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218 relations: Adobe Flash, Advancement Project, Affirmative action, African Americans, Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, Anti-miscegenation laws, Aptitude, Arbitration, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Attorney's fee, Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, Bill Lann Lee, Birmingham, Alabama, Board of education, Bob Jones University v. United States, Boxing, Boynton v. Virginia, Brown v. Board of Education, Buck v. Davis, California, Capital punishment, Chambers v. Florida, Charles Hamilton Houston, Children's Defense Fund, Chinese Americans, Civil and political rights, Civil Rights Act of 1866, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Clay v. United States, Coker v. Georgia, Collective bargaining, Columbia College (New York), Commutation (law), Confession (law), Connecticut, Constance Baker Motley, Constance L. Rice, Constitutionality, Contempt of court, Cooper v. Aaron, Criminal justice, Criminal law, Critical race theory, Cruel and unusual punishment, David E. Kendall, De facto, De jure, Defendant, Derrick Bell, ..., Desegregation, Desegregation busing, Deval Patrick, Drew S. Days III, Due process, Education, Elaine Jones, Emergency department, Employment discrimination, Enmund v. Florida, Environmental justice, Equal employment opportunity, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Eric Holder, Eviction, Federal judiciary of the United States, Felony disenfranchisement, Felony murder rule, First Amendment to the United States Constitution, Fisher v. University of Texas (2013), Fisher v. University of Texas (2016), Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Freedom Riders, Freedom Summer, Furman v. Georgia, Garnishment, Gerald Ford, Gerrymandering, Governor of Massachusetts, Grand jury, Gratz v. Bollinger, Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, Griggs v. Duke Power Co., Ham v. South Carolina, Hartford, Connecticut, Harvard Law School, Hawkins v. Town of Shaw, Hospital, Housing discrimination (United States), Impeachment of Bill Clinton, Internal Revenue Service, Jack Greenberg, Jackson, Mississippi, Jacqueline A. Berrien, James Meredith, James Nabrit III, John Payton, Julius L. Chambers, Jury, Kemba Smith Foundation, Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Lani Guinier, Latino, Law school, Lawsuit, Lawyer, Lead poisoning, Leasehold estate, Lester Maddox, Letter from Birmingham Jail, Letter of recommendation, List of Governors of Arkansas, Lists of landmark court decisions, Little Rock Central High School, Little Rock Nine, Little Rock, Arkansas, Loan, Louisiana, Louisville, Kentucky, Loving v. Virginia, Luévano v. Campbell, Manhattan, Marian Wright Edelman, Martin Luther King Jr., McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, McLaughlin v. Florida, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, Mel Watt, Misdemeanor, Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, Montgomery bus boycott, Morgan v. Virginia, Muhammad Ali, Murray v. Pearson, NAACP, NAACP in Kentucky, New Orleans, New York (state), New York City, New York University School of Law, Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder, Norwood v. Harrison, Oklahoma, Orval Faubus, Pamela S. Karlan, Parade, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, Parochial school, Plaintiff, Prima facie, Primary election, Prison, Privatization, Protest permit, Public housing, Race (human categorization), Racial discrimination, Racial segregation, Rape, Real property, Reconstruction era, Reince Priebus, Republican National Convention, Robert L. Carter, Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., Rudy Giuliani, Scholarship, Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Sheff v. O'Neill, Shelby County v. Holder, Shelley v. Kraemer, Sherrilyn Ifill, Shoney's, Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham, Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, Sit-in, Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Smith v. Allwright, Smith v. United States, Solicitor General of the United States, Spottswood William Robinson III, State school, Statistics, Suffrage, Supreme Court of the United States, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, Sweatt v. Painter, Taliaferro County, Georgia, Tax exemption, Texas, Thornburg v. Gingles, Thurgood Marshall, Truth in Lending Act, United States, United States Assistant Attorney General, United States Attorney General, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, United States Department of the Treasury, United States district court, United States House of Representatives, University of Georgia, University of Maryland School of Law, University of Michigan, University of Mississippi, Urban park, Vanita Gupta, Voir dire, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Washington, D.C., Wilbert Rideau, William Thaddeus Coleman Jr., Williams & Connolly, Write-in candidate. Expand index (168 more) »
Adobe Flash
Adobe Flash is a deprecated multimedia software platform used for production of animations, rich Internet applications, desktop applications, mobile applications, mobile games and embedded web browser video players.
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Advancement Project
The Advancement Project is a liberal American nonprofit organization that focuses on racial justice issues.
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Affirmative action
Affirmative action, also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity (in a narrower context) in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of protecting members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination.
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African Americans
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa.
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Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education,, was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ordered immediate desegregation of public schools in the American South.
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Anti-miscegenation laws
Anti-miscegenation laws or miscegenation laws are laws that enforce racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes also sex between members of different races.
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Aptitude
An aptitude is a component of a competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level.
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Arbitration
Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way to resolve disputes outside the courts.
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Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States.
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Attorney's fee
Attorney's fee is a chiefly United States term for compensation for legal services performed by an attorney (lawyer or law firm) for a client, in or out of court.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.
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Bill Lann Lee
Bill Lann Lee (born February 5, 1949) is a Chinese American civil rights lawyer who served as Assistant United States Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division for the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division under President Bill Clinton.
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Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama and the seat of Jefferson County.
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Board of education
A board of education, school committee or school board is the board of directors or board of trustees of a school, local school district or higher administrative level.
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Bob Jones University v. United States
Bob Jones University v. United States,, was a decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that the religion clauses of the First Amendment did not prohibit the Internal Revenue Service from revoking the tax exempt status of a religious university whose practices are contrary to a compelling government public policy, such as eradicating racial discrimination.
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Boxing
Boxing is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves, throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring.
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Boynton v. Virginia
Boynton v. Virginia, 364 U.S. 454 (1960), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.
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Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
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Buck v. Davis
Buck v. Davis, 580 U.S. ___ (2017), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court reversed the death sentence of a defendant after the defendant's attorney introduced evidence that suggested the defendant would be more likely to commit violent acts in the future because he was black.
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California
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.
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Capital punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.
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Chambers v. Florida
Chambers v. Florida, 309 U.S. 227 (1940), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that dealt with the extent that police pressure resulting in a criminal defendant's confession violates the Due Process clause.
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Charles Hamilton Houston
Charles Hamilton Houston (September 3, 1895 – April 22, 1950) was a prominent African-American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School, and NAACP first special counsel, or Litigation Director.
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Children's Defense Fund
The Children's Defense Fund (CDF) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that focuses on child advocacy and research.
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Chinese Americans
Chinese Americans, which includes American-born Chinese, are Americans who have full or partial Chinese ancestry.
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Civil and political rights
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
The Civil Rights Act of 1866,, enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
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Clay v. United States
Clay v. United States,, was Muhammad Ali's appeal of his conviction in 1967 for refusing to report for induction into the United States military forces during the Vietnam War.
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Coker v. Georgia
Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977), held that the death penalty for rape of an adult woman was grossly disproportionate and excessive punishment, and therefore unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
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Collective bargaining
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights for workers.
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Columbia College (New York)
Columbia College is the oldest undergraduate college at Columbia University, situated on the university's main campus in Morningside Heights in the borough of Manhattan in New York City.
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Commutation (law)
In law, a commutation is the substitution of a lesser penalty for that given after a conviction for a crime.
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Confession (law)
In the law of criminal evidence, a confession is a statement by a suspect in crime which is adverse to that person.
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Connecticut
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Constance Baker Motley
Constance Baker Motley (September 14, 1921 – September 28, 2005) was an African-American civil rights activist, lawyer, judge, state senator, and Borough President of Manhattan, New York City.
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Constance L. Rice
Constance L. "Connie" Rice (born April 5, 1956) is a prominent American civil rights activist and lawyer.
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Constitutionality
Constitutionality is the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution; the status of a law, a procedure, or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable constitution.
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Contempt of court
Contempt of court, often referred to simply as "contempt", is the offense of being disobedient to or discourteous toward a court of law and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the authority, justice and dignity of the court.
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Cooper v. Aaron
Cooper v. Aaron,, was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, which held that the states are bound by the Court's decisions and must enforce them even if the states disagreed with them.
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Criminal justice
Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have committed crimes.
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Criminal law
Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime.
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Critical race theory
Critical race theory (CRT) is a theoretical framework in the social sciences that uses critical theory to examine society and culture as they relate to categorizations of race, law, and power.
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Cruel and unusual punishment
Cruel and unusual punishment is a phrase describing punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to it.
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David E. Kendall
David Evan Kendall (born May 2, 1944) is an American attorney, a graduate of Yale Law School and Oxford University, who clerked with Supreme Court Justice Byron White, worked as associate counsel at the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and has been a partner at Williams & Connolly LLP of Washington, DC since 1981, where he has provided legal counsel to individuals and corporations on high-profile business and political matters.
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De facto
In law and government, de facto (or;, "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised by official laws.
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De jure
In law and government, de jure (lit) describes practices that are legally recognised, whether or not the practices exist in reality.
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Defendant
A defendant is a person accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or a person against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.
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Derrick Bell
Derrick Albert Bell Jr. (November 6, 1930 – October 5, 2011) was a lawyer, professor, and civil rights activist.
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Desegregation
Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races.
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Desegregation busing
Desegregation busing in the United States (also known as forced busing or simply busing) is the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools so as to redress prior racial segregation of schools, or to overcome the effects of residential segregation on local school demographics.
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Deval Patrick
Deval Laurdine Patrick (born July 31, 1956) is an American politician, civil rights lawyer, author and businessman who served as the 71st Governor of Massachusetts from 2007 to 2015.
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Drew S. Days III
Drew Saunders Days III (born August 29, 1941) is an American lawyer, who served as United States Solicitor General from 1993 to 1996 under President Bill Clinton.
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Due process
Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.
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Education
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.
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Elaine Jones
Elaine R. Jones is a prominent American civil rights attorney and activist.
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Emergency department
An emergency department (ED), also known as an accident & emergency department (A&E), emergency room (ER), emergency ward (EW) or casualty department, is a medical treatment facility specializing in emergency medicine, the acute care of patients who present without prior appointment; either by their own means or by that of an ambulance.
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Employment discrimination
Employment discrimination is a form of discrimination based on race, gender, religion, national origin, physical or mental disability, age, sexual orientation, and gender identity by employers.
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Enmund v. Florida
Enmund v. Florida,, is a United States Supreme Court case.
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Environmental justice
Environmental justice emerged as a concept in the United States in the early 1980s.
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Equal employment opportunity
Equal employment opportunity is equal opportunity in employment.
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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency that administers and enforces civil rights laws against workplace discrimination.
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Eric Holder
Eric Himpton Holder Jr. (born January 21, 1951) is an American attorney who served as the 82nd Attorney General of the United States from 2009 to 2015.
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Eviction
Eviction is the removal of a tenant from rental property by the landlord.
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Federal judiciary of the United States
The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government.
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Felony disenfranchisement
Felony disenfranchisement is the exclusion from voting of people otherwise eligible to vote (known as disfranchisement) due to conviction of a criminal offense, usually restricted to the more serious class of crimes: felonies (crimes of incarceration for a duration of more than a year).
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Felony murder rule
The rule of felony murder is a legal doctrine in some common law jurisdictions that broadens the crime of murder: when an offender kills (regardless of intent to kill) in the commission of a dangerous or enumerated crime (called a felony in some jurisdictions), the offender, and also the offender's accomplices or co-conspirators, may be found guilty of murder.
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First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances.
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Fisher v. University of Texas (2013)
Fisher v. University of Texas,, also known as Fisher I (to distinguish it from the 2016 case), is a United States Supreme Court case concerning the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Texas at Austin.
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Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)
Fisher v. University of Texas, 579 U.S. (2016) (commonly referred to as Fisher II) is a United States Supreme Court case which held that the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit correctly found that the University of Texas at Austin's undergraduate admissions policy survived strict scrutiny, in accordance with Fisher v. University of Texas (2013), which ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to determine the constitutionality of the University's race-sensitive admissions policy.
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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
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Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights that prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.
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Freedom Riders
Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia (1946) and Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional.
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Freedom Summer
Freedom Summer, or the Mississippi Summer Project, was a volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi.
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Furman v. Georgia
Furman v. Georgia, was a criminal case in which the United States Supreme Court struck down all death penalty schemes in the United States in a 5–4 decision, with each member of the majority writing a separate opinion.
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Garnishment
Garnishment is an American legal process for collecting a monetary judgment on behalf of a plaintiff from a defendant.
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Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977.
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Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering is a practice intended to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundaries.
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Governor of Massachusetts
The Governor of Massachusetts is the head of the executive branch of the Government of Massachusetts and serves as commander-in-chief of the Commonwealth's military forces.
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Grand jury
A grand jury is a legal body empowered to conduct official proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought.
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Gratz v. Bollinger
Gratz v. Bollinger, was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the University of Michigan undergraduate affirmative action admissions policy.
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Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968) was an important United States Supreme Court case dealing with the freedom of choice plans created to avoid compliance with the Court's mandate in Brown II.
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Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
Griggs v Duke Power Co, (1971), was a court case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States on December 14, 1970.
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Ham v. South Carolina
Ham v. South Carolina,, was a United States Supreme Court decision concerning examinations of prospective jurors during voir dire.
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Hartford, Connecticut
Hartford is the capital of the U.S. state of Connecticut.
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Harvard Law School
Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Hawkins v. Town of Shaw
Hawkins v. Town of Shaw, 437 F.2d 1286 (5th Cir. 1971) was a class-action lawsuit over equal distribution of municipal services and infrastructure which reached the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
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Hospital
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment.
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Housing discrimination (United States)
Housing discrimination is discrimination in which an individual or family is treated unequally when trying to buy, rent, lease, sell or finance a home based on certain characteristics, such as race, class, sex, religion, national origin, and familial status.
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Impeachment of Bill Clinton
The impeachment of Bill Clinton was initiated in December 1998 by the House of Representatives and led to a trial in the Senate for the impeachment of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, on two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice.
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Internal Revenue Service
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service of the United States federal government.
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Jack Greenberg
Jack Greenberg (December 22, 1924 – October 12, 2016) was an American attorney and legal scholar.
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Jackson, Mississippi
Jackson, officially the City of Jackson, is the capital city and largest urban center of the U.S. state of Mississippi.
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Jacqueline A. Berrien
Jacqueline Ann Berrien (November 28, 1961 – November 9, 2015) headed the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) under President Obama from 2009 to 2014.
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James Meredith
James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is a Civil Rights Movement figure, writer, political adviser and Air Force veteran.
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James Nabrit III
James Madison Nabrit III (June 11, 1932 – March 22, 2013) was an African American civil rights attorney who won several important decisions before the U.S. Supreme Court.
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John Payton
John A. Payton (December 27, 1946 – March 22, 2012) was a well-known African-American civil rights attorney.
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Julius L. Chambers
Julius LeVonne Chambers (October 6, 1936 – August 2, 2013) was an American lawyer, civil rights leader and educator.
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Jury
A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment.
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Kemba Smith Foundation
The Kemba Smith Foundation is an American charitable organization which aims to raise awareness of certain social issues, including drug abuse, violence, AIDS, teenage pregnancy, and abuse.
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Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
Keyes v. School District No.
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Lani Guinier
Lani Guinier (born April 19, 1950) is an American civil rights theorist.
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Latino
Latino is a term often used in the United States to refer to people with cultural ties to Latin America, in contrast to Hispanic which is a demonym that includes Spaniards and other speakers of the Spanish language.
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Law school
A law school (also known as a law centre or college of law) is an institution specializing in legal education, usually involved as part of a process for becoming a lawyer within a given jurisdiction.
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Lawsuit
A lawsuit (or suit in law) is "a vernacular term for a suit, action, or cause instituted or depending between two private persons in the courts of law." A lawsuit is any proceeding by a party or parties against another in a court of law.
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Lawyer
A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary.
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Lead poisoning
Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body.
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Leasehold estate
A leasehold estate is an ownership of a temporary right to hold land or property in which a lessee or a tenant holds rights of real property by some form of title from a lessor or landlord.
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Lester Maddox
Lester Garfield Maddox Sr. (September 30, 1915 – June 25, 2003) was an American politician who served as the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971.
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Letter from Birmingham Jail
The Letter from Birmingham Jail, also known as the Letter from Birmingham City Jail and The Negro Is Your Brother, is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism.
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Letter of recommendation
A letter of recommendation or recommendation letter, also known as a letter of reference, reference letter or simply reference, is a document in which the writer assesses the qualities, characteristics, and capabilities of the person being recommended in terms of that individual's ability to perform a particular task or function.
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List of Governors of Arkansas
The Governor of Arkansas is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Arkansas.
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Lists of landmark court decisions
Landmark court decisions, in present-day common law legal systems, establish precedents that determine a significant new legal principle or concept, or otherwise substantially affect the interpretation of existing law.
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Little Rock Central High School
Little Rock Central High School (LRCHS) is an accredited comprehensive public high school in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States.
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Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.
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Little Rock, Arkansas
Little Rock is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas.
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Loan
In finance, a loan is the lending of money by one or more individuals, organizations, and/or other entities to other individuals, organizations etc.
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Louisiana
Louisiana is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.
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Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 29th most-populous city in the United States.
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Loving v. Virginia
Loving v. Virginia, is a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage.
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Luévano v. Campbell
Angel G. Luévano, et al., Plaintiffs v. Alan Campbell, Director, Office of Personnel Management, et al. also known as Luévano v. Campbell, Luévano v. Campbell began when Angel G. Luévano, and a group of civil rights lawyers, acting on behalf of those blacks and Hispanics who had failed the test (Luévano being one of them) filed a lawsuit alleging that the Professional and Administrative Careers Examination (PACE) written test used by Civil Service Commission had an adverse impact on African Americans and Hispanics.
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Manhattan
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and its historical birthplace.
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Marian Wright Edelman
Marian Wright Edelman (born June 6, 1939) is an American activist for the rights of children.
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Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968.
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McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green
McDonnell Douglas Corp.
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McLaughlin v. Florida
McLaughlin v. Florida, 379 U.S. 184 (1964), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that a cohabitation law of Florida, part of the state's anti-miscegenation laws, was unconstitutional.
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McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637 (1950), was a United States Supreme Court case that reversed a lower court decision upholding the efforts of the state-supported University of Oklahoma to adhere to the state law requiring African-Americans to be provided graduate or professional education on a segregated basis.
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Mel Watt
Melvin Luther Watt (born August 26, 1945) is an American politician who has been Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency since 2014.
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Misdemeanor
A misdemeanor (American English, spelled misdemeanour in British English) is any "lesser" criminal act in some common law legal systems.
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Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada
Missouri ex rel.
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Montgomery bus boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.
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Morgan v. Virginia
Morgan v. Virginia,, is a major United States Supreme Court case.
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Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer, activist, and philanthropist.
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Murray v. Pearson
Murray v. Pearson was a Maryland Court of Appeals decision which found "the state has undertaken the function of education in the law, but has omitted students of one race from the only adequate provision made for it, and omitted them solely because of their color." On January 15, 1936, the court affirmed the lower court ruling which ordered the university to immediately integrate its student population, and therefore created a legal precedent making segregation in Maryland illegal.
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NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial organization to advance justice for African Americans by a group, including, W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.
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NAACP in Kentucky
NAACP in Kentucky is very active with branches all over the state, largest being in Louisville and Lexington.
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New Orleans
New Orleans (. Merriam-Webster.; La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana.
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New York (state)
New York is a state in the northeastern United States.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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New York University School of Law
The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University.
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Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder
Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No.
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Norwood v. Harrison
Norwood v. Harrison, 413 U.S. 455 (1973), is a United States Supreme Court decision in the area of constitutional law which the court held that a state cannot provide aid to a private school which discriminates on the basis of race.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (Uukuhuúwa, Gahnawiyoˀgeh) is a state in the South Central region of the United States.
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Orval Faubus
Orval Eugene Faubus (January 7, 1910 – December 14, 1994) was an American politician who served as 36th Governor of Arkansas from 1955 to 1967.
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Pamela S. Karlan
Pamela Susan Karlan (born February 1959) is a professor of law at Stanford Law School.
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Parade
A parade (also called march or marchpast) is a procession of people, usually organized along a street, often in costume, and often accompanied by marching bands, floats or sometimes large balloons.
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Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No.
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Parochial school
A parochial school is a private primary or secondary school affiliated with a religious organization, and whose curriculum includes general religious education in addition to secular subjects, such as science, mathematics and language arts.
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Plaintiff
A plaintiff (Π in legal shorthand) is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court.
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Prima facie
Prima facie is a Latin expression meaning on its first encounter or at first sight.
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Primary election
A primary election is the process by which the general public can indicate their preference for a candidate in an upcoming general election or by-election, thus narrowing the field of candidates.
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Prison
A prison, also known as a correctional facility, jail, gaol (dated, British English), penitentiary (American English), detention center (American English), or remand center is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state.
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Privatization
Privatization (also spelled privatisation) is the purchase of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by private investors, or the sale of a state-owned enterprise to private investors.
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Protest permit
A protest permit or parade permit is permission granted by a governmental agency for a demonstration to be held in a particular venue at a particular time.
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Public housing
Public housing is a form of housing tenure in which the property is owned by a government authority, which may be central or local.
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Race (human categorization)
A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.
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Racial discrimination
Racial discrimination refers to discrimination against individuals on the basis of their race.
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Racial segregation
Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.
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Rape
Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without that person's consent.
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Real property
In English common law, real property, real estate, realty, or immovable property is land which is the property of some person and all structures (also called improvements or fixtures) integrated with or affixed to the land, including crops, buildings, machinery, wells, dams, ponds, mines, canals, and roads, among other things.
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Reconstruction era
The Reconstruction era was the period from 1863 (the Presidential Proclamation of December 8, 1863) to 1877.
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Reince Priebus
Reinhold Richard "Reince" Priebus (born March 18, 1972) is an American lawyer and politician who served as White House chief of staff for President Donald Trump from January 20, 2017, until July 31, 2017.
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Republican National Convention
The Republican National Convention (RNC) is a series of presidential nominating conventions of the United States Republican Party since 1856.
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Robert L. Carter
Robert Lee Carter (March 11, 1917 – January 3, 2012) was an American lawyer, civil rights activist and a United States District Judge.
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Robinson v. Shell Oil Co.
Robinson v. Shell Oil Company, (1997) is US labor law case in the United States Supreme Court in which the Court unanimously held that under federal law, U.S. employers must not engage in workplace discrimination such as writing bad job references, or otherwise retaliating against former employees as a punishment for filing job discrimination complaints.
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Rudy Giuliani
Rudolph William Louis Giuliani (born May 28, 1944) is an American politician, attorney, businessman, public speaker, former mayor of New York City, and attorney to President Donald Trump.
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Scholarship
A scholarship is an award of financial aid for a student to further their education.
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Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, 572 U.S. ___ (2014), was a case before the United States Supreme Court questioning whether a state violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by enshrining a ban on race- and sex-based discrimination on public university admissions in its state constitution.
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Sheff v. O'Neill
Sheff v. O'Neill refers to a 1989 lawsuit and the subsequent 1996 Connecticut Supreme Court case (Sheff v. O'Neill, 238 Conn. 1, 678 A.2d 1267) that resulted in a landmark decision regarding civil rights and the right to education.
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Shelby County v. Holder
Shelby County v. Holder,, is a landmark United States Supreme Court case regarding the constitutionality of two provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965: Section 5, which requires certain states and local governments to obtain federal preclearance before implementing any changes to their voting laws or practices; and Section 4(b), which contains the coverage formula that determines which jurisdictions are subjected to preclearance based on their histories of discrimination in voting.
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Shelley v. Kraemer
Shelley v. Kraemer, (1948) is a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the State-Action Doctrine includes the enforcement of private contracts, the Equal Protection Clause prohibits racially restrictive housing covenants, and that such covenants are unenforceable in court.
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Sherrilyn Ifill
Sherrilyn Ifill is an American lawyer.
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Shoney's
Shoney’s is a privately held restaurant chain headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee, United States.
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Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham
Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, 394 US 147 (1969), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court struck down a Birmingham, Alabama ordinance that prohibited citizens from holding parades and processions on city streets without first obtaining a permit.
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Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital
Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, 323 F.2d 959 (4th Cir. 1963), was a federal case, reaching the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, which held that "separate but equal" racial segregation in publicly funded hospitals was a violation of equal protection under the United States Constitution.
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Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ.
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Sit-in
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.
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Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights that sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions.
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Smith v. Allwright
Smith v. Allwright,, was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to voting rights and, by extension, racial desegregation.
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Smith v. United States
Smith v. United States,, is a United States Supreme Court case that held that the exchange of a gun for drugs constituted "use" of the firearm for purposes of a federal statute imposing penalties for "use" of a firearm "during and in relation to" a drug trafficking crime.
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Solicitor General of the United States
The United States Solicitor General is the fourth-highest-ranking official in the U.S. Department of Justice.
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Spottswood William Robinson III
Spottswood William Robinson III (July 26, 1916 – October 11, 1998) was an American educator, civil rights attorney, and federal judge.
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State school
State schools (also known as public schools outside England and Wales)In England and Wales, some independent schools for 13- to 18-year-olds are known as 'public schools'.
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Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
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Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote).
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Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.
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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools.
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Sweatt v. Painter
Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950), was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson.
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Taliaferro County, Georgia
Taliaferro County is a county located in the U.S. state of Georgia.
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Tax exemption
Tax exemption is a monetary exemption which reduces taxable income.
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Texas
Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.
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Thornburg v. Gingles
Thornburg v. Gingles,, was a United States Supreme Court case in which a unanimous Court found that "the legacy of official discrimination...
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Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908January 24, 1993) was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991.
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Truth in Lending Act
The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) of 1968 is a United States federal law designed to promote the informed use of consumer credit, by requiring disclosures about its terms and cost to standardize the manner in which costs associated with borrowing are calculated and disclosed.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Assistant Attorney General
Many of the divisions and offices of the United States Department of Justice are headed by an Assistant Attorney General.
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United States Attorney General
The United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per, concerned with all legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government.
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United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (in case citations, D.C. Cir.) known informally as the D.C. Circuit, is the federal appellate court for the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.
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United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (in case citations, 5th Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following federal judicial districts.
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United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a Cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government.
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United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
The U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division is the institution within the federal government responsible for enforcing federal statutes prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, sex, disability, religion, and national origin.
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United States Department of the Treasury
The Department of the Treasury (USDT) is an executive department and the treasury of the United States federal government.
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United States district court
The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal court system.
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United States House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, the Senate being the upper chamber.
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University of Georgia
The University of Georgia, also referred to as UGA or simply Georgia, is an American public comprehensive research university.
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University of Maryland School of Law
The University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law (formerly University of Maryland School of Law; sometimes shortened to Maryland Law or Maryland Carey Law) is the law school of the University of Maryland, Baltimore and is located in Baltimore City, Maryland, U.S. Founded in 1816 as the Maryland Law Institute with regular instruction beginning in 1824, it is the second-oldest law school in the United States, only behind William & Mary Law School and ahead of Harvard Law School.
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University of Michigan
The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, or UMich), often simply referred to as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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University of Mississippi
The University of Mississippi (colloquially known as Ole Miss) is an American public research university located in Oxford, Mississippi.
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Urban park
An urban park or metropolitan park, also known as a municipal park (North America) or a public park, public open space, or municipal gardens (UK), is a park in cities and other incorporated places to offer recreation and green space to residents of, and visitors to, the municipality.
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Vanita Gupta
Vanita Gupta is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights.
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Voir dire
Voir dire is a legal phrase for a variety of procedures connected with jury trials.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
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Wilbert Rideau
Wilbert Rideau (born February 13, 1942) is a convicted killer and former death row inmate from Lake Charles, Louisiana, who became an author and award-winning journalist while in prison.
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William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.
William Thaddeus "Bill" Coleman Jr. (July 7, 1920 – March 31, 2017) was an American attorney and politician.
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Williams & Connolly
Williams & Connolly LLP is a prominent litigation firm based in Washington, D.C., United States.
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Write-in candidate
A write-in candidate is a candidate in an election whose name does not appear on the ballot, but for whom voters may vote nonetheless by writing in the person's name.
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Redirects here:
Inc. Fund, Legal Defense and Educational Fund, N.A.A.C.P Legal Defense Fund, N.A.A.C.P. Legal Defense Fund, NAACP Educational Fund, NAACP Fund, NAACP LDF, NAACP Legal Defense, NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc., NAACP Legal Defense Fund, NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc..
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund
