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Martin Bucer

Index Martin Bucer

Martin Bucer (early German: Martin Butzer; 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a German Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg who influenced Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican doctrines and practices. [1]

210 relations: Acolyte, Alsace, Altar in the Catholic Church, Anabaptism, Andreas Osiander, Anglicanism, Apocalypse, Artisan, Augsburg Confession, Augsburg Interim, Augustinians, Bachelor's degree, Basel, Battle of Mühlberg, Beatus Rhenanus, Bern, Bigamy, Bishop of Gloucester, Bonn, Bonn Minster, Book of Common Prayer, Bourgeoisie, Bubonic plague, Burgrecht, Calvinism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Caspar Hedio, Caspar Schwenckfeld, Cathedral chapter, Catholic Church, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge, Church service, Coburg, Collegiate church, Colloquy (religious), Cologne, Confession Concerning Christ's Supper, Connecticut, Cooper (profession), Deacon, Diet of Augsburg, Diet of Regensburg (1541), Dogma, Dominican Order, Dutch Church, Austin Friars, Early New High German, Ecumenism, Edward VI of England, ..., Eisenach, Electorate of Cologne, Electorate of Saxony, Elizabeth I of England, England, English Reformation, Erasmus, Eucharist, Excommunication, Exegesis, France, Franciscans, Franz von Sickingen, Frederick II, Elector Palatine, Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, Free imperial city, Friar, Gasparo Contarini, Geneva, Genuflection, Georg Witzel, George, Duke of Saxony, Germany, Grand Inquisitor, Haguenau, Heidelberg, Heidelberg Disputation, Heidelberg University, Heinrich Bullinger, Helvetic Confessions, Herman Selderhuis, Hermann of Wied, Hermits of Saint William, Hochstratus Ovans, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Empire, Huldrych Zwingli, Impanation, Imperial Knight, Isny im Allgäu, Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck, Jacob van Hoogstraaten, Jan Łaski, Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg, Johann Eck, Johann Froben, Johann Gropper, Johann Marbach, Johann Pistorius the Elder, Johann Reuchlin, Johann von Staupitz, Johannes Bugenhagen, Johannes Oecolampadius, John Calvin, John Cheke, John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, John Hooper (bishop), John Madew, John Young (Regius Professor), John, Elector of Saxony, Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce, Julius von Pflug, Kassel, Kentucky, Kingdom of England, Knights' Revolt, Konstanz, Lady-in-waiting, Landstuhl, Landtag, Latin school, Leiden, Leipzig, Lindau, Liturgical year, Lord's Supper in Reformed theology, Louis V, Elector Palatine, Lutheranism, Magisterium, Mainz, Marburg Colloquy, Martin Luther, Mary I of England, Mass (liturgy), Matthäus Zell, Matthew Parker, Münster rebellion, Melchior Hoffman, Memmingen, Missouri, Netherlands, Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle, Ninety-five Theses, Novice, Nuremberg, Old Saint Peter's Church, Strasbourg, Ordination, Ottoman Empire, Papal legate, Paul Fagius, Peter Martyr Vermigli, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, Philip Melanchthon, Piety, Protestantism, Provincial superior, Purgatory, Puritans, Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, Reformation, Regius Professor of Divinity, Religious image, Religious vows, Renaissance humanism, Sacrament of Penance, Sacramental union, Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Protestant Church, Sainte-Madeleine, Strasbourg, Satire, Sélestat, Schmalkaldic League, Schmalkaldic War, Scholasticism, Sine populo, Sola fide, Sola scriptura, Speyer, St Thomas' Church, Strasbourg, St William's Church, Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cathedral, Synod, Tetrapolitan Confession, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Cranmer, Thomas Murner, Tower of London, Transubstantiation, Treatise, Treaty of Frankfurt (1539), Ulm, Ulrich von Hutten, University of Cambridge, University of Chicago Press, University of Cologne, University of Oxford, Veneration, Vestment, Vestments controversy, Walter Haddon, Wibrandis Rosenblatt, Willem van 't Spijker, William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Willibald Pirckheimer, Wissembourg, Wittenberg, Wittenberg Concord, Wolfgang Capito, Worms, Germany, Zürich. Expand index (160 more) »

Acolyte

An acolyte is an assistant or follower assisting the celebrant in a religious service or procession.

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Alsace

Alsace (Alsatian: ’s Elsass; German: Elsass; Alsatia) is a cultural and historical region in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.

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Altar in the Catholic Church

In a Catholic church, the altar is the structure upon which the Eucharist is celebrated.

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Anabaptism

Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά- "re-" and βαπτισμός "baptism", Täufer, earlier also WiedertäuferSince the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term "Wiedertäufer" (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased. The term Täufer (translation: "Baptizers") is now used, which is considered more impartial. From the perspective of their persecutors, the "Baptizers" baptized for the second time those "who as infants had already been baptized". The denigrative term Anabaptist signifies rebaptizing and is considered a polemical term, so it has been dropped from use in modern German. However, in the English-speaking world, it is still used to distinguish the Baptizers more clearly from the Baptists, a Protestant sect that developed later in England. Cf. their self-designation as "Brethren in Christ" or "Church of God":.) is a Christian movement which traces its origins to the Radical Reformation.

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Andreas Osiander

Andreas Osiander (19 December 1498 – 17 October 1552) was a German Lutheran theologian and Protestant reformer.

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Anglicanism

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that evolved out of the practices, liturgy and identity of the Church of England following the Protestant Reformation.

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Apocalypse

An apocalypse (Ancient Greek: ἀποκάλυψις apokálypsis, from ἀπό and καλύπτω, literally meaning "an uncovering") is a disclosure of knowledge or revelation.

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Artisan

An artisan (from artisan, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewellery, food items, household items and tools or even mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker.

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Augsburg Confession

The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation.

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Augsburg Interim

The Augsburg Interim ("Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council") was an imperial decree ordered on 15 May 1548 at the 1548 Diet of Augsburg by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who had just defeated the forces of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47.

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Augustinians

The term Augustinians, named after Augustine of Hippo (354–430), applies to two distinct types of Catholic religious orders, dating back to the first millennium but formally created in the 13th century, and some Anglican religious orders, created in the 19th century, though technically there is no "Order of St.

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Bachelor's degree

A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years (depending on institution and academic discipline).

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Basel

Basel (also Basle; Basel; Bâle; Basilea) is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine.

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Battle of Mühlberg

The Battle of Mühlberg was a large battle at Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, as part of the Schmalkaldic War.

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Beatus Rhenanus

Beatus Rhenanus (22 August 148520 July 1547), also known as Beatus Bild, was a German humanist, religious reformer, classical scholar, and book collector.

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Bern

Bern or Berne (Bern, Bärn, Berne, Berna, Berna) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or "federal city".

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Bigamy

In cultures that practice marital monogamy, bigamy is the act of entering into a marriage with one person while still legally married to another.

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Bishop of Gloucester

The Bishop of Gloucester is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Gloucester in the Province of Canterbury.

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Bonn

The Federal City of Bonn is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000.

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Bonn Minster

The Bonn Minster (Bonner Münster) is a Roman Catholic church in Bonn.

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Book of Common Prayer

The Book of Common Prayer (BCP) is the short title of a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion, as well as by the Continuing Anglican, Anglican realignment and other Anglican Christian churches.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.

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Bubonic plague

Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis.

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Burgrecht

A Burgrecht (ius burgense, ius civile) was a medieval agreement, most commonly in southern Germany and northern German-speaking Switzerland.

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Calvinism

Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.

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Cambridge

Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Caspar Hedio

Caspar Hedio, also written as Kaspar Hedio, Kaspar Heyd, Kaspar Bock or Kaspar Böckel (Ettlingen, 1494 - Strasbourg, 17 October 1552) was a German historian, theologian and Protestant reformer.

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Caspar Schwenckfeld

Caspar (or Kaspar) Schwen(c)kfeld von Ossig (1489 or 1490 – 10 December 1561) was a German theologian, writer, and preacher who became a Protestant Reformer and spiritualist.

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Cathedral chapter

According to both Anglican and Catholic canon law, a cathedral chapter is a college of clerics (chapter) formed to advise a bishop and, in the case of a vacancy of the episcopal see in some countries, to govern the diocese during the vacancy.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.

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Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge

St Mary the Great is a Church of England parish and university church at the north end of King's Parade in central Cambridge, England.

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Church service

A church service (also called a service of worship, or simply a service) is a formalized period of communal worship in Christian tradition.

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Coburg

Coburg is a town located on the Itz river in the Upper Franconia region of Bavaria, Germany.

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Collegiate church

In Christianity, a collegiate church is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons; a non-monastic or "secular" community of clergy, organised as a self-governing corporate body, which may be presided over by a dean or provost.

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Colloquy (religious)

A religious colloquy is a meeting to settle differences of doctrine or dogma, also called a colloquium (meeting, discussion), as in the historical Colloquy at Poissy, and like the legal colloquy, most often with a certain degree of judging involved.

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Cologne

Cologne (Köln,, Kölle) is the largest city in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth most populated city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich).

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Confession Concerning Christ's Supper

Confession Concerning Christ's Supper (1528) is a theological treatise written by Martin Luther affirming the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist, defining Luther's position as the sacramental union.

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Connecticut

Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Cooper (profession)

A cooper is a person trained to make wooden barrels, vats, buckets, tubs, troughs and other staved containers, from timber that was usually heated or steamed to make it pliable.

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Deacon

A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions.

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Diet of Augsburg

The Diet of Augsburg were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Augsburg.

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Diet of Regensburg (1541)

The Colloquy of Regensburg, historically called the Colloquy of Ratisbon, was a conference held at Regensburg (Ratisbon) in 1541, during the Protestant Reformation, which marks the culmination of attempts to restore religious unity in the Holy Roman Empire by means of theological debate between the Protestants and the Catholics.

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Dogma

The term dogma is used in pejorative and non-pejorative senses.

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Dominican Order

The Order of Preachers (Ordo Praedicatorum, postnominal abbreviation OP), also known as the Dominican Order, is a mendicant Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Dominic of Caleruega in France, approved by Pope Honorius III via the Papal bull Religiosam vitam on 22 December 1216.

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Dutch Church, Austin Friars

The Dutch Church, Austin Friars (Nederlandse Kerk Londen), is a reformed church in the Broad Street Ward, in the City of London.

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Early New High German

Early New High German (ENHG) is a term for the period in the history of the German language, generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 to 1650.

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Ecumenism

Ecumenism refers to efforts by Christians of different Church traditions to develop closer relationships and better understandings.

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Edward VI of England

Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death.

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Eisenach

Eisenach is a town in Thuringia, Germany with 42,000 inhabitants, located west of Erfurt, southeast of Kassel and northeast of Frankfurt.

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Electorate of Cologne

The Electorate of Cologne (Kurfürstentum Köln), sometimes referred to as Electoral Cologne (Kurköln), was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the 10th to the early 19th century.

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Electorate of Saxony

The Electorate of Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen, also Kursachsen) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire established when Emperor Charles IV raised the Ascanian duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg to the status of an Electorate by the Golden Bull of 1356.

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Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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English Reformation

The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

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Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (28 October 1466Gleason, John B. "The Birth Dates of John Colet and Erasmus of Rotterdam: Fresh Documentary Evidence," Renaissance Quarterly, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 73–76; – 12 July 1536), known as Erasmus or Erasmus of Rotterdam,Erasmus was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae.

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Eucharist

The Eucharist (also called Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper, among other names) is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches and an ordinance in others.

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Excommunication

Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular receiving of the sacraments.

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Exegesis

Exegesis (from the Greek ἐξήγησις from ἐξηγεῖσθαι, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, particularly a religious text.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church, founded in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi.

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Franz von Sickingen

Franz von Sickingen or Francis of Sickingen (2 March 1481 – 7 May 1523) was a German knight who, along with Ulrich von Hutten, led the Knight's Revolt and was one of the most notable figures of the early period of the Reformation.

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Frederick II, Elector Palatine

Frederick II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (9 December 1482 – 26 February 1556), also Frederick the Wise, a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was Prince-elector of the Palatinate from 1544 to 1556.

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Frederick III, Elector of Saxony

Frederick III (17 January 1463 – 5 May 1525), also known as Frederick the Wise (German Friedrich der Weise), was Elector of Saxony from 1486 to 1525.

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Free imperial city

In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, urbs imperialis libera), was used from the fifteenth century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

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Friar

A friar is a brother member of one of the mendicant orders founded since the twelfth or thirteenth century; the term distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the older monastic orders' allegiance to a single monastery formalized by their vow of stability.

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Gasparo Contarini

Gasparo Contarini (16 October 1483 – 24 August 1542) was an Italian diplomat, cardinal and Bishop of Belluno.

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Geneva

Geneva (Genève, Genèva, Genf, Ginevra, Genevra) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of the Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland.

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Genuflection

Genuflection or genuflexion is the act of bending at least one knee to the ground.

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Georg Witzel

Georg Witzel (Wicelius) (b. at Vacha, Province of Hesse, 1501; d. at Mainz, 16 February 1573) was a German theologian.

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George, Duke of Saxony

George the Bearded, Duke of Saxony (Meissen, 27 August 1471 – Dresden, 17 April 1539), was Duke of Saxony from 1500 to 1539 known for his opposition to the Reformation.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Grand Inquisitor

Grand Inquisitor (Inquisitor Generalis, literally Inquisitor General or General Inquisitor) was the lead official of the Inquisition.

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Haguenau

Haguenau (Haguenau,; Alsatian: Hàwenau or Hàjenöi; and historically in English: Hagenaw) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department of France, of which it is a sub-prefecture.

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Heidelberg

Heidelberg is a college town in Baden-Württemberg situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany.

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Heidelberg Disputation

The Heidelberg Disputation was held at the lecture hall of the Augustinian order on April 26, 1518.

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Heidelberg University

Heidelberg University (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Universitas Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis) is a public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Heinrich Bullinger

Heinrich Bullinger (18 July 1504 – 17 September 1575) was a Swiss reformer, the successor of Huldrych Zwingli as head of the Zürich church and pastor at Grossmünster.

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Helvetic Confessions

The Helvetic Confessions are two documents expressing the common belief of the Reformed churches of Switzerland.

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Herman Selderhuis

Herman Selderhuis (born 21 May 1961) is a Dutch theologian.

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Hermann of Wied

Hermann of Wied (German: Hermann von Wied) (14 January 1477 – 15 August 1552) was the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne from 1515 to 1546.

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Hermits of Saint William

The Hermits of Saint William was a monastic order founded by Albert, companion and biographer of William of Maleval, and Renaldus, a physician who had settled at Maleval shortly before the saint's death.

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Hochstratus Ovans

Hochstratus Ovans is a dialogue published in Cologne in 1520 referring to Jacob van Hoogstraten.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

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Huldrych Zwingli

Huldrych Zwingli or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland.

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Impanation

Impanation (Latin, impanatio, "embodied in bread") is a high medieval theory of the real presence of the body of Jesus Christ in the consecrated bread of the Eucharist that does not imply a change in the substance of either the bread or the body.

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Imperial Knight

The Free Imperial knights (Reichsritter Eques imperii) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, whose direct overlord was the Emperor.

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Isny im Allgäu

Isny im Allgäu is a town in south-eastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck

Jacob (or Jakob, or Jacques) Sturm von Sturmeck (10 August 1489 – 30 October 1553) was a German statesman, one of the preeminent promoters of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.

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Jacob van Hoogstraaten

Jacob van Hoogstraten (c.1460 – 24 January 1527) was a Flemish Dominican theologian and controversialist.

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Jan Łaski

Jan Łaski or Johannes Alasco (1499 – 8 January 1560) was a Polish Reformed reformer.

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Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg

Joachim II (Joachim II Hector or Hektor; 13 January 1505 – 3 January 1571) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1535–1571), the sixth member of the House of Hohenzollern.

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Johann Eck

Johann Maier von Eck (13 November 1486 – 13 February 1543), often Anglicized as John Eck, was a German Scholastic theologian, Catholic prelate, and early counterreformer who was among Martin Luther's most important interlocutors and theological opponents.

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Johann Froben

Johann Froben, in Latin: Johannes Frobenius (and combinations), (c. 1460 – 27 October 1527) was a famous printer, publisher and learned Renaissance humanist in Basel.

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Johann Gropper

Johann Gropper (John or Johannes Gropper) (24 February 1503, Soest – 13 March 1559, Rome) was a Roman Catholic cleric and church politician of the Reformation period.

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Johann Marbach

Johann Marbach (14 April 1521 – 17 March 1581) was a German Lutheran reformer and controversialist.

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Johann Pistorius the Elder

Johann Pistorius (January 1504, Nidda, Hesse – 25 January 1583, Nidda) was a German Protestant minister and Protestant reformer.

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Johann Reuchlin

Johann Reuchlin (sometimes called Johannes; 29 January 1455 – 30 June 1522) was a German-born humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew, whose work also took him to modern-day Austria, Switzerland, and Italy and France.

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Johann von Staupitz

Johann von Staupitz, O.S.A. (c. 1460 – 28 December 1524) was a Roman Catholic theologian, university preacher, and Vicar General of the Augustinian friars in Germany, who supervised Martin Luther during a critical period in his spiritual life.

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Johannes Bugenhagen

Johannes Bugenhagen (24 June 1485 – 20 April 1558), also called Doctor Pomeranus by Martin Luther, introduced the Protestant Reformation in the Duchy of Pomerania and Denmark in the 16th century.

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Johannes Oecolampadius

Johannes Oecolampadius (also Œcolampadius, in German also Oekolampadius, Oekolampad; 1482 in Weinsberg, Electoral Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire – 24 November 1531 in Basel, Canton of Basel in the Old Swiss Confederacy) was a German Protestant reformer in the Reformed tradition from the Electoral Palatinate.

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John Calvin

John Calvin (Jean Calvin; born Jehan Cauvin; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

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John Cheke

Sir John Cheke (Cheek) (16 June 1514 – 13 September 1557) was an English classical scholar and statesman.

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John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony

Johann Frederick I (Johann Friedrich I; 30 June 1503 in Torgau – 3 March 1554 in Weimar), called Johann the Magnanimous, or St.

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John Hooper (bishop)

John Hooper, Johan Hoper, (1 March 1495 – 9 February 1555) was an English churchman, Anglican Bishop of Gloucester, and Worcester, a Protestant reformer and a Protestant martyr.

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John Madew

John Madew (died 1555) was an English churchman and academic, Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge and Master of Clare Hall.

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John Young (Regius Professor)

John Young (1514–1580) was an English Catholic clergyman and academic.

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John, Elector of Saxony

Johann (30 June 1468 – 16 August 1532), known as Johann the Steadfast or Johann the Constant, was Elector of Saxony from 1525 until 1532 from the House of Wettin.

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Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce

Judgement of Martin Bucer by John Milton was published on 15 July 1644.

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Julius von Pflug

Julius von Pflug (1499 in Eythra – 3 September 1564 in Zeitz) was the last Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Naumburg from 1542 until his death.

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Kassel

Kassel (spelled Cassel until 1928) is a city located at the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany.

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Kentucky

Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States.

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Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England (French: Royaume d'Angleterre; Danish: Kongeriget England; German: Königreich England) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th century—when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms—until 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

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Knights' Revolt

The Knights' Revolt of 1522 was a revolt by a number of Protestant and religious humanist German knights led by Franz von Sickingen, against the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Emperor.

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Konstanz

Konstanz (locally; formerly English: Constance, Czech: Kostnice, Latin: Constantia) is a university city with approximately 83,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Constance in the south of Germany, bordering Switzerland.

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Lady-in-waiting

A lady-in-waiting or court lady is a female personal assistant at a court, royal or feudal, attending on a royal woman or a high-ranking noblewoman.

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Landstuhl

Landstuhl is a municipality of over 9,000 people in southwestern Germany.

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Landtag

A Landtag (State Diet) is a representative assembly (parliament) in German-speaking countries with legislative authority and competence over a federated state (Land).

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Latin school

The Latin school was the grammar school of 14th to 19th-century Europe, though the latter term was much more common in England.

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Leiden

Leiden (in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland, Netherlands.

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Leipzig

Leipzig is the most populous city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany.

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Lindau

Lindau (officially in German: Lindau (Bodensee)) is a major town and an island on the eastern side of Lake Constance (Bodensee in German).

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Liturgical year

The liturgical year, also known as the church year or Christian year, as well as the kalendar, consists of the cycle of liturgical seasons in Christian churches that determines when feast days, including celebrations of saints, are to be observed, and which portions of Scripture are to be read either in an annual cycle or in a cycle of several years.

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Lord's Supper in Reformed theology

In Reformed theology, the Lord's Supper or Eucharist is a sacrament that spiritually nourishes Christians and strengthens their union with Christ.

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Louis V, Elector Palatine

Louis V, Count Palatine of the Rhine (German: Ludwig V. von der Pfalz) (2 July 1478, in Heidelberg – 16 March 1544, in Heidelberg), also Louis the Pacific, was a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty was prince elector of the Palatinate.

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Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483–1546), a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.

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Magisterium

The magisterium of the Catholic Church is the church's authority or office to establish teachings.

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Mainz

Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden Mainz (Mogontiacum, Mayence) is the capital and largest city of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.

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Marburg Colloquy

The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting at Marburg Castle, Marburg, Hesse, Germany which attempted to solve a disputation between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper.

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Martin Luther

Martin Luther, (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.

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Mary I of England

Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death.

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Mass (liturgy)

Mass is a term used to describe the main eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity.

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Matthäus Zell

Matthäus Zell (also Mathias Zell; anglicized as Matthew Zell) (21 September 1477, in Kaysersberg – 9 January 1548, in Strasbourg) was a Lutheran pastor and reformer based in Strasbourg.

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Matthew Parker

Matthew Parker (6 August 1504 – 17 May 1575) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1559 until his death in 1575.

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Münster rebellion

The Münster rebellion was an attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish a communal sectarian government in the German city of Münster.

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Melchior Hoffman

Melchior Hoffman (or Hofmann; byname: Pel(t)zer "furrier"; c. 1495c. 1543) was an Anabaptist prophet and a visionary leader in northern Germany and the Netherlands.

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Memmingen

Memmingen is a town in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.

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Missouri

Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle

Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle (1486–1550) was a Burgundian politician who served as a close trusted advisor to Emperor Charles V. He was made suzerain of the imperial city of Besançon and held an influential position in the Netherlands.

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Ninety-five Theses

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany, that started the Reformation, a schism in the Catholic Church which profoundly changed Europe.

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Novice

A novice is a person or creature who is new to a field or activity.

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Nuremberg

Nuremberg (Nürnberg) is a city on the river Pegnitz and on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia, about north of Munich.

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Old Saint Peter's Church, Strasbourg

The Church of Old Saint Peters (Église Saint-Pierre le Vieux) is a by simultaneum Catholic and Lutheran church building in Strasbourg, Alsace is first mentioned in 1130.

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Ordination

Ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is, set apart as clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Papal legate

A woodcut showing Henry II of England greeting the pope's legate. A papal legate or Apostolic legate (from the Ancient Roman title legatus) is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic Church.

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Paul Fagius

Paul Fagius (1504 – 13 November 1549) was a Renaissance scholar of Biblical Hebrew and Protestant reformer.

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Peter Martyr Vermigli

Peter Martyr Vermigli (8 September 149912 November 1562) was an Italian-born Reformed theologian.

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Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567), nicknamed der Großmütige ("the magnanimous"), was a leading champion of the Protestant Reformation and one of the most important of the early Protestant rulers in Germany.

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Philip Melanchthon

Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems.

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Piety

In spiritual terminology, piety is a virtue that may include religious devotion, spirituality, or a mixture of both.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.

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Provincial superior

A provincial superior is a major superior of a religious institute acting under the institute's Superior General and exercising a general supervision over all the members of that institute in a territorial division of the order called a province—similar to but not to be confused with an ecclesiastical province made up of particular churches or dioceses under the supervision of a Metropolitan Bishop.

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Purgatory

In Roman Catholic theology, purgatory (via Anglo-Norman and Old French) is an intermediate state after physical death in which some of those ultimately destined for heaven must first "undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven," holding that "certain offenses can be forgiven in this age, but certain others in the age to come." And that entrance into Heaven requires the "remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven," for which indulgences may be given which remove "either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin," such as an "unhealthy attachment" to sin.

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Puritans

The Puritans were English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed.

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Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist

The real presence of Christ in the Eucharist is a term used in Christian theology to express the doctrine that Jesus is really or substantially present in the Eucharist, not merely symbolically or metaphorically.

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Reformation

The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.

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Regius Professor of Divinity

The Regius Professorships of Divinity are amongst the oldest professorships at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.

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Religious image

A religious image, sometimes called a votive image, is a work of visual art that is representational and has a religious purpose, subject or connection.

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Religious vows

Religious vows are the public vows made by the members of religious communities pertaining to their conduct, practices, and views.

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Renaissance humanism

Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

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Sacrament of Penance

The Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation (commonly called Penance, Reconciliation, or Confession) is one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church (called sacred mysteries in the Eastern Catholic Churches), in which the faithful obtain absolution for the sins committed against God and neighbour and are reconciled with the community of the Church.

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Sacramental union

Sacramental union (Latin, unio sacramentalis; Luther's German, Sacramentliche Einigkeit;Weimar Ausgabe 26, 442.23; Luther's Works 37, 299-300. German, sakramentalische Vereinigung) is the Lutheran theological doctrine of the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Christian Eucharist (see Eucharist in Lutheranism).

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Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Protestant Church

The Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Protestant Church (Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune) is one of the most important church buildings of the city of Strasbourg, France, from the art historical and architectural viewpoints.

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Sainte-Madeleine, Strasbourg

The Sainte-Madeleine Church (Église Sainte-Madeleine, German: Magdalenenkirche) is a Catholic church in Strasbourg, France, which was built in Gothic style in the late 15th century, but largely rebuilt in a style close to Jugendstil after a devastating fire in 1904.

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Satire

Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.

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Sélestat

Sélestat (Alsatian: Schlettstàdt; German: Schlettstadt) is a commune in the northeast region of France.

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Schmalkaldic League

The Schmalkaldic League; was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.

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Schmalkaldic War

The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg) refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Scholasticism

Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context.

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Sine populo

Sine populo (Latin for "without the people") is an expression that was used in the Roman Rite liturgy to describe a Mass celebrated by a priest without a congregation.

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Sola fide

Sola fide (Latin: by faith alone), also known as justification by faith alone, is a Christian theological doctrine commonly held to distinguish many Protestant churches from the Catholic Church, as well as the Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches.

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Sola scriptura

Sola Scriptura (Latin: by scripture alone) is a theological doctrine held by some Christian denominations that the Christian scriptures are the sole infallible rule of faith and practice.

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Speyer

Speyer (older spelling Speier, known as Spire in French and formerly as Spires in English) is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, with approximately 50,000 inhabitants.

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St Thomas' Church, Strasbourg

St Thomas' Church (Église Saint-Thomas, Thomaskirche) is a historical building in Strasbourg, eastern France.

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St William's Church, Strasbourg

Saint William's Church (also called Wilhelmskirche in German and église Saint-Guillaume in French) is a gothic church presently of the Lutheran Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine located in Strasbourg, France.

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Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Alsatian: Strossburi; Straßburg) is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament.

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Strasbourg Cathedral

Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, or Cathédrale de Strasbourg, Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg or Straßburger Münster), also known as Strasbourg Minster, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Strasbourg, Alsace, France.

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Synod

A synod is a council of a church, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application.

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Tetrapolitan Confession

The Tetrapolitan Confession, also called the Confessio Tetrapolitana, Strasbourg Confession, or Swabian Confession, was the official confession of the followers of Huldrych Zwingli and the first confession of the reformed church.

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Thomas Aquinas

Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.

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Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See.

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Thomas Murner

Thomas Murner, OFM (24 December 1475-c. 1537) was a German satirist, poet and translator.

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Tower of London

The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London.

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Transubstantiation

Transubstantiation (Latin: transsubstantiatio; Greek: μετουσίωσις metousiosis) is, according to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, the change of substance or essence by which the bread and wine offered in the sacrifice of the sacrament of the Eucharist during the Mass, become, in reality, the body and blood of Jesus Christ.

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Treatise

A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject.

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Treaty of Frankfurt (1539)

The Treaty of Frankfurt (also spelled Treaty of Frankfort), also known as the Truce of Frankfurt, was a formal agreement of peace between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Protestants on 19 April 1539.

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Ulm

Ulm is a city in the federal German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube.

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Ulrich von Hutten

Ulrich von Hutten (21 April 1488 – 29 August 1523) was a German scholar, poet and satirist, who later became a follower of Martin Luther and a Protestant reformer.

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University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.

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University of Cologne

The University of Cologne (Universität zu Köln) is a university in Cologne, Germany.

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University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.

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Veneration

Veneration (Latin veneratio or dulia, Greek δουλεία, douleia), or veneration of saints, is the act of honoring a saint, a person who has been identified as having a high degree of sanctity or holiness.

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Vestment

Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religion, especially among the Eastern Orthodox, Catholics (Latin Church and others), Anglicans, and Lutherans.

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Vestments controversy

The vestments controversy or vestarian controversy arose in the English Reformation, ostensibly concerning vestments or clerical dress.

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Walter Haddon

Walter Haddon LL.D. (1515–1572) was an English civil lawyer, much involved in church and university affairs under Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Elizabeth I. He was a Cambridge humanist and reformer, and was highly reputed in his time as a Latinist: his controversial exchange with the Portuguese historian Jerónimo Osório attracted international attention based largely on the scholarly reputations of the protagonists.

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Wibrandis Rosenblatt

Wibrandis Rosenblatt (1504–1564) was the wife of three religious reformers, who predeceased her: Johannes Oecolampadius (married, 1528–1531), Wolfgang Capito (married, 1532–1541), and Martin Bucer (married, 1542–1551).

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Willem van 't Spijker

Willem van 't Spijker (born 21 september 1926) is a Dutch minister and theologian.

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William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

William of Jülich-Cleves-Berge (William I of Cleves, William V of Jülich-Berg) (Wilhelm der Reiche; 28 July 1516 – 5 January 1592) was a Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1539–1592).

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Willibald Pirckheimer

Willibald Pirckheimer (5 December 1470 – 22 December 1530) was a German Renaissance lawyer, author and Renaissance humanist, a wealthy and prominent figure in Nuremberg in the 16th century, and a member of the governing City Council for two periods.

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Wissembourg

Wissembourg (South Franconian: Weisseburch, pronounced; German) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

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Wittenberg

Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Wittenberg Concord

Wittenberg Concord, is a religious concordat signed by Reformed and Lutheran theologians and churchmen on 29 May 1536 as an attempted resolution of their differences with respect to the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist.

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Wolfgang Capito

Wolfgang Fabricius Capito (also Koepfel) (– November 1541) was a German Protestant reformer in the Reformed tradition.

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Worms, Germany

Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt-am-Main.

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Zürich

Zürich or Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich.

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Redirects here:

Bucer, Bucer Martin, Bucer, Martin, Bucerus, Butzer, Martin Butzen, Martin Butzer, Martinus Bucerus.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bucer

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