growing fetus.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.

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Urea

Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2.

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Urea cycle

The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea ((NH2)2CO) from ammonia (NH3).

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Vagus nerve

The vagus nerve, historically cited as the pneumogastric nerve, is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X, and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.

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Vascular occlusion

Vascular occlusion is a blockage of a blood vessel, usually with a clot.

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Venous blood

Venous blood is deoxygenated blood which travels from the peripheral vessels, through the venous system into the right atrium of the heart.

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Vertebrate

Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).

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Viral hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral infection.

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Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids (most notably beta-carotene).

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Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body: it is a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.

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Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects.

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Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins that the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation (K from Koagulation, Danish for "coagulation") and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues.

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Vitelline veins

The vitelline veins are veins which drain blood from the yolk sac.

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Vitellogenin

Vitellogenin (VTG or less popularly known as VG) (from Latin vitellus, yolk, and gener, to produce) is a precursor protein of egg yolk normally in the blood or hemolymph only of females that is used as a biomarker in vertebrates of exposure to environmental estrogens which stimulate elevated levels in males as well as females.

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Vulture

A vulture is a scavenging bird of prey.

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Wnt signaling pathway

The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.

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Zulu language

Zulu (Zulu: isiZulu) is the language of the Zulu people, with about 10 million speakers, the vast majority (over 95%) of whom live in South Africa.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

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