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301 relations: ABC-CLIO, Adam Jones (Canadian scholar), Adolf Hitler, Africa, Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician), Alfred A. Knopf, Amartya Sen, Amnesty International, Andrzej Walicki, Anne Applebaum, Anti-communist mass killings, Arnold Meri, Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code), Babrak Karmal, Basic Books, BBC, Ben Kiernan, Bengal famine of 1943, Benjamin B. Fischer, Berlin Crisis of 1961, Berlin Wall, Bolsheviks, Bourgeoisie, British Raj, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cambodian genocide, Cambridge University Press, Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, Catholic Church, Central Tibetan Administration, Cheka, China, Chinese Civil War, Choeung Ek, Civil and political rights, Civil society, Classicide, Cold War, Cold War History (journal), Collectivism, Colonialism, Communism, Communist Party of China, Communist state, Communist terrorism, Conservatism, Cornell University Press, Cossacks, Counter-revolutionary, ..., Crime, Crimean Tatars, Crimes against humanity, Crimes against humanity under Communist regimes, Criticism of communist party rule, Crusades, Cultural genocide, Cultural Revolution, Czech Republic, Da Capo Press, Dalai Lama, Daniel Goldhagen, Darfur, Definitions of politicide, Dekulakization, Democide, Democratic Kampuchea, Denazification, Deportation, Der Spiegel, Don Cossacks, Donald Rayfield, Duke University Press, Dysentery, East Germany, Eastern Europe, Encounter Books, Enemy of the people, Eritrea, Ervin Staub, Estonia, Ethnic cleansing, Ethnic group, Europe-Asia Studies, European Review of History, Exceptionalism, Extrajudicial killing, Famine, Felix Dzerzhinsky, Florida State University, Forced settlements in the Soviet Union, Friedrich Engels, Genocide, Genocide Convention, George G. Watson, German reunification, Glasnost, God, Great Chinese Famine, Great Leap Forward, Great Purge, Gulag, Harvard University Press, Hausa people, Helen Rappaport, Hiiumaa, History of Russia, Hmong people, Ho Chi Minh, Holodomor, Holodomor genocide question, Horst Möller, Human Rights Watch, Igbo people, Inquisition, Institute of National Remembrance, Insurgency in Laos, J. Arch Getty, Jan T. Gross, John Gray (philosopher), Jon Halliday, Jon Wiener, Jonathan Cape, Jonathan Fenby, Joseph Stalin, Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Jung Chang, Junker (Prussia), Kang Kek Iew, Katyn massacre, Kazakh famine of 1932–33, Kazakhs, Kenya, Khmer people, Khmer Rouge, Khmer Rouge Killing Fields, Khmer Rouge Tribunal, Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, Klas-Göran Karlsson, Korean War, Kronstadt rebellion, Kulak, Kuomintang, Lama, Land reform in North Vietnam, Laogai, Laos, Lavrentiy Beria, Leninism, Lennart Meri, Liberalism, List of deaths at the Berlin Wall, Los Angeles Times, Mao Zedong, Mao's Great Famine, Mao: The Unknown Story, Martin Malia, Martin Shaw (sociologist), Marx's theory of history, Marxism, Mass grave, Mass graves from Soviet mass executions, Mass murder, Memorial (society), Mengistu Haile Mariam, Michael Ellman, Michael Mann (sociologist), Michael Schoenhals, Modern Library Chronicles, Mongolian People's Republic, Nazi Germany, Nazism, Neue Rheinische Zeitung, New York City, Newsweek, Nikolai Yezhov, NKVD, NKVD prisoner massacres, North Korea, North Korean famine, North Vietnam, Nuon Chea, One-party state, Operation Barbarossa, Orlando Figes, Oxford University Press, Pankaj Mishra, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Pathet Lao, Paul Johnson (writer), PDF, Penguin Books, People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, Perestroika, Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union, Pierre Rigoulot, Piper Verlag, Pol Pot, Polish Military Organisation, Polish Operation of the NKVD, Politburo, Political repression, Princeton University Press, Protestantism, Pul-e-Charkhi prison, Purge, Qey Shibir, R. 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Eliot, Tambov Rebellion, Terror (politics), Terrorism, The Black Book of Communism, The Day (newspaper), The Great Terror, The Guardian, The New York Review of Books, The New York Times International Edition, The Times, The Washington Post, Thirty Years' War, Time (magazine), Timothy D. Snyder, Tomasz Strzembosz, Transaction Publishers, Tuberculosis, Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, U.S. News & World Report, Ukrainian nationalism, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Unfree labour, United Kingdom, United Nations, United States Congress, University of California, University of Melbourne, University of Oklahoma, Utopia, Victims of Communism Memorial, Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, Vietnam, Vietnam War, Vintage Books, Vladimir Lenin, W. Bruce Lincoln, War crime, Westport, Connecticut, White movement, World history, World War I, WorldNetDaily, Yale University, Yale University Press, Zimbabwe, 1959 Tibetan uprising. Expand index (251 more) »
ABC-CLIO
ABC-CLIO, LLC is a publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.
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Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)
Adam Jones (born 30 August 1963, in Singapore) is a political scientist, writer, and photojournalist based at the University of British Columbia Okanagan in Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)
Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Я́ковлев; 2 December 1923 – 18 October 2005) was a Soviet politician and historian.
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Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is a New York publishing house that was founded by Alfred A. Knopf Sr. and Blanche Knopf in 1915.
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Amartya Sen
Amartya Kumar Sen, CH, FBA (born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist and philosopher, who since 1972 has taught and worked in India, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
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Amnesty International
Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a London-based non-governmental organization focused on human rights.
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Andrzej Walicki
Andrzej Walicki (born May 15, 1930) is a Polish historian.
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Anne Applebaum
Anne Elizabeth Applebaum (born July 25, 1964) is an American-Polish journalist and Pulitzer Prize–winning author who has written extensively about communism and the development of civil society in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Anti-communist mass killings
Anti-communist mass killings are the political mass murders of communists, alleged communists, or their alleged supporters by people, political organizations or governments opposed to communism.
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Arnold Meri
Arnold Meri (1 July 1919 – 27 March 2009) was a Soviet Red Army veteran of World War II and Hero of the Soviet Union who was charged with genocide for his role in the deportation of Estonians to the inhospitable regions of the USSR.
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Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)
Article 58 of the Russian SFSR Penal Code was put in force on 25 February 1927 to arrest those suspected of counter-revolutionary activities.
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Babrak Karmal
Babrak Karmal (Dari/ببرک کارمل, born Sultan Hussein; 6 January 1929 – 1 or 3 December 1996) was an Afghan politician who was installed as President of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union when they invaded in 1979.
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Basic Books
Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1952 and located in New York, now an imprint of Hachette Books.
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BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.
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Ben Kiernan
Benedict F. "Ben" Kiernan (born 1953 in Melbourne) is the Whitney Griswold Professor of History, Professor of International and Area Studies and Director of the Genocide Studies Program at Yale University.
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Bengal famine of 1943
The Bengal famine of 1943 (Bengali: pañcāśēra manvantara) was a major famine in the Bengal province in British India during World War II.
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Benjamin B. Fischer
Benjamin B. Fischer has worked for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for nearly 30 years.
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Berlin Crisis of 1961
The Berlin Crisis of 1961 (Berlin-Krise) occurred between 4 June – 9 November 1961, and was the last major politico-military European incident of the Cold War about the occupational status of the German capital city, Berlin, and of post–World War II Germany.
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Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.
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Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
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Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.
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British Raj
The British Raj (from rāj, literally, "rule" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (កម្ពុជា, or Kampuchea:, Cambodge), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, prĕəh riəciənaacak kampuciə,; Royaume du Cambodge), is a sovereign state located in the southern portion of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Cambodian genocide
The Cambodian genocide (របបប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍) was carried out by the Khmer Rouge regime under the leadership of Pol Pot, killing approximately 1.5 to 3 million Cambodian people from 1975 to 1979.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (or abbreviated as) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Central Tibetan Administration
The Central Tibetan Administration, also known as CTA (literally Exile Tibetan People's Organisation) is an organisation based in India.
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Cheka
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (Всероссийская Чрезвычайная Комиссия), abbreviated as VChK (ВЧК, Ve-Che-Ka) and commonly known as Cheka, (from the initialism ChK) was the first of a succession of Soviet secret police organizations.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC).
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Choeung Ek
Choeung Ek (ជើងឯក), the site of a former orchard and mass grave of victims of the Khmer Rouge - killed between 1975 and 1979 - about south of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, is the best-known of the sites known as The Killing Fields, where the Khmer Rouge regime executed over one million people between 1975 and 1979.
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Civil and political rights
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.
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Civil society
Civil society is the "aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens".
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Classicide
Classicide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of a social class through persecution and violence.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Cold War History (journal)
Cold War History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history of the Cold War.
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Collectivism
Collectivism is a cultural value that is characterized by emphasis on cohesiveness among individuals and prioritization of the group over self.
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Colonialism
Colonialism is the policy of a polity seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of developing or exploiting them to the benefit of the colonizing country and of helping the colonies modernize in terms defined by the colonizers, especially in economics, religion and health.
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China (CPC), also referred to as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China.
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Communist state
A Communist state (sometimes referred to as workers' state) is a state that is administered and governed by a single party, guided by Marxist–Leninist philosophy, with the aim of achieving communism.
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Communist terrorism
Communist terrorism describes terrorism carried out in the advancement of, or by groups who adhere to, communism or related ideologies, such as Leninism, Maoism, or Marxism–Leninism.
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Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
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Cornell University Press
The Cornell University Press is a division of Cornell University housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.
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Cossacks
Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.
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Counter-revolutionary
A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part.
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Crime
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.
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Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars or Crimeans (Crimean Tatar: Qırımtatarlar, qırımlar, Kırım Tatarları, Крымские Татары, крымцы, Кримськi Татари, кримцi) are a Turkic ethnic group that formed in the Crimean Peninsula during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily from the Turkic tribes that moved to the land now known as Crimea in Eastern Europe from the Asian steppes beginning in the 10th century, with contributions from the pre-Cuman population of Crimea.
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Crimes against humanity
Crimes against humanity are certain acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack or individual attack directed against any civilian or an identifiable part of a civilian population.
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Crimes against humanity under Communist regimes
Crimes against humanity have occurred under various Communist regimes.
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Criticism of communist party rule
The actions by governments of communist states have been subject to criticism.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Cultural genocide
Cultural genocide or cultural cleansing is a concept that lawyer Raphael Lemkin distinguished in 1944 as a component of genocide.
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Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (Česká republika), also known by its short-form name Czechia (Česko), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast.
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Da Capo Press
Da Capo Press is an American publishing company with headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts.
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Dalai Lama
Dalai Lama (Standard Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, Tā la'i bla ma) is a title given to spiritual leaders of the Tibetan people.
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Daniel Goldhagen
Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born June 30, 1959) is an American author, and former associate professor of government and social studies at Harvard University.
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Darfur
Darfur (دار فور, Fur) is a region in western Sudan.
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Definitions of politicide
Politicide may refer to one of the following: Political cleansing of population.
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Dekulakization
Dekulakization (раскулачивание, raskulachivanie; розкуркулення, rozkurkulennia) was the Soviet campaign of political repressions, including arrests, deportations, and executions of millions of wealthy peasants and their families in the 1929–1932 period of the First five-year plan.
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Democide
Democide is a term proposed by R. J. Rummel, who defined it as "the intentional killing of an unarmed or disarmed person by government agents acting in their authoritative capacity and pursuant to government policy or high command".
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Democratic Kampuchea
The state of Kampuchea (កម្ពុជា; Kâmpŭchéa; Kampuchéa), officially Democratic Kampuchea (DK; កម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ; Kâmpŭchéa Prâcheathippadey; Kampuchéa démocratique), existed between 1975 and 1979 in present-day Cambodia.
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Denazification
Denazification (Entnazifizierung) was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary, and politics of any remnants of the National Socialist ideology (Nazism).
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Deportation
Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country.
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Der Spiegel
Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.
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Don Cossacks
Don Cossacks (Донские казаки) are Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don.
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Donald Rayfield
(Patrick) Donald Rayfield (born February 1942, Oxford) is professor of Russian and Georgian at Queen Mary University of London.
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Duke University Press
Duke University Press is an academic publisher of books and journals, and a unit of Duke University.
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Dysentery
Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon, which always results in severe diarrhea and abdominal pains.
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East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.
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Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.
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Encounter Books
Encounter Books is an American conservative book publisher.
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Enemy of the people
The term enemy of the people is a designation for the political or class opponents of the subgroup in power within a larger group.
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Eritrea
Eritrea (ኤርትራ), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara.
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Ervin Staub
Ervin Staub (born June 13, 1938) is a professor of psychology, emeritus, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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Estonia
Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.
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Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or racial groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous.
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Ethnic group
An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation.
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Europe-Asia Studies
Europe-Asia Studies is an academic peer-reviewed journal published 10 times a year by Routledge on behalf of the Institute of Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow, and continuing (since vol. 45, 1993) the journal Soviet Studies (vols. 1-44, 1949–1992), which was renamed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
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European Review of History
The European Review of History (French: Revue européenne d'histoire) is a peer-reviewed history journal.
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Exceptionalism
Exceptionalism is the perception that a species, country, society, institution, movement, individual, or time period is "exceptional" (i.e., unusual or extraordinary) in some way.
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Extrajudicial killing
An extrajudicial killing (also known as extrajudicial execution) is the killing of a person by governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or legal process.
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Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, inflation, crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies.
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Felix Dzerzhinsky
Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (Russian: Фе́ликс Эдму́ндович Дзержи́нский; Polish: Feliks Dzierżyński; 20 July 1926), nicknamed Iron Felix, was a Polish and Soviet Bolshevik revolutionary, leader and statesman.
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Florida State University
Florida State University (Florida State or FSU) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university with its primary campus on a campus in Tallahassee, Florida.
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Forced settlements in the Soviet Union
Forced settlements in the Soviet Union took several forms.
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Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.;, sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.
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Genocide
Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part.
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Genocide Convention
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 December 1948 as General Assembly Resolution 260.
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George G. Watson
George Grimes Watson (13 October 1927 – 2 August 2013) was a scholar, literary critic, historian, a fellow of St John's College and professor of English at Cambridge University.
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German reunification
The German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR, colloquially East Germany; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik/DDR) became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, colloquially West Germany; German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland/BRD) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz (constitution) Article 23.
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Glasnost
In the Russian language the word glasnost (гла́сность) has several general and specific meanings.
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God
In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.
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Great Chinese Famine
The Great Chinese Famine was a period in the People's Republic of China between the years 1959 and 1961 characterized by widespread famine.
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Great Leap Forward
The Great Leap Forward of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1962.
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Great Purge
The Great Purge or the Great Terror (Большо́й терро́р) was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938.
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Gulag
The Gulag (ГУЛАГ, acronym of Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения, "Main Camps' Administration" or "Chief Administration of Camps") was the government agency in charge of the Soviet forced labor camp system that was created under Vladimir Lenin and reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the 1950s.
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Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
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Hausa people
The Hausa (autonyms for singular: Bahaushe (m), Bahaushiya (f); plural: Hausawa and general: Hausa; exonyms: Ausa) are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa.
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Helen Rappaport
Helen F. Rappaport (née Ware; born 1947), is a British author and former actress.
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Hiiumaa
Hiiumaa (German & Dagö; Dagø; Hiidenmaa) is the second largest island (989 km²) in Estonia.
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History of Russia
The History of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs.
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Hmong people
The Hmong/Mong (RPA: Hmoob/Moob) are an indigenous people in Asia.
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Ho Chi Minh
Hồ Chí Minh (Chữ nôm: 胡志明; 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969), born Nguyễn Sinh Cung, also known as Nguyễn Tất Thành and Nguyễn Ái Quốc, was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam.
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Holodomor
The Holodomor (Голодомо́р); (derived from морити голодом, "to kill by starvation"), also known as the Terror-Famine and Famine-Genocide in Ukraine, and—before the widespread use of the term "Holodomor", and sometimes currently—also referred to as the Great Famine, and The Ukrainian Genocide of 1932–33—was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 and 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians that was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932–33, which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country.
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Holodomor genocide question
The Holodomor genocide question consists of the attempts to determine whether the Holodomor, the catastrophic man-made famine of 1933 that killed 7 to 10 million people in Ukraine, was an ethnic genocide or an unintended result of the "Soviet regime's re-direction of already drought-reducedRobert William Davies, Stephen G. Wheatcroft, Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History Palgrave Macmillan (2002), chapter The Soviet Famine of 1932–33 and the Crisis in Agriculture p. 69 et seq.
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Horst Möller
Horst Möller (born 12 January 1943 in Breslau) is a German contemporary historian.
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Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
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Igbo people
The Igbo people (also Ibo," formerly also Iboe, Ebo, Eboe, Eboans, Heebo; natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò) are an ethnic group native to the present-day south-central and southeastern Nigeria.
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Inquisition
The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat public heresy committed by baptized Christians.
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Institute of National Remembrance
The Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu; IPN) is a Polish government-affiliated research institute with lustration prerogatives, as well as prosecution powers.
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Insurgency in Laos
The insurgency in Laos refers to the ongoing, albeit sporadic, military conflict of the Third Indochina War between the Lao People's Army, and Vietnam People's Army opposed primarily by members of the former "Secret Army" or the Hmong people as well as various other ethnic lowland Lao insurgencies in Laos, who have faced governmental reprisals due to Royal Lao and Hmong support for the American-led, anti-communist campaigns in Laos during the Laotian Civil War—which is an extension to the war itself.
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J. Arch Getty
John Archibald Getty, III (born November 30, 1950) is an American historian and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, specializing in the History of Russia and History of the Soviet Union.
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Jan T. Gross
Jan Tomasz Gross (born 1947) is a Polish-American sociologist and historian.
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John Gray (philosopher)
John Nicholas Gray (born 17 April 1948) is an English political philosopher with interests in analytic philosophy and the history of ideas.
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Jon Halliday
Jon Halliday is an Irish historian specialising in modern Asia.
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Jon Wiener
Jon Wiener (born May 16, 1944) is an American historian and journalist based in Los Angeles.
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Jonathan Cape
Jonathan Cape is a London publishing firm founded in 1921 by Herbert Jonathan Cape, who was head of the firm until his death in 1960.
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Jonathan Fenby
Jonathan Fenby, CBE (born 11 November 1942) is China Chairman and Managing Director, European Politics at the research service TSLombard.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.
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Journal of Vietnamese Studies
Journal of Vietnamese Studies is a peer-reviewed quarterly journal published by University of California Press, in Berkeley, California.
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Jung Chang
Jung Chang (born 25 March 1952) is a Chinese-born British writer now living in London, best known for her family autobiography Wild Swans, selling over 10 million copies worldwide but banned in the People's Republic of China.
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Junker (Prussia)
The Junkers were members of the landed nobility in Prussia.
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Kang Kek Iew
Kang Kek Iew or Kaing Kek Iev, also romanized as Kaing Guek Eav (កាំង ហ្គេកអ៊ាវ), nom de guerre Comrade Duch or Deuch (មិត្តឌុច); or Hang Pin, (born 17 November 1942) is a prisoner, war criminal and former leader in the Khmer Rouge movement, which ruled Democratic Kampuchea from 1975 to 1979.
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Katyn massacre
The Katyn massacre (zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń massacre" or "Katyn crime"; Катынская резня or Катынский расстрел Katynskij reznya, "Katyn massacre") was a series of mass executions of Polish intelligentsia carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", the Soviet secret police) in April and May 1940.
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Kazakh famine of 1932–33
The Kazakh famine of 1930–1933, known in Kazakhstan as the Goloshchekin genocide (Goloshekındik genotsıd),Қазақстан тарихы: Аса маңызды кезеңдері мен ғылыми мәселелері.
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Kazakhs
The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Қазақ, Qazaq, قازاق, Qazaqtar, Қазақтар, قازاقتار; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people who mainly inhabit the southern part of Eastern Europe and the Ural mountains and northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia and Mongolia), the region also known as the Eurasian sub-continent.
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Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
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Khmer people
Khmer people (ខ្មែរ,, Northern Khmer pronunciation) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Cambodia, accounting for 97.6% of the country's 15.9 million people.
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Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge ("Red Khmers"; ខ្មែរក្រហម Khmer Kror-Horm) was the name popularly given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea and by extension to the regime through which the CPK ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979.
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Khmer Rouge Killing Fields
The Cambodian Killing Fields (វាលពិឃាត) are a number of sites in Cambodia where collectively more than a million people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Cambodian Civil War (1970–1975).
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Khmer Rouge Tribunal
The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC; Chambres extraordinaires au sein des tribunaux cambodgiens (CETC); អង្គជំនុំជម្រះវិសាមញ្ញក្នុjងតុលាការកម្ពុជា), commonly known as the Cambodia Tribunal or Khmer Rouge Tribunal (សាលាក្ដីខ្មែរក្រហម), is a court established to try the most senior responsible members of the Khmer Rouge for alleged violations of international law and serious crimes perpetrated during the Cambodian genocide.
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Kim Il-sung
Kim Il-sung (or Kim Il Sung) (born Kim Sŏng-ju; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the first leader of North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.
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Kim Jong-il
Kim Jong-il (or Kim Jong Il) (16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011) was the second Supreme Leader of North Korea, from the death of his father Kim Il-sung, the first Supreme Leader of North Korea, in 1994 until his own death in 2011.
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Klas-Göran Karlsson
Klas-Göran Karlsson (born 1955) is a Professor of History at Lund University.
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Korean War
The Korean War (in South Korean, "Korean War"; in North Korean, "Fatherland: Liberation War"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States).
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Kronstadt rebellion
The Kronstadt rebellion (Kronshtadtskoye vosstaniye) involved a major unsuccessful uprising against the Bolsheviks in March 1921, during the later years of the Russian Civil War.
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Kulak
The kulaks (a, plural кулаки́, p, "fist", by extension "tight-fisted"; kurkuli in Ukraine, but also used in Russian texts in Ukrainian contexts) were a category of affluent peasants in the later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia and the early Soviet Union.
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Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China (KMT; often translated as the Nationalist Party of China) is a major political party in the Republic of China on Taiwan, based in Taipei and is currently the opposition political party in the Legislative Yuan.
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Lama
Lama ("chief" or "high priest") is a title for a teacher of the Dhamma in Tibetan Buddhism.
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Land reform in North Vietnam
Land reform in North Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cải cách ruộng đất tại miền Bắc Việt Nam) can be understood as an agrarian reform in northern Vietnam throughout different periods, but in many cases it only refers to the one within the regime of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the 1950s.
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Laogai
Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC).
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Laos
Laos (ລາວ,, Lāo; Laos), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao; République démocratique populaire lao), commonly referred to by its colloquial name of Muang Lao (Lao: ເມືອງລາວ, Muang Lao), is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southwest and Thailand to the west and southwest.
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Lavrentiy Beria
Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (p; tr,; 29 March 1899 – 23 December 1953) was a Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, and promoted to deputy premier under Stalin from 1941.
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Leninism
Leninism is the political theory for the organisation of a revolutionary vanguard party and the achievement of a dictatorship of the proletariat as political prelude to the establishment of socialism.
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Lennart Meri
Lennart Georg Meri (29 March 1929 – 14 March 2006) was an Estonian statesman, writer, and film director.
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
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List of deaths at the Berlin Wall
There were numerous deaths at the Berlin Wall, which stood as a barrier between West Berlin and East Germany from 13 August 1961 until 9 November 1989.
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Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.
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Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893September 9, 1976), commonly known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
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Mao's Great Famine
Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62, is a 2010 book by professor and historian Frank Dikötter about the Great Chinese Famine of 1958–1962 in the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong (1893–1976).
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Mao: The Unknown Story
Mao: The Unknown Story is a 2005 biography of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong (1893–1976) written by the wife and husband team of writer Jung Chang and historian Jon Halliday, who depict Mao as being responsible for more deaths in peacetime than Adolf Hitler or Joseph Stalin.
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Martin Malia
Martin Edward Malia (March 14, 1924, Springfield, MassachusettsNovember 19, 2004, Oakland, California) was a historian specializing in Russian history.
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Martin Shaw (sociologist)
Martin Shaw (born 30 June 1947 in Driffield, Yorkshire) is a British sociologist and academic.
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Marx's theory of history
The Marxist theory of historical materialism sees human society as fundamentally determined at any given time by the material conditions—in other words, the relationships which people have with each other in order to fulfill basic needs such as feeding, clothing, and housing themselves and their families.
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Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Mass grave
A mass grave is a grave containing multiple human corpses, which may or may not be identified prior to burial.
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Mass graves from Soviet mass executions
Mass graves in the Soviet Union were used for the burial of mass numbers of citizens and foreigners executed by the government of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.
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Mass murder
Mass murder is the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.
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Memorial (society)
Memorial (Мемориа́л) is a Russian historical and civil rights society that operates in a number of post-Soviet states.
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Mengistu Haile Mariam
Mengistu Haile Mariam (መንግስቱ ኃይለ ማርያም, pronounced; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian soldier and politician who was the dictator of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.
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Michael Ellman
Michael John Ellman (born 27 July 1942, Ripley, Surrey) has been a professor of economics at the University of Amsterdam since 1978.
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Michael Mann (sociologist)
Michael Mann FBA (born 1942) is a British-born professor of Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Visiting Research Professor at Queen's University Belfast.
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Michael Schoenhals
Michael Schoenhals (born 1953) is a Swedish sinologist, specializing in the society of modern China.
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Modern Library Chronicles
The Modern Library Chronicles are a series of short books published by the American publisher, Modern Library.
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Mongolian People's Republic
The Mongolian People's Republic (Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс (БНМАУ), Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls (BNMAU)), commonly known as Outer Mongolia, was a unitary sovereign socialist state which existed between 1924 and 1992, coterminous with the present-day country of Mongolia in East Asia.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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Neue Rheinische Zeitung
The Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie ("New Rhenish Newspaper: Organ of Democracy") was a German daily newspaper, published by Karl Marx in Cologne between 1 June 1848 and 19 May 1849.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Newsweek
Newsweek is an American weekly magazine founded in 1933.
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Nikolai Yezhov
Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov,; May 1, 1895 – February 4, 1940) was a Soviet secret police official under Joseph Stalin who was head of the NKVD from 1936 to 1938, during the most active period of the Great Purge. Having presided over mass arrests and executions during the Great Purge, Yezhov eventually fell from Stalin's favour and power. He was arrested, confessed to a range of anti-Soviet activity, later claiming he was tortured into making these confessions, and was executed in 1940. By the beginning of World War II, his status within the Soviet Union had become that of enemy of the people.
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NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.
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NKVD prisoner massacres
The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions carried out by the Soviet NKVD secret police during World War II against political prisoners across Eastern Europe, primarily Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Bessarabia and other parts of the Soviet Union from which the Red Army was retreating following the Nazi German attack on the Soviet positions in occupied Poland, known as Operation Barbarossa.
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North Korea
North Korea (Chosŏn'gŭl:조선; Hanja:朝鮮; Chosŏn), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (abbreviated as DPRK, PRK, DPR Korea, or Korea DPR), is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.
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North Korean famine
The North Korean famine, which together with the accompanying general economic crisis are known as the Arduous March or The March of Suffering (고난의 행군) in North Korea, occurred in North Korea from 1994 to 1998.
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North Vietnam
North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, although it did not achieve widespread recognition until 1954.
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Nuon Chea
Nuon Chea (នួន ជា; born Lau Kim Korn, 7 July 1926), also known as Long Bunruot (ឡុង ប៊ុនរត្ន) or Rungloet Laodi (รุ่งเลิศ เหล่าดี), is a Cambodian former communist politician who was the chief ideologist of the Khmer Rouge.
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One-party state
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of state in which one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution.
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Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
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Orlando Figes
Orlando Guy Figes (born Islington, 20 November 1959) is a British historian and writer known for his works on Russian history.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Pankaj Mishra
Pankaj Mishra (born 1969) is an Indian essayist and novelist.
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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) is the parliamentary arm of the Council of Europe, a 47-nation international organisation dedicated to upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
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Pathet Lao
The Pathet Lao (Lao: ປະເທດລາວ, "Lao Nation") was a communist political movement and organization in Laos, formed in the mid-20th century.
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Paul Johnson (writer)
Paul Bede Johnson (born 2 November 1928) is an English journalist, popular historian, speechwriter, and author.
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The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
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Penguin Books
Penguin Books is a British publishing house.
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People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان, Hezb-e dimūkrātĩk-e khalq-e Afghānistān, د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند, Da Afghanistān da khalq dimukrātīk gund; abbreviated PDPA) was a political party established on 1 January 1965.
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Perestroika
Perestroika (a) was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991 and is widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform.
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Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
Throughout the history of the Soviet Union (1922–1991), there were periods where Soviet authorities suppressed and persecuted various forms of Christianity to different extents depending on State interests.
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Pierre Rigoulot
Pierre Rigoulot (born 1944) is a French historian and author.
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Piper Verlag
Piper Verlag is a German publisher based in Munich, printing both fiction and non-fiction works.
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Pol Pot
Pol Pot (ប៉ុល ពត; 19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998) was a Cambodian revolutionary and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea from 1976 to 1979.
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Polish Military Organisation
Polish Military Organisation, PMO ('Polska Organizacja Wojskowa', POW) was a secret military organization created by Józef Piłsudski in August 1914, and officially named in November 1914, during World War I. Its tasks were to gather intelligence and sabotage the enemies of the Polish people.
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Polish Operation of the NKVD
The Polish Operation of the Soviet security service in 1937–1938 was a mass operation of the NKVD carried out in the Soviet Union against Poles (labeled by the Soviets as "agents") during the period of the Great Purge.
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Politburo
A politburo or political bureau is the executive committee for communist parties.
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Political repression
Political repression is the persecution of an individual or group within society for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of a society thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens.
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Pul-e-Charkhi prison
Pul-e-Charkhi (Persian: زندان پل چرخی), also known as Pul-i-Charkhi or Afghan National Detention Facility, is the largest prison in Afghanistan east of Kabul.
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Purge
In history, religion and political science, a purge is a removal of people who are considered undesirable by those in power from a government, another organization, their team owners, or society as a whole.
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Qey Shibir
Qey Shibir (also Key Shibbir; Amharic: ቀይ ሽብር ḳäy šəbbər; 1977–1978) or the Ethiopian Red Terror, was a violent political campaign against competing Marxist-Leninist groups in Ethiopia and Eritrea that most visibly took place after Mengistu Haile Mariam achieved control of the Derg, the military junta, on 3 February 1977.
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R. W. Davies
Robert William "Bob" Davies, best known as R. W. Davies, (born 23 April 1925) is professor emeritus of Soviet Economic Studies, University of Birmingham.
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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcasting organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed".
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Random House
Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world.
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Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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Red Guards
Red Guards were a student mass paramilitary social movement mobilized by Mao Zedong in 1966 and 1967, during the Cultural Revolution.
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Red Terror
The Red Terror was a period of political repression and mass killings carried out by Bolsheviks after the beginning of the Russian Civil War in 1918.
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Reuters
Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
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Revolutionary terror
Revolutionary terror (also referred to as revolutionary terrorism, or a reign of terror) refers to the institutionalized application of force to counterrevolutionaries, particularly during the French Revolution from the years 1793 to 1795 (see the Reign of Terror).
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Richard Pipes
Richard Edgar Pipes (Ryszard Pipes; July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was a Polish American academic who specialized in Russian history, particularly with respect to the Soviet Union, who espoused a strong anti-communist point of view throughout his career.
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Robert Conquest
George Robert Acworth Conquest, CMG, OBE, FBA, FAAAS, FRSL, FBIS (15 July 1917 – 3 August 2015) was an English-American historian, propagandist and poet.
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Robert Gellately
Robert Gellately (born 1943) is a Canadian academic who is one of the leading historians of modern Europe, particularly during World War II and the Cold War era.
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Rockford University
Rockford University is a private American liberal arts college in Rockford, Illinois.
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Roderick MacFarquhar
Roderick Lemonde MacFarquhar (born 2 December 1930) is a Harvard University professor and China specialist, British politician, newspaper and television journalist and academic orientalist.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
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Rowman & Littlefield
Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an independent publishing house founded in 1949.
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Rudolph Rummel
Rudolph Joseph Rummel (October 21, 1932 – March 2, 2014) was professor of political science who taught at the Indiana University, Yale University, and University of Hawaii.
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Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War (Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiyi; November 1917 – October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
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SAGE Publications
SAGE Publishing is an independent publishing company founded in 1965 in New York by Sara Miller McCune and now based in California.
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Save the Children
The Save the Children Fund, commonly known as Save the Children, is an international non-governmental organisation that promotes children's rights, provides relief and helps support children in developing countries.
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Sergei Melgunov
Sergei Petrovich Melgunov (Серге́й Петрович Мельгунов) (December 24 or 25, 1879 – May 26, 1956) was a Russian historian, publicist and politician best known for his opposition to the Soviet government and his numerous works on the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War.
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Seumas Milne
Seumas Milne (born 1958) is a British journalist and political aide.
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Shanghai
Shanghai (Wu Chinese) is one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of China and the most populous city proper in the world, with a population of more than 24 million.
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Show trial
A show trial is a public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the defendant.
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Simon Sebag Montefiore
Simon Jonathan Sebag Montefiore (born 27 June 1965) is a British historian, television presenter and award-winning author of popular history books and novels.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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South Vietnam
South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, Việt Nam Cộng Hòa), was a country that existed from 1955 to 1975 and comprised the southern half of what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
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Soviet and Communist studies
Soviet and Communist studies is the field of historical studies of the Soviet Union and other Communist states, as well as of communist parties, such as the Communist Party USA, that existed or still exist in some form in many countries, inside or outside the former Soviet Bloc.
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Soviet deportations from Estonia
Soviet deportations from Estonia were a series of mass deportations by the Soviet Union from Estonia in 1941 and 1945–1951.
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Soviet famine of 1932–33
The Soviet famine of 1932–33 was a major famine that killed millions of people in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia.
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Soviet invasion of Poland
The Soviet invasion of Poland was a Soviet Union military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939.
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Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
In the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, which took place in September 1939, the territory of Poland was divided in half between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Soviet war crimes
War crimes perpetrated by the Soviet Union and its armed forces from 1919 to 1991 include acts committed by the Red Army (later called the Soviet Army) as well as the NKVD, including the NKVD's Internal Troops.
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Soviet–Afghan War
The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989.
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Stalin and His Hangmen
Stalin and His Hangmen: An Authoritative Portrait of a Tyrant and Those Who Served Him by Donald Rayfield, and the imprinted with another subtitle: Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him, is a 2004 political biography by Donald Rayfield, of Joseph Stalin and his subordinates who ran the Soviet secret police: Felix Dzerzhinsky, Vyacheslav Menzhinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolai Yezhov and Lavrentiy Beria.
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Stalinism
Stalinism is the means of governing and related policies implemented from the 1920s to 1953 by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953).
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Stalinist repressions in Mongolia
The Stalinist repressions in Mongolia (Их Хэлмэгдүүлэлт, Ikh Khelmegdüülelt, "Great Repression") refers to a period of heightened political violence and persecution in the Mongolian People's Republic between 1937 and 1939.
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State Duma
The State Duma (r), commonly abbreviated in Russian as Госду́ма (Gosduma), is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, while the upper house is the Council of the Federation.
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Stéphane Courtois
Stéphane Courtois (born 25 November 1947) is a French historian and university professor, a Director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Professor at the Catholic Institute of Higher Studies (ICES) in La Roche-sur-Yon, and Director of a collection specialized in the history of communist movements and regimes.
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Stephen G. Wheatcroft
Stephen G. Wheatcroft (born 1 June 1947) is professor of the School of Historical Studies, University of Melbourne.
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Stephen Hicks
Stephen Ronald Craig Hicks (born August 19, 1960) is a Canadian-American philosopher.
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Steven Rosefielde
Steven R. Rosefielde (born 1942) is Professor of Comparative Economic Systems at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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Struggle session
A struggle session was a form of public humiliation and torture used by the Communist Party of China in the Mao Zedong era, particularly during the Cultural Revolution, to shape public opinion and to humiliate, persecute, or execute political rivals and class enemies.
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Sudan
The Sudan or Sudan (السودان as-Sūdān) also known as North Sudan since South Sudan's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan (جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa.
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Summary execution
A summary execution is an execution in which a person is accused of a crime and immediately killed without benefit of a full and fair trial.
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T. S. Eliot
Thomas Stearns Eliot, (26 September 1888 – 4 January 1965), was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and "one of the twentieth century's major poets".
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Tambov Rebellion
The Tambov Rebellion (historically referred to in the Soviet Union as Antonovshchina), which occurred between 1920 and 1921, was one of the largest and best-organized peasant rebellions challenging the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War.
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Terror (politics)
Terror, is from the French terreur, from Latin terror meaning "great fear", a noun derived from the Latin verb ''terrere'' meaning "to frighten", is a policy of political repression and violence intended to subdue political opposition.
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Terrorism
Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.
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The Black Book of Communism
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression is a 1997 book by Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Andrzej Paczkowski and several other European academics documenting a history of political repressions by Communist states, including genocides, extrajudicial executions, deportations, killing population in labor camps and artificially created famines.
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The Day (newspaper)
Den (День, The Day) is a Kiev-based, centrist daily broadsheet newspaper.
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The Great Terror
The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties is a book by British historian Robert Conquest, published in 1968.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The New York Review of Books
The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs.
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The New York Times International Edition
The New York Times International Edition is an English-language newspaper printed at 38 sites throughout the world and sold in more than 160 countries and territories.
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The Times
The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England.
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The Washington Post
The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.
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Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.
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Time (magazine)
Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.
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Timothy D. Snyder
Timothy David Snyder (born 1969) is an American author and historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, and the Holocaust.
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Tomasz Strzembosz
Tomasz Strzembosz (11 September 1930 – 16 October 2004) was a Polish historian and writer who specialized in the history of Poland during World War II.
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Transaction Publishers
Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey–based publishing house that specialized in social science books.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum
The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (សារមន្ទីរឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្មប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍ទួលស្លែង) is a museum in Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, chronicling the Cambodian genocide.
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U.S. News & World Report
U.S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis.
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Ukrainian nationalism
Ukrainian nationalism refers to the Ukrainian version of nationalism.
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Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR or UkrSSR or UkSSR; Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, Украї́нська РСР, УРСР; Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика, Украи́нская ССР, УССР; see "Name" section below), also known as the Soviet Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from the Union's inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991. The republic was governed by the Communist Party of Ukraine as a unitary one-party socialist soviet republic. The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations, although it was legally represented by the All-Union state in its affairs with countries outside of the Soviet Union. Upon the Soviet Union's dissolution and perestroika, the Ukrainian SSR was transformed into the modern nation-state and renamed itself to Ukraine. Throughout its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times, with a significant portion of what is now Western Ukraine being annexed by Soviet forces in 1939 from the Republic of Poland, and the addition of Zakarpattia in 1946. From the start, the eastern city of Kharkiv served as the republic's capital. However, in 1934, the seat of government was subsequently moved to the city of Kiev, Ukraine's historic capital. Kiev remained the capital for the rest of the Ukrainian SSR's existence, and remained the capital of independent Ukraine after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Geographically, the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe to the north of the Black Sea, bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia, Byelorussia, and the Russian SFSR. The Ukrainian SSR's border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Union's western-most border point. According to the Soviet Census of 1989 the republic had a population of 51,706,746 inhabitants, which fell sharply after the breakup of the Soviet Union. For most of its existence, it ranked second only to the Russian SFSR in population, economic and political power.
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Unfree labour
Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), compulsion, or other forms of extreme hardship to themselves or members of their families.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.
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University of California
The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the US state of California.
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University of Melbourne
The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia.
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University of Oklahoma
The University of Oklahoma (OU) is a coeducational public research university in Norman, Oklahoma.
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Utopia
A utopia is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens.
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Victims of Communism Memorial
The Victims of Communism Memorial is a memorial in Washington, D.C. located at the intersection of Massachusetts and New Jersey Avenues and G Street, NW, two blocks from Union Station and within view of the U.S. Capitol.
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Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation is a non-profit educational organization in the United States, authorized by a unanimous Act of Congress in 1993 for the purpose of educating Americans about the ideology, history and legacy of communism.
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Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.
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Vintage Books
Vintage Books is a publishing imprint established in 1954 by Alfred A. Knopf.
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
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W. Bruce Lincoln
William Bruce Lincoln (September 6, 1938 – April 9, 2000) was a scholar and author who wrote a number of widely-read books on Russian history.
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War crime
A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility.
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Westport, Connecticut
Westport is an affluent town located in Connecticut, along Long Island Sound within Connecticut's Gold Coast in Fairfield County, Connecticut.
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White movement
The White movement (p) and its military arm the White Army (Бѣлая Армія/Белая Армия, Belaya Armiya), also known as the White Guard (Бѣлая Гвардія/Белая Гвардия, Belaya Gvardiya), the White Guardsmen (Белогвардейцы, Belogvardeytsi) or simply the Whites (Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War (1917–1922/3) and, to a lesser extent, continued operating as militarized associations both outside and within Russian borders until roughly the Second World War.
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World history
World history or global history (not to be confused with diplomatic, transnational or international history) is a field of historical study that emerged as a distinct academic field in the 1980s.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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WorldNetDaily
WorldNetDaily (WND) is an American news and opinion website and online news aggregator which has been described as "fringe" and far right as well as politically conservative.
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Yale University
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.
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Yale University Press
Yale University Press is a university press associated with Yale University.
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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used. Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. In 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, from which it was suspended in 2002 for breaches of international law by its then government and from which it withdrew from in December 2003. It is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). It was once known as the "Jewel of Africa" for its prosperity. Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations. Mugabe maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric of the Cold War era, blaming Zimbabwe's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries. Contemporary African political leaders were reluctant to criticise Mugabe, who was burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials, though Archbishop Desmond Tutu called him "a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator". The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s, experiencing several crashes and hyperinflation along the way. On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country's national army in a coup d'état. On 19 November 2017, ZANU-PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place. On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed.
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1959 Tibetan uprising
The 1959 Tibetan uprising or the 1959 Tibetan rebellion began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Area, which had been under the effective control of the People's Republic of China since the Seventeen Point Agreement was reached in 1951.
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Redirects here:
Communist Holocaust, Communist genocide, Communist holocaust, Communist mass killings, Communist politicide, Excess deaths under Communist regimes, Mass Killings under Communist Regimes, Mass Killings under communist regimes, Mass killings in Cambodia, Mass killings in China, Mass killings in Communist countries, Mass killings in Democratic Kampuchea, Mass killings in North Korea, Mass killings in North Vietnam, Mass killings in communist regimes, Mass killings in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mass killings in the People's Republic of China, Mass killings in the Soviet Union, Mass killings under Communist regimes, Mass killings under communism, Twentieth-century mass killings under Communist regimes.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes
