Logo
Unionpedia
Communication
Get it on Google Play
New! Download Unionpedia on your Android™ device!
Free
Faster access than browser!
 

Median lethal dose

Index Median lethal dose

In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 is a measure of the lethal dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen. [1]

159 relations: Abrin, Abrus precatorius, Acute toxicity, Aflatoxin, Agent Orange, Allotropes of phosphorus, Amatoxin, Animal rights, Animal testing, Animal welfare, Arsenic, Arsenic trioxide, Arsenic trisulfide, Aspartame, Aspirin, Batrachotoxin, Benzalkonium chloride, Benzopyrone, Biological warfare, Bisoprolol, Black pepper, Blister beetle, Blue-ringed octopus, Botulinum toxin, Box jellyfish, Bufo, Bufotoxin, Cadmium oxide, Cadmium sulfide, Caffeine, Cannabidiol, Cantharidin, Capsaicin, Carfentanil, Cf., Chemical warfare, Chlorotoxin, Cholecalciferol, Ciguatera fish poisoning, Cinnamomum cassia, Cobalt(II) chloride, Cocaine, Coumarin, Cyanuric acid, DDT, Delta atracotoxin, Diphtheria toxin, Dose (biochemistry), Draize test, Dysentery, ..., EC50, Effective dose (pharmacology), Environmental Health Perspectives, Ethanol, Fentanyl, Fixed-dose procedure, Food and Drug Administration, Formaldehyde, Fritz Haber, Fructose, Glucose, Gram, Gray (unit), Haber's rule, Health physics, Heroin, Hydrochloric acid, Hydrogen cyanide, Ibuprofen, IC50, Immediately dangerous to life or health, Indicative limit value, Inland taipan, Intravenous therapy, Ionizing radiation, Isotopes of polonium, Ketamine, Kilogram, Laboratory mouse, Lactose, Latrodectus, Latrotoxin, Lethal dose, Lethal injection, Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Maitotoxin, Mammal, MDMA, Median toxic dose, Medication, Melamine, Melamine cyanurate, Mercury(II) chloride, Methamphetamine, Methanol, Microgram, Mongoose, Monosodium glutamate, Nicotine, No-observed-adverse-effect level, OECD, Orders of magnitude (mass), Paracetamol, Paracetamol poisoning, Pathogen, Pentaborane, Peritoneum, Phoneutria fera, Piperidine, Plaque-forming unit, Plutonium, Poison dart frog, Properties of water, Protective index, Psilocybin, Psilocybin mushroom, Radiation, Reed–Muench method, Ricin, Ricinus, Safety data sheet, Sarin, Scorpion, Shiga toxin, Snake, Sodium chloride, Sodium cyanide, Sodium fluoride, Sodium molybdate, Sodium nitrite, Sodium thiopental, Stevia, Stevioside, Strychnine, Sucrose, Sydney funnel-web spider, Taurine, Tetanospasmin, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Tetrodotoxin, The Washington Post, Therapeutic index, Toad, Toxicology, Toxin, United Kingdom, United States Environmental Protection Agency, University of Oxford, Up-and-down procedure, Uranium, Uranyl acetate, Urea, Venom, Venomous snake, Virus quantification, Vitamin C, VX (nerve agent), 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. Expand index (109 more) »

Abrin

Abrin is an extremely toxic toxalbumin found in the seeds of the rosary pea (or jequirity pea), Abrus precatorius.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Abrin · See more »

Abrus precatorius

Abrus precatorius, known commonly as jequirity, Crab's eye, or crab's eye creeper, cock's eyes, rosary pea, paternoster pea, love pea, precatory pea or bean, prayer bead, John Crow Bead, coral bead, red-bead vine, country licorice, Indian licorice, wild licorice, Jamaica wild licorice, Akar Saga, coondrimany, gidee gidee, Jumbie beadMendes (1986), p. 79.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Abrus precatorius · See more »

Acute toxicity

Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Acute toxicity · See more »

Aflatoxin

Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens that are produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Aflatoxin · See more »

Agent Orange

Agent Orange is an herbicide and defoliant chemical, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Agent Orange · See more »

Allotropes of phosphorus

Elemental phosphorus can exist in several allotropes, the most common of which are white and red solids.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Allotropes of phosphorus · See more »

Amatoxin

Amatoxin is the collective name of a subgroup of at least eight related toxic compounds found in several genera of poisonous mushrooms, most notably the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and several other members of the genus Amanita, as well as some Conocybe, Galerina and Lepiota mushroom species.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Amatoxin · See more »

Animal rights

Animal rights is the idea in which some, or all, non-human animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives and that their most basic interests—such as the need to avoid suffering—should be afforded the same consideration as similar interests of human beings.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Animal rights · See more »

Animal testing

Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Animal testing · See more »

Animal welfare

Animal welfare is the well-being of animals.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Animal welfare · See more »

Arsenic

Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Arsenic · See more »

Arsenic trioxide

Arsenic trioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Arsenic trioxide · See more »

Arsenic trisulfide

Arsenic trisulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula As2S3.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Arsenic trisulfide · See more »

Aspartame

Aspartame (APM) is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Aspartame · See more »

Aspirin

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Aspirin · See more »

Batrachotoxin

Batrachotoxin (BTX) is an extremely potent cardiotoxic and neurotoxic steroidal alkaloid found in certain species of frogs (poison dart frog), melyrid beetles, and birds (the pitohui, blue-capped ifrit, and little shrikethrush).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Batrachotoxin · See more »

Benzalkonium chloride

Benzalkonium chloride, also known as BZK, BKC, BAC, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and ADBAC, is a type of cationic surfactant.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Benzalkonium chloride · See more »

Benzopyrone

Benzopyrone may refer to either of two ketone derivatives of benzopyran which constitute the core skeleton of many flavonoid compounds.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Benzopyrone · See more »

Biological warfare

Biological warfare (BW)—also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Biological warfare · See more »

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol, marketed under the tradename Zebeta among others, is a medication most commonly used for heart diseases.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Bisoprolol · See more »

Black pepper

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning, known as a peppercorn.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Black pepper · See more »

Blister beetle

Blister beetles are beetles of the family Meloidae, so called for their defensive secretion of a blistering agent, cantharidin.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Blister beetle · See more »

Blue-ringed octopus

Blue-ringed octopuses, comprising the genus Hapalochlaena, are four highly venomous species of octopus that are found in tide pools and coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian oceans, from Japan to Australia.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Blue-ringed octopus · See more »

Botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin (BTX) or Botox is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Botulinum toxin · See more »

Box jellyfish

Box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their cube-shaped medusae.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Box jellyfish · See more »

Bufo

Bufo is a large genus of about 150 species of true toads in the amphibian family Bufonidae.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Bufo · See more »

Bufotoxin

Bufotoxins are a family of toxic steroid lactones.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Bufotoxin · See more »

Cadmium oxide

Cadmium oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdO.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cadmium oxide · See more »

Cadmium sulfide

Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cadmium sulfide · See more »

Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Caffeine · See more »

Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a naturally occurring cannabinoid constituent of cannabis.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cannabidiol · See more »

Cantharidin

Cantharidin is an odorless, colorless fatty substance of the terpenoid class, which is secreted by many species of blister beetles.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cantharidin · See more »

Capsaicin

Capsaicin ((INN); 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Capsaicin · See more »

Carfentanil

Carfentanil or carfentanyl is an analog of the synthetic opioid analgesic fentanyl.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Carfentanil · See more »

Cf.

The abbreviation cf. (short for the confer/conferatur, both meaning "compare") is used in writing to refer the reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cf. · See more »

Chemical warfare

Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Chemical warfare · See more »

Chlorotoxin

Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) which blocks small-conductance chloride channels.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Chlorotoxin · See more »

Cholecalciferol

Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3 and colecalciferol, is a type of vitamin D which is made by the skin, found in some foods, and taken as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cholecalciferol · See more »

Ciguatera fish poisoning

Ciguatera fish poisoning, also known simply as ciguatera, is a foodborne illness caused by eating reef fish whose flesh is contaminated with certain toxins.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Ciguatera fish poisoning · See more »

Cinnamomum cassia

Cinnamomum cassia, called Chinese cassia or Chinese cinnamon, is an evergreen tree originating in southern China, and widely cultivated there and elsewhere in southern and eastern Asia (India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Taiwan of China, Thailand, and Vietnam).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cinnamomum cassia · See more »

Cobalt(II) chloride

Cobalt(II) chloride is an inorganic compound of cobalt and chlorine, with the formula CoCl2.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cobalt(II) chloride · See more »

Cocaine

Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cocaine · See more »

Coumarin

Coumarin (2H-chromen-2-one) is a fragrant organic chemical compound in the benzopyrone chemical class, although it may also be seen as a subclass of lactones.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Coumarin · See more »

Cyanuric acid

Cyanuric acid or 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol is a chemical compound with the formula (CNOH)3.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Cyanuric acid · See more »

DDT

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochlorine, originally developed as an insecticide, and ultimately becoming infamous for its environmental impacts.

New!!: Median lethal dose and DDT · See more »

Delta atracotoxin

Delta atracotoxin (δ-ACTX-Ar1, robustoxin, or robustotoxin) is a low-molecular-weight neurotoxic polypeptide found in the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Delta atracotoxin · See more »

Diphtheria toxin

Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Diphtheria toxin · See more »

Dose (biochemistry)

A dose is a measured quantity of a medicine, nutrient, or pathogen which is delivered as a unit.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Dose (biochemistry) · See more »

Draize test

The Draize Test is an acute toxicity test devised in 1944 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) toxicologists John H. Draize and Jacob M. Spines.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Draize test · See more »

Dysentery

Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon, which always results in severe diarrhea and abdominal pains.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Dysentery · See more »

EC50

Half maximal effective concentration (EC50) refers to the concentration of a drug, antibody or toxicant which induces a response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time.

New!!: Median lethal dose and EC50 · See more »

Effective dose (pharmacology)

An effective dose (ED) in pharmacology is the dose or amount of drug that produces a therapeutic response or desired effect in some fraction of the subjects taking it.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Effective dose (pharmacology) · See more »

Environmental Health Perspectives

Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a peer-reviewed journal published monthly with support from the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Environmental Health Perspectives · See more »

Ethanol

Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Ethanol · See more »

Fentanyl

Fentanyl, also spelled fentanil, is an opioid which is used as a pain medication and together with other medications for anesthesia. Fentanyl is also made illegally and used as a recreational drug, often mixed with heroin or cocaine. It has a rapid onset and effects generally last less than an hour or two. Medically, fentanyl is used by injection, as a patch on the skin, as a nasal spray, or in the mouth. Common side effects include vomiting, constipation, sedation, confusion, hallucinations, and injuries related to poor coordination. Serious side effects may include decreased breathing (respiratory depression), serotonin syndrome, low blood pressure, addiction, or coma. In 2016, more than 20,000 deaths occurred in the United States due to overdoses of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues, half of all reported opioid related deaths. Fentanyl works primarily by activating μ-opioid receptors. It is around 100 times stronger than morphine, and some analogues such as carfentanil are around 10,000 times stronger. Fentanyl was first made by Paul Janssen in 1960 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1968.In 2015, were used in healthcare globally., fentanyl was the most widely used synthetic opioid in medicine. Fentanyl patches are on the WHO List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. For a 100 microgram vial, the average wholesale cost in the developing world is 0.66 (2015). and in the USA it costs 0.49 (2017).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Fentanyl · See more »

Fixed-dose procedure

The fixed-dose procedure (FDP), proposed in 1984 by the British Toxicology Society, is a method to assess a substance's acute oral toxicity.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Fixed-dose procedure · See more »

Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Food and Drug Administration · See more »

Formaldehyde

No description.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Formaldehyde · See more »

Fritz Haber

Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber–Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Fritz Haber · See more »

Fructose

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Fructose · See more »

Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Glucose · See more »

Gram

The gram (alternative spelling: gramme; SI unit symbol: g) (Latin gramma, from Greek γράμμα, grámma) is a metric system unit of mass.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Gram · See more »

Gray (unit)

The gray (symbol: Gy) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Gray (unit) · See more »

Haber's rule

Haber's rule or Haber's law is a mathematical statement of the relationship between the concentration of a poisonous gas and how long the gas must be breathed to produce death, or other toxic effect.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Haber's rule · See more »

Health physics

Health physics is the applied physics of radiation protection for health and health care purposes.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Health physics · See more »

Heroin

Heroin, also known as diamorphine among other names, is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Heroin · See more »

Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Hydrochloric acid · See more »

Hydrogen cyanide

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sometimes called prussic acid, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HCN.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Hydrogen cyanide · See more »

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a medication in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Ibuprofen · See more »

IC50

The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is a measure of the potency of a substance in inhibiting a specific biological or biochemical function.

New!!: Median lethal dose and IC50 · See more »

Immediately dangerous to life or health

The term immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) is defined by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment." Examples include smoke or other poisonous gases at sufficiently high concentrations.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Immediately dangerous to life or health · See more »

Indicative limit value

In the law of the European Union, indicative limit values, more exactly indicative occupational exposure limit values (IOELVs), are human exposure limits to hazardous substances specified by the Council of the European Union based on expert research and advice.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Indicative limit value · See more »

Inland taipan

The inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), also commonly known as the western taipan, the small-scaled snake, or the fierce snake,White, Julian (November 1991).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Inland taipan · See more »

Intravenous therapy

Intravenous therapy (IV) is a therapy that delivers liquid substances directly into a vein (intra- + ven- + -ous).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Intravenous therapy · See more »

Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Ionizing radiation · See more »

Isotopes of polonium

Polonium (84Po) has 33 isotopes, all of which are radioactive, with between 186 and 227 nucleons.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Isotopes of polonium · See more »

Ketamine

Ketamine, sold under the brand name Ketalar among others, is a medication mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Ketamine · See more »

Kilogram

The kilogram or kilogramme (symbol: kg) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK, also known as "Le Grand K" or "Big K"), a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy stored by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Saint-Cloud, France.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Kilogram · See more »

Laboratory mouse

The laboratory mouse is a small mammal of the order Rodentia which is bred and used for scientific research.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Laboratory mouse · See more »

Lactose

Lactose is a disaccharide.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Lactose · See more »

Latrodectus

Latrodectus is a genus of spiders in the family Theridiidae, most of which are commonly known as widow spiders.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Latrodectus · See more »

Latrotoxin

A latrotoxin is a high-molecular mass neurotoxin found in the venom of spiders of the genus Latrodectus (widow spiders).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Latrotoxin · See more »

Lethal dose

In toxicology, the lethal dose (LD) is an indication of the lethal toxicity of a given substance or type of radiation.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Lethal dose · See more »

Lethal injection

Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person (typically a barbiturate, paralytic, and potassium solution) for the express purpose of causing immediate death.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Lethal injection · See more »

Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level

The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) is the lowest concentration or amount of a substance found by experiment or observation that causes an adverse alteration of morphology, function, capacity, growth, development, or lifespan of a target organism distinguished from normal organisms of the same species under defined conditions of exposure.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level · See more »

Lysergic acid diethylamide

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects, which may include altered awareness of one's surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and images that seem real though they are not.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Lysergic acid diethylamide · See more »

Maitotoxin

Maitotoxin (or MTX) is an extremely potent toxin produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a dinoflagellate species.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Maitotoxin · See more »

Mammal

Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Mammal · See more »

MDMA

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (E), is a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug.

New!!: Median lethal dose and MDMA · See more »

Median toxic dose

In toxicology, the median toxic dose (TD50) of a drug or toxin is the dose at which toxicity occurs in 50% of cases.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Median toxic dose · See more »

Medication

A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Medication · See more »

Melamine

Melamine is the organic compound with the formula C3H6N6.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Melamine · See more »

Melamine cyanurate

Melamine cyanurate, also known as melamine-cyanuric acid adduct or melamine-cyanuric acid complex, is a crystalline complex formed from a 1:1 mixture of melamine and cyanuric acid.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Melamine cyanurate · See more »

Mercury(II) chloride

Mercury(II) chloride or mercuric chloride (archaically, corrosive sublimate) is the chemical compound of mercury and chlorine with the formula HgCl2.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Mercury(II) chloride · See more »

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Methamphetamine · See more »

Methanol

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Methanol · See more »

Microgram

In the metric system, a microgram or microgramme (μg; the recommended symbol in the United States when communicating medical information is mcg) is a unit of mass equal to one millionth of a gram.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Microgram · See more »

Mongoose

Mongoose is the popular English name for 29 of the 34 species in the 14 genera of the family Herpestidae, which are small feliform carnivorans native to southern Eurasia and mainland Africa.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Mongoose · See more »

Monosodium glutamate

Monosodium glutamate (MSG, also known as sodium glutamate) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, one of the most abundant naturally occurring non-essential amino acids.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Monosodium glutamate · See more »

Nicotine

Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Nicotine · See more »

No-observed-adverse-effect level

In non-clinical assessment, NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) plays a pivotal role.

New!!: Median lethal dose and No-observed-adverse-effect level · See more »

OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

New!!: Median lethal dose and OECD · See more »

Orders of magnitude (mass)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−40 kg and 1053 kg.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Orders of magnitude (mass) · See more »

Paracetamol

--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Paracetamol · See more »

Paracetamol poisoning

Paracetamol poisoning, also known as acetaminophen poisoning, is caused by excessive use of the medication paracetamol (acetaminophen).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Paracetamol poisoning · See more »

Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Pathogen · See more »

Pentaborane

Pentaborane, also called pentaborane(9) to distinguish it from pentaborane(11) (B5H11), is an inorganic compound with the formula B5H9.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Pentaborane · See more »

Peritoneum

The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Peritoneum · See more »

Phoneutria fera

Phoneutria fera is a species of spider in the family Ctenidae found in South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Suriname and Guyana).

New!!: Median lethal dose and Phoneutria fera · See more »

Piperidine

Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Piperidine · See more »

Plaque-forming unit

In virology, a plaque-forming unit (PFU) is a measure of the number of particles capable of forming plaques per unit volume, such as virus particles.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Plaque-forming unit · See more »

Plutonium

Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Plutonium · See more »

Poison dart frog

Poison dart frog (also known as dart-poison frog, poison frog or formerly known as poison arrow frog) is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae which are native to tropical Central and South America.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Poison dart frog · See more »

Properties of water

Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on Earth and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar. This polarity allows it to separate ions in salts and strongly bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar mass, and a high heat capacity. Water is amphoteric, meaning that it is both an acid and a base—it produces + and - ions by self-ionization.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Properties of water · See more »

Protective index

The protective index is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Protective index · See more »

Psilocybin

Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of mushrooms, collectively known as psilocybin mushrooms.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Psilocybin · See more »

Psilocybin mushroom

A psilocybin mushroom is one of a polyphyletic group of fungi that contain any of various psychedelic compounds, including psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Psilocybin mushroom · See more »

Radiation

In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Radiation · See more »

Reed–Muench method

See article above for overview of 50% endpoints and comparison with other methods of calculating 50% endpoints.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Reed–Muench method · See more »

Ricin

Ricin, a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, is a highly potent toxin.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Ricin · See more »

Ricinus

Ricinus communis, the castor bean or castor oil plant, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Ricinus · See more »

Safety data sheet

A safety data sheet (SDS), material safety data sheet (MSDS), or product safety data sheet (PSDS) is an important component of product stewardship, occupational safety and health, and spill-handling procedures.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Safety data sheet · See more »

Sarin

Sarin, or NATO designation GB (G-series, 'B'), is a highly toxic synthetic organophosphorus compound.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Sarin · See more »

Scorpion

Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Scorpion · See more »

Shiga toxin

Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, expressed by genes considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Shiga toxin · See more »

Snake

Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Snake · See more »

Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Sodium chloride · See more »

Sodium cyanide

Sodium cyanide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaCN.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Sodium cyanide · See more »

Sodium fluoride

Sodium fluoride (NaF) is an inorganic compound with the formula NaF.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Sodium fluoride · See more »

Sodium molybdate

Sodium molybdate, Na2MoO4, is useful as a source of molybdenum.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Sodium molybdate · See more »

Sodium nitrite

Sodium nitrite is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaNO2.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Sodium nitrite · See more »

Sodium thiopental

Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories, not to be confused with pentobarbital), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic that is an analogue of thiobarbital.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Sodium thiopental · See more »

Stevia

Stevia is a sweetener and sugar substitute extracted from the leaves of the plant species Stevia rebaudiana.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Stevia · See more »

Stevioside

Stevioside is a glycoside derived from the stevia plant, which can be used as a sweetener.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Stevioside · See more »

Strychnine

Strychnine (also or) is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Strychnine · See more »

Sucrose

Sucrose is common table sugar.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Sucrose · See more »

Sydney funnel-web spider

The Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) is a species of venomous mygalomorph spider native to eastern Australia, usually found within a radius of Sydney.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Sydney funnel-web spider · See more »

Taurine

No description.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Taurine · See more »

Tetanospasmin

Tetanus toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Tetanospasmin · See more »

Tetrahydrocannabinol

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of at least 113 cannabinoids identified in cannabis.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Tetrahydrocannabinol · See more »

Tetrodotoxin

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Tetrodotoxin · See more »

The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

New!!: Median lethal dose and The Washington Post · See more »

Therapeutic index

The therapeutic index (TI; also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Therapeutic index · See more »

Toad

Toad is a common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae, that are characterized by dry, leathery skin, short legs, and large bumps covering the parotoid glands.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Toad · See more »

Toxicology

Toxicology is a discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Toxicology · See more »

Toxin

A toxin (from toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Toxin · See more »

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

New!!: Median lethal dose and United Kingdom · See more »

United States Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.

New!!: Median lethal dose and United States Environmental Protection Agency · See more »

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.

New!!: Median lethal dose and University of Oxford · See more »

Up-and-down procedure

Up-and-down procedure (or method) is an alternative to the acute toxicity test.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Up-and-down procedure · See more »

Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Uranium · See more »

Uranyl acetate

Uranyl acetate (UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O) is the acetate salt of uranyl and is a yellow-green crystalline solid made up of yellow-green rhombic crystals and has a slight acetic odor.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Uranyl acetate · See more »

Urea

Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Urea · See more »

Venom

Venomous Animals Venom is a form of toxin secreted by an animal for the purpose of causing harm to another.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Venom · See more »

Venomous snake

Venomous snakes are species of the suborder Serpentes that are capable of producing venom, which is used primarily for immobilizing prey and defense mostly via mechanical injection by fangs.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Venomous snake · See more »

Virus quantification

Virus quantification involves counting the number of viruses in a specific volume to determine the virus concentration.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Virus quantification · See more »

Vitamin C

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Median lethal dose and Vitamin C · See more »

VX (nerve agent)

VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate.

New!!: Median lethal dose and VX (nerve agent) · See more »

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a polychlorinated dibenzo''-p-''dioxin (sometimes shortened, though inaccurately, to simply "dioxin") with the chemical formula.

New!!: Median lethal dose and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin · See more »

Redirects here:

J.W. Trevan, L.D. 50, LC50, LCt50, LD 50, LD-50, LD50, LD50 poisoning test, LD₅₀, Ld50, Lethal Dose 50, Lethal concentration 50, Lethal concentration, 50%, Lethal dose 50, Lethal dose 50/30, Lethal dose of radiation, Lethal dose, 50%, Median lethal concentration, Semilethal dose.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose

OutgoingIncoming
Hey! We are on Facebook now! »