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249 relations: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust, Alkali metal, Alloy, Aluminium, Aluminium oxide, Aluminothermic reaction, Amazonas (Brazilian state), American Chemical Society, Ammonia, Ampere, Annalen der Physik, Annales de chimie et de physique, Anodizing, Apollo Command/Service Module, Apollo Lunar Module, Aqua regia, Aqueous solution, Araxá, Arc lamp, Arc welding, Atacama Pathfinder Experiment, Atomic layer deposition, Atomic mass, Atomic number, Austrian Mint, Barium titanate, Base (chemistry), Bell Labs, Beta decay, Binary phase, Bloomberg Markets, Boeing, Calcium, Carbonate minerals, Carbonatite, Catalão, Celsius, Ceramic, Charles Hatchett, Chemical element, Chemical vapor deposition, Chicoutimi, China Molybdenum, Chlorine, Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand, Chromium, Cobalt, Cold War, Coltan, Columbia (name), ..., Columbite, Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração, Connecticut, Cryogenics, Cryomodule, Cubic crystal system, Cyclohexanone, Dielectric, Diffraction, Dubnium, Ductility, DuPont, Electrolysis, Electromagnet, Electromagnetic radiation, Electron, Electron capture, Electron shell, Electron-beam additive manufacturing, Electronegativity, Euro, European X-ray free-electron laser, Euxenite, Falcon 9, Fermilab, Ferroelectricity, Ferroniobium, FLASH, Fluoride, Fluorine, Free-electron laser, G1 (website), Gas turbine, General Electric, Glasses, Goiás, Greek mythology, Group 5 element, Hafnium, Half-life, Hardness, Heat exchanger, Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, Heinrich Rose, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville, Herschel Space Observatory, High-strength low-alloy steel, Hydrochloric acid, Hydrofluoric acid, Hydrogen, Hydrolysis, Hydroxide, Hygroscopy, Hypoallergenic, Iamgold, Igneous rock, Ilmenium, Incandescent light bulb, Inconel, Inert gas, Inorganic Syntheses, International Linear Collider, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Iridescence, Iron, Iron oxide, Isotope, ITER, Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, Jet engine, John Winthrop the Younger, Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts, Kanyika mine, Kelvin, Lanthanide contraction, Large Hadron Collider, Lewis acids and bases, Linear particle accelerator, Liquid-propellant rocket, Lithium niobate, Lithium tantalate, Longman, Louis Joseph Troost, Lustre (mineralogy), Machine (mechanical), Magnetic resonance imaging, Median lethal dose, Metal, Microalloyed steel, Microbolometer, Minas Gerais, Molybdenum, Neutron, Nickel, Niobe, Niobium alloy, Niobium capacitor, Niobium carbide, Niobium dioxide, Niobium monoxide, Niobium nitride, Niobium pentoxide, Niobium(V) chloride, Niobium(V) ethoxide, Niobium-germanium, Niobium–tin, Niobium–titanium, Niobocene dichloride, Nitric acid, Nitrogen, Non-stoichiometric compound, Nuclear isomer, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Numismatics, Optical modulator, Ore, Organometallic chemistry, Osseointegration, Outgassing, Oxidation state, Oxide, Palladium, Paramagnetism, Particle accelerator, Parts-per notation, Pegmatite, Pelopium, Pelops, Periodic table, Periodic Videos, Perovskite, Perovskite (structure), Phosphoric acid, Pipeline transport, Positron, Positron emission, Potassium fluoride, Project Gemini, Proton emission, Pyrochlore, Radionuclide, Rare-earth element, Redox, Refraction (metallurgy), Refractive index, Rhodium, Rocket engine, Roraima, Ruthenium, Saint-Honoré, Quebec, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Sheet metal, Silicate, Sintering, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sodium, Sodium chloride, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium nitrate, Sodium-vapor lamp, Solvent, South Pole Telescope, Space Race, SpaceX, Stainless steel, Steel, Sterling silver, Sulfuric acid, Superalloy, Superconducting magnet, Superconducting radio frequency, Superconductivity, Surface acoustic wave, Tantalite, Tantalum, Tantalum capacitor, Tantalum pentoxide, Tantalus, Technetium, Tesla (unit), Thorium, Timeline of chemical element discoveries, Tin, Titanium, Tool bit, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Transition metal, Tungsten, Type-II superconductor, Union Carbide, United States Geological Survey, Uranium, Vacuum arc remelting, Vanadium, Wah Chang Corporation, William Hyde Wollaston, World, Zirconium, Zirconium alloy. Expand index (199 more) »
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm.
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Alkali metal
The alkali metals are a group (column) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.
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Alloy
An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Aluminium oxide
Aluminium oxide (British English) or aluminum oxide (American English) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula 23.
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Aluminothermic reaction
Aluminothermic reactions are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature.
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Amazonas (Brazilian state)
Amazonas is a state of Brazil, located in the North Region in the northwestern corner of the country.
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American Chemical Society
The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Ampere
The ampere (symbol: A), often shortened to "amp",SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of abbreviations for units.
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Annalen der Physik
Annalen der Physik (English: Annals of Physics) is one of the oldest scientific journals on physics and has been published since 1799.
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Annales de chimie et de physique
Annales de chimie et de physique (French for Annals of Chemistry and of Physics) is a scientific journal that was founded in Paris, France, in 1789 under the title Annales de chimie.
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Anodizing
Anodizing (spelled anodising in British English) is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts.
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Apollo Command/Service Module
The Command/Service Module (CSM) was one of the two United States '''Apollo''' spacecraft, used for the Apollo program which landed astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972.
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Apollo Lunar Module
The Lunar Module (LM, pronounced "Lem"), originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM), was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the US Apollo program by Grumman Aircraft to carry a crew of two from lunar orbit to the surface and back.
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Aqua regia
Aqua regia (from Latin, "royal water" or "king's water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3.
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Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water.
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Araxá
Araxá is a municipality in Western Minas Gerais state, Brazil.
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Arc lamp
An arc lamp or arc light is a lamp that produces light by an electric arc (also called a voltaic arc).
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Arc welding
Arc welding is a process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when cool result in a binding of the metals.
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Atacama Pathfinder Experiment
The Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) is a radio telescope 5,100 meters above sea level, at the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory in the Atacama desert in northern Chile, 50 km east of San Pedro de Atacama built and operated by 3 European research institutes.
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Atomic layer deposition
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin-film deposition technique based on the sequential use of a gas phase chemical process.
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Atomic mass
The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom.
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Atomic number
The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Austrian Mint
The Austrian Mint (Münze Österreich) is located in Vienna and is responsible for minting Austrian coins.
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Barium titanate
Barium titanate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaTiO3.
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Base (chemistry)
In chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus paper blue), react with acids to form salts, promote certain chemical reactions (base catalysis), accept protons from any proton donor, and/or contain completely or partially displaceable OH− ions.
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Bell Labs
Nokia Bell Labs (formerly named AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories and Bell Labs) is an American research and scientific development company, owned by Finnish company Nokia.
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Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.
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Binary phase
In materials chemistry, a binary phase is chemical compound containing two different elements.
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Bloomberg Markets
Bloomberg Markets is a monthly magazine published by Bloomberg L.P. as part of Bloomberg News.
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Boeing
The Boeing Company is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and missiles worldwide.
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Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
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Carbonate minerals
Carbonate minerals are those minerals containing the carbonate ion, CO32−.
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Carbonatite
Carbonatite is a type of intrusive or extrusive igneous rock defined by mineralogic composition consisting of greater than 50% carbonate minerals.
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Catalão
Catalão is a city and municipality located in the south of the state of Goiás, in Brazil.
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Celsius
The Celsius scale, previously known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI).
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Ceramic
A ceramic is a non-metallic solid material comprising an inorganic compound of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds.
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Charles Hatchett
Charles Hatchett FRS FRSE (2 January 1765 – 10 March 1847) was a British chemist who discovered the element niobium.
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Chemical element
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).
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Chemical vapor deposition
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is deposition method used to produce high quality, high-performance, solid materials, typically under vacuum.
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Chicoutimi
Chicoutimi is the most populous borough (arrondissement) of the city of Saguenay in Quebec, Canada.
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China Molybdenum
China Molybdenum Company Limited is the largest molybdenum producer in Mainland China and top 5 in the world listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Shanghai Stock Exchange.
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Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
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Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand
Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand (20 October 1826 – 5 November 1897) was a Swedish mineralogist and chemist.
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Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
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Cobalt
Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Coltan
Coltan (short for columbite–tantalites and known industrially as tantalite) is a dull black metallic ore, from which the elements niobium and tantalum are extracted.
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Columbia (name)
"Columbia" is a historical name used by both Europeans and Americans to describe the Americas, the New World, and often, more specifically, the United States of America.
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Columbite
Columbite, also called niobite, niobite-tantalite and columbate, is a black mineral group that is an ore of niobium.
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Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração
Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração (Portuguese for Brazilian Metallurgy and Mining Company), or CBMM for short, is a Brazilian company that specializes in the mining and processing of niobium, extracted from its pyrochlore mine near the city of Araxá, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, where the company is also headquartered.
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Connecticut
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Cryogenics
In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.
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Cryomodule
A cryomodule is a section of a modern particle accelerator composed of superconducting RF (SRF) acceleration cavities, and needs very low operating temperatures (around 2 kelvins).
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Cubic crystal system
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube.
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Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)5CO.
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Dielectric
A dielectric (or dielectric material) is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field.
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Diffraction
--> Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit.
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Dubnium
Dubnium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Db and atomic number 105.
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Ductility
Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test.
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DuPont
E.
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Electrolysis
In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
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Electromagnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current.
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Electromagnetic radiation
In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electron capture
Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shell.
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Electron shell
In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.
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Electron-beam additive manufacturing
Electron-beam additive manufacturing, or electron-beam melting (EBM) is a type of additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, for metal parts.
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity, symbol ''χ'', is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons (or electron density) towards itself.
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Euro
The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the European Union.
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European X-ray free-electron laser
The European X-ray free-electron laser (European XFEL) is an X-ray research laser facility commissioned during 2017.
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Euxenite
Euxenite or euxenite-(Y) (a correct mineralogical name) is a brownish black mineral with a metallic luster.
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Falcon 9
Falcon 9 is a family of two-stage-to-orbit medium lift launch vehicles, named for its use of nine Merlin first-stage engines, designed and manufactured by SpaceX.
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Fermilab
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located just outside Batavia, Illinois, near Chicago, is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics.
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Ferroelectricity
Ferroelectricity is a characteristic of certain materials that have a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field.
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Ferroniobium
Ferroniobium is an important iron niobium alloy, with a niobium content of 60-70%.
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FLASH
FLASH, acronym of Free Electron LASer in Hamburg, a particle accelerator-based soft X-ray laser located at the DESY accelerator facilities in Hamburg, Germany.
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Fluoride
Fluoride.
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Fluorine
Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9.
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Free-electron laser
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a kind of laser whose lasing medium consists of very-high-speed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron.
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G1 (website)
G1.com is a Brazilian news portal maintained by Grupo Globo and under the guidance of Central Globo de Jornalismo.
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Gas turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous combustion, internal combustion engine.
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General Electric
General Electric Company (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.
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Glasses
Glasses, also known as eyeglasses or spectacles, are devices consisting of glass or hard plastic lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person's eyes, typically using a bridge over the nose and arms which rest over the ears.
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Goiás
Goiás is a state of Brazil, located in the Center-West region of the country. The name Goiás (formerly, Goyaz) comes from the name of an indigenous community. The original word seems to have been guaiá, a compound of gua e iá, meaning "the same person" or "people of the same origin." It borders the Federal District and the states of (from north clockwise) Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The most populous state of its region, Goiás is characterized by a landscape of chapadões (plateaus). In the height of the drought season, from June to September, the lack of rain makes the level of the Araguaia River go down and exposes almost of beaches, making it the main attraction of the State. At the Emas National Park in the municipality of Mineiros, it is possible to observe the typical fauna and flora from the region. At the Chapada dos Veadeiros the attractions are the canyons, valleys, rapids and waterfalls. Other attractions are the historical city of Goiás (or Old Goiás), from Goiânia, established in the beginning of 18th Century, and Caldas Novas, with its hot water wells attracting more than one million tourists per year. In Brazil's geoeconomic division, Goiás belongs to the Centro-Sul (Center-South), being the northernmost state of the southern portion of Brazil.
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Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.
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Group 5 element
Group 5 (by IUPAC style) is a group of elements in the periodic table.
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Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72.
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Half-life
Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value.
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Hardness
Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion.
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Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids.
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Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope
The Submillimeter Telescope (SMT), formerly known as the Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, is a submillimeter wavelength radio telescope located on Mount Graham, Arizona.
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Heinrich Rose
Heinrich Rose (6 August 1795 – 27 January 1864) was a German mineralogist and analytical chemist.
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Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville
Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville (11 March 1818 – 1 July 1881) was a French chemist.
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Herschel Space Observatory
The Herschel Space Observatory was a space observatory built and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA).
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High-strength low-alloy steel
High-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA) is a type of alloy steel that provides better mechanical properties or greater resistance to corrosion than carbon steel.
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Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula.
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Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.
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Hydroxide
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−.
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Hygroscopy
Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules from the surrounding environment, which is usually at normal or room temperature.
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Hypoallergenic
Hypoallergenic, meaning "below normal" or "slightly" allergenic, was a term first used in a cosmetics campaign in 1953.
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Iamgold
Iamgold Corporation is a Canadian gold producer headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Igneous rock
Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.
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Ilmenium
Ilmenium was the proposed name for a new element found by the chemist R. Hermann in 1847.
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Incandescent light bulb
An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence).
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Inconel
Inconel is a family of austenitic nickel-chromium-based superalloys.
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Inert gas
An inert gas/noble gas is a gas which does not undergo chemical reactions under a set of given conditions.
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Inorganic Syntheses
Inorganic Syntheses is a book series which aims to publish "detailed and foolproof" procedures for the synthesis of inorganic compounds.
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International Linear Collider
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed linear particle accelerator.
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries.
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Iridescence
Iridescence (also known as goniochromism) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear to gradually change colour as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Iron oxide
Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen.
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Isotope
Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.
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ITER
ITER (Latin for "the way") is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment.
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Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (24 April 1817 – 15 April 1894) was a Swiss chemist whose work with atomic weights suggested the possibility of isotopes and the packing fraction of nuclei and whose study of the rare earth elements led to his discovery of ytterbium in 1878 and co-discovery of gadolinium in 1880.
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Jet engine
A jet engine is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion.
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John Winthrop the Younger
John Winthrop the Younger (12 February 1606 – 6 April 1676) was governor of Connecticut.
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Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts
The A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts, generally known as Nicholson's Journal, was the first monthly scientific journal in Great Britain.
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Kanyika mine
The Kanyika mine extracts niobium ore from a large deposit located in northern Malawi in the Northern Region.
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Kelvin
The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.
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Lanthanide contraction
The lanthanide contraction is the greater-than-expected decrease in ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series from atomic number 57, lanthanum, to 71, lutetium, which results in smaller than otherwise expected ionic radii for the subsequent elements starting with 72, hafnium.
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Large Hadron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider, the most complex experimental facility ever built and the largest single machine in the world.
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Lewis acids and bases
A Lewis acid is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct.
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Linear particle accelerator
A linear particle accelerator (often shortened to linac) is a type of particle accelerator that accelerates charged subatomic particles or ions to a high speed by subjecting them to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beamline.
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Liquid-propellant rocket
A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket is a rocket engine that uses liquid propellants.
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Lithium niobate
Lithium niobate is a compound of niobium, lithium, and oxygen.
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Lithium tantalate
Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) is a perovskite which possesses unique optical, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties which make it valuable for nonlinear optics, passive infrared sensors such as motion detectors, terahertz generation and detection, surface acoustic wave applications, cell phones and possibly pyroelectric nuclear fusion.
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Longman
Longman, commonly known as Pearson Longman, is a publishing company founded in London, England, in 1724 and is owned by Pearson PLC.
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Louis Joseph Troost
Louis Joseph Troost (17 October 1825, Paris – September 30, 1911) was a French chemist.
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Lustre (mineralogy)
Lustre or luster is the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock, or mineral.
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Machine (mechanical)
Machines employ power to achieve desired forces and movement (motion).
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Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.
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Median lethal dose
In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 is a measure of the lethal dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen.
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Metal
A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.
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Microalloyed steel
Microalloyed steel is a type of alloy steel that contains small amounts of alloying elements (0.05 to 0.15%), including niobium, vanadium, titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, boron, and rare-earth metals.
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Microbolometer
A microbolometer is a specific type of bolometer used as a detector in a thermal camera.
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Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais is a state in the north of Southeastern Brazil.
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Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42.
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Neutron
| magnetic_moment.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Niobe
In Greek mythology, Niobe (Νιόβη) was a daughter of Tantalus and of either Dione, the most frequently cited, or of Eurythemista or Euryanassa, and the sister of Pelops and Broteas.
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Niobium alloy
A niobium alloy is one in which the most common element is niobium.
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Niobium capacitor
A niobium electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor whose anode electrode (+) is made of passivated niobium metal or niobium monoxide on which an insulating niobium pentoxide layer acts as the dielectric of the niobium capacitor.
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Niobium carbide
Niobium carbide (NbC and Nb2C) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools.
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Niobium dioxide
Niobium dioxide, is the chemical compound with the formula NbO2.
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Niobium monoxide
Niobium monoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula NbO.
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Niobium nitride
Niobium nitride is a compound of niobium and nitrogen (nitride) with the chemical formula NbN.
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Niobium pentoxide
Niobium pentoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Nb2O5.
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Niobium(V) chloride
Niobium(V) chloride, also known as niobium pentachloride, is a yellow crystalline solid.
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Niobium(V) ethoxide
Niobium(V) ethoxide is an metalorganic compound with formula Nb2(OC2H5)10.
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Niobium-germanium
Niobium-germanium (Nb3Ge) is a metallic chemical compound of niobium (Nb) and germanium (Ge).
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Niobium–tin
Niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) or triniobium-tin is an intermetallic compound of niobium (Nb) and tin (Sn), used industrially as a type II superconductor.
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Niobium–titanium
Niobium-titanium (NbTi) is an alloy of niobium and titanium, used industrially as a type II superconductor wire for superconducting magnets, normally as Nb-Ti fibres in an aluminium or copper matrix.
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Niobocene dichloride
Niobocene dichloride is the organometallic compound with the formula (C5H5)2NbCl2, abbreviated Cp2NbCl2.
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Nitric acid
Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for "strong water") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Non-stoichiometric compound
Non-stoichiometric compounds are chemical compounds, almost always solid inorganic compounds, having elemental composition whose proportions cannot be represented by integers; most often, in such materials, some small percentage of atoms are missing or too many atoms are packed into an otherwise perfect lattice work.
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Nuclear isomer
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons).
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Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation.
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Numismatics
Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, and related objects.
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Optical modulator
An optical modulator is a device which is used to modulate a beam of light.
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Ore
An ore is an occurrence of rock or sediment that contains sufficient minerals with economically important elements, typically metals, that can be economically extracted from the deposit.
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Organometallic chemistry
Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin, as well.
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Osseointegration
Osseointegration (from Latin ossum "bone" and integrare "to make whole") is the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing artificial implant ("load-bearing" as defined by Albrektsson et al. in 1981).
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Outgassing
Outgassing (sometimes called offgassing, particularly when in reference to indoor air quality) is the release of a gas that was dissolved, trapped, frozen or absorbed in some material.
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Oxidation state
The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound.
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Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.
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Palladium
Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46.
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Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby certain materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field.
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Particle accelerator
A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to nearly light speed and to contain them in well-defined beams.
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Parts-per notation
In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction.
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Pegmatite
A pegmatite is a holocrystalline, intrusive igneous rock composed of interlocking phaneritic crystals usually larger than 2.5 cm in size (1 in); such rocks are referred to as pegmatitic.
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Pelopium
Pelopium was the proposed name for a new element found by the chemist Heinrich Rose in 1845.
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Pelops
In Greek mythology, Pelops (Greek: Πέλοψ), was king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus.
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Periodic table
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose structure shows periodic trends.
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Periodic Videos
The Periodic Table of Videos (usually shortened to Periodic Videos) is a series of videos about chemical elements and the periodic table.
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Perovskite
Perovskite (pronunciation) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (Ca Ti O3).
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Perovskite (structure)
A perovskite is any material with the same type of crystal structure as calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3), known as the perovskite structure, or XIIA2+VIB4+X2−3 with the oxygen in the edge centers.
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Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a mineral (inorganic) and weak acid having the chemical formula H3PO4.
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Pipeline transport
Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods or material through a pipe.
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Positron
The positron or antielectron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron.
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Positron emission
Positron emission or beta plus decay (β+ decay) is a subtype of radioactive decay called beta decay, in which a proton inside a radionuclide nucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a positron and an electron neutrino (νe).
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Potassium fluoride
Potassium fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula KF.
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Project Gemini
Project Gemini was NASA's second human spaceflight program.
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Proton emission
Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity) is a rare type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus.
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Pyrochlore
Pyrochlore (Na,Ca)2Nb2O6(OH,F) is a mineral group of the niobium end member of the pyrochlore supergroup.
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Radionuclide
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.
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Rare-earth element
A rare-earth element (REE) or rare-earth metal (REM), as defined by IUPAC, is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Refraction (metallurgy)
In metallurgy, refraction is a property of metals that indicates their ability to withstand heat.
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Refractive index
In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that medium.
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Rhodium
Rhodium is a chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45.
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Rocket engine
A rocket engine uses stored rocket propellant mass for forming its high-speed propulsive jet.
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Roraima
Roraima (Pemon: roro imã, "parrot mountain" i.e. "Green Peak") is the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil, located in the Amazon region.
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Ruthenium
Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44.
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Saint-Honoré, Quebec
Saint-Honoré is a municipality in Quebec, Canada.
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São Gabriel da Cachoeira
São Gabriel da Cachoeira (Saint Gabriel of the Waterfall) is a municipality located on the northern shore of the Rio Negro River, in the region of Cabeça do Cachorro, Amazonas state, Brazil.
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Sheet metal
Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces.
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Silicate
In chemistry, a silicate is any member of a family of anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula, where 0 ≤ x Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures, including chains and rings (as in polymeric metasilicate), double chains (as in, and sheets (as in. In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to mean silicate minerals, ionic solids with silicate anions; as well as rock types that consist predominantly of such minerals. In that context, the term also includes the non-ionic compound silicon dioxide (silica, quartz), which would correspond to x.
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Sintering
Clinker nodules produced by sintering Sintering is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction.
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SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, originally named Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is a United States Department of Energy National Laboratory operated by Stanford University under the programmatic direction of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science and located in Menlo Park, California.
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Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
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Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride, also known as salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions.
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Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions. Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·n. The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, it is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes.
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Sodium nitrate
Sodium nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula NaNO3.
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Sodium-vapor lamp
A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light at a characteristic wavelength near 589 nm.
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Solvent
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution.
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South Pole Telescope
The South Pole Telescope (SPT) is a 10 meter (394 in) diameter telescope located at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica.
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Space Race
The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability.
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SpaceX
Space Exploration Technologies Corp., doing business as SpaceX, is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California.
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Stainless steel
In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable (inoxidizable), is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass.
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Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.
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Sterling silver
Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by weight of silver and 7.5% by weight of other metals, usually copper.
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Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a mineral acid with molecular formula H2SO4.
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Superalloy
A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy that exhibits several key characteristics: excellent mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep deformation, good surface stability, and resistance to corrosion or oxidation.
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Superconducting magnet
A superconducting magnet is an electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire.
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Superconducting radio frequency
Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) science and technology involves the application of electrical superconductors to radio frequency devices.
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Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
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Surface acoustic wave
A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave traveling along the surface of a material exhibiting elasticity, with an amplitude that typically decays exponentially with depth into the substrate.
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Tantalite
The mineral group tantalite is the primary source of the chemical element tantalum.
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Tantalum
Tantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73.
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Tantalum capacitor
A tantalum electrolytic capacitor is an electrolytic capacitor, a passive component of electronic circuits.
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Tantalum pentoxide
Tantalum pentoxide, also known as tantalum(V) oxide, is the inorganic compound with the formula.
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Tantalus
Tantalus (Τάνταλος Tántalos) was a Greek mythological figure, most famous for his eternal punishment in Tartarus.
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Technetium
Technetium is a chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43.
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Tesla (unit)
The tesla (symbol T) is a derived unit of magnetic flux density (informally, magnetic field strength) in the International System of Units.
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Thorium
Thorium is a weakly radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90.
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Timeline of chemical element discoveries
The discovery of the 118 chemical elements known to exist today is presented here in chronological order.
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Tin
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.
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Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.
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Tool bit
A tool bit is a non-rotary cutting tool used in metal lathes, shapers, and planers.
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Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology is a scientific journal for original research pertaining to action of chemicals, drugs, or natural products to animals or humans.
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Transition metal
In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has three possible meanings.
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Tungsten
Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.
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Type-II superconductor
In superconductivity, a type-II superconductor is characterized by the formation of magnetic vortices in an applied magnetic field.
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Union Carbide
Union Carbide Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary (since 2001) of Dow Chemical Company.
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United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.
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Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.
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Vacuum arc remelting
Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary melting process for production of metal ingots with elevated chemical and mechanical homogeneity for highly demanding applications.
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Vanadium
Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23.
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Wah Chang Corporation
Wah Chang Corporation is an American manufacturing company based in Albany, Oregon in the United States.
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William Hyde Wollaston
William Hyde Wollaston (6 August 1766 – 22 December 1828) was an English chemist and physicist who is famous for discovering the chemical elements palladium and rhodium.
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World
The world is the planet Earth and all life upon it, including human civilization.
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Zirconium
Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40.
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Zirconium alloy
Zirconium alloys are solid solutions of zirconium or other metals, a common subgroup having the trade mark Zircaloy.
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Redirects here:
Columbium, Element 41, Nb (element), Nicobium, Niob, Niobic, Niobous.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium
