102 relations: Altan Khan, Arthur Waldron, Artillery, Battle of Ningyuan, Battle of Sarhū, Battle of Shanhai Pass, Battlement, Bohai Sea, Brick, Cambridge University Press, Chongzhen Emperor, Concrete, Datong, David Spindler, Defence minister, Defensive wall, Dingbian County, Ditch, Dorgon, Eight Banners, Embezzlement, Emperor Yingzong of Ming, Famine, Firearm, Flood, Funing District, Fushun, Grand coordinator and provincial governor, Great Wall of China, Gubeikou, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Harvard University Press, Hebei, Hong Taiji, Hongwu Emperor, Hushan Great Wall, Imperial China: 900–1800, Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), Jiajing wokou raids, Jianzhou Jurchens, Jiayu Pass, Jingtai Emperor, Jinhua, Jisi Incident, Jizhou District, Tianjin, Julia Lovell, Juyong Pass, Lanzhou, Li Zicheng, Lime (material), ..., Lingchi, Lingwu, Maginot Line, Manchu people, Manchuria, Mandate of Heaven, Maney Publishing, Mao Wenlong, Ming dynasty, Moat, Nanjing, National Geographic Society, Ningwu County, Ningxia, Nurhaci, Peephole, Pingxing Pass, Prince regent, Public finance, Qi Jiguang, Qin Shi Huang, Rammed earth, Shaanxi, Shangdu, Shanhai Pass, Shun dynasty, Simatai, Southern Ming, Tael, Tan Lun, Tax, The New Yorker, Three Departments and Six Ministries, Tile, Tumed, Tumu Crisis, Viceroys in China, World War II, Wu Sangui, Wuwei, Gansu, Xuanhua District, Yanchi County, Yang Yiqing, Yanqing District, Yinchuan, Yiwu, Yongle Emperor, Yu Qian, Yuan Chonghuan, Yuan dynasty, Zhejiang, Zhongwei. Expand index (52 more) »
Altan Khan
Altan Khan of the Tümed (1507–1582; Алтан хан; Chinese: 阿爾坦汗), whose given name was Anda (in Mongolian; 俺答 in Chinese), was the leader of the Tümed Mongols, Shunyi Wang (Prince of Shunyi, Chinese: 顺义王) of Ming dynasty China, and de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols.
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Arthur Waldron
Arthur Waldron (born December 13, 1948) is an American historian.
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Artillery
Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry's small arms.
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Battle of Ningyuan
The Battle of Ningyuan was a battle between the Ming dynasty and the Jurchen Later Jin (also spelled as Later Jinn or Later Kim, later known as the Qing dynasty) in 1626.
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Battle of Sarhū
The Battle of Sarhū (薩爾滸之戰,萨尔浒之战 Sà'ěrhǔ zhī zhàn) refers to a series of battles between the Later Jin dynasty (later known as the Qing dynasty) and the Ming dynasty and their Joseon allies in the winter of 1619.
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Battle of Shanhai Pass
The Battle of Shanhai Pass, fought on 27 May 1644 at Shanhai Pass (Shanhaiguan, 山海關) at the eastern end of the Great Wall of China, was a decisive battle leading to the formation of the Qing dynasty in China.
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Battlement
A battlement in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (i.e., a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences.
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Bohai Sea
The Bohai Sea or Bo Sea, also known as Bohai Gulf, Bo Gulf or Pohai Bay, is the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea and Korea Bay on the coast of Northeastern and North China.
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Brick
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Chongzhen Emperor
The Chongzhen Emperor (6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644), personal name Zhu Youjian, was the 17th and last emperor of the Ming dynasty in China, reigning from 1627–1644.
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Concrete
Concrete, usually Portland cement concrete, is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time—most frequently a lime-based cement binder, such as Portland cement, but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement.
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Datong
Datong is a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi Province in the People's Republic of China.
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David Spindler
David Spindler is an independent American scholar and researcher on the Great Wall of China.
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Defence minister
The title Defence Minister, Minister for Defence, Minister of National Defense, Secretary of Defence, Secretary of State for Defense or some similar variation, is assigned to the person in a cabinet position in charge of a Ministry of Defence, which regulates the armed forces in sovereign states.
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Defensive wall
A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors.
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Dingbian County
Dingbian County is a county in the northwest of Shaanxi province, China, bordering the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region to the west.
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Ditch
A ditch is a small to moderate depression created to channel water.
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Dorgon
Dorgon (Manchu:, literally "badger"; 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), formally known as Prince Rui, was a Manchu prince and regent of the early Qing dynasty.
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Eight Banners
The Eight Banners (in Manchu: jakūn gūsa) were administrative/military divisions under the Qing dynasty into which all Manchu households were placed.
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Embezzlement
Embezzlement is the act of withholding assets for the purpose of conversion (theft) of such assets, by one or more persons to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.
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Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Zhu Qizhen (29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464) was the sixth and eighth emperor of the Ming dynasty.
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Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, inflation, crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies.
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Firearm
A firearm is a portable gun (a barreled ranged weapon) that inflicts damage on targets by launching one or more projectiles driven by rapidly expanding high-pressure gas produced by exothermic combustion (deflagration) of propellant within an ammunition cartridge.
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Flood
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.
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Funing District
Funing County is a district of northeastern Hebei Province, China, located about to the west of Qinhuangdao, which administers it.
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Fushun
Fushun (formerly romanised as Fouchouen, using French spelling, also as Fuxi (撫西)) is a prefecture level city in Liaoning province, China, about east of Shenyang, with a population of 2,138,090 inhabitants (2010 census) and a total area of, of which is the city proper.
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Grand coordinator and provincial governor
A xunfu was an important imperial Chinese provincial office under both the Ming (14th–17th centuries) and Qing dynasties (17th–20th centuries).
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Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion.
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Gubeikou
Gubeikou is a town of Miyun District in northeastern Beijing, bordering with Luanping County, Hebei to the north and the Beijing towns of Gaoling (高岭镇) to the west, Xinchengzi (新城子镇) to the east and Taishitun (太师屯镇).
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Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
The Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (HJAS) is an English-language scholarly journal published by the Harvard-Yenching Institute.
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Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
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Hebei
Hebei (postal: Hopeh) is a province of China in the North China region.
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Hong Taiji
Hong Taiji (28November 159221 September1643), sometimes written as Huang Taiji and also referred to as Abahai in Western literature, was an Emperor of the Qing dynasty.
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Hongwu Emperor
The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (Chu Yuan-chang in Wade-Giles), was the founding emperor of China's Ming dynasty.
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Hushan Great Wall
The Hushan or Tiger Mountain Great Wall, known to Koreans as Bakjak Fortress (Hangul:박작성 Hanja:泊汋城), is the most easterly known part of the Great Wall of China.
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Imperial China: 900–1800
Imperial China: 900–1800 is a book of history written by F. W. Mote, Professor of Chinese History and Civilization, Emeritus, at Princeton University.
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Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
The Japanese invasions of Korea comprised two separate yet linked operations: an initial invasion in 1592, a brief truce in 1596, and a second invasion in 1597.
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Jiajing wokou raids
The Jiajing wokou raids (嘉靖大倭寇 or 嘉靖倭亂) caused extensive damage to the coast of China in the 16th century, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–67) in the Ming dynasty.
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Jianzhou Jurchens
The Jianzhou Jurchens (Chinese: 建州女真) were one of the three major groups of Jurchens as identified by the Ming dynasty.
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Jiayu Pass
Jiayu Pass or is the first frontier fortress at the west end of the Ming dynasty Great Wall of China, near the city of Jiayuguan in Gansu province.
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Jingtai Emperor
The Jingtai Emperor (景泰) (21 September 1428 – 14 March 1457), born Zhu Qiyu, was Emperor of China from 1449 to 1457.
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Jinhua
, is a prefecture-level city in central Zhejiang province in eastern China.
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Jisi Incident
The Jisi Incident (己巳之變) was a military conflict between the Later Jin and Ming dynasty, named because it happened in 1629, a jisi year according to the Chinese sexagenary cycle.
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Jizhou District, Tianjin
Jizhou District is a district in the far north of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, holding cultural and historical significance (e.g., the Buddhist Temple of Solitary Joy) formerly a county known as Jixian.
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Julia Lovell
Julia Lovell (born 1975), is a scholar and prize-winning author and translator about China.
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Juyong Pass
Juyong Pass is a mountain pass located in the Changping District of Beijing Municipality, over from central Beijing.
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Lanzhou
Lanzhou is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China.
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Li Zicheng
Li Zicheng (22 September 1606 – 1645), born Li Hongji, also known by the nickname, "Dashing King", was a Chinese rebel leader who overthrew the Ming dynasty in 1644 and ruled over China briefly as the emperor of the short-lived Shun dynasty before his death a year later.
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Lime (material)
Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic mineral in which oxides, and hydroxides predominate.
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Lingchi
Lingchi, translated variously as the slow process, the lingering death, or slow slicing, and also known as death by a thousand cuts, was a form of torture and execution used in China from roughly 900 CE until it was banned in 1905.
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Lingwu
Lingwu is the most important industrial city of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, in the northwestern region of the People's Republic of China.
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Maginot Line
The Maginot Line (Ligne Maginot), named after the French Minister of War André Maginot, was a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles, and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications.
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Manchu people
The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name.
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Manchuria
Manchuria is a name first used in the 17th century by Chinese people to refer to a large geographic region in Northeast Asia.
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Mandate of Heaven
The Mandate of Heaven or Tian Ming is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China.
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Maney Publishing
Maney Publishing was an independent academic publishing company that was taken over by Taylor & Francis in 2015.
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Mao Wenlong
Mao Wenlong (10 February 1579 – 24 July 1629), courtesy name Zhennan, was a Chinese military general of the Ming dynasty.
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Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
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Moat
A moat is a deep, broad ditch, either dry or filled with water, that is dug and surrounds a castle, fortification, building or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence.
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Nanjing
Nanjing, formerly romanized as Nanking and Nankin, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China and the second largest city in the East China region, with an administrative area of and a total population of 8,270,500.
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National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world.
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Ningwu County
Ningwu County is a county under the administration of Xinzhou in Shanxi province, China.
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Ningxia
Ningxia (pronounced), officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China located in the northwest part of the country.
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Nurhaci
Nurhaci (alternatively Nurhachi; 21 February 1559 – 30 September 1626) was a Jurchen chieftain of Jianzhou, a vassal of Ming, who rose to prominence in the late 16th century in Manchuria.
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Peephole
A peephole, peekhole, spyhole, doorhole or door viewer, is a small opening through a door allowing an individual to look from the inside to the outside.
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Pingxing Pass
Pingxing Pass is a mountain pass in the Shanxi Province of China.
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Prince regent
A prince regent, or prince-regent, is a prince who rules a monarchy as regent instead of a monarch, e.g., as a result of the Sovereign's incapacity (minority or illness) or absence (remoteness, such as exile or long voyage, or simply no incumbent).
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Public finance
Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy.
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Qi Jiguang
Qi Jiguang (November 12, 1528 – January 17, 1588), courtesy name Yuanjing, art names Nantang and Mengzhu, posthumous name Wuyi, was a military general of the Ming dynasty.
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Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huang (18 February 25910 September 210) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China.
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Rammed earth
Rammed earth, also known as taipa in Portuguese, tapial or tapia in Spanish, pisé (de terre) in French, and hangtu, is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel.
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Shaanxi
Shaanxi is a province of the People's Republic of China.
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Shangdu
Shangdu, also known as Xanadu (Mongolian: Šandu), was the capital of Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty in China, before he decided to move his throne to the Jin dynasty capital of Zhōngdū, which he renamed Khanbaliq, present-day Beijing.
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Shanhai Pass
Shanhai Pass is one of the major passes in the Great Wall of China.
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Shun dynasty
The Shun dynasty, or Great Shun, was a short-lived dynasty created in the Ming-Qing transition from Ming to Qing rule in Chinese history.
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Simatai
Simatai, a section of the Great Wall of China located in the north of Miyun County, 120 km northeast of Beijing, holds the access to Gubeikou, a strategic pass in the eastern part of the Great Wall.
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Southern Ming
The Southern Ming was a loyalist movement that was active in southern China following the Ming dynasty's collapse in 1644.
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Tael
Tael (at the OED Online.) or tahil can refer to any one of several weight measures of the Far East.
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Tan Lun
Tan Lun (courtesy name Zili 子理; (1520 –1577) was an eminent Han Chinese official, military general, of the Jiajing Emperor of mid-Ming Dynasty in China. Tan Lun raised and organized Qi Jiguang and several other generals to fight effectively against the Jiajing wokou pirates and restored the stability of the Ming Dynasty along with other prominent figures. He was known for his strategic perception, administrative skill, and for making the best army stronger during the middle Ming Dynasty, but also sometimes for his ruthlessness in the execution of his policies. Tan also exemplified loyalty in an era of chaos. He died in 1577, where he was bestowed the posthumous honour of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent (太子太保).
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Tax
A tax (from the Latin taxo) is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or other legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures.
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The New Yorker
The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.
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Three Departments and Six Ministries
The Three Departments and Six Ministries system was the main central government structure in imperial China from the Sui dynasty (581–618) to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368).
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Tile
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops.
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Tumed
The Tümed (Tumad, "The many or ten thousands" derived from Tumen) are a Mongol subgroup.
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Tumu Crisis
The Tumu Crisis (Тумугийн тулалдаан); also called the Crisis of Tumu Fortress or Battle of Tumu, was a frontier conflict between the Oirat tribes of Mongols and the Chinese Ming dynasty which led to the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor on September 1, 1449, and the defeat of an army of 500,000 men by a much smaller force.
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Viceroys in China
Zongdu (Tsung-tu;; Manchu: Uheri kadalara amban), usually translated as Viceroy or Governor-General, governed one or more provinces of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Wu Sangui
Wu Sangui (courtesy name Changbai (長白) or Changbo (長伯); 1612 – 2 October 1678) was a Chinese military general who was instrumental in the fall of the Ming Dynasty and the establishment of the Qing Dynasty in 1644.
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Wuwei, Gansu
Wuwei is a prefecture-level city in northwest central Gansu province.
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Xuanhua District
Xuanhua is an urban district of Zhangjiakou in northwestern Hebei Province, China.
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Yanchi County
Yanchi County is a county under the administration of Wuzhong city in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.
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Yang Yiqing
Yang Yiqing (1454–1530), courtesy name Yingning (应宁), pseudonym Sui'an (邃庵) or Shizong (石淙), was a Chinese scholar-official of the Ming dynasty.
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Yanqing District
Yanqing District is a subdivision of the municipality of Beijing located northwest of the city proper of Beijing.
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Yinchuan
Yinchuan is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, and historically it was the former capital of the Western Xia Empire of the Tanguts.
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Yiwu
Yiwu is a city of about 1.2 million people in central Zhejiang province, China.
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Yongle Emperor
The Yongle Emperor (Yung-lo in Wade–Giles; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424) — personal name Zhu Di (WG: Chu Ti) — was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty in China, reigning from 1402 to 1424.
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Yu Qian
Yu Qian (1398–1457), courtesy name Tingyi, art name Jie'an, was a Chinese official who served under the Ming dynasty.
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Yuan Chonghuan
Yuan Chonghuan (6 June 1584 – 22 September 1630), courtesy name Yuansu or Ziru, was a politician, military general and writer who served under the Ming dynasty.
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Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan (Yehe Yuan Ulus), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan.
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Zhejiang
, formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China.
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Zhongwei
Zhongwei is a prefecture-level city of Ningxia, People's Republic of China.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall