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Table of Contents

1. 430 relations: Acetylcholine, Acetylcholinesterase, ACTH receptor, Action potential, ADCYAP1R1, Adenosine, Adenosine receptor, Adenosine triphosphate, Adrenal gland, Adrenaline, Adrenergic receptor, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Agonist, Agouti-related peptide, Alcohol (drug), Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, ALS, Alzheimer's disease, Amino acid, AMPA, AMPA receptor, Amphetamine, Amygdala, Amylin family, Anandamide, AP5, Apomorphine, Arcuate nucleus, Arginine, Arousal, Aspartic acid, Astrocyte, Atropine, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Autism, Autoreceptor, Axon hillock, Axon terminal, Barbiturate, Benzodiazepine, Bicuculline, Biosynthesis, Blood–brain barrier, Bombesin, Bombesin-like peptides, Botulinum toxin, Bradykinin, Bradykinin receptor B1, Bradykinin receptor B2, Brainstem, ... Expand index (380 more) » « Shrink index

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic compound that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter and Acetylcholine are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Acetylcholine

Acetylcholinesterase

Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7; systematic name acetylcholine acetylhydrolase), also known as AChE, AChase or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body.

See Neurotransmitter and Acetylcholinesterase

ACTH receptor

The adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor or ACTH receptor also known as the melanocortin receptor 2 or MC2 receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor (type 2) which is specific for ACTH.

See Neurotransmitter and ACTH receptor

Action potential

An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls.

See Neurotransmitter and Action potential

ADCYAP1R1

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor also known as PAC1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCYAP1R1 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and ADCYAP1R1

Adenosine

Adenosine (symbol A) is an organic compound that occurs widely in nature in the form of diverse derivatives. Neurotransmitter and Adenosine are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Adenosine

Adenosine receptor

The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors) are a class of purinergic G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as the endogenous ligand.

See Neurotransmitter and Adenosine receptor

Adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Neurotransmitter and Adenosine triphosphate are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Adenosine triphosphate

Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.

See Neurotransmitter and Adrenal gland

Adrenaline

Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). Neurotransmitter and Adrenaline are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Adrenaline

Adrenergic receptor

The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like beta blockers, beta-2 (β2) agonists and alpha-2 (α2) agonists, which are used to treat high blood pressure and asthma, for example.

See Neurotransmitter and Adrenergic receptor

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; also adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin) is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

See Neurotransmitter and Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.

See Neurotransmitter and Agonist

Agouti-related peptide

Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron.

See Neurotransmitter and Agouti-related peptide

Alcohol (drug)

Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is one of the most widely used and abused psychoactive drugs in the world and falls under the depressant category.

See Neurotransmitter and Alcohol (drug)

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor

The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein.

See Neurotransmitter and Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor

ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease in the United States, is a rare, terminal neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that normally control voluntary muscle contraction.

See Neurotransmitter and ALS

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia.

See Neurotransmitter and Alzheimer's disease

Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.

See Neurotransmitter and Amino acid

AMPA

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, better known as AMPA, is a compound that is a specific agonist for the AMPA receptor, where it mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

See Neurotransmitter and AMPA

AMPA receptor

The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate (iGluR) and predominantly Na+ ion channel that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).

See Neurotransmitter and AMPA receptor

Amphetamine

Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.

See Neurotransmitter and Amphetamine

Amygdala

The amygdala (amygdalae or amygdalas; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'almond', 'tonsil') is a paired nuclear complex present in the cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates.

See Neurotransmitter and Amygdala

Amylin family

In molecular biology, the amylin protein family or calcitonin/CGRP/IAPP protein family is a family of proteins, which includes the precursors of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and adrenomedullin.

See Neurotransmitter and Amylin family

Anandamide

Anandamide (ANA), also referred to as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) is a fatty acid neurotransmitter belonging to the fatty acid derivative group known as N-Acylethanolamine (NAE). Neurotransmitter and Anandamide are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Anandamide

AP5

AP5 (also known as APV, (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, or (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate) is a chemical compound used as a biochemical tool to study various cellular processes.

See Neurotransmitter and AP5

Apomorphine

Apomorphine, sold under the brand name Apokyn among others, is a type of aporphine having activity as a non-selective dopamine agonist which activates both D2-like and, to a much lesser extent, D1-like receptors.

See Neurotransmitter and Apomorphine

Arcuate nucleus

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), or ARC, is also known as the infundibular nucleus to distinguish it from the arcuate nucleus of the medulla oblongata in the brainstem.

See Neurotransmitter and Arcuate nucleus

Arginine

Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H.

See Neurotransmitter and Arginine

Arousal

Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception.

See Neurotransmitter and Arousal

Aspartic acid

Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

See Neurotransmitter and Aspartic acid

Astrocyte

Astrocytes (from Ancient Greek,, "star" and,, "cavity", "cell"), also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

See Neurotransmitter and Astrocyte

Atropine

Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery.

See Neurotransmitter and Atropine

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive dysfunction occasioning symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and otherwise age-inappropriate.

See Neurotransmitter and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Autism

Autism, also called autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of deficient reciprocal social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive and inflexible patterns of behavior that are impairing in multiple contexts and excessive or atypical to be developmentally and socioculturally inappropriate.

See Neurotransmitter and Autism

Autoreceptor

An autoreceptor is a type of receptor located in the membranes of nerve cells.

See Neurotransmitter and Autoreceptor

Axon hillock

The axon hillock is a specialized part of the cell body (or soma) of a neuron that connects to the axon.

See Neurotransmitter and Axon hillock

Axon terminal

Axon terminals (also called synaptic boutons, or presynaptic terminals) are distal terminations of the branches of an axon.

See Neurotransmitter and Axon terminal

Barbiturate

Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid.

See Neurotransmitter and Barbiturate

Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially called "benzos", are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.

See Neurotransmitter and Benzodiazepine

Bicuculline

Bicuculline is a phthalide-isoquinoline compound that is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors.

See Neurotransmitter and Bicuculline

Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occuring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrates, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex products.

See Neurotransmitter and Biosynthesis

Blood–brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.

See Neurotransmitter and Blood–brain barrier

Bombesin

Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) by Vittorio Erspamer et al. and named after its source.

See Neurotransmitter and Bombesin

Bombesin-like peptides

Bombesin-like peptides comprise a large family of peptides which were initially isolated from amphibian skin, where they stimulate smooth muscle contraction.

See Neurotransmitter and Bombesin-like peptides

Botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.

See Neurotransmitter and Botulinum toxin

Bradykinin

Bradykinin (BK) (from Greek brady- 'slow' + -kinin, kīn(eîn) 'to move') is a peptide that promotes inflammation.

See Neurotransmitter and Bradykinin

Bradykinin receptor B1

Bradykinin receptor B1 (B1) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the BDKRB1 gene in humans.

See Neurotransmitter and Bradykinin receptor B1

Bradykinin receptor B2

Bradykinin receptor B2 is a G-protein coupled receptor for bradykinin, encoded by the BDKRB2 gene in humans.

See Neurotransmitter and Bradykinin receptor B2

Brainstem

The brainstem (or brain stem) is the stalk-like part of the brain that connects the forebrain (the cerebrum and diencephalon) with the spinal cord.

See Neurotransmitter and Brainstem

Bronchodilator

A bronchodilator or broncholytic (although the latter occasionally includes secretory inhibition as well) is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs.

See Neurotransmitter and Bronchodilator

Buspirone

Buspirone, sold under the brand name Buspar, among others, is an anxiolytic, a medication primarily used to treat anxiety disorders, particularly generalized anxiety disorder.

See Neurotransmitter and Buspirone

Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.

See Neurotransmitter and Caffeine

Calcitonin

Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid (or endostyle) in humans and other chordates in the ultimopharyngeal body.

See Neurotransmitter and Calcitonin

Calcitonin gene-related peptide

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin family of peptides consisting of calcitonin, amylin, adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin) and calcitonin‑receptor‑stimulating peptide.

See Neurotransmitter and Calcitonin gene-related peptide

Calcitonin receptor

The calcitonin receptor (CT) is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the peptide hormone calcitonin and is involved in maintenance of calcium homeostasis, particularly with respect to bone formation and metabolism.

See Neurotransmitter and Calcitonin receptor

CALCRL

Calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL), also known as the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), is a human protein; it is a receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide.

See Neurotransmitter and CALCRL

Cannabinoid

Cannabinoids are several structural classes of compounds found in the cannabis plant primarily and most animal organisms (although insects lack such receptors) or as synthetic compounds.

See Neurotransmitter and Cannabinoid

Cannabinoid receptor

Cannabinoid receptors, located throughout the body, are part of the endocannabinoid system of vertebrates a class of cell membrane receptors in the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily.

See Neurotransmitter and Cannabinoid receptor

Cannabinoid receptor 1

Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor that in humans is encoded by the CNR1 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Cannabinoid receptor 1

Cannabis

Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae.

See Neurotransmitter and Cannabis

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air.

See Neurotransmitter and Carbon monoxide

Catecholamine

A catecholamine (abbreviated CA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups next to each other) and a side-chain amine. Neurotransmitter and catecholamine are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Catecholamine

Caudate nucleus

The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the corpus striatum, which is a component of the basal ganglia in the human brain.

See Neurotransmitter and Caudate nucleus

Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

See Neurotransmitter and Cell membrane

Cell signaling

In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment.

See Neurotransmitter and Cell signaling

Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. Neurotransmitter and central nervous system are neuroscience.

See Neurotransmitter and Central nervous system

Cerebellum

The cerebellum (cerebella or cerebellums; Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.

See Neurotransmitter and Cerebellum

Cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals.

See Neurotransmitter and Cerebral cortex

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates.

See Neurotransmitter and Cerebrospinal fluid

Chemical synapse

Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.

See Neurotransmitter and Chemical synapse

Chlorpromazine

Chlorpromazine (CPZ), marketed under the brand names Thorazine and Largactil among others, is an antipsychotic medication.

See Neurotransmitter and Chlorpromazine

Cholecystokinin

Cholecystokinin (CCK or CCK-PZ; from Greek chole, "bile"; cysto, "sac"; kinin, "move"; hence, move the bile-sac (gallbladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.

See Neurotransmitter and Cholecystokinin

Cholecystokinin B receptor

The cholecystokinin B receptor also known as CCKBR or CCK2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCKBR gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Cholecystokinin B receptor

Cholecystokinin receptor

Cholecystokinin receptors or CCK receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors which bind the peptide hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin.

See Neurotransmitter and Cholecystokinin receptor

Choline

Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals, which was formerly classified as a B vitamin (vitamin B4).

See Neurotransmitter and Choline

Cholinergic

Cholinergic agents are compounds which mimic the action of acetylcholine and/or butyrylcholine.

See Neurotransmitter and Cholinergic

Cholinergic neuron

A cholinergic neuron is a nerve cell which mainly uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to send its messages.

See Neurotransmitter and Cholinergic neuron

Chromogranin-A

Chromogranin-A (CgA) or parathyroid secretory protein 1 is encoded in the human by the gene CHGA.

See Neurotransmitter and Chromogranin-A

Cingulate cortex

The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex.

See Neurotransmitter and Cingulate cortex

Circadian rhythm

A circadian rhythm, or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours.

See Neurotransmitter and Circadian rhythm

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.

See Neurotransmitter and Circulatory system

Cocaine

Cocaine (from, from, ultimately from Quechua: kúka) is a tropane alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.

See Neurotransmitter and Cocaine

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, also known as CART, is a neuropeptide protein that in humans is encoded by the CARTPT gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript

Codeine

Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea.

See Neurotransmitter and Codeine

Copeptin

Copeptin (also known as CT-proAVP) is a 39-amino acid-long peptide derived from the C-terminus of pre-pro-hormone of arginine vasopressin, and copeptin.

See Neurotransmitter and Copeptin

Corticotropin-releasing factor family

Corticotropin-releasing factor family, CRF family is a family of related neuropeptides in vertebrates.

See Neurotransmitter and Corticotropin-releasing factor family

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (also known as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin; corticotropin may also be spelled corticotrophin) is a peptide hormone involved in stress responses.

See Neurotransmitter and Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1

Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) is a protein, also known as CRF1, with the latter (CRF1) now being the IUPHAR-recommended name.

See Neurotransmitter and Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1

Curare

Curare (or; or) is a common name for various alkaloid arrow poisons originating from plant extracts.

See Neurotransmitter and Curare

Deprenyl

Deprenyl, also known by its developmental code name E-250 and as N-propargylmethamphetamine, is the racemic mixture of D-deprenyl and L-deprenyl (selegiline).

See Neurotransmitter and Deprenyl

Diagonal band of Broca

The diagonal band of Broca interconnects the amygdala and the septal area.

See Neurotransmitter and Diagonal band of Broca

Diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

See Neurotransmitter and Diffusion

Diphenhydramine

Diphenhydramine (DPH) is an antihistamine and sedative mainly used to treat allergies, insomnia, and symptoms of the common cold.

See Neurotransmitter and Diphenhydramine

Dopamine

Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. Neurotransmitter and Dopamine are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Dopamine

Dopamine receptor

Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS).

See Neurotransmitter and Dopamine receptor

Dopamine receptor D2

Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Dopamine receptor D2

Dopaminergic pathways

Dopaminergic pathways (dopamine pathways, dopaminergic projections) in the human brain are involved in both physiological and behavioral processes including movement, cognition, executive functions, reward, motivation, and neuroendocrine control.

See Neurotransmitter and Dopaminergic pathways

Dorsal raphe nucleus

The dorsal raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei.

See Neurotransmitter and Dorsal raphe nucleus

Dose–response relationship

The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the magnitude of the response of an organism, as a function of exposure (or doses) to a stimulus or stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time.

See Neurotransmitter and Dose–response relationship

Downregulation and upregulation

In biochemistry, in the biological context of organisms' regulation of gene expression and production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the production and quantities of its cellular components, such as RNA and proteins, in response to an external stimulus.

See Neurotransmitter and Downregulation and upregulation

Dynorphin

Dynorphins (Dyn) are a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin. Neurotransmitter and Dynorphin are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Dynorphin

Endocrine system

The endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs.

See Neurotransmitter and Endocrine system

Endomorphin

Endomorphins are considered to be natural opioid neuropeptides central to pain relief. The two known endomorphins, endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2, are tetrapeptides, consisting of Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe and Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe amino acid sequences respectively. These sequences fold into tertiary structures with high specificity and affinity for the μ-opioid receptor, binding it exclusively and strongly.

See Neurotransmitter and Endomorphin

Endorphins

Endorphins (contracted from endogenous morphine) are peptides produced in the brain that block the perception of pain and increase feelings of wellbeing.

See Neurotransmitter and Endorphins

Energy homeostasis

In biology, energy homeostasis, or the homeostatic control of energy balance, is a biological process that involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure (energy outflow).

See Neurotransmitter and Energy homeostasis

Enkephalin

An enkephalin is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception (pain sensation) in the body.

See Neurotransmitter and Enkephalin

Entorhinal cortex

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an area of the brain's allocortex, located in the medial temporal lobe, whose functions include being a widespread network hub for memory, navigation, and the perception of time.

See Neurotransmitter and Entorhinal cortex

Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

See Neurotransmitter and Enzyme

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures.

See Neurotransmitter and Epilepsy

Euphoria

Euphoria is the experience (or affect) of pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness.

See Neurotransmitter and Euphoria

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

See Neurotransmitter and Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Excitatory synapse

An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.

See Neurotransmitter and Excitatory synapse

Excitotoxicity

In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors.

See Neurotransmitter and Excitotoxicity

Executive functions

In cognitive science and neuropsychology, executive functions (collectively referred to as executive function and cognitive control) are a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior: selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen goals.

See Neurotransmitter and Executive functions

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis).

See Neurotransmitter and Exocytosis

Extracellular fluid

In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism.

See Neurotransmitter and Extracellular fluid

False neurotransmitter

A false neurotransmitter is a chemical compound which closely imitates the action of a neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Neurotransmitter and false neurotransmitter are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and False neurotransmitter

Fenfluramine

Fenfluramine, sold under the brand name Fintepla, is a serotonergic medication used for the treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome.

See Neurotransmitter and Fenfluramine

Fight-or-flight response

The fight-or-flight or the fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn (also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.

See Neurotransmitter and Fight-or-flight response

Fluoxetine

Fluoxetine, sold under the brand name Prozac, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.

See Neurotransmitter and Fluoxetine

G protein-coupled receptor

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate cellular responses.

See Neurotransmitter and G protein-coupled receptor

GABA

GABA (gamma Aminobutyric acid, γ-Aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system. Neurotransmitter and GABA are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and GABA

GABA receptor

The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory compound in the mature vertebrate central nervous system.

See Neurotransmitter and GABA receptor

GABAA receptor

The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel.

See Neurotransmitter and GABAA receptor

GABAA-rho receptor

The GABAA-rho receptor (previously known as the GABAC receptor) is a subclass of GABAA receptors composed entirely of rho (ρ) subunits.

See Neurotransmitter and GABAA-rho receptor

GABAB receptor

GABAB receptors (GABABR) are G-protein coupled receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), therefore making them metabotropic receptors, that are linked via G-proteins to potassium channels.

See Neurotransmitter and GABAB receptor

Galanin

Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals.

See Neurotransmitter and Galanin

Galanin receptor 1

Galanin receptor 1 (GAL1) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the GALR1 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Galanin receptor 1

Galanin receptor 2

Galanin receptor 2, (GAL2) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the GALR2 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Galanin receptor 2

Galanin receptor 3

Galanin receptor 3 (GAL3) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the GALR3 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Galanin receptor 3

Galanin-like peptide

Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a neuropeptide present in humans and other mammals.

See Neurotransmitter and Galanin-like peptide

Gaseous signaling molecules

Gaseous signaling molecules are gaseous molecules that are either synthesized internally (endogenously) in the organism, tissue or cell or are received by the organism, tissue or cell from outside (say, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere, as in the case of oxygen) and that are used to transmit chemical signals which induce certain physiological or biochemical changes in the organism, tissue or cell.

See Neurotransmitter and Gaseous signaling molecules

Gasotransmitter

Gasotransmitters is a class of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter and Gasotransmitter are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Gasotransmitter

Gastrin

Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.

See Neurotransmitter and Gastrin

Gastrin-releasing peptide

Gastrin-releasing peptide GRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule encoded in the human by the GRP gene. Neurotransmitter and Gastrin-releasing peptide are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Gastrin-releasing peptide

Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.

See Neurotransmitter and Genetics

Gi alpha subunit

Gi protein alpha subunit is a family of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits.

See Neurotransmitter and Gi alpha subunit

Gland

A gland is a cell or an organ in an animal's body that produces and secretes different substances either into the bloodstream or into a body cavity or outer surface that the organism needs.

See Neurotransmitter and Gland

Glia

Glia, also called glial cells (gliocytes) or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses.

See Neurotransmitter and Glia

Gliotransmitter

Gliotransmitters are chemicals released from glial cells that facilitate neuronal communication between neurons and other glial cells. Neurotransmitter and Gliotransmitter are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Gliotransmitter

Glucagon

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas.

See Neurotransmitter and Glucagon

Glucagon receptor

The glucagon receptor is a 62 kDa protein that is activated by glucagon and is a member of the class B G-protein coupled family of receptors, coupled to G alpha i, Gs and to a lesser extent G alpha q. Stimulation of the receptor results in the activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C and in increased levels of the secondary messengers intracellular cAMP and calcium.

See Neurotransmitter and Glucagon receptor

Glucagon-like peptide-1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone deriving from the tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide.

See Neurotransmitter and Glucagon-like peptide-1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor

The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) found on beta cells of the pancreas and on neurons of the brain.

See Neurotransmitter and Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor

Glucagon-like peptide-2

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD (see Proteinogenic amino acid) in humans.

See Neurotransmitter and Glucagon-like peptide-2

Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor

Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP-2R) is a protein that in human is encoded by the GLP2R gene located on chromosome 17.

See Neurotransmitter and Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor

Glucose

Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.

See Neurotransmitter and Glucose

Glutamate (neurotransmitter)

In neuroscience, glutamate is the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter (a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells). Neurotransmitter and glutamate (neurotransmitter) are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Glutamate (neurotransmitter)

Glutamic acid

Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.

See Neurotransmitter and Glutamic acid

Glycine

Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.

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Glycine receptor

The glycine receptor (abbreviated as GlyR or GLR) is the receptor of the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine.

See Neurotransmitter and Glycine receptor

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a releasing hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

See Neurotransmitter and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), also known as the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone receptor (LHRHR), is a member of the seven-transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family.

See Neurotransmitter and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

Granin

Granin (chromogranin and secretogranin) is a protein family of regulated secretory proteins ubiquitously found in the cores of amine and peptide hormone and neurotransmitter dense-core secretory vesicles.

See Neurotransmitter and Granin

Growth hormone–releasing hormone

Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as somatocrinin among other names in its endogenous form and as somatorelin (INN) in its pharmaceutical form, is a releasing hormone of growth hormone (GH).

See Neurotransmitter and Growth hormone–releasing hormone

Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor

The growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds growth hormone-releasing hormone.

See Neurotransmitter and Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor

Guanosine triphosphate

Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) is a purine nucleoside triphosphate.

See Neurotransmitter and Guanosine triphosphate

Guanylate cyclase

Guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2, also known as guanyl cyclase, guanylyl cyclase, or GC; systematic name GTP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-GMP-forming)) is a lyase enzyme that converts guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and pyrophosphate: It is often part of the G protein signaling cascade that is activated by low intracellular calcium levels and inhibited by high intracellular calcium levels.

See Neurotransmitter and Guanylate cyclase

Habenula

The habenula (diminutive of Latin meaning rein) is a small bilateral neuronal structure in the brain of vertebrates, that has also been called a microstructure since it is no bigger than a pea.

See Neurotransmitter and Habenula

Heme

Heme (American English), or haem (Commonwealth English, both pronounced /hi:m/), is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecular component of hemoglobin, which is necessary to bind oxygen in the bloodstream.

See Neurotransmitter and Heme

Heroin

Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the Papaver somniferum plant; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.

See Neurotransmitter and Heroin

Hippocampus

The hippocampus (hippocampi; via Latin from Greek ἱππόκαμπος, 'seahorse') is a major component of the brain of humans and other vertebrates.

See Neurotransmitter and Hippocampus

Histamine

Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses communication, as well as regulating physiological functions in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. Neurotransmitter and Histamine are neurotransmitters.

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Histamine receptor

The histamine receptors are a class of G protein–coupled receptors which bind histamine as their primary endogenous ligand.

See Neurotransmitter and Histamine receptor

Histidine

Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

See Neurotransmitter and Histidine

Histology

Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.

See Neurotransmitter and Hormone

Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited.

See Neurotransmitter and Huntington's disease

Hydrocodone

Hydrocodone, also known as dihydrocodeinone, is a semisynthetic opioid used to treat pain and as a cough suppressant.

See Neurotransmitter and Hydrocodone

Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula.

See Neurotransmitter and Hydrogen sulfide

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus (hypothalami) is a small part of the vertebrate brain that contains a number of nuclei with a variety of functions.

See Neurotransmitter and Hypothalamus

Idazoxan

Idazoxan (INN) is a drug which is used in scientific research.

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Imidazoline receptor

Imidazoline receptors are the primary receptors on which clonidine and other imidazolines act.

See Neurotransmitter and Imidazoline receptor

Immunocytochemistry

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is a common laboratory technique that is used to anatomically visualize the localization of a specific protein or antigen in cells by use of a specific primary antibody that binds to it.

See Neurotransmitter and Immunocytochemistry

Incertohypothalamic pathway

The incertohypothalamic pathway is a short dopaminergic pathway from the zona incerta to the hypothalamus of the brain.

See Neurotransmitter and Incertohypothalamic pathway

Indirect agonist

In pharmacology, an indirect agonist or indirect-acting agonist is a substance that enhances the release or action of an endogenous neurotransmitter but has no specific agonist activity at the neurotransmitter receptor itself. Neurotransmitter and indirect agonist are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Indirect agonist

Indolamines

Indolamines are a family of neurotransmitters that share a common molecular structure (namely, indolamine). Neurotransmitter and indolamines are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Indolamines

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.

See Neurotransmitter and Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Inverse agonist

In pharmacology, an inverse agonist is a drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist.

See Neurotransmitter and Inverse agonist

Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.

See Neurotransmitter and Ion

Α-Methyl-p-tyrosine

α-Methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT), or simply α-methyltyrosine, also known in its chiral 2-(S) form as metirosine, is a tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme inhibitor and is therefore a drug involved in inhibiting the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway.

See Neurotransmitter and Α-Methyl-p-tyrosine

Β-Endorphin

β-Endorphin (beta-endorphin) is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and peptide hormone that is produced in certain neurons within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

See Neurotransmitter and Β-Endorphin

Δ-opioid receptor

The δ-opioid receptor, also known as delta opioid receptor or simply delta receptor, abbreviated DOR or DOP, is an inhibitory 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor coupled to the G protein Gi/G0 and has enkephalins as its endogenous ligands.

See Neurotransmitter and Δ-opioid receptor

Κ-opioid receptor

The κ-opioid receptor or kappa opioid receptor, abbreviated KOR or KOP for its ligand ketazocine, is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the OPRK1 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Κ-opioid receptor

Μ-opioid receptor

The μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with a high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin, but a low affinity for dynorphins.

See Neurotransmitter and Μ-opioid receptor

Kainate receptor

Kainate receptors, or kainic acid receptors (KARs), are ionotropic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate.

See Neurotransmitter and Kainate receptor

Ketamine

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic used medically for induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

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Kiss-and-run fusion

Kiss-and-run fusion is a type of synaptic vesicle release where the vesicle opens and closes transiently.

See Neurotransmitter and Kiss-and-run fusion

KiSS1-derived peptide receptor

The KiSS1-derived peptide receptor (also known as GPR54 or the Kisspeptin receptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the peptide hormone kisspeptin (metastin).

See Neurotransmitter and KiSS1-derived peptide receptor

Kisspeptin

Kisspeptins (including kisspeptin-54 (KP-54), formerly known as metastin) are proteins encoded by the KISS1 gene in humans.

See Neurotransmitter and Kisspeptin

L-DOPA

-DOPA, also known as levodopa and -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants and animals, including humans.

See Neurotransmitter and L-DOPA

Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (or lateroposterior tegmental nucleus) is a nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum.

See Neurotransmitter and Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

Ligand-gated ion channel

Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter and ligand-gated ion channel are molecular neuroscience.

See Neurotransmitter and Ligand-gated ion channel

Locus coeruleus

The locus coeruleus (LC), also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus, is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic.

See Neurotransmitter and Locus coeruleus

LSD

Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD (from German Lysergsäure-diethylamid), and known colloquially as acid or lucy, is a potent psychedelic drug.

See Neurotransmitter and LSD

Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

See Neurotransmitter and Major depressive disorder

MDMA

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (tablet form), and molly or mandy (crystal form), is a potent empathogen–entactogen with stimulant and minor psychedelic properties.

See Neurotransmitter and MDMA

Medial septal nucleus

The medial septal nucleus (MS) is one of the septal nuclei.

See Neurotransmitter and Medial septal nucleus

Median eminence

The median eminence is generally defined as the portion of the ventral hypothalamus from which the portal vessels arise.

See Neurotransmitter and Median eminence

Median raphe nucleus

The median raphe nucleus (MRN or MnR), also known as the nucleus raphes medianus (NRM)Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998).

See Neurotransmitter and Median raphe nucleus

Medium spiny neuron

Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), are a special type of inhibitory GABAergic neuron representing approximately 90% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure.

See Neurotransmitter and Medium spiny neuron

Melanin-concentrating hormone

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), also known as pro-melanin stimulating hormone (PMCH), is a cyclic 19-amino acid orexigenic hypothalamic peptide originally isolated from the pituitary gland of teleost fish, where it controls skin pigmentation.

See Neurotransmitter and Melanin-concentrating hormone

Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor

Two Melanin-concentrating hormone receptors (MCHR) have recently been characterized: MCH-R1 and MCH-R2.

See Neurotransmitter and Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor

Melanocortin

The melanocortins are a family of neuropeptide hormones which are the ligands of the melanocortin receptors.

See Neurotransmitter and Melanocortin

Melanocortin 4 receptor

Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a melanocortin receptor that in humans is encoded by the gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Melanocortin 4 receptor

Melanocortin receptor

Melanocortin receptors are members of the rhodopsin family of 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors.

See Neurotransmitter and Melanocortin receptor

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

The melanocyte-stimulating hormones, known collectively as MSH, also known as melanotropins or intermedins, are a family of peptide hormones and neuropeptides consisting of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH), and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) that are produced by cells in the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

See Neurotransmitter and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Melatonin

Melatonin, an indoleamine, is a natural compound produced by various organisms, including bacteria and eukaryotes. Neurotransmitter and Melatonin are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Melatonin

Membrane transport protein

A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane.

See Neurotransmitter and Membrane transport protein

Mesocortical pathway

The mesocortical pathway is a dopaminergic pathway that connects the ventral tegmentum to the prefrontal cortex.

See Neurotransmitter and Mesocortical pathway

Mesolimbic pathway

The mesolimbic pathway, sometimes referred to as the reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain.

See Neurotransmitter and Mesolimbic pathway

Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

See Neurotransmitter and Metabolism

Metabotropic glutamate receptor

The metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process.

See Neurotransmitter and Metabotropic glutamate receptor

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) is an inhibitory Gi/G0-coupled G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) generally localized to presynaptic sites of neurons in classical circuits.

See Neurotransmitter and Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3

Metabotropic receptor

A metabotropic receptor, also referred to by the broader term G-protein-coupled receptor, is a type of membrane receptor that initiates a number of metabolic steps to modulate cell activity.

See Neurotransmitter and Metabotropic receptor

Methadone

Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid agonist used for chronic pain and also for opioid use disorder.

See Neurotransmitter and Methadone

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity.

See Neurotransmitter and Methamphetamine

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate, sold under the brand names Ritalin and Concerta among others, is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used medically to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and, to a lesser extent, narcolepsy.

See Neurotransmitter and Methylphenidate

Midbrain

The midbrain or mesencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brainstem connecting the diencephalon and cerebrum with the pons. It consists of the cerebral peduncles, tegmentum, and tectum.

See Neurotransmitter and Midbrain

Moclobemide

Moclobemide, sold under the brand names Amira, Aurorix, Clobemix, Depnil and Manerix among others, is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) drug primarily used to treat depression and social anxiety. It is not approved for use in the United States, but is approved in other Western countries such as Canada, the UK and Australia.

See Neurotransmitter and Moclobemide

Monoamine neurotransmitter

Monoamine neurotransmitters are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain (such as -CH2-CH2-). Examples are dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. Neurotransmitter and Monoamine neurotransmitter are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Monoamine neurotransmitter

Monoamine oxidase

Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, employing oxygen to clip off their amine group.

See Neurotransmitter and Monoamine oxidase

Monoamine releasing agent

A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of a monoamine neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter.

See Neurotransmitter and Monoamine releasing agent

Monoamine transporter

Monoamine transporters (MATs) are proteins that function as integral plasma-membrane transporters to regulate concentrations of extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Monoamine transporter

Mood (psychology)

In psychology, a mood is an affective state.

See Neurotransmitter and Mood (psychology)

Morphine

Morphine, formerly also called morphia, is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum).

See Neurotransmitter and Morphine

Motilin

Motilin is a 22-amino acid polypeptide hormone in the motilin family that, in humans, is encoded by the MLN gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Motilin

Motilin receptor

Motilin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (previously GPCR38) that binds motilin.

See Neurotransmitter and Motilin receptor

Motivational salience

Motivational salience is a cognitive process and a form of attention that motivates or propels an individual's behavior towards or away from a particular object, perceived event or outcome.

See Neurotransmitter and Motivational salience

Motor system

The motor system is the set of central and peripheral structures in the nervous system that support motor functions, i.e. movement.

See Neurotransmitter and Motor system

MPTP

MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is an organic compound.

See Neurotransmitter and MPTP

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.

See Neurotransmitter and Multiple sclerosis

Muscarine

Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in Inocybe and Clitocybe species, such as the deadly C. dealbata.

See Neurotransmitter and Muscarine

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells.

See Neurotransmitter and Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Muscimol

Muscimol is a potent psychoactive compound found in certain mushrooms, most notably the Amanita muscaria and related species of mushroom.

See Neurotransmitter and Muscimol

Muscle cell

A muscle cell, also known as a myocyte, is a mature contractile cell in the muscle of an animal.

See Neurotransmitter and Muscle cell

N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid

N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid (N-acetylaspartylglutamate or NAAG) is a peptide neurotransmitter and the third-most-prevalent neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. Neurotransmitter and n-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid

N-Arachidonoyl dopamine

N-Arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) is an endocannabinoid that acts as an agonist of the CB1 receptor and the transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) ion channel.

See Neurotransmitter and N-Arachidonoyl dopamine

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid

N-methyl--aspartic acid or N-methyl--aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor.

See Neurotransmitter and N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid

N-Methylphenethylamine

N-Methylphenethylamine (NMPEA) is a naturally occurring trace amine neuromodulator in humans that is derived from the trace amine, phenethylamine (PEA).

See Neurotransmitter and N-Methylphenethylamine

N-Methyltryptamine

N-Methyltryptamine (NMT) is a member of the substituted tryptamine chemical class and a natural product which is biosynthesized in the human body from tryptamine by certain N-methyltransferase enzymes, such as indolethylamine ''N''-methyltransferase.

See Neurotransmitter and N-Methyltryptamine

Naloxone

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist: a medication used to reverse or reduce the effects of opioids.

See Neurotransmitter and Naloxone

National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH, is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research.

See Neurotransmitter and National Institutes of Health

Natural neuroactive substance

A natural neuroactive substance (NAS) is a chemical synthesized by neurons that affects the actions of other neurons or muscle cells.

See Neurotransmitter and Natural neuroactive substance

Neocortex

The neocortex, also called the neopallium, isocortex, or the six-layered cortex, is a set of layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.

See Neurotransmitter and Neocortex

Neoendorphin

Neoendorphins are a group of endogenous opioid peptides derived from the proteolytic cleavage of prodynorphin.

See Neurotransmitter and Neoendorphin

Nervous system

In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. Neurotransmitter and nervous system are neuroscience.

See Neurotransmitter and Nervous system

Neural pathway

In neuroanatomy, a neural pathway is the connection formed by axons that project from neurons to make synapses onto neurons in another location, to enable neurotransmission (the sending of a signal from one region of the nervous system to another).

See Neurotransmitter and Neural pathway

Neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuroanatomy

Neuroendocrine cell

Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (through neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release messenger molecules (hormones) into the blood.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuroendocrine cell

Neuroendocrinology

Neuroendocrinology is the branch of biology (specifically of physiology) which studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system; i.e. how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuroendocrinology

Neurokinin A

Neurokinin A (NKA), formerly known as Substance K, is a neurologically active peptide translated from the pre-protachykinin gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Neurokinin A

Neurokinin B

Neurokinin B (NKB) belongs in the family of tachykinin peptides.

See Neurotransmitter and Neurokinin B

Neuromedin B

Neuromedin B (NMB) is a bombesin-related peptide in mammals.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuromedin B

Neuromedin B receptor

The neuromedin B receptor (NMBR), now known as BB1 is a G protein-coupled receptor whose endogenous ligand is neuromedin B. In humans, this protein is encoded by the NMBR gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuromedin B receptor

Neuromedin U

Neuromedin U (NmU or NMU) is a neuropeptide found in the brain of humans and other mammals, which has a number of diverse functions including contraction of smooth muscle, regulation of blood pressure, pain perception, appetite, bone growth, and hormone release.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuromedin U

Neuromedin U receptor 1

Neuromedin-U receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NMUR1 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuromedin U receptor 1

Neuromedin U receptor 2

Neuromedin-U receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NMUR2 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuromedin U receptor 2

Neuromodulation

Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulation

Neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuromuscular junction

Neuron

A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuron

Neuropeptide

Neuropeptides are chemical messengers made up of small chains of amino acids that are synthesized and released by neurons.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide

Neuropeptide B

Neuropeptide B is a short biologically active peptide whose precursor in humans is encoded by the NBP gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide B

Neuropeptide FF

NPFF Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRFa) is a mammalian amidated neuropeptide originally isolated from bovine brain and characterized as a pain-modulating peptide, with anti-opioid activity on morphine-induced analgesia.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide FF

Neuropeptide K

Neuropeptide K (also known as neurokinin K), is a protein encoded by the TAC1 gene. Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide K are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide K

Neuropeptide S

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in human and mammalian brain, mainly produced by neurons in the amygdala and between Barrington's nucleus and the locus coeruleus, although NPS-responsive neurons extend projections into many other brain areas.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide S

Neuropeptide S receptor

The neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins which binds neuropeptide S (NPS).

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide S receptor

Neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y receptor

Neuropeptide Y receptors are a family of receptors belonging to class A G-protein coupled receptors and they are activated by the closely related peptide hormones neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide Y receptor

Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1

Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1, also known as NPBW1 and GPR7, is a human protein encoded by the NPBWR1 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1

Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2

Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2, also known as NPBW2, is a human protein encoded by the NPBWR2 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2

Neurophysin I

Neurophysin I is a carrier protein with a size of 10 KDa and contains 90 to 97 amino acids.

See Neurotransmitter and Neurophysin I

Neurophysin II

Neurophysin II is a carrier protein with a size of 19,687.3 Da and is made up of a dimer of two virtually identical chains of amino acids.

See Neurotransmitter and Neurophysin II

Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (study of effects of drugs on the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuropsychopharmacology

Neuroscience

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders.

See Neurotransmitter and Neuroscience

Neurotransmission

Neurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through") is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron) a short distance away. Neurotransmitter and Neurotransmission are molecular neuroscience.

See Neurotransmitter and Neurotransmission

Neurotransmitter receptor

A neurotransmitter receptor (also known as a neuroreceptor) is a membrane receptor protein that is activated by a neurotransmitter.

See Neurotransmitter and Neurotransmitter receptor

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism.

See Neurotransmitter and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotine

Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic.

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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

See Neurotransmitter and Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Nigrostriatal pathway

The nigrostriatal pathway is a bilateral dopaminergic pathway in the brain that connects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in the midbrain with the dorsal striatum (i.e., the caudate nucleus and putamen) in the forebrain.

See Neurotransmitter and Nigrostriatal pathway

Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula. Neurotransmitter and Nitric oxide are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Nitric oxide

NMDA receptor

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and predominantly Ca2+ ion channel found in neurons. Neurotransmitter and NMDA receptor are molecular neuroscience.

See Neurotransmitter and NMDA receptor

Nociceptin

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), a 17-amino acid neuropeptide, is the endogenous ligand for the nociceptin receptor (NOP, ORL-1).

See Neurotransmitter and Nociceptin

Nociceptin receptor

The nociceptin opioid peptide receptor (NOP), also known as the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptor or kappa-type 3 opioid receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPRL1 (opioid receptor-like 1) gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Nociceptin receptor

Nociception

In physiology, nociception (/ˌnəʊsɪˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/), also nocioception) is the sensory nervous system's process of encoding noxious stimuli. It deals with a series of events and processes required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal to trigger an appropriate defensive response.

See Neurotransmitter and Nociception

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. Neurotransmitter and Norepinephrine are neurotransmitters.

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Nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc; also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi, Latin for 'nucleus adjacent to the septum') is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.

See Neurotransmitter and Nucleus accumbens

Nucleus basalis

In the human brain, the nucleus basalis, also known as the nucleus basalis of Meynert or nucleus basalis magnocellularis, is a group of neurons located mainly in the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain.

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Nucleus raphe magnus

The nucleus raphe magnus (termed the nucleus raphes magnus by Terminologia AnatomicaFederative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). Terminologia Anatomica. Stuttgart: Thieme and some publicationsAnderson, D.M. (2000). Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary (29th edition). Philadelphia/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo: W.B.

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Nucleus raphe obscurus

The nucleus raphe obscurus, despite the implications of its name, has some very specific functions and connections of afferent and efferent nature.

See Neurotransmitter and Nucleus raphe obscurus

Nucleus raphe pallidus

The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus.

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts (an obsession) and feels the need to perform certain routines (compulsions) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function.

See Neurotransmitter and Obsessive–compulsive disorder

Octopamine

Octopamine (molecular formula C8H11NO2; also known as OA, and also norsynephrine, para-octopamine and others) is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine, and synthesized biologically by a homologous pathway. Neurotransmitter and Octopamine are neurotransmitters.

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Olfactory bulb

The olfactory bulb (Latin: bulbus olfactorius) is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell.

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Ondansetron

Ondansetron, sold under the brand name Zofran among others, is a medication used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy, migraines or surgery.

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Opiate

An opiate is an alkaloid substance derived from opium (or poppy straw).

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Opioid

Opioids are a class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant.

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Opioid peptide

Opioid peptides or opiate peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides.

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Opioid receptor

Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands.

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Opium

Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum.

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Orexin

Orexin, also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. Neurotransmitter and Orexin are molecular neuroscience.

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Orexin receptor

The orexin receptor (also referred to as the hypocretin receptor) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds the neuropeptide orexin.

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Orexin-A

Orexin-A, also known as hypocretin-1, is a naturally occurring neuropeptide and orexin isoform. Neurotransmitter and orexin-A are molecular neuroscience.

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Orgasm

Orgasm (from Greek ὀργασμός,; "excitement, swelling") or sexual climax (or simply climax) is the sudden discharge of accumulated sexual excitement during the sexual response cycle, resulting in rhythmic, involuntary muscular contractions in the pelvic region characterized by sexual pleasure.

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Otto Loewi

Otto Loewi (3 June 1873 – 25 December 1961) was a German-born pharmacologist and psychobiologist who discovered the role of acetylcholine as an endogenous neurotransmitter.

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Oxycodone

Oxycodone, sold under various brand names such as Roxicodone and OxyContin (which is the extended release form), is a semi-synthetic opioid used medically for treatment of moderate to severe pain.

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Oxytocin

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Neurotransmitter and Oxytocin are neurotransmitters.

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Oxytocin receptor

The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, is a protein which functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin.

See Neurotransmitter and Oxytocin receptor

P2X purinoreceptor

The P2X receptors, also ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family, is a protein family that consists of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). Neurotransmitter and P2X purinoreceptor are molecular neuroscience.

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P2Y receptor

P2Y receptors are a family of purinergic G protein-coupled receptors, stimulated by nucleotides such as adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, uridine triphosphate, uridine diphosphate and UDP-glucose.To date, 8 P2Y receptors have been cloned in humans: P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13 and P2Y14.

See Neurotransmitter and P2Y receptor

Pain management

Pain management is an aspect of medicine and health care involving relief of pain (pain relief, analgesia, pain control) in various dimensions, from acute and simple to chronic and challenging.

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Pancreatic polypeptide

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas.

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Parathyroid hormone family

The parathyroid hormone family is a family of structurally and functionally related proteins.

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Parathyroid hormone-related protein

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a proteinaceous hormone and a member of the parathyroid hormone family secreted by mesenchymal stem cells.

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Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.

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Pars compacta

The pars compacta (SNpc) is one of two subdivisions of the substantia nigra of the midbrain (the other being the pars reticulata); it is situated medial to the pars reticulata.

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Partial agonist

In pharmacology, partial agonists are drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist.

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Pedunculopontine nucleus

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem.

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Peptide

Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

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Peptide YY

Peptide YY (PYY), also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine, is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the gene.

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Peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). Neurotransmitter and peripheral nervous system are neuroscience.

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Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.

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Phencyclidine

Phencyclidine or phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP), also known in its use as a street drug as angel dust among other names, is a dissociative anesthetic mainly used recreationally for its significant mind-altering effects.

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Phenethylamine

Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans.

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Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula.

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Picrotoxin

Picrotoxin, also known as cocculin, is a poisonous crystalline plant compound.

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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide also known as PACAP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCYAP1 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide

Pontine raphe nucleus

The pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei.

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Posterior pituitary

The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is part of the endocrine system.

See Neurotransmitter and Posterior pituitary

Potassium channel

Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel found in virtually all organisms.

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Precursor (chemistry)

In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.

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Prefrontal cortex

In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) covers the front part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

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Prolactin-releasing peptide

Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is a peptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the PRLH gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Prolactin-releasing peptide

Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor

The prolactin-releasing peptide receptor (PrRPR) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 10 (GPR10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRLHR gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor

Proopiomelanocortin

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues.

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Purine

Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings (pyrimidine and imidazole) fused together.

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Purinergic signalling

Purinergic signalling (or signaling: see American and British English differences) is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP.

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Putamen

The putamen (from Latin, meaning "nutshell") is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon).

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Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor

Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor also known as orexigenic neuropeptide QRFP receptor or G-protein coupled receptor 103 (GPR103) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the QRFPR gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor

QRFP

RF(Arg-Phe)amide family 26 amino acid peptide, also known as P518, is a human protein.

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Raphe nuclei

The raphe nuclei (ῥαφή, "seam") are a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem.

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Receptor (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems.

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Receptor antagonist

A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.

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Refractory period (sex)

In human sexuality, the refractory period is usually the recovery phase after orgasm, during which it is physiologically impossible for males to have additional orgasms.

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Reinforcement

In behavioral psychology, reinforcement refers to consequences that increase the likelihood of an organism's future behavior, typically in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus.

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Reserpine

Reserpine is a drug that is used for the treatment of high blood pressure, usually in combination with a thiazide diuretic or vasodilator.

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Respiratory center

The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem.

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Retrograde signaling

Retrograde signaling in biology is the process where a signal travels backwards from a target source to its original source.

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Reuptake

Reuptake is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter located along the plasma membrane of an axon terminal (i.e., the pre-synaptic neuron at a synapse) or glial cell after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse. Neurotransmitter and Reuptake are neurotransmitters.

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Reuptake inhibitor

Reuptake inhibitors (RIs) are a type of reuptake modulators.

See Neurotransmitter and Reuptake inhibitor

Reward system

The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).

See Neurotransmitter and Reward system

RFamide peptide family

The RFamide peptide family, or the RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs), are a family of neuropeptides.

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Rostral ventrolateral medulla

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), also known as the pressor area of the medulla, is a brain region that is responsible for basal and reflex control of sympathetic activity associated with cardiovascular function.

See Neurotransmitter and Rostral ventrolateral medulla

S-Adenosyl methionine

S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM), also known under the commercial names of SAMe, SAM-e, or AdoMet, is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation.

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Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934) was a Spanish neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specializing in neuroanatomy and the central nervous system.

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Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of psychosis that are correlated with a general misperception of reality.

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Scopolamine

Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, or Devil's Breath, is a natural or synthetically produced tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic drug that is used as a medication to treat motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting.

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Secretin

Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver.

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Secretin family

Glucagon/gastric inhibitory polypeptide/secretin/vasoactive intestinal peptide hormones are a family of evolutionarily related peptide hormones that regulate activity of G-protein-coupled receptors from the secretin receptor family.

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Secretin receptor

The secretin receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCTR gene.

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Sedative

A sedative or tranquilliser is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.

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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions.

See Neurotransmitter and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Sensory cortex

The sensory cortex can refer sometimes to the primary somatosensory cortex, or it can be used as a term for the primary and secondary cortices of the different senses (two cortices each, on left and right hemisphere): the visual cortex on the occipital lobes, the auditory cortex on the temporal lobes, the primary olfactory cortex on the uncus of the piriform region of the temporal lobes, the gustatory cortex on the insular lobe (also referred to as the insular cortex), and the primary somatosensory cortex on the anterior parietal lobes.

See Neurotransmitter and Sensory cortex

Septum

In biology, a septum (Latin for something that encloses;: septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones.

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Serine

Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter and Serotonin are neurotransmitters.

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Serotonin pathway

A serotonin pathway identifies aggregate projections from neurons which synthesize and communicate the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin. Neurotransmitter and serotonin pathway are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Serotonin pathway

Sexual arousal

Sexual arousal (also known as sexual excitement) describes the physiological and psychological responses in preparation for sexual intercourse or when exposed to sexual stimuli.

See Neurotransmitter and Sexual arousal

Somatostatin

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.

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Somatostatin receptor

Somatostatin receptors are receptors for the ligand somatostatin, a small neuropeptide associated with neural signaling, particularly in the post-synaptic response to NMDA receptor co-stimulation/activation.

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Spinal cord

The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals.

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Staining

Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level.

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Stress (biology)

Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition.

See Neurotransmitter and Stress (biology)

Striatum

The striatum (striata) or corpus striatum is a cluster of interconnected nuclei that make up the largest structure of the subcortical basal ganglia.

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Stroke

Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death.

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Structural analog

A structural analog, also known as a chemical analog or simply an analog, is a compound having a structure similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to a certain component.

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Strychnine

Strychnine (US chiefly) is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents.

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Substance P

Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) and a type of neuropeptide, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides. It acts as a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator. Substance P and the closely related neurokinin A (NKA) are produced from a polyprotein precursor after alternative splicing of the preprotachykinin A gene. Neurotransmitter and Substance P are neurotransmitters.

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Substantia nigra

The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.

See Neurotransmitter and Substantia nigra

Superior colliculus

In neuroanatomy, the superior colliculus is a structure lying on the roof of the mammalian midbrain.

See Neurotransmitter and Superior colliculus

Sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.

See Neurotransmitter and Sympathetic nervous system

Synapse

In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

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Synaptic plasticity

In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

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Synaptic vesicle

In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.

See Neurotransmitter and Synaptic vesicle

Synephrine

Synephrine, or, more specifically, p-synephrine, is an alkaloid, occurring naturally in some plants and animals, and also in approved drugs products as its m-substituted analog known as neo-synephrine.

See Neurotransmitter and Synephrine

TAAR1

Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR1 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and TAAR1

TAAR2

Trace amine-associated receptor 2 (TAAR2), formerly known as G protein-coupled receptor 58 (GPR58), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR2 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and TAAR2

Tachykinin peptides

Tachykinin peptides are one of the largest families of neuropeptides, found from amphibians to mammals. Neurotransmitter and Tachykinin peptides are neurotransmitters.

See Neurotransmitter and Tachykinin peptides

Tegmentum

The tegmentum (from Latin for "covering") is a general area within the brainstem.

See Neurotransmitter and Tegmentum

Tetrahydrocannabinol

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a cannabinoid found in cannabis.

See Neurotransmitter and Tetrahydrocannabinol

Tetrodotoxin

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin.

See Neurotransmitter and Tetrodotoxin

Thalamus

The thalamus (thalami; from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter on the lateral walls of the third ventricle forming the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain).

See Neurotransmitter and Thalamus

Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.

See Neurotransmitter and Thermoregulation

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a hypophysiotropic hormone produced by neurons in the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary.

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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

See Neurotransmitter and Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor

Tiagabine

Tiagabine (trade name Gabitril) is an anticonvulsant medication produced by Cephalon that is used in the treatment of epilepsy.

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Tobacco

Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus Nicotiana of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants.

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Trace amine

Trace amines are an endogenous group of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonists – and hence, monoaminergic neuromodulators – that are structurally and metabolically related to classical monoamine neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter and trace amine are neurotransmitters.

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Trace amine-associated receptor

Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), sometimes referred to as trace amine receptors (TAs or TARs), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that were discovered in 2001. Neurotransmitter and trace amine-associated receptor are neuroscience.

See Neurotransmitter and Trace amine-associated receptor

TRPV1

The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRPV1 gene.

See Neurotransmitter and TRPV1

Tryptamine

Tryptamine is an indolamine metabolite of the essential amino acid, tryptophan.

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Tryptophan

Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Tryptophan hydroxylase

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin.

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Tuberoinfundibular pathway

The tuberoinfundibular pathway refers to a population of dopamine neurons that project from the arcuate nucleus (the "infundibular nucleus") in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus to the median eminence.

See Neurotransmitter and Tuberoinfundibular pathway

Tuberomammillary nucleus

The tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) is a histaminergic nucleus located within the posterior third of the hypothalamus.

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Tyramine

Tyramine (also spelled tyramin), also known under several other names, is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

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Tyrosine

-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.

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Urocortin

Urocortin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UCN gene.

See Neurotransmitter and Urocortin

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide, also known as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP, is a peptide hormone that is vasoactive in the intestine.

See Neurotransmitter and Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor

There are two known receptors for the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) termed VPAC1 and VPAC2.

See Neurotransmitter and Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor

Vasoconstriction

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.

See Neurotransmitter and Vasoconstriction

Vasopressin

Human vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized from the AVP gene as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP.

See Neurotransmitter and Vasopressin

Vasopressin receptor

The actions of vasopressin are mediated by stimulation of tissue-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called vasopressin receptors that are classified into the V1 (V1A), V2, and V3 (V1B) receptor subtypes.

See Neurotransmitter and Vasopressin receptor

Ventral tegmental area

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum is Latin for covering), also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, or simply ventral tegmentum, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.

See Neurotransmitter and Ventral tegmental area

Vesicular monoamine transporter 2

The solute carrier family 18 member 2 (SLC18A2) also known as vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A2 gene. Neurotransmitter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 are molecular neuroscience.

See Neurotransmitter and Vesicular monoamine transporter 2

Virodhamine

Virodhamine (O-arachidonoyl ethanolamine; O-AEA) is an endocannabinoid and a nonclassic eicosanoid, derived from arachidonic acid.

See Neurotransmitter and Virodhamine

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 is one of the B vitamins, and thus an essential nutrient.

See Neurotransmitter and Vitamin B6

Vitamin C

Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate) is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus and other fruits, berries and vegetables.

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Working memory

Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zona incerta

The zona incerta (ZI) is a horizontally elongated region of gray matter in the subthalamus below the thalamus.

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2-Arachidonoylglycerol

2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endocannabinoid, an endogenous agonist of the CB1 receptor and the primary endogenous ligand for the CB2 receptor. Neurotransmitter and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol are neurotransmitters.

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2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether

2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGE, Noladin ether) is a putative endocannabinoid discovered by Lumír Hanuš and colleagues at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

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3-Iodothyronamine

3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous thyronamine.

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5-HT receptor

5-HT receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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5-HT1A receptor

The serotonin 1A receptor (or 5-HT1A receptor) is a subtype of serotonin receptors, or 5-HT receptors, that binds serotonin, also known as 5-HT, a neurotransmitter.

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5-HT3 receptor

The 5-HT3 receptor belongs to the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) and therefore differs structurally and functionally from all other 5-HT receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin receptors) which are G protein-coupled receptors.

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5-Hydroxytryptophan

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

See Neurotransmitter and 5-Hydroxytryptophan

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter

Also known as Dopamine system, Excitatory amino acids, Excitatory neurotransmitter, Inhibitory neurotransmitter, List of neurotransmitters, Neuro transmitter, Neurotransmitter agents, Neurotransmitter pathways, Neurotransmitter system, Neurotransmitter systems, Neurotransmitters, Neurotransmittor, Neurotrasmitter, Noradrenaline system, Norepinephrine system, Nuerotransmitter, Receptors, neurotransmitter, Serotonin system.

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transport protein, Mesocortical pathway, Mesolimbic pathway, Metabolism, Metabotropic glutamate receptor, Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3, Metabotropic receptor, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midbrain, Moclobemide, Monoamine neurotransmitter, Monoamine oxidase, Monoamine releasing agent, Monoamine transporter, Mood (psychology), Morphine, Motilin, Motilin receptor, Motivational salience, Motor system, MPTP, Multiple sclerosis, Muscarine, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, Muscimol, Muscle cell, N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid, N-Arachidonoyl dopamine, N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid, N-Methylphenethylamine, N-Methyltryptamine, Naloxone, National Institutes of Health, Natural neuroactive substance, Neocortex, Neoendorphin, Nervous system, Neural pathway, Neuroanatomy, Neuroendocrine cell, Neuroendocrinology, Neurokinin A, Neurokinin B, Neuromedin B, Neuromedin B receptor, Neuromedin U, Neuromedin U receptor 1, Neuromedin U receptor 2, Neuromodulation, Neuromuscular junction, Neuron, Neuropeptide, Neuropeptide B, Neuropeptide FF, Neuropeptide K, Neuropeptide S, Neuropeptide S receptor, Neuropeptide Y, Neuropeptide Y receptor, Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1, Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2, Neurophysin I, Neurophysin II, Neuropsychopharmacology, Neuroscience, Neurotransmission, Neurotransmitter receptor, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Nicotine, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Nigrostriatal pathway, Nitric oxide, NMDA receptor, Nociceptin, Nociceptin receptor, Nociception, Norepinephrine, Nucleus accumbens, Nucleus basalis, Nucleus raphe magnus, Nucleus raphe obscurus, Nucleus raphe pallidus, Obsessive–compulsive disorder, Octopamine, Olfactory bulb, Ondansetron, Opiate, Opioid, Opioid peptide, Opioid receptor, Opium, Orexin, Orexin receptor, Orexin-A, Orgasm, Otto Loewi, Oxycodone, Oxytocin, Oxytocin receptor, P2X purinoreceptor, P2Y receptor, Pain management, Pancreatic polypeptide, Parathyroid hormone family, Parathyroid hormone-related protein, 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