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128 relations: Adaptive immune system, Addiction, Aedes aegypti, Anatabine, Ankyrin repeat, Anopheles gambiae, Antibody, Antigen, Apoptosis, Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co., Autoimmune disease, B cell, B-cell activating factor, BCL3, Biological target, Boston University, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, C-Fos, C-jun, C-terminus, Capsaspora, Cardiovascular disease, Caspase, CD3 (immunology), Cnidaria, Cocaine, Coral, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5, Cytokine, Cytoplasm, David Baltimore, Dendrite, Dendritic spine, Denosumab, Disulfiram, Dithiocarbamate, DNA, Drosophila melanogaster, Dynorphin, Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, Enhancer (genetics), FOSB, Gene expression, Glutamic acid, Gram-negative bacteria, Great Ormond Street Hospital, GRIA1, GRIA2, Heavy metals, Histone deacetylase, ..., Homology (biology), Hydra (genus), IFRD1, Iguratimod, IκB kinase, IκBα, IKBKG, IKK2, Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif, Innate immune system, Insect, Interleukin 1 beta, Ionizing radiation, Isoprenaline, Lck, Linker for Activation of T cells, Lipopolysaccharide, Low-density lipoprotein, Lymphotoxin beta receptor, MAP3K14, Mark Mattson, Mosquito, Moth, N-terminus, Nasopharynx cancer, NEMO deficiency syndrome, Nerve growth factor, Nervous system, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIB, NFKBIE, Nobel Prize, Nuclear localization sequence, Nuclear receptor, Nucleus accumbens, Olmesartan, Oncogene, Osteoprotegerin, PEST sequence, Plasmodium falciparum, PLCG2, Proteasome, Protein dimer, Protein kinase A, Protein kinase C, Radical (chemistry), RANK, RANKL, Reactive oxygen species, Receptor (biochemistry), Reinforcement, REL, Rel homology domain, RELA, RELB, Sarcopenia, Schizophrenia, Sea anemone, Sensitization, Septic shock, Sponge, STAT protein, Stereotypy, Striatum, Synaptic plasticity, T-cell receptor, TNF receptor superfamily, Toll-like receptor, TRAF1, TRAF2, Transactivation, Transcription (biology), Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Ubiquitin, Ultraviolet, Yersinia, ZAP70. Expand index (78 more) »
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
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Addiction
Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences.
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Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents.
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Anatabine
Anatabine (uh-nat-uh-been,-bin) is one of the minor alkaloids found in plants in the Solanaceae family, which includes the tobacco plant and tomato.
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Ankyrin repeat
The ankyrin repeat is a 33-residue motif in proteins consisting of two alpha helices separated by loops, first discovered in signaling proteins in yeast Cdc10 and Drosophila Notch.
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Anopheles gambiae
The Anopheles gambiae complex consists of at least seven morphologically indistinguishable species of mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co.
Ariad Pharmaceuticals et al.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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B cell
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.
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B-cell activating factor
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF13B gene.
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BCL3
B-cell lymphoma 3-encoded protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL3 gene.
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Biological target
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function.
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Boston University
Boston University (commonly referred to as BU) is a private, non-profit, research university in Boston, Massachusetts.
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene.
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C-Fos
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos.
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C-jun
c-Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene.
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C-terminus
The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).
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Capsaspora
Capsaspora is a monotypic genus containing the single species Capsaspora owczarzaki. C. owczarzaki is a single-celled eukaryote that occupies a key phylogenetic position in our understanding of the origin of animal multicellularity, as one of the closest unicellular relatives to animals.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Caspase
Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases) are a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death (including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis) and inflammation.
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CD3 (immunology)
In immunology, the CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) T cell co-receptor helps to activate both the cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ naive T cells) and also T helper cells (CD4+ naive T cells).
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Cnidaria
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic (freshwater and marine) environments: they are predominantly marine species.
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Cocaine
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug.
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Coral
Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
Cell division protein kinase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK5 gene.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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David Baltimore
David Baltimore (born March 7, 1938) is an American biologist, university administrator, and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine.
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Dendrite
Dendrites (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree"), also dendrons, are branched protoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell that propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.
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Dendritic spine
A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse.
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Denosumab
Denosumab (trade names Prolia and Xgeva) is a human monoclonal antibody for the treatment of osteoporosis, treatment-induced bone loss, metastases to bone, and giant cell tumor of bone.
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Disulfiram
Disulfiram (sold under the trade names Antabuse and Antabus) is a drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol).
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Dithiocarbamate
A dithiocarbamate is a functional group in organic chemistry.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.
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Dynorphin
Dynorphins (Dyn) are a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin.
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Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or mobility shift electrophoresis, also referred as a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common affinity electrophoresis technique used to study protein–DNA or protein–RNA interactions.
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Enhancer (genetics)
In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.
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FOSB
FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, also known as Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, FOSB or FosB, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOSB gene.
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Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation.
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Great Ormond Street Hospital
Great Ormond Street Hospital (informally GOSH or Great Ormond Street, formerly the Hospital for Sick Children) is a children's hospital located in the Bloomsbury area of the London Borough of Camden, and a part of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust.
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GRIA1
Glutamate receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIA1 gene.
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GRIA2
Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 (ionotropic glutamate receptor 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIA2 (or GLUR2) gene.
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Heavy metals
Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.
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Histone deacetylase
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O.
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Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.
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Hydra (genus)
Hydra is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa.
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IFRD1
Interferon-related developmental regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFRD1 gene.
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Iguratimod
Iguratimod is an anti-inflammatory small molecule drug used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, together with methotrexate in Japan and China.
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IκB kinase
The IκB kinase (IKK) is an enzyme complex that is involved in propagating the cellular response to inflammation.
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IκBα
IκBα (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha) is one member of a family of cellular proteins that function to inhibit the NF-κB transcription factor.
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IKBKG
NF-kappa-B essential modulator (NEMO) also known as inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit gamma (IKK-γ) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IKBKG gene.
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IKK2
IKK-β also known as inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IKBKB (inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta) gene.
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Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) (in the antagonistic case ITIM, I for inhibition) is a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of certain cell surface proteins of the immune system.
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Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.
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Insect
Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum.
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Interleukin 1 beta
Interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) also known as leukocytic pyrogen, leukocytic endogenous mediator, mononuclear cell factor, lymphocyte activating factor and other names, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1B gene.
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Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
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Isoprenaline
Isoprenaline, or isoproterenol, is a medication used for the treatment of bradycardia (slow heart rate), heart block, and rarely for asthma.
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Lck
Lck (or lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase) is a 56 kDa protein that is found inside specialized cells of the immune system called lymphocytes.
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Linker for Activation of T cells
The Linker for Activation of T cells, also known as Linker of Activated T cells or LAT, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAT gene.
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Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Low-density lipoprotein
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein which transport all fat molecules around the body in the extracellular water.
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Lymphotoxin beta receptor
Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTBR), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 3 (TNFRSF3), is a cell surface receptor for lymphotoxin involved in apoptosis and cytokine release.
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MAP3K14
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 also known as NF-kappa-B-inducing kinase (NIK) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K14 gene.
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Mark Mattson
Mark P. Mattson is Chief of the Laboratory of Neurosciences at the National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging.
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Mosquito
Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that constitute the family Culicidae.
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Moth
Moths comprise a group of insects related to butterflies, belonging to the order Lepidoptera.
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N-terminus
The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide.
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Nasopharynx cancer
Nasopharynx cancer or nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common cancer originating in the nasopharynx, most commonly in the postero-lateral nasopharynx or pharyngeal recess or 'Fossa of Rosenmüller' accounting for 50% cases.
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NEMO deficiency syndrome
Nuclear factor-kappa B Essential Modulator (NEMO) deficiency syndrome is a rare type of primary immunodeficiency disease that has a highly variable set of symptoms and prognoses.
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Nerve growth factor
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons.
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Nervous system
The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
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NFKB1
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKB1 gene.
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NFKB2
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKB2 gene.
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NFKBIB
NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKBIB gene.
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NFKBIE
Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, epsilon, also known as NFKBIE, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NFKBIE gene.
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Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize (Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.
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Nuclear localization sequence
A nuclear localization signal or sequence (NLS) is an amino acid sequence that 'tags' a protein for import into the cell nucleus by nuclear transport.
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Nuclear receptor
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules.
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Nucleus accumbens
The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc), also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus adjacent to the septum) is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
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Olmesartan
Olmesartan medoxomil is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist which is used for the treatment of high blood pressure.
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Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
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Osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B), is a cytokine receptor of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily encoded by the TNFRSF11B gene.
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PEST sequence
A PEST sequence is a peptide sequence that is rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T).
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Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans.
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PLCG2
1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLCG2 gene.
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Proteasome
Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.
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Protein dimer
In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.
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Protein kinase A
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
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Protein kinase C
Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.
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Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
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RANK
Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), also known as TRANCE receptor or TNFRSF11A, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) molecular sub-family.
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RANKL
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand (RANKL), also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11), TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), and osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF11 gene.
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Reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Reinforcement
In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus.
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REL
The proto-oncogene c-Rel is a protein that in humans is encoded by the REL gene.
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Rel homology domain
The Rel homology domain (RHD) is a protein domain found in a family of eukaryotic transcription factors, which includes NF-κB, NFAT, among others.
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RELA
Transcription factor p65 also known as nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RELA gene.
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RELB
Transcription factor RelB is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RELB gene.
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Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia is the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass (0.5–1% loss per year after the age of 50), quality, and strength associated with aging.
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand reality.
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Sea anemone
Sea anemones are a group of marine, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria.
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Sensitization
Sensitization is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administration of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response.
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Septic shock
Septic shock is a serious medical condition that occurs when sepsis, which is organ injury or damage in response to infection, leads to dangerously low blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism.
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Sponge
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (meaning "pore bearer"), are a basal Metazoa clade as sister of the Diploblasts.
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STAT protein
Members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family are intracellular transcription factors that mediate many aspects of cellular immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation.
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Stereotypy
A stereotypy is a repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance.
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Striatum
The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the neostriatum and the striate nucleus) is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.
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Synaptic plasticity
In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.
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T-cell receptor
The T-cell receptor, or TCR, is a molecule found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
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TNF receptor superfamily
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) is a protein superfamily of cytokine receptors characterized by the ability to bind tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) via an extracellular cysteine-rich domain.
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Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system.
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TRAF1
TNF receptor-associated factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF1 gene.
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TRAF2
TNF receptor-associated factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF2 gene.
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Transactivation
In the context of gene regulation: transactivation is the increased rate of gene expression triggered either by biological processes or by artificial means, through the expression of an intermediate transactivator protein.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
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Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin is a small (8.5 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e. it occurs ''ubiquitously''.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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Yersinia
Yersinia is a genus of bacteria in the family Yersiniaceae.
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ZAP70
ZAP-70 (Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70) is a protein normally expressed near the surface membrane of T cells and natural killer cells.
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IkB, IκB, NF kappa B, NF kappaB, NF-B, NF-KB, NF-kB, NF-kappa B, NF-kappa-B, NF-kappaB, NF-κB pathway, NFKB, NFkB, NFkappaB, NFκB, Nf-kappa b, Nfkappa B, Nfkb, Nuclear factor kB, Nuclear factor kappa B, Nuclear factor κB, Nuclear factor-kappa B, Nuclear factor-κB, Nuclear factor-κΒ.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-κB
