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Native Americans in the United States

Index Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous peoples of the United States. [1]

792 relations: Abenaki, Adena culture, Affirmative action in the United States, African Americans, Alabama, Alaska, Alaska Natives, Alaskan Athabaskans, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Alcohol and Native Americans, Aleut, Alfred A. Knopf, Algonquian peoples, Algonquin people, Alpine skiing, Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics, Alpine skiing combined, American bison, American Civil War, American Experience, American Indian boarding schools, American Indian Higher Education Consortium, American Indian Movement, American Indian Wars, American Revolution, Americas, Ancestral Puebloans, Andrew Jackson, Andrew White (Jesuit), Angel Goodrich, Anthropologist, Apache, Apache Wars, Archaeological culture, Archaeology of the Americas, Archaic period (North America), Archaic Southwest, Arizona, Arkansas, Artifact (archaeology), Astronomy, Athabaskan languages, Auriesville, New York, Austria, Autosome, Avalon Project, Aztec Ruins National Monument, Ballet dancer, Bandelier National Monument, Basket weaving, ..., Battle of Antietam, Battle of Cold Harbor, Battle of Pea Ridge, Battle of Sitka, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Beaver Wars, Before Present, Belzoni, Mississippi, Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Benjamin Hawkins, Bering Sea, Beringia, Bill John Baker, Billy Jack, Billy Kidd, Billy Mills, Biological warfare, Bison, Blackfoot (band), Blood quantum laws, Bloody Island massacre, Bonanza, Boston University, Bow and arrow, Bringing the Circle Together, British Army, British North America, Bruce E. Johansen, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Caddo, Cahokia, Cahokia Woodhenge, California, California Gold Rush, Calvin Coolidge, Cambridge University Press, Canada, Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Casco Bay, Casino, Catawba people, Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi (Santa Fe), Catholic Church, Catholic Church in the United States, Cayuga people, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Ceremony, Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Charles Bird King, Charles Curtis, Charles Eastman, Charles Littleleaf, Charter school, Chenopodium, Cherokee, Cherokee freedmen controversy, Cherokee heritage groups, Cherokee language, Cherokee Nation, Cherokee Nation (1794–1907), Cherokee Preservation Foundation, Chetro Ketl, Cheyenne, Cheyenne (TV series), Chickasaw, Chickenpox, Chief Wahoo, Chiefdom, Choctaw, Choctaw language, Chris Wondolowski, Christianity, Christopher Columbus, Chunkey, Civil Rights Act of 1866, Civilian Conservation Corps, Civilization Fund Act, Clan, Clan Mother, Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy, Clovis culture, Clovis point, Clovis, New Mexico, Club (weapon), Coal, Coast Salish, CocoRosie, Code talker, Coles Creek culture, Colorado, Colorado Plateau, Colorado War, Columbian Exchange, Colville people, Comanche, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, Confederate States of America, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Confederation, Connecticut, Conquistador, Contemporary Native American issues in the United States, Cosmetic palette, Cotton, Cradleboard, CRC Press, Creation myth, Cree, Creek War, Crow Nation, Cryptography, Cucurbita, Cultural assimilation of Native Americans, Culture, Custer Died for Your Sins, Dakota language, Dakota War of 1862, Dances with Wolves, Dartmouth College, Dawes Act, Dawes Rolls, Deep South, Delaware, Democratic Party (United States), Diabetes mellitus, Dibber, Diné College, Diplomatic recognition, Discovery Channel, Discus throw, Drought, Drum, Dryland farming, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Eagle, Eagle feather law, Early modern period, Earthworks (archaeology), Eastern Agricultural Complex, Eastern Orthodoxy in North America, Eastern United States, Economic development, Edward S. Curtis, Egypt, Elbridge Ayer Burbank, Ellison Brown, Encyclopædia Britannica, Endemic (epidemiology), English language, Entrepreneurship, Equal employment opportunity, Erie people, Eskimo, Ethnic option, Ethnic origin, Eurasia, European Americans, European colonization of the Americas, F Troop, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal government of the United States, Fee simple, Fifth grade, Film, Firekeeper, First Nations, First Nations Experience, Five Civilized Tribes, Florida, Florida State University, Folsom point, Folsom tradition, Fonda, New York, Forced assimilation, Founder effect, Four Corners, Franco-Indian alliance, Franklin Gritts, Freedman, French and Indian War, French language, Fugitive slaves in the United States, Fur trade, Gambling, Gangs in the United States, Gathering of Nations, Gene, Gene Clark, Genealogical DNA test, Genealogy, Genetic admixture, Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Genetic recombination, Geneticist, Genocide, George Catlin, George Washington, Georgia (U.S. state), Geronimo, Geronimo: An American Legend, Ghost Dance, Gila River, Golden State Warriors, Gonzalo Guerrero, Goodale Sisters, Gordon Willey, Great Lakes, Great Plains, Great Pyramid of Giza, Great Sioux War of 1876, Greenland, Greenwood Publishing Group, Grog (clay), Gulf of Mexico, Haida people, Hampton University, Handbook of North American Indians, Haplogroup Q-M242, Haplotype, Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, Harvard University, Haskell Indian Nations University, Hawaii, Helianthus, Henry F. Dobyns, Henry Knox, Henry Louis Gates Jr., Herbert Hoover, Hernando de Soto, Hernán Cortés, Hierochloe odorata, Hispaniola, Historical trauma, History of smallpox, History of the Americas, Hoe (tool), Hohokam, Homophone, Hopewell tradition, Hopi, Horned Serpent, Horse, Horse culture, Houma people, Hovenweep National Monument, How the West Was Won (TV series), Human genome, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, Hunter-gatherer, Hypergamy, Iconography, Idaho, Illinois, Immunity (medical), Impact of Native American gaming, India, Indian Actors Association, Indian Appropriations Act, Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, Indian Citizenship Act, Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, Indian Country Today, Indian princess, Indian Relocation Act of 1956, Indian removal, Indian Removal Act, Indian Reorganization Act, Indian reservation, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, Indian termination policy, Indian Territory, Indian Wedding Blessing, Indiana, Indigenous languages of the Americas, Indigenous music of North America, Indigenous peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples of California, Indigenous peoples of Mexico, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin, Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Infection, Inland Empire, Innsbruck, Interracial marriage in the United States, Inuit, Iowa, Iroquoian languages, Iroquois, Irrigation, Ishi, Iva annua, Jack Brisco, Jack Hitt, Jacoby Ellsbury, Jaketown Site, James A. Ford, Javelin throw, Jay Silverheels, Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, Jewellery, Jim Thorpe, Joanne Shenandoah, Joba Chamberlain, Joe Hipp, John Collier (sociologist), John Mix Stanley, John Trudell, Joseph Henry Sharp, Joseph Vann, Kachina, Kansas, Kateri Tekakwitha, Kaw people, Kentucky, Keres language, Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site, King Philip's War, Kingdom of Great Britain, Kiowa, Kiowa language, Kristen Gremillion, KVCR-DT, Kyle Lohse, La Malinche, Lacrosse, Lake Ontario, Lakota people, Land bridge, Land-grant university, Language shift, Last glacial period, Law of the Plainsman, Lenape, Leonard Peltier, Leucophyllum, Lewis Tewanima, Lillian Goldman Law Library, List of Alaska Native tribal entities, List of American artists, List of archaeological periods (North America), List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas, List of epidemics, List of federally recognized tribes, List of historical Indian reservations in the United States, List of Indian reservations in the United States, List of Native Americans of the United States, List of Presidents of the United States, List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee, List of unrecognized tribes in the United States, List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas, Little Big Man (film), Louisiana, Lumbee, Lyndon B. Johnson, Maine, Maize, Major League Baseball, Mammoth, Manifest destiny, Maria Tallchief, Marjorie Tallchief, Maryland, Mascot, Mass (liturgy), Massachusetts, Mastodon, Matrilineality, Maya peoples, Mazique Archeological Site, Métis in the United States, Measles, Megafauna, Menominee, Meredith College, Mesa Verde National Park, Mesoamerica, Mestizo, Mestizos in the United States, Metacomet, Metallurgy, Mexico, Michigan, Microsatellite, Midewiwin, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Mississippi, Mississippi River, Mississippian culture, Mississippian culture pottery, Missouri, Mixed-sex education, Mohawk people, Monks Mound, Mono people, Montana, Monthly Review, Mound, Mound Builders, Multiracial, Muscogee, Muscogee language, Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, Mythology, Na-Dene languages, Narragansett people, National Archives and Records Administration, National Basketball Association, National Congress of American Indians, National Football League, National Geographic, National Mall, National Museum of the American Indian, National park, National Shrine of the North American Martyrs, Native American Church, Native American disease and epidemics, Native American flute, Native American Heritage Sites (National Park Service), Native American identity in the United States, Native American Journalists Association, Native American name controversy, Native American religion, Native American reservation politics, Native American Rights Fund, Native American self-determination, Native American studies, Native American use of fire, Native Americans and reservation inequality, Native Americans in popular culture, Native Hawaiians, Nature (journal), Navajo, Navajo language, Navajo Nation, Navajo National Monument, Nebraska, Neolithic, Neolithic Revolution, Neologism, Neutral Nation, Nevada, New England, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New World, New York (state), Nitrogen, Nomad, North America, North Carolina, North Dakota, Northern Paiute, Notah Begay III, O'odham language, Occupation of Alcatraz, Odawa, Oglala Lakota, Ohio, Ohlone, Ojibwe, Ojibwe language, Oklahoma, Old World, Omaha people, Omaha, Nebraska, One-drop rule, Oneida people, Onondaga language, Onondaga people, Oral tradition, Oregon, Oroville, California, Osage language, Osage Nation, Oshara Tradition, Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians, Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy, Pacific coast, Pacific Islands Americans, Pacific Northwest, Painting, Paiute, Paleo-Indians, Partus sequitur ventrem, Party leaders of the United States Senate, Passing (racial identity), Past sea level, Patriarchy, Patrilineality, Paul Kane, PBS, Pennsylvania, Pentatonic scale, Per capita income, Peyote, Philip Phillips (archaeologist), Picosa culture, Piegan Blackfeet, Pima people, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory, Plains Indians, Planter class, Plaquemine culture, Platform mound, Pole vault, Polygonum erectum, Polygyny, Ponca, Population bottleneck, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Potawatomi, Potlatch, Poverty Point, Pow wow, Praying Indian, Pre-Columbian era, Pre-Columbian savannas of North America, Prisoner of war, Protestantism in the United States, Pueblo II Period, Pueblo III Period, Puebloans, Puerto Rico, Puget Sound, Pumpkin, Pyramid of the Sun, Qualla Boundary, Quaternary glaciation, Quechan, R. Carlos Nakai, Racial segregation in the United States, Racial whitening, Racism in the United States, Radiocarbon dating, Random House, Redbone (band), Redding, California, Redskin (slang), Reservation poverty, Rez Biz, Rhode Island, Ric Burns, Rider (legislation), Right to property, Rio Grande, Rita Coolidge, Robert Tree Cody, Rosebud Indian Reservation, Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, Russell Means, Russian language, Rutgers University Press, Sac and Fox Nation, Sachem, Salmon, Sam Bradford, San Francisco, San Juan Basin, San Manuel Band of Mission Indians, Sandpainting, Santa Fe, New Mexico, Sasol, Science (journal), Scotch-Irish Americans, Sculpture, Second Battle of Bull Run, Seminole, Seminole Tribe of Florida, Seminole Wars, Seneca people, Sequoyah High School (Tahlequah, Oklahoma), Seth and Mary Eastman, Settlement of the Americas, Settler, Seven Years' War, Sexual victimization of Native American women, Shawnee, Shoni Schimmel, Shoshone, Shot put, Siberia, Siege of Fort Pitt, Siege of Petersburg, Sioux, Sioux language, Sitka National Historical Park, Slalom skiing, Slavery, Slavery among Native Americans in the United States, Slavery in the United States, Sledgehammer, Small Business Administration, Smallpox, Smallpox vaccine, Smithsonian Institution, Snake War, Society of Jesus, South Carolina, South Dakota, Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Southern Paiute, Southwestern United States, Sovereignty, Spain, Spanish language, Spear, Spirituality, Squanto, State-recognized tribes in the United States, Sugarcane, Suicide, Suicide among Native Americans in the United States, Sullivan Expedition, Susquehannock, Sweat lodge, Syncretism, Taos Pueblo, Tecumseh, Tecumseh's War, Television, Tennessee, Teotihuacan, Texas, Texture (music), The Denver Post, The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film), The Lone Ranger (TV series), The New York Times, The Outlaw Josey Wales, Theodore Roosevelt, Thirteen Colonies, Three Sisters (agriculture), Time (magazine), Tlingit, Tobacco, Tohono O'odham, Tommy Morrison, Tori Amos, Totem pole, Trail of Tears, Transcontinental railroad, Treaty of Casco (1678), Treaty of Fort Pitt, Treaty of Hopewell, Treaty of Paris (1783), Treaty rights, Tribal chief, Tribal colleges and universities, Tribal disenrollment, Tuberculosis, Tunica-Biloxi, Tuscarora people, U.S. state, Ulysses S. Grant, Unemployment, Union (American Civil War), United States, United States Armed Forces, United States Army Center of Military History, United States Attorney, United States Census Bureau, United States Commission on Civil Rights, United States Congress, United States Constitution, United States Declaration of Independence, United States Department of the Interior, United States federal judicial district, United States House of Representatives, United States Marine Corps, United States Marshals Service, United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Upper Paleolithic, Uranium, Urban Indian, Ursuline Academy (New Orleans), Ursulines, Utah, Ute people, Vermont, Veto, Vine Deloria Jr., Virginia, W. Langdon Kihn, Wakan Tanka, Walter Plecker, Wampum, War of 1812, Washington (state), Washington Redskins name controversy, Washington State Republican Party, Washington, D.C., Watson Brake, Wayne Newton, We Shall Remain, Weaving, West Coast of the United States, West Indies, West Virginia, Western Apache language, Western United States, Western world, White Americans, White privilege, Winnemem Wintu, Wisconsin, Wood carving, Woodland period, Woodrow Wilson, World Heritage site, World War II, Wounded Knee incident, Wounded Knee Massacre, Wounded Knee, South Dakota, Wovoka, Wyandot people, Wyoming, Yakama Indian Reservation, Yale Law School, Yamasee War, Yaqui, Yontoket massacre, Yucatán Peninsula, Yup'ik language, Yupik, Zuni language, Zygosity, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic, 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic, 1964 Summer Olympics, 2000 United States Census, 2010 United States Census. Expand index (742 more) »

Abenaki

The Abenaki (Abnaki, Abinaki, Alnôbak) are a Native American tribe and First Nation.

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Adena culture

The Adena culture was a Pre-Columbian Native American culture that existed from 1000 to 200 BC, in a time known as the Early Woodland period.

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Affirmative action in the United States

Affirmative action in the United States is a set of laws, policies, guidelines, and administrative practices "intended to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination." These include government-mandated, government-sanctioned, and voluntary private programs that tend to focus on access to education and employment, granting special consideration to historically excluded groups, specifically racial minorities or women.

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African Americans

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa.

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Alabama

Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Alaska

Alaska (Alax̂sxax̂) is a U.S. state located in the northwest extremity of North America.

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Alaska Natives

Alaska Natives are indigenous peoples of Alaska, United States and include: Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.

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Alaskan Athabaskans

The Alaskan Athabascans, Alaskan Athabaskans, Alaskan AthapaskansWilliam Simeone, A History of Alaskan Athapaskans, 1982, Alaska Historical Commission (атабаски Аляски or атапаски Аляски) are Alaska Native peoples of the Northern Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group.

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Albuquerque, New Mexico

Albuquerque (Beeʼeldííl Dahsinil; Arawageeki; Vakêêke; Gołgéeki) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico.

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Alcohol and Native Americans

Native Americans in the United States have historically had extreme difficulty with the use of alcohol.

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Aleut

The Aleuts (Алеу́ты Aleuty), who are usually known in the Aleut language by the endonyms Unangan (eastern dialect), Unangas (western dialect), Alaska Native Language Center.

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Alfred A. Knopf

Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is a New York publishing house that was founded by Alfred A. Knopf Sr. and Blanche Knopf in 1915.

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Algonquian peoples

The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups.

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Algonquin people

The Algonquins are indigenous inhabitants of North America who speak the Algonquin language, a divergent dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is part of the Algonquian language family.

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Alpine skiing

Alpine skiing, or downhill skiing, is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings, unlike other types of skiing (cross-country, Telemark, or ski jumping) which use skis with free-heel bindings.

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Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics

Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of six events, held near Innsbruck, Austria, from January 30 to February 8, 1964.

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Alpine skiing combined

Combined is an event in alpine ski racing.

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American bison

The American bison or simply bison (Bison bison), also commonly known as the American buffalo or simply buffalo, is a North American species of bison that once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.

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American Experience

American Experience is a television program airing on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television stations in the United States.

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American Indian boarding schools

Native American boarding schools, also known as Indian Residential Schools were established in the United States during the late 19th and mid 20th centuries with a primary objective of assimilating Native American children and youth into Euro-American culture, while at the same time providing a basic education in Euro-American subject matters.

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American Indian Higher Education Consortium

The American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) was established in 1972, in order to represent the interests of the newly developed tribal colleges, which are controlled and operated by American Indian nations.

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American Indian Movement

The American Indian Movement (AIM) is an American Indian advocacy group in the United States, founded in July 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

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American Indian Wars

The American Indian Wars (or Indian Wars) is the collective name for the various armed conflicts fought by European governments and colonists, and later the United States government and American settlers, against various American Indian tribes.

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American Revolution

The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783.

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Americas

The Americas (also collectively called America)"America." The Oxford Companion to the English Language.

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Ancestral Puebloans

The Ancestral Puebloans were an ancient Native American culture that spanned the present-day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado.

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Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

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Andrew White (Jesuit)

Andrew White (1579 – December 27, 1656) was an English Jesuit missionary who was involved in the founding of the Maryland colony.

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Angel Goodrich

Angel Goodrich (born February 24, 1990) is an American former professional basketball player, who played for the Tulsa Shock and Seattle Storm in the WNBA.

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Anthropologist

An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology.

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Apache

The Apache are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, which include the Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Salinero, Plains and Western Apache.

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Apache Wars

The Apache Wars were a series of armed conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache nations fought in the southwest between 1849 and 1886, though minor hostilities continued until as late as 1924.

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Archaeological culture

An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of artifacts from a specific time and place that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society.

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Archaeology of the Americas

The archaeology of the Americas is the study of the archaeology of North America (Mesoamerica included), Central America, South America and the Caribbean.

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Archaic period (North America)

In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America, the Archaic period or "Meso-Indian period" in North America, accepted to be from around 8000 to 1000 BC in the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages, is a period defined by the archaic stage of cultural development.

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Archaic Southwest

The Archaic Southwest was the culture of the southwestern United States between 6500 BC and 200 AD (approximately).

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Arizona

Arizona (Hoozdo Hahoodzo; Alĭ ṣonak) is a U.S. state in the southwestern region of the United States.

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Arkansas

Arkansas is a state in the southeastern region of the United States, home to over 3 million people as of 2017.

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Artifact (archaeology)

An artifact, or artefact (see American and British English spelling differences), is something made or given shape by humans, such as a tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest.

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Astronomy

Astronomy (from ἀστρονομία) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.

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Athabaskan languages

Athabaskan or Athabascan (also Dene, Athapascan, Athapaskan) is a large family of indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three groups of contiguous languages: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or Apachean).

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Auriesville, New York

Auriesville is a hamlet in the northeastern part of the Town of Glen in Montgomery County, New York, United States, along the south bank of the Mohawk River and west of Fort Hunter.

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Austria

Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.

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Autosome

An autosome is a chromosome that is not an allosome (a sex chromosome).

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Avalon Project

The Avalon Project is a digital library of documents relating to law, history and diplomacy.

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Aztec Ruins National Monument

The Aztec Ruins National Monument preserves Ancestral Puebloan structures in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of New Mexico.

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Ballet dancer

A ballet dancer (ballerina fem., ballerino masc.) is a person who practices the art of classical ballet.

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Bandelier National Monument

Bandelier National Monument is a United States National Monument near Los Alamos in Sandoval and Los Alamos Counties, New Mexico.

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Basket weaving

Basket weaving (also basketry or basket making) is the process of weaving or sewing pliable materials into two- or threedimensional artefacts, such as mats or containers.

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Battle of Antietam

The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the Southern United States, was a battle of the American Civil War, fought on September 17, 1862, between Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek.

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Battle of Cold Harbor

The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought during the American Civil War near Mechanicsville, Virginia, from May 31 to June 12, 1864, with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3.

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Battle of Pea Ridge

The Battle of Pea Ridge (March 7 – 8, 1862), also known as the Battle of Elkhorn Tavern, was a major battle of the American Civil War fought near Leetown, northeast of Fayetteville, Arkansas.

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Battle of Sitka

The Battle of Sitka (1804) was the last major armed conflict between Russians and Alaska Natives, and was initiated in response to the destruction of a Russian trading post two years before.

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Battle of Spotsylvania Court House

The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, sometimes more simply referred to as the Battle of Spotsylvania (or the 19th-century spelling Spottsylvania), was the second major battle in Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign of the American Civil War.

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Beaver Wars

The Beaver Wars, also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars, encompass a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th and 18th centuries in eastern North America.

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Before Present

Before Present (BP) years is a time scale used mainly in geology and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred in the past.

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Belzoni, Mississippi

Belzoni is a city in Humphreys County, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta region, on the Yazoo River.

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Ben Nighthorse Campbell

Ben Nighthorse Campbell (born April 13, 1933) is an American politician.

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Benjamin Hawkins

Benjamin Hawkins (August 15, 1754June 6, 1816, Encyclopedia of Alabama, accessed July 15, 2011) was an American planter, statesman, and U.S. Indian agent.

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Bering Sea

The Bering Sea (r) is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean.

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Beringia

Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72 degrees north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

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Bill John Baker

Bill John Baker (born February 9, 1952) is the current Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

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Billy Jack

Billy Jack is a 1971 action/drama independent film; the second of four films centering on a character of the same name which began with the movie The Born Losers (1967), played by Tom Laughlin, who directed and co-wrote the script.

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Billy Kidd

William Winston "Billy" Kidd (born April 13, 1943) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer, a member of the U.S. Ski Team from 1962 to 1970.

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Billy Mills

William Mervin "Billy" Mills, also known as Makata Taka Hela (born June 30, 1938), is a Native American former track and field athlete who won a gold medal in the Olympic Games.

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Biological warfare

Biological warfare (BW)—also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war.

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Bison

Bison are large, even-toed ungulates in the genus Bison within the subfamily Bovinae.

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Blackfoot (band)

Blackfoot is an American Southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida formed during 1970.

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Blood quantum laws

Blood quantum laws or Indian blood laws are those enacted in the United States and the former colonies to define qualification by ancestry as Native American, sometimes in relation to tribal membership.

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Bloody Island massacre

The Bloody Island massacre (also called the Clear Lake massacre) occurred on an island called in the Pomo language, Bo-no-po-ti or Badon-napo-ti (Island Village), at the north end of Clear Lake, Lake County, California, on May 15, 1850.

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Bonanza

Bonanza is an NBC television western series that ran from 1959 to 1973.

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Boston University

Boston University (commonly referred to as BU) is a private, non-profit, research university in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Bow and arrow

The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows).

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Bringing the Circle Together

Bringing the Circle Together was an influential free film series in downtown Los Angeles, by and about Native American, First Nation and Indigenous peoples of America.

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British Army

The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of British Armed Forces.

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British North America

The term "British North America" refers to the former territories of the British Empire on the mainland of North America.

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Bruce E. Johansen

Bruce Elliott Johansen (born January 30, 1950) is an American academic and author.

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Buffy Sainte-Marie

Buffy Sainte-Marie, OC (born Beverly Sainte-Marie, February 20, 1941) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, composer, visual artist, educator, pacifist, and social activist.

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Bureau of Indian Affairs

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the U.S. Department of the Interior.

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Caddo

The Caddo Nation is a confederacy of several Southeastern Native American tribes.

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Cahokia

The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (11 MS 2) is the site of a pre-Columbian Native American city (circa 1050–1350 CE) directly across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis, Missouri.

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Cahokia Woodhenge

The Cahokia Woodhenge was a series of large timber circles located roughly to the west of Monks Mound at the Mississippian culture Cahokia archaeological site near Collinsville, Illinois.

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California

California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.

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California Gold Rush

The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.

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Calvin Coolidge

John Calvin Coolidge Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was an American politician and the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929).

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.

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Canyon de Chelly National Monument

Canyon de Chelly National Monument was established on April 1, 1931, as a unit of the National Park Service.

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Canyons of the Ancients National Monument

Canyons of the Ancients National Monument is a national monument protecting an archaeologically-significant landscape located in the southwestern region of the U.S. state of Colorado.

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Casco Bay

Casco Bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Maine on the southern coast of Maine, New England, United States.

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Casino

A casino is a facility which houses and accommodates certain types of gambling activities.

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Catawba people

The Catawba, also known as Issa or Essa or Iswä but most commonly Iswa (Catawba: iswa - "people of the river"), are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans, known as the Catawba Indian Nation. They live in the Southeast United States, along the border of North Carolina near the city of Rock Hill, South Carolina.

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Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi (Santa Fe)

The Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, commonly known as Saint Francis Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in downtown Santa Fe, New Mexico.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Catholic Church in the United States

The Catholic Church in the United States is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome.

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Cayuga people

The Cayuga (Cayuga: Guyohkohnyo or Gayogohó:no’, literally "People of the Great Swamp") was one of the five original constituents of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), a confederacy of Native Americans in New York.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.

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Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas

Native American pottery is an art form with at least a 7500-year history in the Americas.

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Ceremony

A ceremony is an event of ritual significance, performed on a special occasion.

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Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood

A Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood or Certificate of Degree of Alaska Native Blood (both abbreviated CDIB) is an official U.S. document that certifies an individual possesses a specific degree of Native American blood of a federally recognized Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, or community.

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Chaco Culture National Historical Park

Chaco Culture National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park hosting the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest.

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Charles Bird King

Charles the Bird King (September 26, 1785 – March 18, 1862) was an American portrait artist, best known for his portrayals of significant Native American leaders and tribesmen.

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Charles Curtis

Charles Curtis (January 25, 1860February 8, 1936) was an American attorney and politician, who served as the 31st Vice President of the United States from 1929 to 1933.

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Charles Eastman

Charles Alexander Eastman (born Hakadah and later named Ohíye S’a; February 19, 1858 – January 8, 1939) was a Santee Dakota physician educated at Boston University, writer, national lecturer, and reformer.

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Charles Littleleaf

Charles Littleleaf, a Native American flutist and traditional flute maker.

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Charter school

A charter school is a school that receives government funding but operates independently of the established state school system in which it is located.

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Chenopodium

Chenopodium is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world.

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Cherokee

The Cherokee (translit or translit) are one of the indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands.

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Cherokee freedmen controversy

The Cherokee Freedmen Controversy was a political and tribal dispute between the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and descendants of the Cherokee Freedmen regarding the issue of tribal membership.

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Cherokee heritage groups

Cherokee heritage groups are associations, societies and other organizations located primarily in the United States, which are made up of people who may have distant heritage from a Cherokee tribe, or who identify as having such ancestry.

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Cherokee language

Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, Tsalagi Gawonihisdi) is an endangered Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people.

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Cherokee Nation

The Cherokee Nation (Cherokee: ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, Tsalagihi Ayeli), also known as the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, is the largest of three Cherokee federally recognized tribes in the United States.

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Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)

The Cherokee Nation (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, pronounced Tsalagihi Ayeli) from 1794–1907 was a legal, autonomous, tribal government in North America recognized from 1794 to 1907.

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Cherokee Preservation Foundation

Cherokee Preservation Foundation is an independent nonprofit foundation established in 2000 as part of the Tribal-State Compact amendment between the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) and the State of North Carolina.

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Chetro Ketl

Chetro Ketl is an Ancestral Puebloan great house and archeological site located in Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico, United States.

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Cheyenne

The Cheyenne are one of the indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and their language is of the Algonquian language family.

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Cheyenne (TV series)

Cheyenne was an American Western television series of 108 black-and-white episodes broadcast on ABC from 1955 to 1963.

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Chickasaw

The Chickasaw are an indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands.

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Chickenpox

Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV).

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Chief Wahoo

Chief Wahoo is a logo of the Cleveland Indians, a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Cleveland, Ohio.

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Chiefdom

A chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'.

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Choctaw

The Choctaw (in the Choctaw language, Chahta)Common misspellings and variations in other languages include Chacta, Tchakta and Chocktaw.

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Choctaw language

The Choctaw language, traditionally spoken by the Native American Choctaw people of the southeastern United States, is a member of the Muskogean family.

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Chris Wondolowski

Christopher Elliott Wondolowski (born January 28, 1983) is an American soccer player who plays for San Jose Earthquakes and the United States national team as a forward.

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Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

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Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 145120 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer.

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Chunkey

Chunkey (also known as chunky, chenco, tchung-kee or the hoop and stick game) is a game of Native American origin.

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

The Civil Rights Act of 1866,, enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.

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Civilian Conservation Corps

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men.

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Civilization Fund Act

The Civilization Fund Act was an Act passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1819.

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Clan

A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent.

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Clan Mother

Clan Mother is a traditional role of elder matriarch women within certain Native American clans, who was typically in charge of appointing tribal chiefs and Faithkeepers.

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Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy

As part of the Native American mascot controversy, the Cleveland Indians logo, Chief Wahoo, has drawn particular criticism from some activist groups as an offensive racial caricature.

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Clovis culture

The Clovis culture is a prehistoric Paleo-Indian culture, named for distinct stone tools found in close association with Pleistocene fauna at Blackwater Locality No. 1 near Clovis, New Mexico, in the 1920s and 1930s.

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Clovis point

Clovis points are the characteristically-fluted projectile points associated with the New World Clovis culture.

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Clovis, New Mexico

Clovis is the county seat of Curry County, New Mexico, United States, with a population of 37,775 as of the 2010 census, and a 2014 estimated population of 39,860.

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Club (weapon)

A club (also known as a cudgel, baton, truncheon, cosh, nightstick, beating stick, or bludgeon) is among the simplest of all weapons: a short staff or stick, usually made of wood, wielded as a weapon since prehistoric times.

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Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

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Coast Salish

The Coast Salish is a group of ethnically and linguistically related indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, living in British Columbia, Canada and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon.

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CocoRosie

CocoRosie is an American musical group formed in 2003 by sisters Bianca "Coco" and Sierra "Rosie" Casady.

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Code talker

Code talkers are people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime.

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Coles Creek culture

Coles Creek culture is a Late Woodland archaeological culture in the Lower Mississippi valley in the southern United States.

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Colorado

Colorado is a state of the United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains.

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Colorado Plateau

The Colorado Plateau, also known as the Colorado Plateau Province, is a physiographic and desert region of the Intermontane Plateaus, roughly centered on the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States.

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Colorado War

The Colorado War was an Indian War fought from 1863 to 1865 between the Cheyenne and Arapaho Nations and white settlers and militia in the Colorado Territory and adjacent regions.

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Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.

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Colville people

The Colville people are a Native American people of the Pacific Northwest.

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Comanche

The Comanche (Nʉmʉnʉʉ) are a Native American nation from the Great Plains whose historic territory, known as Comancheria, consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, western Oklahoma, and most of northwest Texas and northern Chihuahua.

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Commander-in-Chief of the Forces

The Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, later Commander-in-Chief, British Army, or just the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C), was the professional head of the English Army from 1660 to 1707 (the English Army, founded in 1645, was succeeded in 1707 by the new British Army, incorporating existing Scottish regiments) and of the British Army from 1707 until 1904.

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Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865.

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Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation

The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation are the federally recognized confederations of three Sahaptin-speaking Native American tribes who traditionally inhabited the Columbia River Plateau region: the Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla.

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Confederation

A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a union of sovereign states, united for purposes of common action often in relation to other states.

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Connecticut

Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Conquistador

Conquistadors (from Spanish or Portuguese conquistadores "conquerors") is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense.

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Contemporary Native American issues in the United States

Contemporary Native American issues in the United States are issues arising in the late 20th century and early 21st century which affect Native Americans in the United States.

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Cosmetic palette

The cosmetic palettes are archaeological artefacts, originally used in predynastic Egypt to grind and apply ingredients for facial or body cosmetics.

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Cotton

Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.

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Cradleboard

Cradleboards are traditional protective baby-carriers used by many indigenous cultures in North America.

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CRC Press

The CRC Press, LLC is a publishing group based in the United States that specializes in producing technical books.

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Creation myth

A creation myth (or cosmogonic myth) is a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it.

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Cree

The Cree (script; Cri) are one of the largest groups of First Nations in North America, with over 200,000 members living in Canada.

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Creek War

The Creek War (1813–1814), also known as the Red Stick War and the Creek Civil War, was a regional war between opposing Creek factions, European empires and the United States, taking place largely in today's Alabama and along the Gulf Coast.

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Crow Nation

The Crow, called the Apsáalooke in their own Siouan language, or variants including the Absaroka, are Native Americans, who in historical times lived in the Yellowstone River valley, which extends from present-day Wyoming, through Montana and into North Dakota, where it joins the Missouri River.

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Cryptography

Cryptography or cryptology (from κρυπτός|translit.

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Cucurbita

Cucurbita (Latin for gourd) is a genus of herbaceous vines in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae, also known as cucurbits, native to the Andes and Mesoamerica.

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Cultural assimilation of Native Americans

The cultural assimilation of Native Americans was an assimilation effort by the United States to transform Native American culture to European–American culture between the years of 1790 and 1920.

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Culture

Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies.

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Custer Died for Your Sins

Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto, is a 1969, non-fiction book by the lawyer, professor and writer Vine Deloria, Jr. The book was noteworthy for its relevance to the Alcatraz-Red Power Movement and other activist organizations, such as the American Indian Movement, which was beginning to expand.

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Dakota language

No description.

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Dakota War of 1862

The Dakota War of 1862, also known as the Sioux Uprising, Dakota Uprising, the Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict, the U.S.–Dakota War of 1862 or Little Crow's War, was an armed conflict between the United States and several bands of Dakota (also known as the eastern 'Sioux').

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Dances with Wolves

Dances with Wolves is a 1990 American epic Western film starring, directed and produced by Kevin Costner.

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Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.

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Dawes Act

The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887), authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.

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Dawes Rolls

The Dawes Rolls (or Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes, or Dawes Commission of Final Rolls) were created by the United States Dawes Commission.

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Deep South

The Deep South is a cultural and geographic subregion in the Southern United States.

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Delaware

Delaware is one of the 50 states of the United States, in the Mid-Atlantic or Northeastern region.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party (nicknamed the GOP for Grand Old Party).

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Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

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Dibber

A dibber or dibble or dibbler is a pointed wooden stick for making holes in the ground so that seeds, seedlings or small bulbs can be planted.

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Diné College

Diné College is a four-year, tribally controlled college, serving the Navajo Nation.

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Diplomatic recognition

Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state).

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Discovery Channel

Discovery Channel (known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery) is an American pay television channel that is the flagship television property of Discovery Inc., a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav.

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Discus throw

The discus throw is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc—called a discus—in an attempt to mark a farther distance than their competitors.

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Drought

A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water.

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Drum

The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments.

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Dryland farming

Dryland farming and dry farming are agricultural techniques for non-irrigated cultivation of crops.

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

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Eagle

Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae.

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Eagle feather law

The eagle feather law provides many exceptions to federal wildlife laws regarding eagles and other migratory birds to enable American Indians to continue their traditional spiritual and cultural practices.

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Early modern period

The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era.

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Earthworks (archaeology)

In archaeology, earthworks are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil.

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Eastern Agricultural Complex

The Eastern Agricultural Complex was one of about 10 independent centers of plant domestication in the pre-historic world.

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Eastern Orthodoxy in North America

Eastern Orthodoxy in North America represents adherents, religious communities, institutions and organizations of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in North America, including the United States, Canada, Mexico and other North American states.

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Eastern United States

The Eastern United States, commonly referred to as the American East or simply the East, is a region roughly coinciding with the boundaries of the United States established in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which bounded the new country to the west along the Mississippi River.

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Economic development

economic development wikipedia Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.

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Edward S. Curtis

Edward Sheriff Curtis (February 16, 1868 – October 19, 1952) was an American photographer and ethnologist whose work focused on the American West and on Native American peoples.

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Egypt

Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.

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Elbridge Ayer Burbank

Elbridge Ayer (E. A.) Burbank (August 10, 1858 – April 21, 1949) was an American artist who sketched and painted more than 1200 portraits of Native Americans from 125 tribes.

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Ellison Brown

Ellison Myers Brown Sr (September 22, 1914 – August 23, 1975), widely known as Tarzan Brown, and Deerfoot amongst his people, was a two-time winner of the Boston Marathon, in 1936 (2:33:40) and 1939 (2:28:51).

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Endemic (epidemiology)

In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic (from Greek ἐν en "in, within" and δῆμος demos "people") in a population when that infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.

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Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which is often initially a small business.

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Equal employment opportunity

Equal employment opportunity is equal opportunity in employment.

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Erie people

The Erie people (also Erieehronon, Eriechronon, Riquéronon, Erielhonan, Eriez, Nation du Chat) were a Native American people historically living on the south shore of Lake Erie.

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Eskimo

Eskimo is an English term for the indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the northern circumpolar region from eastern Siberia (Russia) to across Alaska (of the United States), Canada, and Greenland.

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Ethnic option

Ethnic option is a term coined by sociologist Mary C. Waters to express her conception that ethnic identity of the descendants of immigrants is flexible, symbolic and voluntary, not a definitive aspect of their identity.

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Ethnic origin

The concept of ethnic origin is an attempt to classify people, not according to their current nationality, but according to commonalities in their social background.

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Eurasia

Eurasia is a combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia.

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European Americans

European Americans (also referred to as Euro-Americans) are Americans of European ancestry.

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European colonization of the Americas

The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by most of the naval powers of Europe.

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F Troop

F Troop is a satirical American television sitcom about U.S. soldiers and American Indians in the Wild West during the 1860s that originally aired for two seasons on ABC.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), formerly the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government) is the national government of the United States, a constitutional republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories.

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Fee simple

In English law, a fee simple or fee simple absolute is an estate in land, a form of freehold ownership.

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Fifth grade

Fifth grade (called Grade 5 in some regions) is a year of education in many nations.

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Film

A film, also called a movie, motion picture, moving pícture, theatrical film, or photoplay, is a series of still images that, when shown on a screen, create the illusion of moving images.

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Firekeeper

Firekeeper or flametender describes a specific ceremonial role, common in the religious practices of a variety of cultures.

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First Nations

In Canada, the First Nations (Premières Nations) are the predominant indigenous peoples in Canada south of the Arctic Circle.

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First Nations Experience

First Nations Experience (FNX) is a non-profit television network that is owned by San Bernardino Community College District.

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Five Civilized Tribes

The term "Five Civilized Tribes" derives from the colonial and early federal period in the history of the United States.

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Florida

Florida (Spanish for "land of flowers") is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States.

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Florida State University

Florida State University (Florida State or FSU) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university with its primary campus on a campus in Tallahassee, Florida.

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Folsom point

Folsom points are a distinct form of knapped stone projectile points associated with the Folsom Tradition of North America.

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Folsom tradition

The Folsom Complex is a name given by archaeologists to a specific Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America.

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Fonda, New York

Fonda is a village in and the county seat of Montgomery County, New York, United States.

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Forced assimilation

Forced assimilation is a process of cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups that is forced into an established and generally larger community.

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Founder effect

In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

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Four Corners

The Four Corners is a region of the United States consisting of the southwestern corner of Colorado, southeastern corner of Utah, northeastern corner of Arizona, and northwestern corner of New Mexico.

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Franco-Indian alliance

The Franco-Indian alliance was an alliance between American Indians and the French, centered on the Great Lakes and the Illinois country during the French and Indian War (1754–1763).

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Franklin Gritts

Franklin Gritts, also known as Oau Nah Jusah, or They Have Returned, (August 8, 1915 – November 8, 1996) was a Cherokee artist best known for his contributions to the "Golden Era" of Native American art, both as a teacher and an artist.

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Freedman

A freedman or freedwoman is a former slave who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.

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French and Indian War

The French and Indian War (1754–63) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War of 1756–63.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Fugitive slaves in the United States

The phenomenon of slaves running away and seeking to gain freedom is as old as the institution of slavery itself.

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Fur trade

The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur.

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Gambling

Gambling is the wagering of money or something of value (referred to as "the stakes") on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning money or material goods.

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Gangs in the United States

Gangs in the United States include several types of groups, including national street gangs, local street gangs, prison gangs, motorcycle clubs, and ethnic and organized crime gangs.

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Gathering of Nations

The Gathering of Nations is the largest pow-wow in the United States and North America.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Gene Clark

Harold Eugene "Gene" Clark (November 17, 1944 – May 24, 1991) was an American singer-songwriter and founding member of the folk rock band the Byrds.

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Genealogical DNA test

A genealogical DNA test is a DNA-based test which looks at specific locations of a person's genome in order to determine ancestral ethnicity and genealogical relationships.

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Genealogy

Genealogy (from γενεαλογία from γενεά, "generation" and λόγος, "knowledge"), also known as family history, is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history.

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Genetic admixture

Genetic admixture occurs when two or more previously isolated and genetically differentiated populations begin interbreeding.

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Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

The genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focuses on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups.

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Genetic recombination

Genetic recombination (aka genetic reshuffling) is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.

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Geneticist

A geneticist is a biologist who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms.

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Genocide

Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part.

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George Catlin

George Catlin (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872) was an American painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West.

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George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732 –, 1799), known as the "Father of His Country," was an American soldier and statesman who served from 1789 to 1797 as the first President of the United States.

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Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia is a state in the Southeastern United States.

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Geronimo

Geronimo (Goyaałé "the one who yawns"; June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Chiricahua Apache tribe.

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Geronimo: An American Legend

Geronimo: An American Legend is a 1993 historical western film starring Wes Studi, Jason Patric, Gene Hackman, Robert Duvall, and Matt Damon in an early role.

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Ghost Dance

The Ghost Dance (Caddo: Nanissáanah, also called the Ghost Dance of 1890) was a new religious movement incorporated into numerous American Indian belief systems.

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Gila River

The Gila River (O'odham Pima: Keli Akimel or simply Akimel, Quechan: Haa Siʼil) is a tributary of the Colorado River flowing through New Mexico and Arizona in the United States.

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Golden State Warriors

The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in the San Francisco Bay Area in Oakland, California.

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Gonzalo Guerrero

Gonzalo Guerrero (also known as Gonzalo Marinero, Gonzalo de Aroca and Gonzalo de Aroza) was a sailor from Palos, in Spain who shipwrecked along the Yucatán Peninsula and was taken as a slave by the local Maya.

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Goodale Sisters

Elaine Goodale Eastman Elaine Goodale Eastman (1863–1953) and Dora Read Goodale (1866–1953) were American poets and sisters from Massachusetts.

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Gordon Willey

Gordon Randolph Willey (7 March 1913 – 28 April 2002) was an American archaeologist who was described by colleagues as the "dean" of New World archaeology.

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Great Lakes

The Great Lakes (les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River.

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Great Plains

The Great Plains (sometimes simply "the Plains") is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe, and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie in the United States and east of the Rocky Mountains in the U.S. and Canada.

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Great Pyramid of Giza

The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt.

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Great Sioux War of 1876

The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations which occurred in 1876 and 1877 between the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and the government of the United States.

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Greenland

Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is an autonomous constituent country within the Kingdom of Denmark between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

ABC-CLIO/Greenwood is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-CLIO.

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Grog (clay)

Grog, also known as firesand and chamotte, is a ceramic raw material.

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Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico (Golfo de México) is an ocean basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, largely surrounded by the North American continent.

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Haida people

Haida (X̱aayda, X̱aadas, X̱aad, X̱aat) are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Haida Gwaii (A Canadian archipelago) and the Haida language.

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Hampton University

Hampton University (HU) is a private historically black university in Hampton, Virginia.

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Handbook of North American Indians

The Handbook of North American Indians is a monographic series of edited scholarly and reference volumes in Americanist studies, published by the Smithsonian Institution beginning in 1978.

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Haplogroup Q-M242

Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It has one primary subclade, Haplogroup Q1 (L232/S432), which includes numerous subclades that have been sampled and identified in males among modern populations. Q-M242 is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Native Americans and several peoples of Central Asia and Northern Siberia. It is also the predominant Y-DNA of the Akha tribe in northern Thailand and the Dayak people of Indonesia.

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Haplotype

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.

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Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development

The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development (also known as HPAIED or Harvard Project) was founded in 1987 at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Haskell Indian Nations University

Haskell Indian Nations University is a federally operated tribal university in Lawrence, Kansas.

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Hawaii

Hawaii (Hawaii) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States, having received statehood on August 21, 1959.

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Helianthus

Helianthus or sunflower is a genus of plants comprising about 70 species Flora of North America.

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Henry F. Dobyns

Henry Farmer Dobyns, Jr. (July 3, 1925 – June 21, 2009) was an anthropologist, author and researcher specializing in the ethnohistory and demography of native peoples in the American hemisphere.

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Henry Knox

Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the first United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1794.

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Henry Louis Gates Jr.

Henry Louis "Skip" Gates Jr. (born September 16, 1950) is an American literary critic, teacher, historian, filmmaker and public intellectual who currently serves as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University.

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Herbert Hoover

Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American engineer, businessman and politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression.

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Hernando de Soto

Hernando de Soto (1495 – May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first Spanish and European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States (through Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and most likely Arkansas).

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Hernán Cortés

Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

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Hierochloe odorata

Hierochloe odorata or Anthoxanthum nitens (commonly known as sweet grass, manna grass, Mary’s grass or vanilla grass, and as holy grass in the UK, bison grass e.g. by Polish vodka producers) is an aromatic herb native to northern Eurasia and North America.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (Spanish: La Española; Latin and French: Hispaniola; Haitian Creole: Ispayola; Taíno: Haiti) is an island in the Caribbean island group, the Greater Antilles.

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Historical trauma

Historical trauma (HT), a term used by social workers, historians and psychologists, refers to the cumulative emotional and psychological wounding of an individual or generation caused by a traumatic experience or event.

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History of smallpox

The history of smallpox extends into pre-history; the disease likely emerged in human populations about 10,000 BC.

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History of the Americas

The prehistory of the Americas (North, South, and Central America, and the Caribbean) begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an Ice Age.

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Hoe (tool)

A hoe is an ancient and versatile agricultural and horticultural hand tool used to shape soil, remove weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops.

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Hohokam

The Hohokam were an ancient Native American culture centered in the present US state of Arizona.

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Homophone

A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning.

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Hopewell tradition

The Hopewell tradition (also called the Hopewell culture) describes the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 100 BCE to 500 CE, in the Middle Woodland period.

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Hopi

The Hopi are a Native American tribe, who primarily live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona.

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Horned Serpent

The Horned Serpent appears in the mythologies of many Native Americans.

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Horse

The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''.

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Horse culture

A horse culture is a tribal group or community whose day-to-day life revolves around the herding and breeding of horses.

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Houma people

The Houma are a historic Native American tribe located in Louisiana on the east side of the Red River of the South.

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Hovenweep National Monument

Hovenweep National Monument is located on land in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, between Cortez, Colorado and Blanding, Utah on the Cajon Mesa of the Great Sage Plain.

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How the West Was Won (TV series)

How the West Was Won is an American western television series that starred James Arness, Eva Marie Saint, Fionnula Flanagan, Bruce Boxleitner, and Richard Kiley.

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Human genome

The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.

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Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA.

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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y-chromosome (called Y-DNA).

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Hunter-gatherer

A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.

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Hypergamy

Hypergamy (colloquially referred to as "marrying up") is a term used in social science for the act or practice of a woman marrying a man of higher caste or social status than themselves.

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Iconography

Iconography, as a branch of art history, studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images: the subjects depicted, the particular compositions and details used to do so, and other elements that are distinct from artistic style.

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Idaho

Idaho is a state in the northwestern region of the United States.

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Illinois

Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Immunity (medical)

In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.

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Impact of Native American gaming

Impacts of Native American gaming can be positive or negative, depending on the tribe and its location.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian Actors Association

The Indian Actors Association was formed around 1936 and was a non-profit Hollywood based organization.

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Indian Appropriations Act

The Indian Appropriation Act is the name of several acts passed by the United States Congress.

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Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990

The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-644) is a truth-in-advertising law which prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States.

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Indian Citizenship Act

The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, also known as the Snyder Act, was proposed by Representative Homer P. Snyder (R) of New York and granted full U.S. citizenship to the indigenous peoples of the United States, called "Indians" in this Act.

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Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968

Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 applies to the Indian tribes of the United States and makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes.

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Indian Country Today

Indian Country Today (ICT, formerly known as ICMN, or ICTMN) is a website and formerly weekly online newsletter that is a national news source for and about Native American people in North America as well as First Nations people in Canada and Indigenous people worldwide.

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Indian princess

An Indian princess (or Native American Princess) is a representation of indigenous women of the Americas.

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Indian Relocation Act of 1956

The Indian Relocation Act of 1952 (also known as Public Law 959 or the Adult Vocational Training Program) was a United States law intended to encourage Native Americans in the United States to leave Indian reservations, acquire vocational skills, and assimilate into the general population.

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Indian removal

Indian removal was a forced migration in the 19th century whereby Native Americans were forced by the United States government to leave their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River, specifically to a designated Indian Territory (roughly, modern Oklahoma).

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Indian Removal Act

The Indian Removal Act was signed by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.

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Indian Reorganization Act

The Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934, or the Wheeler-Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of Native Americans (known in law as American Indians or Indians).

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Indian reservation

An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land managed by a federally recognized Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs rather than the state governments of the United States in which they are physically located.

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Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975

The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638) authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes.

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Indian termination policy

Indian termination was the policy of the United States from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s.

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Indian Territory

As general terms, Indian Territory, the Indian Territories, or Indian country describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held aboriginal title to their land.

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Indian Wedding Blessing

A poem known variously as the "Indian Wedding Blessing", "Apache Blessing", "Apache Wedding Prayer", "Benediction of the Apaches, "Cherokee Wedding Blessing","" on Google Images and with various forms, is commonly recited at weddings in the United States.

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Indiana

Indiana is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America.

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Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses that constitute the Americas.

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Indigenous music of North America

Indigenous music of North America, which includes American Indian music or Native American music, is the music that is used, created or performed by Indigenous peoples of North America, including Native Americans in the United States and Aboriginal peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples of Mexico, and other North American countries—especially traditional tribal music, such as Pueblo music and Inuit music.

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Indigenous peoples in Canada

Indigenous peoples in Canada, also known as Native Canadians or Aboriginal Canadians, are the indigenous peoples within the boundaries of present-day Canada.

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Indigenous peoples of California

The Indigenous peoples of California (known as Native Californians) are the indigenous inhabitants who have lived or currently live in the geographic area within the current boundaries of California before and after the arrival of Europeans.

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Indigenous peoples of Mexico

Indigenous peoples of Mexico (pueblos indígenas de México), Native Mexicans (nativos mexicanos), or Mexican Native Americans (Mexicanos nativo americanos), are those who are part of communities that trace their roots back to populations and communities that existed in what is now Mexico prior to the arrival of Europeans.

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Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture, and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.

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Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin

The Indigenous Peoples of the Great Basin are Native Americans of the northern Great Basin, Snake River Plain, and upper Colorado River basin.

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Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast

The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are composed of many nations and tribal affiliations, each with distinctive cultural and political identities, but they share certain beliefs, traditions and practices, such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol.

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Infection

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

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Inland Empire

The Inland Empire (IE) is a metropolitan area and region in Southern California.

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Innsbruck

Innsbruck is the capital city of Tyrol in western Austria and the fifth-largest city in Austria.

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Interracial marriage in the United States

Interracial marriage in the United States has been legal in all U.S. states since the 1967 Supreme Court decision Loving v. Virginia that deemed "anti-miscegenation" laws unconstitutional.

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Inuit

The Inuit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "the people") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and Alaska.

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Iowa

Iowa is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri and Big Sioux rivers to the west.

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Iroquoian languages

The Iroquoian languages are a language family of indigenous peoples of North America.

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Iroquois

The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse) are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy.

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Irrigation

Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals.

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Ishi

Ishi (c. 1861 – March 25, 1916) was the last known member of the Native American Yahi people from the state of California in the United States.

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Iva annua

Iva annua, the annual marsh elder or sumpweed, is a North American herbaceous annual plant in the sunflower family.

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Jack Brisco

Freddie Joe "Jack" Brisco (September 21, 1941 – February 1, 2010) was an American professional wrestler.

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Jack Hitt

Jack Hitt is an American author.

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Jacoby Ellsbury

Jacoby McCabe Ellsbury (born September 11, 1983) is an American professional baseball center fielder for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB).

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Jaketown Site

Jaketown Site (22 HU 505) is an archaeological site with two prehistoric earthwork mounds in Humphreys County, Mississippi, United States.

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James A. Ford

James Alfred Ford was an American archaeologist.

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Javelin throw

The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin, a spear about in length, is thrown.

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Jay Silverheels

Jay Silverheels (born Harold Preston Smith, May 26, 1912 – March 5, 1980) was a Mohawk Canadian actor and He was well known for his role as Tonto, the faithful Indian companion of the Lone Ranger in the long-running American western television series ''The Lone Ranger''.

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Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst

Field Marshal Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, (29 January 1717 – 3 August 1797) served as an officer in the British Army and as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces.

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Jewellery

Jewellery (British English) or jewelry (American English)see American and British spelling differences consists of small decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks.

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Jim Thorpe

James Francis Thorpe (Sac and Fox (Sauk): Wa-Tho-Huk, translated as "Bright Path"; May 22 or 28, 1887March 28, 1953) was an American athlete and Olympic gold medalist.

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Joanne Shenandoah

Joanne Shenandoah (born 1958) is a singer, composer and acoustic guitarist based in the United States.

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Joba Chamberlain

Justin Louis "Joba" Chamberlain (September 23, 1985) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher.

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Joe Hipp

Joe "The Boss" Hipp (born December 7, 1962) is a retired professional Native American heavyweight boxer.

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John Collier (sociologist)

John Collier (May 4, 1884 – May 8, 1968), a sociologist and writer, was an American social reformer and Native American advocate.

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John Mix Stanley

John Mix Stanley (January 17, 1814 – April 10, 1872) was an artist-explorer, an American painter of landscapes, and Native American portraits and tribal life.

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John Trudell

John Trudell (February 15, 1946 – December 8, 2015) was a Native American author, poet, actor, musician, and political activist.

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Joseph Henry Sharp

Joseph Henry Sharp (September 27, 1859 – August 29, 1953) was an American painter and a founding member of the Taos Society of Artists, of which he is considered the "Spiritual Father".

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Joseph Vann

Joseph H. Vann (11 February 1798 – 23 October 1844) was a Cherokee leader of mixed-race ancestry, a businessman and planter in Georgia, Tennessee and Indian Territory.

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Kachina

A kachina (also katchina, katcina, or katsina; Hopi: katsina, plural katsinim) is a spirit being in the religious beliefs of the Pueblo people, Native American cultures located in the southwestern part of the United States.

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Kansas

Kansas is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States.

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Kateri Tekakwitha

Saint Kateri Tekakwitha (in Mohawk), given the name Tekakwitha, baptized as Catherine and informally known as Lily of the Mohawks (1656 – April 17, 1680), is a Roman Catholic saint who was an Algonquin–Mohawk laywoman.

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Kaw people

The Kaw Nation (or Kanza, or Kansa) are a federally recognized Native American tribe in Oklahoma and parts of Kansas.

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Kentucky

Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States.

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Keres language

Keresan, also Keres, is a Native American language, spoken by the Keres Pueblo people in New Mexico.

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Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site

The Kincaid Mounds Historic Site (11MX2-11; 11PO2-10) 1050-1400 CE, is the site of a city from the prehistoric Mississippian culture.

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King Philip's War

King Philip's War (sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's War, Pometacomet's Rebellion, or Metacom's Rebellion) was an armed conflict in 1675–78 between American Indian inhabitants of the New England region of North America versus New England colonists and their Indian allies.

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Kingdom of Great Britain

The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called simply Great Britain,Parliament of the Kingdom of England.

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Kiowa

Kiowa people are a Native American tribe and an indigenous people of the Great Plains.

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Kiowa language

Kiowa or Cáuijògà / Cáuijò:gyà (″language of the Cáuigù (Kiowa)″) is a Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma in primarily Caddo, Kiowa, and Comanche counties.

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Kristen Gremillion

Kristen Johnson Gremillion (born November 17, 1958) is an American anthropologist whose areas of specialization include paleoethnobotany, origins of agriculture, the prehistory of eastern North America, human paleoecology and paleodiet, and the evolutionary theory.

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KVCR-DT

KVCR-DT, virtual channel 24 (UHF digital channel 26), is a PBS member television station serving Los Angeles, California, United States that is licensed to San Bernardino.

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Kyle Lohse

Kyle Matthew Lohse (born October 4, 1978) is an American former professional baseball pitcher.

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La Malinche

La Malinche (c. 1496 or c. 1501 – c. 1529), known also as Malinalli, Malintzin or Doña Marina, was a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a key role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as an interpreter, advisor, and intermediary for the Spanish conquistador, Hernán Cortés.

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Lacrosse

Lacrosse is a team sport played with a lacrosse stick and a lacrosse ball.

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Lake Ontario

Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.

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Lakota people

The Lakota (pronounced, Lakota language: Lakȟóta) are a Native American tribe.

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Land bridge

A land bridge, in biogeography, is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonise new lands.

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Land-grant university

A land-grant university (also called land-grant college or land-grant institution) is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890.

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Language shift

Language shift, also known as language transfer or language replacement or language assimilation, is the process whereby a community of speakers of a language shifts to speaking a completely different language, usually over an extended period of time.

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Last glacial period

The last glacial period occurred from the end of the Eemian interglacial to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period years ago.

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Law of the Plainsman

Law of the Plainsman is a Western television series starring Michael Ansara that aired on the NBC television network from October 1, 1959, until May 5, 1960.

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Lenape

The Lenape, also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in Canada and the United States.

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Leonard Peltier

Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is a Native American activist, a citizen of the Anishinabe & Dakota/Lakota Nations, and member of the American Indian Movement (AIM).

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Leucophyllum

Leucophyllum (barometer bush or barometerbush) is a genus of evergreen shrubs in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, native to the southwestern United States and Mexico.

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Lewis Tewanima

Louis Tewanima (1888 – January 18, 1969), also spelled Lewis Tewanima, was an American two-time Olympic distance runner and silver medalist in the 10,000 meter run in 1912.

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Lillian Goldman Law Library

The Lillian Goldman Law Library in Memory of Sol Goldman, commonly known as the Yale Law Library, is the law library of Yale Law School.

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List of Alaska Native tribal entities

This is a list of Alaska Native tribal entities which are recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs.

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List of American artists

A list by date of birth of historically recognized American fine artists known for the creation of artworks that are primarily visual in nature, including traditional media such as painting, sculpture, photography, and printmaking, as well as more recent genres, including installation art, performance art, body art, conceptual art, video art, and digital art.

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List of archaeological periods (North America)

North American archaeological periods divides the history of pre-Columbian North America into a number of named successive eras or periods, from the earliest-known human habitation through to the early Colonial period which followed the European colonization of the Americas.

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List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas

This is a list of English language words borrowed from indigenous languages of the Americas, either directly or through intermediate European languages such as Spanish or French.

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List of epidemics

This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease.

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List of federally recognized tribes

There is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States of America.

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List of historical Indian reservations in the United States

This is a list of historical Indian reservations in the United States.

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List of Indian reservations in the United States

This is a list of Indian reservations and other tribal homelands in the United States.

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List of Native Americans of the United States

This is a list of notable Native Americans from peoples indigenous to the contemporary United States, including Native Alaskans, Native Hawaiians, and Native Americans in the United States.

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List of Presidents of the United States

The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States.

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List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee

Principal Chief is today the title of the chief executives of the Cherokee Nation, of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, and of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, the three federally recognized tribes of Cherokee.

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List of unrecognized tribes in the United States

Unrecognized tribes in the United States are organizations of people who claim to be historically, culturally or genetically related to historic Native American Indian tribes but who are not officially recognized as indigenous nations by the United States federal government, which has a direct relationship with sovereign nations, or by individual states under their separate legislative processes, or by recognized indigenous nations.

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List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas

This is a list of notable writers who are Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

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Little Big Man (film)

Little Big Man is a 1970 American western film directed by Arthur Penn and based on the novel Little Big Man by Thomas Berger.

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Louisiana

Louisiana is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Lumbee

The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is a state-recognized tribe of obscure tribal origins numbering approximately 60,000 enrolled members, most of them living in Robeson and the adjacent counties in south-central North Carolina.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after having served as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963.

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Maine

Maine is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Maize

Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.

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Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada.

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Mammoth

A mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammuthus, proboscideans commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair.

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Manifest destiny

In the 19th century, manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America.

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Maria Tallchief

Elizabeth Marie "Betty" TallChief (Osage family name: Ki He Kah Stah Tsa; January 24, 1925 – April 11, 2013) was an American ballerina.

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Marjorie Tallchief

Marjorie Tallchief (born October 19, 1926) is a former ballerina of the Osage Nation.

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Maryland

Maryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C. to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east.

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Mascot

A mascot is any person, animal, or object thought to bring luck, or anything used to represent a group with a common public identity, such as a school, professional sports team, society, military unit, or brand name.

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Mass (liturgy)

Mass is a term used to describe the main eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity.

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Massachusetts

Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Mastodon

Mastodons (Greek: μαστός "breast" and ὀδούς, "tooth") are any species of extinct proboscideans in the genus Mammut (family Mammutidae), distantly related to elephants, that inhabited North and Central America during the late Miocene or late Pliocene up to their extinction at the end of the Pleistocene 10,000 to 11,000 years ago.

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Matrilineality

Matrilineality is the tracing of descent through the female line.

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Maya peoples

The Maya peoples are a large group of Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica.

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Mazique Archeological Site

The Mazique Archeological Site (22 AD 502), also known as White Apple Village, is a prehistoric Coles Creek culture archaeological site located in Adams County, Mississippi.

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Métis in the United States

The Métis in the United States are people descended from joint Native Americans and white parents.

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Measles

Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus.

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Megafauna

In terrestrial zoology, megafauna (from Greek μέγας megas "large" and New Latin fauna "animal life") are large or giant animals.

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Menominee

The Menominee (also spelled Menomini, derived from the Ojibwe language word for "Wild Rice People;" known as Mamaceqtaw, "the people," in the Menominee language) are a federally recognized nation of Native Americans, with a reservation in Wisconsin.

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Meredith College

Meredith College is a women's liberal arts college and coeducational graduate school located in Raleigh, North Carolina.

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Mesa Verde National Park

Mesa Verde National Park is an American national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Montezuma County, Colorado.

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Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica is an important historical region and cultural area in the Americas, extending from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Mestizo

Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Spain, Latin America, and the Philippines that originally referred a person of combined European and Native American descent, regardless of where the person was born.

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Mestizos in the United States

Mestizos in the United States are Latino Americans whose racial and/or ethnic identity is Mestizo, i.e. a mixed ancestry of white European and indigenous Latin American (usually Iberian-Indigenous mixed ancestry).

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Metacomet

Metacomet (1638–1676), also known as Metacom and by his adopted English name King Philip,, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.

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Metallurgy

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.

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Mexico

Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.

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Michigan

Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States.

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Microsatellite

A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from 1–6 or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times.

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Midewiwin

The Midewiwin (also spelled Midewin and Medewiwin) or the Grand Medicine Society is a secretive religion of some of the indigenous peoples of the Maritimes, New England and Great Lakes regions in North America.

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Minneapolis

Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.

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Minnesota

Minnesota is a state in the Upper Midwest and northern regions of the United States.

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Mississippi

Mississippi is a state in the Southern United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico.

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Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system.

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Mississippian culture

The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American civilization archeologists date from approximately 800 CE to 1600 CE, varying regionally.

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Mississippian culture pottery

Mississippian culture pottery is the ceramic tradition of the Mississippian culture (800 to 1600 CE) found as artifacts in archaeological sites in the American Midwest and Southeast.

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Missouri

Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States.

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Mixed-sex education

Mixed-sex education, also known as mixed-gender education, co-education or coeducation (abbreviated to co-ed or coed), is a system of education where males and females are educated together.

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Mohawk people

The Mohawk people (who identify as Kanien'kehá:ka) are the most easterly tribe of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy.

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Monks Mound

Monks Mound is the largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the Americas and the largest pyramid north of Mesoamerica.

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Mono people

The Mono are a Native American people who traditionally live in the central Sierra Nevada, the Eastern Sierra (generally south of Bridgeport), the Mono Basin, and adjacent areas of the Great Basin.

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Montana

Montana is a state in the Northwestern United States.

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Monthly Review

The Monthly Review, established in 1949, is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City.

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Mound

A mound is a heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris.

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Mound Builders

The various cultures collectively termed Mound Builders were inhabitants of North America who, during a 5,000-year period, constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious, ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes.

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Multiracial

Multiracial is defined as made up of or relating to people of many races.

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Muscogee

The Muscogee, also known as the Mvskoke, Creek and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy, are a related group of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands.

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Muscogee language

The Muscogee language (Mvskoke in Muscogee), also known as Creek, Seminole, Maskókî or Muskogee, is a Muskogean language spoken by Muscogee (Creek) and Seminole people, primarily in the U.S. states of Oklahoma and Florida.

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Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas

The mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America comprise many bodies of traditional narratives associated with religion from a mythographical perspective.

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Mythology

Mythology refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths.

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Na-Dene languages

Na-Dene (also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages.

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Narragansett people

The Narragansett tribe are an Algonquian American Indian tribe from Rhode Island.

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National Archives and Records Administration

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives.

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National Basketball Association

The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a men's professional basketball league in North America; composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada).

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National Congress of American Indians

The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization.

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National Football League

The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC).

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National Geographic

National Geographic (formerly the National Geographic Magazine and branded also as NAT GEO or) is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society.

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National Mall

The National Mall is a landscaped park within the National Mall and Memorial Parks, an official unit of the United States National Park System.

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National Museum of the American Indian

The National Museum of the American Indian is part of the Smithsonian Institution and is committed to advancing knowledge and understanding of the Native cultures of the Western Hemisphere—past, present, and future—through partnership with Native people and others.

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National park

A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes.

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National Shrine of the North American Martyrs

The National Shrine of the North American Martyrs, also dedicated as the Shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs, is a Roman Catholic shrine in Auriesville, New York dedicated to the three Jesuit missionaries who were martyred at the Mohawk Indian village of Ossernenon in 1642 and 1646.

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Native American Church

The Native American Church (NAC), also known as Peyotism and Peyote Religion, is a Native American religion that teaches a combination of traditional Native American beliefs and Christianity, with sacramental use of the entheogen peyote.

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Native American disease and epidemics

European diseases and epidemics pervade many aspects of Native American life, both throughout history and in the present day.

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Native American flute

The Native American flute is a flute that is held in front of the player, has open finger holes, and has two chambers: one for collecting the breath of the player and a second chamber which creates sound.

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Native American Heritage Sites (National Park Service)

Many National Park Sites in the United States commemorate the contribution of the Native American culture(s).

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Native American identity in the United States

Native American identity in the United States is an evolving topic based on the struggle to define "Native American" or "(American) Indian" both for people who consider themselves Native American and for people who do not.

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Native American Journalists Association

The Native American Journalists Association, based in Norman, Oklahoma on the campus of the University of Oklahoma, is an organization dedicated to supporting Native Americans in journalism.

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Native American name controversy

The Native American name controversy is an ongoing discussion about the changing terminology used by indigenous peoples of the Americas to describe themselves, as well as how they prefer to be referred to by others.

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Native American religion

Native American religions are the spiritual practices of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

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Native American reservation politics

Native American politics remain divided over different issues such as assimilation, education, healthcare, and economic factors that affect reservations.

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Native American Rights Fund

The Native American Rights Fund (NARF) is a non-profit organization that uses existing laws and treaties to ensure that U.S. state governments and the U.S. federal government live up to their legal obligations.

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Native American self-determination

Native American self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which the tribes in the United States exercise self-governance and decision making on issues that affect their own people.

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Native American studies

Native American studies (also known as American Indian, Indigenous American, Aboriginal, Native, or First Nations studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field that examines the history, culture, politics, issues, and contemporary experience of Native peoples in North America, or, taking a hemispheric approach, the Americas.

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Native American use of fire

Native American tribes used fire to modify their landscapes in many significant ways prior to the arrival of European settlers.

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Native Americans and reservation inequality

Native American reservation inequality underlies a range of societal issues that affect the lives of Native American populations residing on reservations in the United States.

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Native Americans in popular culture

The portrayal of Native Americans in popular culture has oscillated between the fascination with the noble savage who lives in harmony with nature, and the stereotype of the uncivilized "bad guys" in the traditional Western genre.

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Native Hawaiians

Native Hawaiians (Hawaiian: kānaka ʻōiwi, kānaka maoli, and Hawaiʻi maoli) are the aboriginal Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands or their descendants.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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Navajo

The Navajo (British English: Navaho, Diné or Naabeehó) are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States.

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Navajo language

Navajo or Navaho (Navajo: Diné bizaad or Naabeehó bizaad) is a Southern Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, by which it is related to languages spoken across the western areas of North America.

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Navajo Nation

The Navajo Nation (Naabeehó Bináhásdzo) is a Native American territory covering about, occupying portions of northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico in the United States.

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Navajo National Monument

Navajo National Monument is a National Monument located within the northwest portion of the Navajo Nation territory in northern Arizona, which was established to preserve three well-preserved cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Puebloan People: Broken Pottery, Ledge House, and Inscription House.

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Nebraska

Nebraska is a state that lies in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, according to the ASPRO chronology, in some parts of Western Asia, and later in other parts of the world and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC.

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Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution, Neolithic Demographic Transition, Agricultural Revolution, or First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly larger population possible.

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Neologism

A neologism (from Greek νέο- néo-, "new" and λόγος lógos, "speech, utterance") is a relatively recent or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not yet been fully accepted into mainstream language.

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Neutral Nation

The Neutral Confederacy or Neutral Nation or Neutral people were a Iroquoian-speaking North American indigenous people who lived near the northern shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, on the west side of the Niagara River, west of the Tabacco Nation.

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Nevada

Nevada (see pronunciations) is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America.

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New England

New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeastern United States: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.

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New Hampshire

New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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New Jersey

New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States.

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New Mexico

New Mexico (Nuevo México, Yootó Hahoodzo) is a state in the Southwestern Region of the United States of America.

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New World

The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda).

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New York (state)

New York is a state in the northeastern United States.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.

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Nomad

A nomad (νομάς, nomas, plural tribe) is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another in search of grasslands for their animals.

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North America

North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.

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North Carolina

North Carolina is a U.S. state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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North Dakota

North Dakota is a U.S. state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States.

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Northern Paiute

Northern Paiute is a Numic tribe that has traditionally lived in the Great Basin in eastern California, western Nevada, and southeast Oregon.

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Notah Begay III

Notah Ryan Begay III (born September 14, 1972) is an American professional golfer.

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O'odham language

O'odham (pronounced) or Papago-Pima is a Uto-Aztecan language of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico, where the Tohono O'odham (formerly called the Papago) and Akimel O'odham (traditionally called Pima) reside.

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Occupation of Alcatraz

The Occupation of Alcatraz was an occupation of Alcatraz Island by 89 American Indians and supporters, led by Richard Oakes, LaNada Means, and others.

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Odawa

The Odawa (also Ottawa or Odaawaa), said to mean "traders", are an Indigenous American ethnic group who primarily inhabit land in the northern United States and southern Canada.

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Oglala Lakota

The Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux (pronounced, meaning "to scatter one's own" in Lakota language) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Great Sioux Nation.

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Ohio

Ohio is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States.

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Ohlone

The Ohlone, named Costanoan by early Spanish colonists (the Spanish word costa means "coast"), are a Native American people of the Northern California coast.

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Ojibwe

The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, or Chippewa are an Anishinaabeg group of Indigenous Peoples in North America, which is referred to by many of its Indigenous peoples as Turtle Island.

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Ojibwe language

Ojibwe, also known as Ojibwa, Ojibway, Chippewa, or Otchipwe,R.

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Oklahoma

Oklahoma (Uukuhuúwa, Gahnawiyoˀgeh) is a state in the South Central region of the United States.

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Old World

The term "Old World" is used in the West to refer to Africa, Asia and Europe (Afro-Eurasia or the World Island), regarded collectively as the part of the world known to its population before contact with the Americas and Oceania (the "New World").

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Omaha people

The Omaha are a federally recognized Midwestern Native American tribe who reside on the Omaha Reservation in northeastern Nebraska and western Iowa, United States.

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Omaha, Nebraska

Omaha is the largest city in the state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County.

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One-drop rule

The one-drop rule is a social and legal principle of racial classification that was historically prominent in the United States asserting that any person with even one ancestor of sub-Saharan African ancestry ("one drop" of black blood)Davis, F. James.

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Oneida people

The Oneida (Onyota'a:ka or Onayotekaonotyu, meaning the People of the Upright Stone, or standing stone, Thwahrù·nęʼ in Tuscarora) are a Native American tribe and First Nations band.

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Onondaga language

Onondaga Nation Language (Onoñdaʔgegáʔ nigaweñoʔdeñʔ (literally "Onondaga is our language") is the language of the Onondaga First Nation, one of the original five constituent tribes of the League of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee). This language is spoken in the United States and Canada, primarily on the reservation in central New York state, and near Brantford, Ontario.

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Onondaga people

The Onondaga (Onöñda’gaga’ or "Hill Place") people are one of the original five constituent nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy in northeast North America.

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Oral tradition

Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication where in knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one generation to another.

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Oregon

Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States.

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Oroville, California

Oroville is the county seat of Butte County, California, United States.

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Osage language

Osage (Osage: 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘𐓻𐓟 𐒻𐓟, Wazhazhe ie) is a Siouan language spoken by the Osage people of Oklahoma.

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Osage Nation

The Osage Nation (Osage: Ni-u-kon-ska, "People of the Middle Waters") is a Midwestern Native American tribe of the Great Plains who historically dominated much of present-day Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma.

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Oshara Tradition

Oshara Tradition, the northern tradition of the Picosa culture, was a Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in New Mexico and Colorado.

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Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians

The Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians is a single, federally recognized tribe, located in Oklahoma.

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Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to United States federal Indian law and policy: Federal Indian policy – establishes the relationship between the United States Government and the Indian Tribes within its borders.

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Pacific coast

A country's Pacific coast is the part of its coast bordering the Pacific Ocean.

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Pacific Islands Americans

Pacific Islands Americans, also known as Oceanian Americans, Pacific Islander Americans, or Native Hawaiian and/or other Pacific Islander Americans, are Americans who have ethnic ancestry among the indigenous peoples of Oceania (viz. Polynesians, Melanesians and Micronesians).

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Pacific Northwest

The Pacific Northwest (PNW), sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and (loosely) by the Cascade Mountain Range on the east.

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Painting

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (support base).

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Paiute

Paiute (also Piute) refers to three non-contiguous groups of indigenous peoples of the Great Basin.

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Paleo-Indians

Paleo-Indians, Paleoindians or Paleoamericans is a classification term given to the first peoples who entered, and subsequently inhabited, the Americas during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period.

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Partus sequitur ventrem

Partus sequitur ventrem, often abbreviated to partus, in the British American colonies and later in the United States, was a legal doctrine which the English royal colonies incorporated in legislation related to the status of children born in the colonies and the definitions of slavery.

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Party leaders of the United States Senate

The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate.

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Passing (racial identity)

Racial passing occurs when a person classified as a member of one racial group is also accepted as a member of a different racial group.

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Past sea level

Global or eustatic sea level has fluctuated significantly over the Earth's history.

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Patriarchy

Patriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.

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Patrilineality

Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through his or her father's lineage.

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Paul Kane

Paul Kane (September 3, 1810 – February 20, 1871) was an Irish-born Canadian painter, famous for his paintings of First Nations peoples in the Canadian West and other Native Americans in the Columbia District.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor.

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Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: Pennsylvaani or Pennsilfaani), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

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Pentatonic scale

A pentatonic scale is a musical scale with five notes per octave, in contrast to the more familiar heptatonic scale that has seven notes per octave (such as the major scale and minor scale).

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Per capita income

Per capita income or average income measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year.

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Peyote

Lophophora williamsii or peyote is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline.

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Philip Phillips (archaeologist)

Philip Phillips (11 August 1900 – 11 December 1994) was an influential archaeologist in the United States during the 20th century.

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Picosa culture

The Picosa culture encapsulates the Archaic lifestyles of people from three locations with interconnected artifacts and lifestyles.

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Piegan Blackfeet

The Piegan (Blackfoot: Piikáni) are an Algonquian-speaking people from the North American Great Plains.

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Pima people

The Pima (or Akimel O'odham, also spelled Akimel O'otham, "River People", formerly known as Pima) are a group of Native Americans living in an area consisting of what is now central and southern Arizona.

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Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (Wazí Aháŋhaŋ Oyáŋke), also called Pine Ridge Agency, is an Oglala Lakota Native American reservation located in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

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Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory

The Piscataway Indian Nation, also called Piscatawa, is a state-recognized tribe in Maryland that claims descent from the historic Piscataway tribe.

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Plains Indians

Plains Indians, Interior Plains Indians or Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have traditionally lived on the greater Interior Plains (i.e. the Great Plains and the Canadian Prairies) in North America.

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Planter class

The planter class, known alternatively in the United States as the Southern aristocracy, was a socio-economic caste of pan-American society that dominated seventeenth- and eighteenth-century agricultural markets through the forced labor of enslaved Africans.

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Plaquemine culture

The Plaquemine culture was an archaeological culture (circa 1200 to 1700 CE) centered on the Lower Mississippi River valley.

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Platform mound

A platform mound is any earthwork or mound intended to support a structure or activity.

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Pole vault

Pole vaulting is a track and field event in which a person uses a long flexible pole (which today is usually made either of fiberglass or carbon fiber) as an aid to jump over a bar.

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Polygonum erectum

Polygonum erectum is a North American species of annual plant species in the buckwheat family, with upright or ascending stems, called erect knotweed.

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Polygyny

Polygyny (from Neoclassical Greek πολυγυνία from πολύ- poly- "many", and γυνή gyne "woman" or "wife") is the most common and accepted form of polygamy, entailing the marriage of a man with several women.

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Ponca

The Ponca (Páⁿka iyé: Páⁿka or Ppáⁿkka pronounced) are a Midwestern Native American tribe of the Dhegihan branch of the Siouan language group.

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Population bottleneck

A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts) or human activities (such as genocide).

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Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

The population figures for indigenous peoples in the Americas before the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus have proven difficult to establish.

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Potawatomi

ThePottawatomi, also spelled Pottawatomie and Potawatomi (among many variations), are a Native American people of the Great Plains, upper Mississippi River, and western Great Lakes region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. The Potawatomi called themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of the word Anishinaabe. The Potawatomi were part of a long-term alliance, called the Council of Three Fires, with the Ojibwe and Odawa (Ottawa). In the Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi were considered the "youngest brother" and were referred to in this context as Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and refers to the council fire of three peoples. In the 19th century, they were pushed to the west by European/American encroachment in the late 18th century and removed from their lands in the Great Lakes region to reservations in Oklahoma. Under Indian Removal, they eventually ceded many of their lands, and most of the Potawatomi relocated to Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian Territory, now in Oklahoma. Some bands survived in the Great Lakes region and today are federally recognized as tribes. In Canada, there are over 20 First Nation bands.

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Potlatch

A potlatch is a gift-giving feast practiced by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of Canada and the United States,Harkin, Michael E., 2001, Potlatch in Anthropology, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, eds., vol 17, pp.

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Poverty Point

Poverty Point State Historic Site (Pointe de Pauvreté; 16 WC 5) is a prehistoric earthworks of the Poverty Point culture, located in present-day northeastern Louisiana.

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Pow wow

A pow wow (also powwow or pow-wow) is a social gathering held by many different Native American communities.

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Praying Indian

Praying Indian is a 17th-century term referring to Native Americans of New England, New York, Ontario, and Quebec who converted to Christianity.

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Pre-Columbian era

The Pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.

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Pre-Columbian savannas of North America

Pre-Columbian savannas once existed across North America.

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Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Protestantism in the United States

Protestantism is the largest grouping of Christians in the United States with its combined denominations collectively accounting for about half the country's population or 150 million people.

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Pueblo II Period

The Pueblo II Period (AD 900 to AD 1150) was the second pueblo period of the Ancestral Puebloans of the Four Corners region of the American southwest.

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Pueblo III Period

The Pueblo III Period (AD 1150 to AD 1350) was the third period, also called the "Great Pueblo period" when Ancestral Puebloans lived in large cliff-dwelling, multi-storied pueblo, or cliff-side talus house communities.

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Puebloans

The Puebloans or Pueblo peoples are Native Americans in the Southwestern United States who share common agricultural, material and religious practices.

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Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico (Spanish for "Rich Port"), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico") and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea.

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Puget Sound

Puget Sound is a sound along the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea.

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Pumpkin

A pumpkin is a cultivar of a squash plant, most commonly of Cucurbita pepo, that is round, with smooth, slightly ribbed skin, and deep yellow to orange coloration.

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Pyramid of the Sun

The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest building in Teotihuacan, believed to have been constructed about 200 CE, and one of the largest in Mesoamerica.

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Qualla Boundary

The Qualla Boundary or The Qualla is territory held as a land trust for the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, who reside in western North Carolina.

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Quaternary glaciation

The Quaternary glaciation, also known as the Quaternary Ice Age or Pleistocene glaciation, is a series of glacial events separated by interglacial events during the Quaternary period from 2.58 Ma (million years ago) to present.

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Quechan

The Quechan (or Yuma) (Quechan: Kwtsaan 'those who descended') are a Native American tribe who live on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation on the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California just north of the Mexican border.

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R. Carlos Nakai

Raymond Carlos Nakai (born April 16, 1946) is a Native American flutist of Navajo/Ute heritage.

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Racial segregation in the United States

Racial segregation in the United States, as a general term, includes the segregation or separation of access to facilities, services, and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation along racial lines.

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Racial whitening

Racial whitening, or "whitening" (branqueamento), is an ideology that was widely accepted in Brazil between 1889 and 1914, as the solution to the "Negro problem."Skidmore, Thomas.

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Racism in the United States

Racism in the United States against non-whites is widespread and has been so the colonial era.

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Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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Random House

Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world.

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Redbone (band)

Redbone is a Native American rock group originating in the 1970s with brothers Pat and Lolly Vegas.

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Redding, California

Redding, officially the City of Redding, is the county seat of Shasta County, California, in the northern part of the state.

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Redskin (slang)

"Redskin" is a slang term referring to Native Americans in the United States.

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Reservation poverty

Reservations are sovereign Native American territories within the United States that are managed by a tribal government in cooperation with the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs, a branch of the Department of the Interior, located in Washington, DC.

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Rez Biz

Rez Biz is the title of an American monthly magazine initially distributed in Arizona and New Mexico.

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Rhode Island

Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States.

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Ric Burns

Ric Burns (born 1955) is an American documentary filmmaker and writer.

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Rider (legislation)

In legislative procedure, a rider is an additional provision added to a bill or other measure under the consideration by a legislature, having little connection with the subject matter of the bill.

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Right to property

The right to property or right to own property (cf. ownership) is often classified as a human right for natural persons regarding their possessions.

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Rio Grande

The Rio Grande (or; Río Bravo del Norte, or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River).

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Rita Coolidge

Rita Coolidge (born May 1, 1945) is an American recording artist.

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Robert Tree Cody

Robert Tree Cody (born April 20, 1951) is a Native American musician, dancer, and educator.

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Rosebud Indian Reservation

The Rosebud Indian Reservation (RIR) is an Indian reservation in South Dakota, United States.

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Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz (born) is an American historian, writer and feminist.

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Russell Means

Russell Charles Means (November 10, 1939 – October 22, 2012) was an Oglala Lakota activist for the rights of American Indian people, libertarian political activist, actor, writer, and musician.

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Russian language

Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.

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Rutgers University Press

Rutgers University Press is a nonprofit academic publishing house, operating in New Brunswick, New Jersey under the auspices of Rutgers University.

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Sac and Fox Nation

The Sac and Fox Nation is the largest of three federally recognized tribes of Sauk and Meskwaki (Fox) Native Americans.

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Sachem

Sachem and Sagamore refer to paramount chiefs among the Algonquians or other Native American tribes of the northeast.

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Salmon

Salmon is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae.

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Sam Bradford

Samuel Jacob Bradford (born November 8, 1987) is an American football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL).

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San Francisco

San Francisco (initials SF;, Spanish for 'Saint Francis'), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California.

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San Juan Basin

The San Juan Basin is a geologic structural basin located near the Four Corners region of the Southwestern United States.

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San Manuel Band of Mission Indians

The San Manuel Band of Mission Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Serrano people in San Bernardino County, California.

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Sandpainting

Sandpainting is the art of pouring coloured sands, and powdered pigments from minerals or crystals, or pigments from other natural or synthetic sources onto a surface to make a fixed, or unfixed sand painting.

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Santa Fe, New Mexico

Santa Fe (or; Tewa: Ogha Po'oge, Yootó) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico.

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Sasol

Sasol Limited is an integrated energy and chemical company based in Sandton, South Africa.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Scotch-Irish Americans

Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Presbyterian and other Ulster Protestant Dissenters from various parts of Ireland, but usually from the province of Ulster, who migrated during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.

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Second Battle of Bull Run

The Second Battle of Bull Run or Battle of Second Manassas was fought August 28–30, 1862 in Prince William County, Virginia, as part of the American Civil War.

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Seminole

The Seminole are a Native American people originally from Florida.

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Seminole Tribe of Florida

The Seminole Tribe of Florida is a federally recognized Seminole tribe based in the U.S. state of Florida.

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Seminole Wars

The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between the Seminole, a Native American tribe that formed in Florida in the early 18th century, and the United States Army.

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Seneca people

The Seneca are a group of indigenous Iroquoian-speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario.

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Sequoyah High School (Tahlequah, Oklahoma)

Sequoyah High School (also known as Sequoyah-Tahlequah) is a Native American boarding school serving students in grades 9–12, Public School Review. (retrieved 23 July 2009) who are members of a federally recognized Native American tribe.

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Seth and Mary Eastman

Seth Eastman (1808–1875) and his second wife Mary Henderson Eastman (1818 – 24 February 1887) were instrumental in recording Native American life.

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Settlement of the Americas

Paleolithic hunter-gatherers first entered North America from the North Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge which had formed between northeastern Siberia and western Alaska due to the lowering of sea level during the Last Glacial Maximum.

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Settler

A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established a permanent residence there, often to colonize the area.

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Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.

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Sexual victimization of Native American women

In the United States, Native American women are more than twice as likely as White women, Asian women, and Black women to experience sexual violence.

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Shawnee

The Shawnee (Shaawanwaki, Ša˙wano˙ki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki) are an Algonquian-speaking ethnic group indigenous to North America. In colonial times they were a semi-migratory Native American nation, primarily inhabiting areas of the Ohio Valley, extending from what became Ohio and Kentucky eastward to West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Western Maryland; south to Alabama and South Carolina; and westward to Indiana, and Illinois. Pushed west by European-American pressure, the Shawnee migrated to Missouri and Kansas, with some removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s. Other Shawnee did not remove to Oklahoma until after the Civil War. Made up of different historical and kinship groups, today there are three federally recognized Shawnee tribes, all headquartered in Oklahoma: the Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, and Shawnee Tribe.

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Shoni Schimmel

Shoni Schimmel (born May 4, 1992) is an American professional basketball player who is currently a free agent.

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Shoshone

The Shoshone or Shoshoni are a Native American tribe with four large cultural/linguistic divisions.

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Shot put

The shot put (pronounced) is a track and field event involving "throwing"/"putting" (throwing in a pushing motion) a heavy spherical object—the shot—as far as possible.

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Siberia

Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.

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Siege of Fort Pitt

The Siege of Fort Pitt took place during June and July 1763 in what is now the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Siege of Petersburg

The Richmond–Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg, Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865, during the American Civil War.

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Sioux

The Sioux also known as Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America.

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Sioux language

Sioux is a Siouan language spoken by over 30,000 Sioux in the United States and Canada, making it the fifth most spoken indigenous language in the United States or Canada, behind Navajo, Cree, Inuit languages and Ojibwe.

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Sitka National Historical Park

Sitka National Historical Park (earlier known as Indian River Park and Totem Park) is a national historical park in Sitka in the U.S. state of Alaska.

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Slalom skiing

Slalom is an alpine skiing and alpine snowboarding discipline, involving skiing between poles or gates.

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Slavery

Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.

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Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

Slavery among Native Americans in the United States includes slavery by Native Americans as well as slavery of Native Americans roughly within the present-day United States.

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Slavery in the United States

Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human chattel enslavement, primarily of Africans and African Americans, that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Sledgehammer

A sledgehammer is a tool with a large, flat, often metal head, attached to a lever (or handle).

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Small Business Administration

The Small Business Administration (SBA) is a United States government agency that provides support to entrepreneurs and small businesses.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.

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Smallpox vaccine

Smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796.

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Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Institution, established on August 10, 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States.

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Snake War

The Snake War (1864–1868) was a war fought by the United States of America against the "Snake Indians," the settlers' term for Northern Paiute, Bannock and Western Shoshone bands who lived along the Snake River.

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Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.

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South Carolina

South Carolina is a U.S. state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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South Dakota

South Dakota is a U.S. state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Southeastern Ceremonial Complex

The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (formerly the Southern Cult), aka S.E.C.C., is the name given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts, iconography, ceremonies, and mythology of the Mississippian culture that coincided with their adoption of maize agriculture and chiefdom-level complex social organization from 1200 to 1650 CE.

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Southern Illinois University Carbondale

Southern Illinois University (known colloquially as SIU or SIU Carbondale) is a public research university located in Carbondale, Illinois, United States.

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Southern Paiute

Southern Paiute is a tribe of Native Americans that have lived in the Colorado River basin of southern Nevada, northern Arizona, and southern Utah.

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Southwestern United States

The Southwestern United States (Suroeste de Estados Unidos; also known as the American Southwest) is the informal name for a region of the western United States.

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Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Spanish language

Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.

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Spear

A spear is a pole weapon consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a pointed head.

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Spirituality

Traditionally, spirituality refers to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man," oriented at "the image of God" as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world.

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Squanto

Tisquantum (1585 (±10 years?) – late November 1622 O.S.), more commonly known by the diminutive variant Squanto, was a member of the Patuxet tribe best known for being an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower Pilgrims who made their settlement at the site of Squanto's former summer village.

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State-recognized tribes in the United States

State-recognized tribes are Native American Indian tribes, Nations, and Heritage Groups that have been recognized by a process established under assorted state laws for varying purposes.

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Sugarcane

Sugarcane, or sugar cane, are several species of tall perennial true grasses of the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae, native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia, Polynesia and Melanesia, and used for sugar production.

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Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.

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Suicide among Native Americans in the United States

Suicide among Native Americans in the United States, both attempted and completed, is more prevalent than in any other racial or ethnic group in the United States.

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Sullivan Expedition

The 1779 Sullivan Expedition, also known as the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition, was an extended systematic military campaign during the American Revolutionary War against Loyalists ("Tories") and the four Amerindian nations of the Iroquois which had sided with the British.

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Susquehannock

Susquehannock people, also called the Conestoga (by the English)The American Heritage Book of Indians, pages 188-189 were Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans who lived in areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries ranging from its upper reaches in the southern part of what is now New York (near the lands of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy), through eastern and central Pennsylvania West of the Poconos and the upper Delaware River (and the Delaware nations), with lands extending beyond the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland along the west bank of the Potomac at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay.

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Sweat lodge

A sweat lodge is a low profile hut, typically dome-shaped or oblong, and made with natural materials.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the combining of different beliefs, while blending practices of various schools of thought.

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Taos Pueblo

Taos Pueblo (or Pueblo de Taos) is an ancient pueblo belonging to a Taos-speaking (Tiwa) Native American tribe of Puebloan people.

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Tecumseh

Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813) was a Native American Shawnee warrior and chief, who became the primary leader of a large, multi-tribal confederacy in the early 19th century.

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Tecumseh's War

Tecumseh's War or Tecumseh's Rebellion was a conflict between the United States and an American Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory.

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Television

Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white), or in colour, and in two or three dimensions and sound.

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Tennessee

Tennessee (translit) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Teotihuacan

Teotihuacan, (in Spanish: Teotihuacán), is an ancient Mesoamerican city located in a sub-valley of the Valley of Mexico, located in the State of Mexico northeast of modern-day Mexico City, known today as the site of many of the most architecturally significant Mesoamerican pyramids built in the pre-Columbian Americas.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.

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Texture (music)

In music, texture is how the tempo, melodic, and harmonic materials are combined in a composition, thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece.

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The Denver Post

The Denver Post is a daily newspaper and website that has been published in the Denver, Colorado area since 1892.

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The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)

The Last of the Mohicans is a 1992 American epic historical drama film set in 1757 during the French and Indian War.

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The Lone Ranger (TV series)

The Lone Ranger is an American western drama television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957, with Clayton Moore in the starring role.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Outlaw Josey Wales

The Outlaw Josey Wales is a 1976 American revisionist Western DeLuxe Color and Panavision film set during and after the American Civil War.

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Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman and writer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

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Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America.

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Three Sisters (agriculture)

The Three Sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various Native American groups in North America: winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans (typically tepary beans or common beans).

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Time (magazine)

Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.

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Tlingit

The Tlingit (or; also spelled Tlinkit) are Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America.

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Tobacco

Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them.

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Tohono O'odham

The Tohono O’odham are a Native American people of the Sonoran Desert, residing primarily in the U.S. state of Arizona and the Mexican state of Sonora.

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Tommy Morrison

Tommy David Morrison (January 2, 1969 – September 1, 2013) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1988 to 1996, and held the WBO heavyweight title in 1993.

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Tori Amos

Tori Amos (born Myra Ellen Amos, August 22, 1963) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist, and composer.

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Totem pole

Totem poles (Gyáa'aang in the Haida language) are monumental carvings, a type of Northwest Coast art, consisting of poles, posts or pillars, carved with symbols or figures.

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Trail of Tears

The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west (usually west of the Mississippi River) that had been designated as Indian Territory.

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Transcontinental railroad

A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders.

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Treaty of Casco (1678)

Treaty of Casco (1678) brought to a close the war between the eastern Indians and English settlers.

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Treaty of Fort Pitt

The Treaty of Fort Pitt — also known as the Treaty With the Delawares, the Delaware Treaty, or the Fourth Treaty of Pittsburgh, — was signed on September 17, 1778 and was the first written treaty between the new United States of America and any American Indians—the Lenape (Delaware Indians) in this case.

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Treaty of Hopewell

The Treaty of Hopewell is any of three different treaties signed at Hopewell Plantation.

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Treaty of Paris (1783)

The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War.

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Treaty rights

Treaty rights are certain rights that were reserved by indigenous peoples when they signed treaties with settler societies in the wake of European colonization.

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Tribal chief

A tribal chief is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom.

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Tribal colleges and universities

Tribal colleges and universities are a category of higher education, minority-serving institutions in the United States.

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Tribal disenrollment

In the United States, tribal disenrollment is a process by which a Native American individual loses citizenship or the right to belong within a Native American tribe.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).

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Tunica-Biloxi

The Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe, formerly known as the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana, is a federally recognized tribe of primarily Tunica and Biloxi people, located in east central Louisiana.

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Tuscarora people

The Tuscarora (in Tuscarora Skarù:ręˀ, "hemp gatherers" or "Shirt-Wearing People") are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government of the Iroquoian-language family, with members today in North Carolina, New York, and Ontario.

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U.S. state

A state is a constituent political entity of the United States.

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Ulysses S. Grant

Ulysses Simpson Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American soldier and statesman who served as Commanding General of the Army and the 18th President of the United States, the highest positions in the military and the government of the United States.

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Unemployment

Unemployment is the situation of actively looking for employment but not being currently employed.

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Union (American Civil War)

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States of America and specifically to the national government of President Abraham Lincoln and the 20 free states, as well as 4 border and slave states (some with split governments and troops sent both north and south) that supported it.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Armed Forces

The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States of America.

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United States Army Center of Military History

The United States Army Center of Military History (CMH) is a directorate within the Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army.

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United States Attorney

United States Attorneys (also known as chief federal prosecutors and, historically, as United States District Attorneys) represent the United States federal government in United States district courts and United States courts of appeals.

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United States Census Bureau

The United States Census Bureau (USCB; officially the Bureau of the Census, as defined in Title) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

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United States Commission on Civil Rights

The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created in 1957, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues in the United States.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.

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United States Constitution

The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.

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United States Declaration of Independence

The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776.

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United States Department of the Interior

The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is the United States federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources, and the administration of programs relating to Native Americans, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, territorial affairs, and insular areas of the United States.

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United States federal judicial district

For purposes of the federal judicial system, Congress has divided the United States into judicial districts.

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States Marine Corps

The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the United States Navy.

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United States Marshals Service

The United States Marshals Service (USMS) is a federal law-enforcement agency within the U.S. Department of Justice.

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United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs

The Senate Committee on Indian Affairs is a committee of the United States Senate charged with oversight in matters related to the Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native peoples.

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Upper Paleolithic

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic, Late Stone Age) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.

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Urban Indian

Urban Indians are Native Americans in the United States who live in urban areas.

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Ursuline Academy (New Orleans)

Ursuline Academy is a private, Roman Catholic, all-girls high school and elementary school (Toddler 2 through 12th grade) in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.

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Ursulines

The term Ursulines refers to a number of religious institutes of the Catholic Church.

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Utah

Utah is a state in the western United States.

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Ute people

Ute people are Native Americans of the Ute tribe and culture and are among the Great Basin classification of Indigenous People.

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Vermont

Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Veto

A veto – Latin for "I forbid" – is the power (used by an officer of the state, for example) to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the enactment of legislation.

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Vine Deloria Jr.

Vine Victor Deloria Jr. (March 26, 1933 – November 13, 2005) was a Native American author, theologian, historian, and activist.

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Virginia

Virginia (officially the Commonwealth of Virginia) is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains.

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W. Langdon Kihn

Wilfred (or William) Langdon Kihn (September 5, 1898 – December 12, 1957) was a portrait painter and illustrator specializing in portraits of American Indians.

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Wakan Tanka

In the Lakota way of life, Wakan Tanka (Standard Lakota Orthography: Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka) is the term for "the sacred" or "the divine".

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Walter Plecker

Walter Ashby Plecker (April 2, 1861 – August 2, 1947) was an American physician and public health advocate who was the first registrar of Virginia's Bureau of Vital Statistics, serving from 1912 to 1946.

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Wampum

Wampum is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of American Indians.

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War of 1812

The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815.

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Washington (state)

Washington, officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

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Washington Redskins name controversy

The Washington Redskins name controversy involves the name and logo of the Washington Redskins, a National Football League (NFL) franchise in the Washington metropolitan area.

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Washington State Republican Party

The Washington State Republican Party is the state affiliate of the national United States Republican Party, headquartered in Bellevue.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.

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Watson Brake

Watson Brake is an archaeological site in present-day Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, from the Archaic period.

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Wayne Newton

Carson Wayne Newton (born April 3, 1942) is an American singer and entertainer.

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We Shall Remain

We Shall Remain is a five-part, 7.5-hour documentary series about the history of Native Americans spanning the 17th century to the 20th century.

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Weaving

Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.

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West Coast of the United States

The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean.

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West Indies

The West Indies or the Caribbean Basin is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagoes: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago.

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West Virginia

West Virginia is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States.

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Western Apache language

The Western Apache language is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken among the 14,000 Western Apaches living primarily in east central Arizona as well as Texas and New Mexico.

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Western United States

The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States.

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Western world

The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.

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White Americans

White Americans are Americans who are descendants from any of the white racial groups of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, or in census statistics, those who self-report as white based on having majority-white ancestry.

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White privilege

White privilege (or white skin privilege) is the societal privilege that benefits people whom society identifies as white in some countries, beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white people under the same social, political, or economic circumstances.

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Winnemem Wintu

The Winnemem Wintu ("middle river people" or "middle water people") are a band of the Native American Wintu tribe originally located along the lower McCloud River, above Shasta Dam near Redding, California.

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Wisconsin

Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions.

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Wood carving

Wood carving is a form of woodworking by means of a cutting tool (knife) in one hand or a chisel by two hands or with one hand on a chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine, or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object.

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Woodland period

In the classification of Archaeological cultures of North America, the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America, with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period, from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period.

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Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

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World Heritage site

A World Heritage site is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Wounded Knee incident

The Wounded Knee incident began on February 27, 1973, when approximately 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

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Wounded Knee Massacre

The Wounded Knee Massacre (also called the Battle of Wounded Knee) occurred on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek (Lakota: Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála) on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

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Wounded Knee, South Dakota

Wounded Knee (Lakota: Čaŋkpé Opí) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota, United States.

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Wovoka

Wovoka (c. 1856 - September 20, 1932), also known as Jack Wilson, was the Paiute religious leader who founded a second episode of the Ghost Dance movement.

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Wyandot people

The Wyandot people or Wendat, also called the Huron Nation and Huron people, in most historic references are believed to have been the most populous confederacy of Iroquoian cultured indigenous peoples of North America.

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Wyoming

Wyoming is a state in the mountain region of the western United States.

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Yakama Indian Reservation

The Yakama Indian Reservation is a Native American reservation in Washington state of the federally recognized tribe, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation.

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Yale Law School

Yale Law School (often referred to as Yale Law or YLS) is the law school of Yale University, located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States.

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Yamasee War

The Yamasee or Yemassee War (1715–1717) was a conflict between British settlers of colonial South Carolina and various Native American tribes, including the Yamasee, Muscogee, Cherokee, Catawba, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Yuchi, Savannah River Shawnee, Congaree, Waxhaw, Pee Dee, Cape Fear, Cheraw, and others.

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Yaqui

The Yaqui or Yoeme are an Uto-Aztecan ethnic group who inhabit the valley of the Río Yaqui in the Mexican state of Sonora and the Southwestern United States.

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Yontoket massacre

The Yontocket massacre or Burnt Ranch massacre was an 1853 massacre of Tolowa people at the village of Yontocket (Tolowa: yan’-daa-k’vt), northwestern California.

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Yucatán Peninsula

The Yucatán Peninsula (Península de Yucatán), in southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico, with the northern coastline on the Yucatán Channel.

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Yup'ik language

Central Alaskan Yup'ik or just Yup'ik (also called Yupik, Central Yupik, or indigenously Yugtun) is one of the languages of the Yupik family, in turn a member of the Eskimo–Aleut language group, spoken in western and southwestern Alaska.

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Yupik

The Yupik are a group of indigenous or aboriginal peoples of western, southwestern, and southcentral Alaska and the Russian Far East.

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Zuni language

Zuni (also formerly Zuñi) is a language of the Zuni people, indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States.

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Zygosity

Zygosity is the degree of similarity of the alleles for a trait in an organism.

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1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus is a 2005 non-fiction book by American author and science writer Charles C. Mann about the pre-Columbian Americas.

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1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic

The New World of the Western Hemisphere was devastated by the 1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic.

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1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic

The 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic spanned 1836 through 1840, but reached its height after the spring of 1837 when an American Fur Company steamboat, the S.S. St.

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1964 Summer Olympics

The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the, was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan, from 10 to 24 October 1964.

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2000 United States Census

The Twenty-second United States Census, known as Census 2000 and conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 people enumerated during the 1990 Census.

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2010 United States Census

The 2010 United States Census (commonly referred to as the 2010 Census) is the twenty-third and most recent United States national census.

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American Indian and Alaska Native, American Indian history, American Indians (U.S.), American Indians (US), American Indians in the United States, American Indians of the United States, American Native, American Native American, American Native Americans, American Native Indians, Americian Indian, Amerindean, Discrimination against Native Americans, Featherhead Injun, Flags of Native Americans in the United States, Flags of native americans in the united states, Indigenous Peoples of America, Indigenous people of America, Indigenous people of the United States, Indigenous peoples in the United States, Indigenous peoples in the United States of America, Indigenous peoples of America, Indigenous peoples of the United States, Native American (U.S.), Native American (US), Native American Culture, Native American Indian, Native American Indians, Native American People, Native American in the United States, Native American people, Native American peoples in the United States, Native Americans (U.S.), Native Americans (US), Native Americans (United States), Native Americans in United States, Native Americans in the U.S., Native Americans in the US, Native Americans in the Unietd States, Native Americans in the United State, Native Americans of the United States, Native americain, Native americans in the united states, Native-American, Nativeamerican, Nativeamericans, The history of the Native Americans in the United States.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States

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