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Table of Contents

1. 374 relations: Acetic anhydride, Acetoacetyl-CoA, Acetyl-CoA, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, Acremonium strictum, Adolf Butenandt, Adolf Windaus, Albert Szent-Györgyi, Albrecht Kossel, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Aldol reaction, Alexander Fleming, Alkaloid, Allelopathy, Alzheimer's disease, Amino acid, Ammonium cyanate, Amphibian, Amphotericin B, Amycolatopsis rifamycinica, Amylase, Analgesic, Analytical chemistry, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Anthocyanin, Anticarcinogen, Antihypertensive drug, Antimalarial medication, Antiplatelet drug, Antiviral drug, Antoine Lavoisier, Anxiety, Archaea, Artemisia annua, Artemisinin, Aspergillus alliaceus, Asperlicin, Aspirin, Assay, Atorvastatin, August Kekulé, Auguste Laurent, Auxin, B vitamins, Bark (botany), Basic research, Beta-lactam, Bio-based material, Biogenic amine, Biogenic substance, ... Expand index (324 more) » « Shrink index

2. Natural products
3. Nature

Acetic anhydride

Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula.

See Natural product and Acetic anhydride

Acetoacetyl-CoA

Acetoacetyl CoA is the precursor of HMG-CoA in the mevalonate pathway, which is essential for cholesterol biosynthesis.

See Natural product and Acetoacetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

See Natural product and Acetyl-CoA

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) also often called cholinesterase inhibitors, inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase from breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system, autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions, which are rich in acetylcholine receptors.

See Natural product and Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Acremonium strictum

Acremonium strictum is an environmentally widespread saprotroph species found in soil, plant debris, and rotting mushrooms.

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Adolf Butenandt

Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (24 March 1903 – 18 January 1995) was a German biochemist.

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Adolf Windaus

Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (25 December 1876 – 9 June 1959) was a German chemist who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928 for his work on sterols and their relation to vitamins.

See Natural product and Adolf Windaus

Albert Szent-Györgyi

Albert Imre Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt (nagyrápolti Szent-Györgyi Albert Imre; September 16, 1893 – October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937.

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Albrecht Kossel

Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics.

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Alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH.

See Natural product and Alcohol dehydrogenase

Aldol reaction

The aldol reaction (aldol addition) is a reaction in organic chemistry that combines two carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes or ketones) to form a new β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.

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Alexander Fleming

Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin.

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Alkaloid

Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom.

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Allelopathy

Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms.

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Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.

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Ammonium cyanate

Ammonium cyanate is an inorganic compound with the formula.

See Natural product and Ammonium cyanate

Amphibian

Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.

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Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used for serious fungal infections and leishmaniasis.

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Amycolatopsis rifamycinica

Amycolatopsis rifamycinica is a species of Gram-positive bacteria in the genus Amycolatopsis.

See Natural product and Amycolatopsis rifamycinica

Amylase

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin) into sugars.

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Analgesic

An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic, antalgic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used for pain management.

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Analytical chemistry

Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods to separate, identify, and quantify matter.

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE, is a central component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body.

See Natural product and Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Anthocyanin

Anthocyanins, also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black.

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Anticarcinogen

An anticarcinogen (also known as a carcinopreventive agent) is a substance that counteracts the effects of a carcinogen or inhibits the development of cancer.

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Antihypertensive drug

Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).

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Antimalarial medication

Antimalarial medications or simply antimalarials are a type of antiparasitic chemical agent, often naturally derived, that can be used to treat or to prevent malaria, in the latter case, most often aiming at two susceptible target groups, young children and pregnant women.

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Antiplatelet drug

An antiplatelet drug (antiaggregant), also known as a platelet agglutination inhibitor or platelet aggregation inhibitor, is a member of a class of pharmaceuticals that decrease platelet aggregation and inhibit thrombus formation.

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Antiviral drug

Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections.

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Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 17438 May 1794), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.

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Anxiety

Anxiety is an emotion which is characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events.

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Archaea

Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.

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Artemisia annua

Artemisia annua, also known as sweet wormwood, sweet annie, sweet sagewort, annual mugwort or annual wormwood, is a common type of wormwood native to temperate Asia, but naturalized in many countries including scattered parts of North America.

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Artemisinin

Artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivatives are a group of drugs used in the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum.

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Aspergillus alliaceus

Aspergillus alliaceus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus.

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Asperlicin

Asperlicin is a mycotoxin, derived from the fungus Aspergillus alliaceus.

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Aspirin

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic.

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Assay

An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure in laboratory medicine, mining, pharmacology, environmental biology and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity.

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Atorvastatin

Atorvastatin is a statin medication used to prevent cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and to treat abnormal lipid levels.

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August Kekulé

Friedrich August Kekulé, later Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz (7 September 1829 – 13 July 1896), was a German organic chemist.

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Auguste Laurent

Auguste Laurent (14 November 1807 – 15 April 1853) was a French chemist who helped in the founding of organic chemistry with his discoveries of anthracene, phthalic acid, and carbolic acid.

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Auxin

Auxins (plural of auxin) are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics.

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B vitamins

B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism and synthesis of red blood cells.

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Bark (botany)

Bark is the outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants.

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Basic research

Basic research, also called pure research, fundamental research, basic science, or pure science, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.

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Beta-lactam

A beta-lactam (β-lactam) ring is a four-membered lactam.

See Natural product and Beta-lactam

Bio-based material

A bio-based material is a material intentionally made, either wholly or partially, from substances derived from living (or once-living) organisms, such as plants, animals, enzymes, and microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and yeast.

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Biogenic amine

A biogenic amine is a biogenic substance with one or more amine groups.

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Biogenic substance

A biogenic substance is a product made by or of life forms.

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Bioplastic

Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust, recycled food waste, etc.

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Bioprospecting

Bioprospecting (also known as biodiversity prospecting) is the exploration of natural sources for small molecules, macromolecules and biochemical and genetic information that could be developed into commercially valuable products for the agricultural, aquaculture, bioremediation, cosmetics, nanotechnology, or pharmaceutical industries.

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Biotic material

Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms.

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Bleomycin

Bleomycin is a medication used to treat cancer. This includes Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer among others. Typically used with other cancer medications, it can be given intravenously, by injection into a muscle or under the skin.

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Body fluid

Body fluids, bodily fluids, or biofluids, sometimes body liquids, are liquids within the body of an organism.

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Bothrops jararaca

Bothrops jararaca—known as the jararaca or yarara—is a highly venomous pit viper species endemic to South America in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina.

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Botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.

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Botulism

Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

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Bryostatin

Bryostatins are a group of macrolide lactones from (bacterial symbionts of) the marine organism Bugula neritina that were first collected and provided to JL Hartwell’s anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe.

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Bryozoa

Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies.

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Bugula neritina

Bugula neritina (commonly known as brown bryozoan or common bugula) is a cryptic species complex of sessile marine animal in the genus Bugula.

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Calvin cycle

The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.

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Captopril

Captopril, sold under the brand name Capoten among others, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure.

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Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).

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Carotenoid

Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and fungi.

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Cell (biology)

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.

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Cell wall

A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.

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Cellular differentiation

Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one.

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Cellulase

Cellulase (systematic name 4-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides: The name is also used for any naturally occurring mixture or complex of various such enzymes, that act serially or synergistically to decompose cellulosic material.

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Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.

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Cephalosporin

The cephalosporins (sg.) are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium, which was previously known as Cephalosporium.

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Cephalotaxus harringtonii

Cephalotaxus harringtonii, commonly known as Korean plum yew, Japanese plum-yew, Harrington's cephalotaxus, or cowtail pine, is a species of coniferous shrub or small tree in the family Taxaceae.

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Chemical biology

Chemical biology is a scientific discipline between the fields of chemistry and biology. Natural product and Chemical biology are chemistry.

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Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. Natural product and chemical compound are chemistry.

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Chemical ecology

Chemical ecology is the study of chemically mediated interactions between living organisms, and the effects of those interactions on the demography, behavior and ultimately evolution of the organisms involved.

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Chemical industry

The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals.

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Chemical structure

A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds.

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Chemical substance

A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.

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Chemical synthesis

Chemical synthesis (chemical combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products. Natural product and chemical synthesis are chemistry.

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Cheminformatics

Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics) refers to the use of physical chemistry theory with computer and information science techniques—so called "in silico" techniques—in application to a range of descriptive and prescriptive problems in the field of chemistry, including in its applications to biology and related molecular fields.

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Chemistry of Natural Compounds

Chemistry of Natural Compounds is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the chemistry of natural compounds.

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Chemogenomics

Chemogenomics, or chemical genomics, is the systematic screening of targeted chemical libraries of small molecules against individual drug target families (e.g., GPCRs, nuclear receptors, kinases, proteases, etc.) with the ultimate goal of identification of novel drugs and drug targets.

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Chemometrics

Chemometrics is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means.

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Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (often abbreviated chemo, sometimes CTX and CTx) is the type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) in a standard regimen.

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Chirality

Chirality is a property of asymmetry important in several branches of science.

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Chitin

Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose.

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Chitinase

Chitinases (chitodextrinase, 1,4-β-poly-N-acetylglucosaminidase, poly-β-glucosaminidase, β-1,4-poly-N-acetyl glucosamidinase, poly glycanohydrolase, (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan glycanohydrolase; systematic name (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan glycanohydrolase) are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in chitin.

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Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.

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Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants.

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Cholecystokinin

Cholecystokinin (CCK or CCK-PZ; from Greek chole, "bile"; cysto, "sac"; kinin, "move"; hence, move the bile-sac (gallbladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.

See Natural product and Cholecystokinin

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

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Chromatography

In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.

See Natural product and Chromatography

Ciclosporin

Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication.

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Cilazapril

Cilazapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

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Citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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Claisen condensation

The Claisen condensation is a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction that occurs between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl compound in the presence of a strong base.

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Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce botulinum toxin, which is a neurotoxin.

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Cobra

Cobra is the common name of various venomous snakes, most of which belong to the genus Naja.

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Cocaine

Cocaine (from, from, ultimately from Quechua: kúka) is a tropane alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.

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Codeine

Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea.

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Coenzyme A

Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.

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Cofactor (biochemistry)

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction).

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Colchicine

Colchicine is a medication used to prevent and treat gout, to treat familial Mediterranean fever and Behçet's disease, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction.

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Colchicum autumnale

Colchicum autumnale, commonly known as autumn crocus, meadow saffron, naked boys or naked ladies, is a toxic autumn-blooming flowering plant that resembles the true crocuses, but is a member of the plant family Colchicaceae, unlike the true crocuses, which belong to the family Iridaceae.

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Conifer

Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms.

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Conotoxin

A conotoxin is one of a group of neurotoxic peptides isolated from the venom of the marine cone snail, genus Conus.

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Conus magus

Conus magus, common name the magical cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

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Coral

Corals are colonial marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria.

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Corrin

Corrin is a heterocyclic compound.

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Cosmetics

Cosmetics are composed of mixtures of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources or synthetically created ones.

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Crystallization

Crystallization is the process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.

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Crystallography

Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. Natural product and Crystallography are chemistry.

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Cyclic nucleotide

A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups.

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Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase

In enzymology, a cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (also cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase or CGTase for short) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of cyclizing part of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan molecule through the formation of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucosidic bond.

See Natural product and Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase

Cyclooxygenase

Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme (specifically, a family of isozymes) that is responsible for biosynthesis of prostanoids, including thromboxane and prostaglandins such as prostacyclin, from arachidonic acid.

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Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.

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Cytotoxicity

Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.

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Daptomycin

Daptomycin, sold under the brand name Cubicin among others, is a lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of systemic and life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive organisms.

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DD-transpeptidase

DD-transpeptidase (DD-peptidase, DD-transpeptidase, DD-carboxypeptidase, D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase, D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving-peptidase, D-alanine carboxypeptidase, D-alanyl carboxypeptidase, and serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase.) is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the R-L-αα-D-alanyl moiety of R-L-αα-D-alanyl-D-alanine carbonyl donors to the γ-OH of their active-site serine and from this to a final acceptor.

See Natural product and DD-transpeptidase

Deep ocean water

Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found in the deep sea, starting at below the surface of Earth's oceans.

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Density functional theory

Density functional theory (DFT) is a computational quantum mechanical modelling method used in physics, chemistry and materials science to investigate the electronic structure (or nuclear structure) (principally the ground state) of many-body systems, in particular atoms, molecules, and the condensed phases.

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Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid.

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Diglyceride

A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages.

See Natural product and Diglyceride

Dimerization (chemistry)

In chemistry, dimerization is the process of joining two identical or similar molecular entities by bonds.

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Discodermia dissoluta

Discodermia dissoluta is a species of deep-water sea sponge found in the Eastern, Southern, and Southwestern Caribbean, as well as in the Greater Antilles.

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Discodermolide

(+)-Discodermolide is a polyketide natural product found to stabilize microtubules.

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Disintegrin

Disintegrins are a family of small proteins (45–84 amino acids in length) from viper venoms that function as potent inhibitors of both platelet aggregation and integrin-dependent cell adhesion.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Dorothy Hodgkin

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (née Crowfoot; 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning English chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules, which became essential for structural biology.

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Drug development

Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.

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Drug discovery

In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered.

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Echis carinatus

Echis carinatus, known as the saw-scaled viper,Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003).

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Ecteinascidia turbinata

Ecteinascidia turbinata, commonly known as the mangrove tunicate, is a species of tunicate in the family Perophoridae.

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Eleutherobin

Eleutherobin is a marine diterpene glycoside with in vitro anticancer activity.

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Emil Fischer

Hermann Emil Louis Fischer (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

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Endophyte

An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

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Ergometrine

Ergometrine, also known as ergonovine and sold under the brand names Ergotrate, Ergostat, and Syntometrine among others, is a medication used to cause contractions of the uterus to treat heavy vaginal bleeding after childbirth.

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Ergot

Ergot or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps.

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Erythropodium caribaeorum

Erythropodium caribaeorum, commonly known as the encrusting gorgonian or encrusting polyps, is a species of soft coral in the family Anthothelidae.

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Esterase

In biochemistry, an esterase is a class of enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis (and as such, it is a type of hydrolase).

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Ethnobotany

Ethnobotany is the study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and people.

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Ethnomedicine

Ethnomedicine is a study or comparison of the traditional medicine based on bioactive compounds in plants and animals and practiced by various ethnic groups, especially those with little access to western medicines, e.g., indigenous peoples.

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Extinction

Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member.

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Extraction (chemistry)

Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix.

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Fatty acid

In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.

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Fatty acid synthase

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene.

See Natural product and Fatty acid synthase

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.

See Natural product and Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as well as a cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors.

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Food industry

The food industry is a complex, global network of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world's population.

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Fractionation

Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (of gasses, solids, liquids, enzymes, or isotopes, or a suspension) is divided during a phase transition, into a number of smaller quantities (fractions) in which the composition varies according to a gradient.

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Friedrich Sertürner

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner (19 June 1783 – 20 February 1841) was a German pharmacist and a pioneer of alkaloid chemistry.

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Friedrich Wöhler

Friedrich Wöhler FRS(For) HonFRSE (31 July 180023 September 1882) was a German chemist known for his work in both organic and inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form.

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Functional group

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.

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Galantamine

Galantamine is a type of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

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Galanthus

Galanthus (from Ancient Greek, ("milk") + ("flower")), or snowdrop, is a small genus of approximately 20 species of bulbous perennial herbaceous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae.

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Gibberellin

Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence.

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Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

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Glucose

Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GA3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a metabolite that occurs as an intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms.

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Glycerol

Glycerol, also called glycerine or glycerin, is a simple triol compound.

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Glycogen

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.

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Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol).

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Glycopeptide

Glycopeptides are peptides that contain carbohydrate moieties (glycans) covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.

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Glycoside

In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond.

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Gout

Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of pain in a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint, caused by the deposition of needle-like crystals of uric acid known as monosodium urate crystals.

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Griseofulvin

Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat a number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm).

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Hartree–Fock method

In computational physics and chemistry, the Hartree–Fock (HF) method is a method of approximation for the determination of the wave function and the energy of a quantum many-body system in a stationary state.

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Head and neck cancer

Head and neck cancer is a general term encompassing multiple cancers that can develop in the head and neck region.

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Heinrich Otto Wieland

Heinrich Otto Wieland (4 June 1877 – 5 August 1957) was a German chemist.

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Heme

Heme (American English), or haem (Commonwealth English, both pronounced /hi:m/), is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecular component of hemoglobin, which is necessary to bind oxygen in the bloodstream.

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Herbal medicine

Herbal medicine (also called herbalism, phytomedicine or phytotherapy) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine.

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Herbivore

A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.

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Hermann Kolbe

Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe (27 September 1818 – 25 November 1884) was a major contributor to the birth of modern organic chemistry.

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High pressure

In science and engineering the study of high pressure examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure.

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High-throughput screening

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a method for scientific discovery especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology, materials science and chemistry.

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History of atomic theory

Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms.

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History of chemistry

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.

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Hit to lead

Hit to lead (H2L) also known as lead generation is a stage in early drug discovery where small molecule hits from a high throughput screen (HTS) are evaluated and undergo limited optimization to identify promising lead compounds.

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HMG-CoA reductase

HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, official symbol HMGCR) is the rate-controlling enzyme (NADH-dependent,; NADPH-dependent) of the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and other isoprenoids.

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Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the patient's lymph nodes.

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.

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Hot spring

A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth.

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Immune response

An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors.

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Immune system

The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.

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Inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds.

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Ion channel

Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.

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Isomer

In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, the same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space.

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Jöns Jacob Berzelius

Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius ((20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. In general, he is considered the last person to know the whole field of chemistry. Berzelius is considered, along with Robert Boyle, John Dalton, and Antoine Lavoisier, to be one of the founders of modern chemistry.

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Jean-Baptiste Dumas

Jean Baptiste André Dumas (14 July 180010 April 1884) was a French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights (relative atomic masses) and molecular weights by measuring vapor densities.

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Journal of Natural Products

The Journal of Natural Products is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of research on the chemistry and/or biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds.

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Justus von Liebig

Justus Freiherr (Baron) von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 20 April 1873) was a German scientist who made major contributions to the theory, practice, and pedagogy of chemistry, as well as to agricultural and biological chemistry; he is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry.

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Kingdom (biology)

In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain.

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Lactic acid

Lactic acid is an organic acid.

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Leopold Ružička

Leopold Ružička (born Lavoslav Stjepan Ružička; 13 September 1887 – 26 September 1976) was a Croatian-Swiss scientist and joint winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" "including the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones." He worked most of his life in Switzerland, and received eight doctorates honoris causa in science, medicine, and law; seven prizes and medals; and twenty-four honorary memberships in chemical, biochemical, and other scientific societies.

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Lipid

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.

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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS).

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List of purification methods in chemistry

Purification in a chemical context is the physical separation of a chemical substance of interest from foreign or contaminating substances.

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Lovastatin

Lovastatin, sold under the brand name Mevacor among others, is a statin medication, to treat high blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Macrolide

Macrolides are a class of mostly natural products with a large macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached.

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Macromolecule

A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid.

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Malonyl-CoA

Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid.

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Mannose

Mannose is a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates.

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Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.

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Mechanism of action

In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect.

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Medicinal chemistry

Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing and developing pharmaceutical drugs.

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Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

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Metabolite

In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.

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Metagenomics

Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental or clinical samples by a method called sequencing.

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Metastasis

Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor.

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Methanocaldococcus jannaschii

Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (formerly Methanococcus jannaschii) is a thermophilic methanogenic archaean in the class Methanococci.

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Methionine

Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.

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Mevalonate pathway

The mevalonate pathway, also known as the isoprenoid pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an essential metabolic pathway present in eukaryotes, archaea, and some bacteria.

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Mevastatin

Mevastatin (compactin, ML-236B) is a hypolipidemic agent that belongs to the statins class.

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Michel Eugène Chevreul

Michel Eugène Chevreul (31 August 1786 – 9 April 1889) was a French chemist whose work contributed to significant developments in science, medicine, and art.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

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Molecular modelling

Molecular modelling encompasses all methods, theoretical and computational, used to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules.

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Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built.

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Morphine

Morphine, formerly also called morphia, is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum).

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Muscarine

Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C. dealbata.

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N-type calcium channel

N-type calcium channels also called Cav2.2 channels are voltage gated calcium channels that are localized primarily on the nerve terminals and dendrites as well as neuroendocrine cells.

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Natural material

A natural material is any product or physical matter that comes from plants, animals, or the ground which is not man-made.

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Natural Product Reports

Natural Product Reports is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry.

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Natural Product Research

Natural Product Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on natural products chemistry.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Naturally occurring phenols

In biochemistry, naturally occurring phenols are natural products containing at least one phenol functional group.

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Nature

Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the ecosphere or the universe as a whole.

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Neurotoxin

Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity).

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Neurotransmitter

A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism.

See Natural product and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source').

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Nicotine

Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic.

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Non-mevalonate pathway

The non-mevalonate pathway—also appearing as the mevalonate-independent pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (MEP/DOXP) pathway—is an alternative metabolic pathway for the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).

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Norman Haworth

Sir Walter Norman Haworth FRS (19 March 1883 – 19 March 1950) was a British chemist best known for his groundbreaking work on ascorbic acid (vitamin C) while working at the University of Birmingham.

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Noscapine

Noscapine (also known as Narcotine, Nectodon, Nospen, Anarcotine and (archaic) Opiane) is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, of the phthalideisoquinoline structural subgroup, which has been isolated from numerous species of the family Papaveraceae (poppy family).

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Nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.

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Nucleic acid sequence

A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.

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Ocean

The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approx.

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Omacetaxine mepesuccinate

Omacetaxine mepesuccinate (INN; trade name Synribo; formerly named as homoharringtonine or HHT) is a pharmaceutical drug substance that is indicated for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

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Opioid receptor

Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands.

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Opium

Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum.

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Organ transplantation

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.

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Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms. Natural product and organic chemistry are chemistry.

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Organic compound

Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.

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Organic synthesis

Organic synthesis is a branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds.

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Otto Wallach

Otto Wallach (27 March 1847 – 26 February 1931) was a German chemist and recipient of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on alicyclic compounds.

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Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation (UK, US) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC) or α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex, most commonly known for its role in the citric acid cycle.

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Paclitaxel

Paclitaxel, sold under the brand name Taxol among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer.

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Paenibacillus polymyxa

Paenibacillus polymyxa, also known as Bacillus polymyxa, is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen.

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Panic attack

Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear and discomfort that may include palpitations, sweating, chest pain or chest discomfort, shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, numbness, confusion, or a feeling of impending doom or of losing control.

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Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient.

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Papaver somniferum

Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae.

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Papaverine

Papaverine (Latin papaver, "poppy") is an opium alkaloid antispasmodic drug, used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasms and vasospasms (especially those involving the intestines, heart, or brain), occasionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and acute mesenteric ischemia.

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Patent

A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention.

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Paul Karrer

Professor Paul Karrer FRS FRSE FCS (21 April 1889 – 18 June 1971) was a Swiss organic chemist best known for his research on vitamins.

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Penicillin

Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens.

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Penicillium

Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that is part of the mycobiome of many species and is of major importance in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug production.

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Penicillium griseofulvum

Penicillium griseofulvum is a species of the genus of Penicillium which produces patulin, penifulvin A, cyclopiazonic acid, roquefortine C, shikimic acid, griseofulvin, and 6-Methylsalicylic acid (via a polyketide synthase).

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Penicillium rubens

Penicillium rubens is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium and was the first species known to produce the antibiotic penicillin.

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Pentose

In chemistry, a pentose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with five carbon atoms.

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Peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.

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Pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical industry is an industry involved in medicine that discovers, develops, produces, and markets pharmaceutical goods for use as drugs that function by being administered to (or self-administered by) patients using such medications with the goal of curing and/or preventing disease (as well as possibly alleviating symptoms of illness and/or injury).

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Pharmacognosy

Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs obtained from medicinal plants, animals, fungi, and other natural sources.

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Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula.

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Phenylpropanoid

The phenylpropanoids are a diverse family of organic compounds that are biosynthesized by plants from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in the shikimic acid pathway.

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Pheromone

A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species.

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Phospholipid

Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.

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Phylum

In biology, a phylum (phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.

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Phytochemical

Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants, generally to help them resist fungi, bacteria and plant virus infections, and also consumption by insects and other animals.

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Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, oyster fungus, hiratake, or pearl oyster mushroom is a common edible mushroom.

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Polar regions of Earth

The polar regions, also called the frigid zones or polar zones, of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps, the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles.

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Polyketide

In organic chemistry, polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (or its reduced forms) and methylene groups:.

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Polymyxin

Polymyxins are antibiotics.

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Polyphenol

Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring phenols.

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Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.

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Porphine

Porphine or porphin is an organic compound of empirical formula.

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Porphyrin

Porphyrins are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (.

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Potency (pharmacology)

In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity.

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Profit (economics)

In economics, profit is the difference between revenue that an economic entity has received from its outputs and total costs of its inputs, also known as surplus value.

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Prostaglandin

Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals.

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Protease

A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.

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Pullulanase

Pullulanase (limit dextrinase, amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase, bacterial debranching enzyme, debranching enzyme, α-dextrin endo-1,6-α-glucosidase, R-enzyme, pullulan α-1,6-glucanohydrolase) is a specific kind of glucanase, an amylolytic exoenzyme, that degrades pullulan.

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Pyridoxal

Pyridoxal is one form of vitamin B6.

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Pyridoxamine

Pyridoxamine is one form of vitamin B6.

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Pyridoxine

Pyridoxine, is a form of vitamin B6 found commonly in food and used as a dietary supplement.

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Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate and a lipoamide to give the acetylated dihydrolipoamide and carbon dioxide.

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Pyruvic acid

Pyruvic acid (IUPAC name: 2-oxopropanoic acid, also called acetoic acid) (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group.

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Quinine

Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.

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Radical theory

Radical theory is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry describing the structure of organic compounds.

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Receptor (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems.

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Recreational drug use

Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime.

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Respiratory system

The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.

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Riboflavin

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a vitamin found in food and sold as a dietary supplement.

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Richard Kuhn

Richard Johann Kuhn (3 December 1900 – 31 July 1967) was an Austrian-German biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938 "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins".

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Richard Willstätter

Richard Martin Willstätter FRS(For) HFRSE (13 August 1872 – 3 August 1942) was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments, chlorophyll included, won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

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Rifamycin

The rifamycins are a group of antibiotics that are synthesized either naturally by the bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica or artificially.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).

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Robert R. Williams

Robert Runnels Williams (February 16, 1886 – October 2, 1965) was an American chemist, known for being the first to chemically fully characterize and then synthesize thiamine (vitamin B1).

See Natural product and Robert R. Williams

Robert Robinson (chemist)

Sir Robert Robinson (13 September 1886 – 8 February 1975) was a British organic chemist and Nobel laureate recognised in 1947 for his research on plant dyestuffs (anthocyanins) and alkaloids.

See Natural product and Robert Robinson (chemist)

Salicin

Salicin is an alcoholic β-glucoside.

See Natural product and Salicin

Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H4COOH.

See Natural product and Salicylic acid

Salt lake

A salt lake or saline lake is a landlocked body of water that has a concentration of salts (typically sodium chloride) and other dissolved minerals significantly higher than most lakes (often defined as at least three grams of salt per litre).

See Natural product and Salt lake

Sea snail

Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone.

See Natural product and Sea snail

Second messenger system

Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers.

See Natural product and Second messenger system

Secondary metabolite

Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.

See Natural product and Secondary metabolite

Secretion

Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.

See Natural product and Secretion

Semi-empirical quantum chemistry method

Semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods are based on the Hartree–Fock formalism, but make many approximations and obtain some parameters from empirical data.

See Natural product and Semi-empirical quantum chemistry method

Semisynthesis

Semisynthesis, or partial chemical synthesis, is a type of chemical synthesis that uses chemical compounds isolated from natural sources (such as microbial cell cultures or plant material) as the starting materials to produce novel compounds with distinct chemical and medicinal properties.

See Natural product and Semisynthesis

Sharpless epoxidation

The Sharpless epoxidation reaction is an enantioselective chemical reaction to prepare 2,3-epoxyalcohols from primary and secondary allylic alcohols.

See Natural product and Sharpless epoxidation

Shikimate pathway

The shikimate pathway (shikimic acid pathway) is a seven-step metabolic pathway used by bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, some protozoans, and plants for the biosynthesis of folates and aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine).

See Natural product and Shikimate pathway

Siderophore

Siderophores (Greek: "iron carrier") are small, high-affinity iron-chelating compounds that are secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.

See Natural product and Siderophore

Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.

See Natural product and Signal transduction

Silver cyanate

Silver cyanate is the cyanate salt of silver.

See Natural product and Silver cyanate

Silver fulminate

Silver fulminate (AgCNO) is the highly explosive silver salt of fulminic acid.

See Natural product and Silver fulminate

Soft-tissue sarcoma

A soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) is a malignant tumor, a type of cancer, that develops in soft tissue.

See Natural product and Soft-tissue sarcoma

Spasm

A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, such as the bladder.

See Natural product and Spasm

Species

A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.

See Natural product and Species

Sponge

Sponges (also known as sea sponges), the members of the phylum Porifera (meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts.

See Natural product and Sponge

Stedman's Medical Dictionary

Stedman's Medical Dictionary is a medical dictionary developed for medical students, physicians, researchers, and medical language specialists.

See Natural product and Stedman's Medical Dictionary

Steric effects

Steric effects arise from the spatial arrangement of atoms.

See Natural product and Steric effects

Steroid

A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

See Natural product and Steroid

Steroid hormone

A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone.

See Natural product and Steroid hormone

Streptomyces

Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinomycetota, and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae.

See Natural product and Streptomyces

Streptomyces griseus

Streptomyces griseus is a species of bacteria in the genus Streptomyces commonly found in soil.

See Natural product and Streptomyces griseus

Streptomyces verticillus

Streptomyces verticillus is a species of Gram-positive bacteria in the genus Streptomyces.

See Natural product and Streptomyces verticillus

Streptomycin

Streptomycin is an antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, ''Mycobacterium avium'' complex, endocarditis, brucellosis, ''Burkholderia'' infection, plague, tularemia, and rat bite fever.

See Natural product and Streptomycin

Structural analog

A structural analog, also known as a chemical analog or simply an analog, is a compound having a structure similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to a certain component.

See Natural product and Structural analog

Structure–activity relationship

The structure–activity relationship (SAR) is the relationship between the chemical structure of a molecule and its biological activity.

See Natural product and Structure–activity relationship

Strychnine

Strychnine (US chiefly) is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents.

See Natural product and Strychnine

Suzuki reaction

The Suzuki reaction or Suzuki coupling is an organic reaction that uses a palladium complex catalyst to cross-couple a boronic acid to an organohalide.

See Natural product and Suzuki reaction

Symbiosis

Symbiosis (from Greek,, "living with, companionship, camaraderie", from,, "together", and, bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two biological organisms of different species, termed symbionts, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.

See Natural product and Symbiosis

Systems biology

Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis and modeling of complex biological systems.

See Natural product and Systems biology

Tannin

Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.

See Natural product and Tannin

Taxus brevifolia

Taxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew or western yew, is a species of tree in the yew family Taxaceae native to the Pacific Northwest of North America.

See Natural product and Taxus brevifolia

Terpene

Terpenes are a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C5H8)n for n ≥ 2.

See Natural product and Terpene

Terpenoid

The terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from the 5-carbon compound isoprene and its derivatives called terpenes, diterpenes, etc.

See Natural product and Terpenoid

Terrestrial animal

Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land (e.g. cats, chickens, ants, spiders), as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water (e.g. fish, lobsters, octopuses), and semiaquatic animals, which rely on both aquatic and terrestrial habitats (e.g.

See Natural product and Terrestrial animal

Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.

See Natural product and Testicular cancer

Tetracycline

Tetracycline, sold under various brand names, is an oral antibiotic in the tetracyclines family of medications, used to treat a number of infections, including acne, cholera, brucellosis, plague, malaria, and syphilis.

See Natural product and Tetracycline

Thebaine

Thebaine (paramorphine), also known as codeine methyl enol ether, is an opiate alkaloid, its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai (Thebes), an ancient city in Upper Egypt.

See Natural product and Thebaine

Thermococcus

In taxonomy, Thermococcus is a genus of thermophilic Archaea in the family the Thermococcaceae.

See Natural product and Thermococcus

Thiamine

Thiamine, also known as thiamin and vitamin B1, is a vitamin, an essential micronutrient for humans and animals.

See Natural product and Thiamine

Tirofiban

Tirofiban, sold under the brand name Aggrastat, is an antiplatelet medication.

See Natural product and Tirofiban

Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.

See Natural product and Tissue (biology)

Tolypocladium inflatum

Tolypocladium inflatum is an ascomycete fungus originally isolated from a Norwegian soil sample that, under certain conditions, produces the immunosuppressant drug ciclosporin.

See Natural product and Tolypocladium inflatum

Total synthesis

Total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of a complex molecule, often a natural product, from simple, commercially-available precursors.

See Natural product and Total synthesis

Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.

See Natural product and Toxicity

Toxin

A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms.

See Natural product and Toxin

Trabectedin

Trabectedin, sold under the brand name Yondelis, is an antitumor chemotherapy medication for the treatment of advanced soft-tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer.

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Traditional medicine

Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the era of modern medicine.

See Natural product and Traditional medicine

Traité Élémentaire de Chimie

Traité élémentaire de chimie (Elementary Treatise on Chemistry) is a textbook written by Antoine Lavoisier published in 1789 and translated into English by Robert Kerr in 1790 under the title Elements of Chemistry in a New Systematic Order containing All the Modern Discoveries.

See Natural product and Traité Élémentaire de Chimie

Transketolase

Transketolase (abbreviated as TK) is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the TKT gene.

See Natural product and Transketolase

Triose

A triose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, containing three carbon atoms.

See Natural product and Triose

Tryptophan

Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

See Natural product and Tryptophan

Tubocurarine chloride

Tubocurarine (also known as d-tubocurarine or DTC) is a toxic benzylisoquinoline alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison.

See Natural product and Tubocurarine chloride

Tubulin

Tubulin in molecular biology can refer either to the tubulin protein superfamily of globular proteins, or one of the member proteins of that superfamily.

See Natural product and Tubulin

Tunicate

A tunicate is an exclusively marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata. This grouping is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords (including vertebrates).

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Urea

Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.

See Natural product and Urea

Urine

Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals.

See Natural product and Urine

Vasoconstriction

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.

See Natural product and Vasoconstriction

Venom

Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action.

See Natural product and Venom

Vitalism

Vitalism is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is often referred to as the "vital spark", "energy", "élan vital" (coined by vitalist Henri Bergson), "vital force", or "vis vitalis", which some equate with the soul.

See Natural product and Vitalism

Vitamin

Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function.

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Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism.

See Natural product and Vitamin B12

Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3, colloquially referred to as niacin, is a vitamin family that includes three forms, or vitamers: niacin (nicotinic acid), nicotinamide (niacinamide), and nicotinamide riboside.

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Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 is one of the B vitamins, and thus an essential nutrient.

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Willow

Willows, also called sallows and osiers, of the genus Salix, comprise around 350 species (plus numerous hybrids) of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions.

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Woodward cis-hydroxylation

The Woodward cis-hydroxylation (also known as the Woodward reaction) is the chemical reaction of alkenes with iodine and silver acetate in wet acetic acid to form cis-diols.

See Natural product and Woodward cis-hydroxylation

Xylanase

Endo-1,4-β-xylanase (systematic name 4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase) is any of a class of enzymes that degrade the linear polysaccharide xylan into xylose, thus breaking down hemicellulose, one of the major components of plant cell walls: Xylanase plays a major role in micro-organisms thriving on plant sources for the degradation of plant matter into usable nutrients.

See Natural product and Xylanase

Ziconotide

Ziconotide, sold under the brand name Prialt, also called intrathecal ziconotide (ITZ) because of its administration route, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.

See Natural product and Ziconotide

10-Deacetylbaccatin

10-Deacetylbaccatins are a series of closely related natural organic compounds isolated from the yew tree (Genera Taxus).

See Natural product and 10-Deacetylbaccatin

See also

Natural products

• Agglomerin
• Alkaloids
• Ambergris
• Animal products
• Biomolecules
• Cerevisterol
• Dicerandrol C
• Essential oils
• Laucysteinamide A
• Lichen products
• Methylazoxymethanol acetate
• Mycofactocin
• Natural food
• Natural product
• Phomoxanthone
• Phomoxanthone A
• Phomoxanthone B
• Phoslactomycin B
• Polyketides
• Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products
• Salinosporamide
• Saponins
• Thujaplicinol
• Z-Cote

Nature

• Aesthetics of nature
• Back to nature
• Balance of nature
• Earth
• Ecosystem health
• Energy
• Evolution
• Life
• Matter
• Mfinda
• Natural environment
• Natural hazards
• Natural landscape
• Natural materials
• Natural product
• Natural products
• Natural risk
• Natural sciences
• Naturalism (philosophy)
• Nature
• Nature-based solutions
• Nurture
• Patterns in nature
• Phenomena
• Physis
• Preternatural
• Sky
• Space
• Supernatural
• Trogloxene
• Universe
• Urban nature
• Vacuum

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product

Also known as Active compound, List of Natural Product Drugs, Natural Products, Natural compound, Natural ingredient, Natural ingredients, Natural product chemistry, Natural product synthesis, Natural source, Naturally occurring.

, Bioplastic, Bioprospecting, Biotic material, Bleomycin, Body fluid, Bothrops jararaca, Botulinum toxin, Botulism, Bryostatin, Bryozoa, Bugula neritina, Calvin cycle, Captopril, Carbohydrate, Carotenoid, Cell (biology), Cell wall, Cellular differentiation, Cellulase, Cellulose, Cephalosporin, Cephalotaxus harringtonii, Chemical biology, Chemical compound, Chemical ecology, Chemical industry, Chemical structure, Chemical substance, Chemical synthesis, Cheminformatics, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Chemogenomics, Chemometrics, Chemotherapy, Chirality, Chitin, Chitinase, Chloramphenicol, Chlorophyll, Cholecystokinin, Cholesterol, Chromatography, Ciclosporin, Cilazapril, Citric acid cycle, Claisen condensation, Clostridium botulinum, Cobra, Cocaine, Codeine, Coenzyme A, Cofactor (biochemistry), Colchicine, Colchicum autumnale, Conifer, Conotoxin, Conus magus, Coral, Corrin, Cosmetics, Crystallization, Crystallography, Cyclic nucleotide, Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase, Cyclooxygenase, Cytoskeleton, Cytotoxicity, Daptomycin, DD-transpeptidase, Deep ocean water, Density functional theory, Dietary supplement, Diglyceride, Dimerization (chemistry), Discodermia dissoluta, Discodermolide, Disintegrin, DNA, Dorothy Hodgkin, Drug development, Drug discovery, Echis carinatus, Ecteinascidia turbinata, Eleutherobin, Emil Fischer, Endophyte, Enzyme, Ergometrine, Ergot, Erythropodium caribaeorum, Esterase, Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, Extinction, Extraction (chemistry), Fatty acid, Fatty acid synthase, Flavin adenine dinucleotide, Flavin mononucleotide, Food industry, Fractionation, Friedrich Sertürner, Friedrich Wöhler, Functional group, Galantamine, Galanthus, Gibberellin, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, Glycerol, Glycogen, Glycolysis, Glycopeptide, Glycoside, Gout, Griseofulvin, Hartree–Fock method, Head and neck cancer, Heinrich Otto Wieland, Heme, Herbal medicine, Herbivore, Hermann Kolbe, High pressure, High-throughput screening, History of atomic theory, History of chemistry, Hit to lead, HMG-CoA reductase, Hodgkin lymphoma, Hormone, Hot spring, Immune response, Immune system, Inorganic chemistry, Ion channel, Isomer, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Jean-Baptiste Dumas, Journal of Natural Products, Justus von Liebig, Kingdom (biology), Lactic acid, Leopold Ružička, Lipid, Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, List of purification methods in chemistry, Lovastatin, Macrolide, Macromolecule, Malonyl-CoA, Mannose, Mass spectrometry, Mechanism of action, Medicinal chemistry, Metabolism, Metabolite, Metagenomics, Metastasis, Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, Methionine, Mevalonate pathway, Mevastatin, Michel Eugène Chevreul, Microorganism, Molecular modelling, Monosaccharide, Morphine, Muscarine, N-type calcium channel, Natural material, Natural Product Reports, Natural Product Research, Natural selection, Naturally occurring phenols, Nature, Neurotoxin, Neurotransmitter, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Nicotine, Non-mevalonate pathway, Norman Haworth, Noscapine, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Nucleic acid, Nucleic acid sequence, Ocean, Omacetaxine mepesuccinate, Opioid receptor, Opium, Organ transplantation, Organic chemistry, Organic compound, Organic synthesis, Otto Wallach, Oxidative phosphorylation, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, Paclitaxel, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Panic attack, Pantothenic acid, Papaver somniferum, Papaverine, Patent, Paul Karrer, Penicillin, Penicillium, Penicillium griseofulvum, Penicillium rubens, Pentose, Peptidoglycan, Pharmaceutical industry, Pharmacognosy, Phenylalanine, Phenylpropanoid, Pheromone, Phospholipid, Photosynthesis, Phylum, Phytochemical, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polar regions of Earth, Polyketide, Polymyxin, Polyphenol, Polysaccharide, Porphine, Porphyrin, Potency (pharmacology), Profit (economics), Prostaglandin, Protease, Pullulanase, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxine, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Pyruvic acid, Quinine, Radical theory, Receptor (biochemistry), Recreational drug use, Respiratory system, Riboflavin, Richard Kuhn, Richard Willstätter, Rifamycin, RNA, Robert R. Williams, Robert Robinson (chemist), Salicin, Salicylic acid, Salt lake, Sea snail, Second messenger system, Secondary metabolite, Secretion, Semi-empirical quantum chemistry method, Semisynthesis, Sharpless epoxidation, Shikimate pathway, Siderophore, Signal transduction, Silver cyanate, Silver fulminate, Soft-tissue sarcoma, Spasm, Species, Sponge, Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Steric effects, Steroid, Steroid hormone, Streptomyces, Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces verticillus, Streptomycin, Structural analog, Structure–activity relationship, Strychnine, Suzuki reaction, Symbiosis, Systems biology, Tannin, Taxus brevifolia, Terpene, Terpenoid, Terrestrial animal, Testicular cancer, Tetracycline, Thebaine, Thermococcus, Thiamine, Tirofiban, Tissue (biology), Tolypocladium inflatum, Total synthesis, Toxicity, Toxin, Trabectedin, Traditional medicine, Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, Transketolase, Triose, Tryptophan, Tubocurarine chloride, Tubulin, Tunicate, Urea, Urine, Vasoconstriction, Venom, Vitalism, Vitamin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B6, Willow, Woodward cis-hydroxylation, Xylanase, Ziconotide, 10-Deacetylbaccatin.

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