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73 relations: Agonist, Antioxidant, Atherosclerosis, Bile, Bilirubin, Biliverdin, Biogen, BZIP domain, C-Fos, C-jun, Carbon monoxide, CREB, CREB-binding protein, CUL3, Dimethyl fumarate, EIF2AK3, Electrophile, Food and Drug Administration, GCLM, Gene, Glucuronic acid, Glucuronidation, Glucuronosyltransferase, Glutamate–cysteine ligase, Glutathione, Glutathione S-transferase, Heme, Histone acetyltransferase, HMOX1, Hydrogen peroxide, Hypertension, Intracerebral hemorrhage, KEAP1, Leucine zipper, Lymphocyte, MAFF (gene), MAFG, MAFK, Membrane transport protein, Microsome, Mitochondrion, Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, Multiple sclerosis, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1), New Scientist, NFE2, NFE2L1, NFE2L3, Niacin, Oltipraz, ..., Oxidative stress, Paracetamol, Peroxiredoxin, Peroxynitrite, Pharmacokinetics, Phases of clinical research, Promoter (genetics), Proteasome, Protein–protein interaction, Quinone, Redox, Sepsis, Small Maf, SRXN1, Sulfiredoxin, Superoxide, Thioredoxin reductase, Transaminase, Transcription factor, TXNRD1, Ubiquitin, Ubiquitin C, Xenobiotic. Expand index (23 more) »
Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.
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Antioxidant
Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the build up of plaque.
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Bile
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
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Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.
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Biliverdin
Biliverdin is a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment, and is a product of heme catabolism.
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Biogen
Biogen, Inc. (previously known as Biogen Idec) is an American multinational biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, specializing in the discovery, development, and delivery of therapies for the treatment of neurodegenerative, hematologic, and autoimmune diseases to patients worldwide.
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BZIP domain
The Basic Leucine Zipper Domain (bZIP domain) is found in many DNA binding eukaryotic proteins.
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C-Fos
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos.
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C-jun
c-Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene.
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Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air.
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CREB
CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor.
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CREB-binding protein
CREB-binding protein, also known as CREBBP or CBP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CREBBP gene.
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CUL3
Cullin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CUL3 gene.
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Dimethyl fumarate
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid.
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EIF2AK3
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, also known as protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK3 gene.
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Electrophile
In organic chemistry, an electrophile is a reagent attracted to electrons.
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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GCLM
Glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GCLM gene.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Glucuronic acid
Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλυκύς "sweet" and οὖρον "urine") is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine (hence the name).
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Glucuronidation
Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids.
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Glucuronosyltransferase
Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT) is a cytosolic glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of the glucuronic acid component of UDP-glucuronic acid to a small hydrophobic molecule.
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Glutamate–cysteine ligase
Glutamate Cysteine Ligase (GCL), previously known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), is the first enzyme of the cellular glutathione (GSH) biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-glutamate + L-cysteine + ATP \rightleftharpoons gamma-glutamyl cysteine + ADP + Pi GSH, and by extension GCL, is critical to cell survival.
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Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.
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Glutathione S-transferase
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification.
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Heme
Heme or haem is a coordination complex "consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands." The definition is loose, and many depictions omit the axial ligands.
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Histone acetyltransferase
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form ε-N-acetyllysine.
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HMOX1
HMOX1 (heme oxygenase (decycling) 1) is a human gene that encodes for the enzyme heme oxygenase 1.
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Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
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Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as cerebral bleed, is a type of intracranial bleed that occurs within the brain tissue or ventricles.
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KEAP1
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the Keap1 gene.
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Leucine zipper
A leucine zipper (or leucine scissors) is a common three-dimensional structural motif in proteins.
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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MAFF (gene)
Transcription factor MafF is a bZip Maf transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the MAFF gene.
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MAFG
Transcription factor MafG is a bZip Maf transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the MAFG gene.
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MAFK
Transcription factor MafK is a bZip Maf transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the MAFK gene.
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Membrane transport protein
A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane.
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Microsome
In cell biology, microsomes are vesicle-like artifacts re-formed from pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when eukaryotic cells are broken-up in the laboratory; microsomes are not present in healthy, living cells.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) also called canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 (cMOAT) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 2 (ABCC2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC2 gene.
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Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
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NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NQO1 gene.
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New Scientist
New Scientist, first published on 22 November 1956, is a weekly, English-language magazine that covers all aspects of science and technology.
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NFE2
Transcription factor NF-E2 45 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFE2 gene.
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NFE2L1
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) also known as nuclear factor erythroid-2-like 1 (NFE2L1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFE2L1 gene.
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NFE2L3
Nuclear Factor (Erythroid 2) - Like Factor 3, also known as NFE2L3 or 'NRF3', is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the Nfe2l3 gene.
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Niacin
Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient.
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Oltipraz
Oltipraz is an organosulfur compound belonging to the dithiolethione class.
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Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
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Paracetamol
--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.
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Peroxiredoxin
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs,; HGNC root symbol PRDX) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant enzymes that also control cytokine-induced peroxide levels and thereby mediate signal transduction in mammalian cells.
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Peroxynitrite
Peroxynitrite (sometimes called peroxonitrite) is an ion with the formula ONOO−.
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered to a living organism.
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Phases of clinical research
The phases of clinical research are the steps in which scientists do experiments with a health intervention in an attempt to find enough evidence for a process which would be useful as a medical treatment.
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Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
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Proteasome
Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.
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Protein–protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by electrostatic forces including the hydrophobic effect.
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Quinone
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of –CH.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
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Small Maf
Small Maf (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) proteins are basic region leucine zipper-type transcription factors that can bind to DNA and regulate gene regulation.
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SRXN1
Sulfiredoxin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRXN1 gene.
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Sulfiredoxin
In enzymology, a sulfiredoxin is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine), ATP, and a thiol, whereas its 4 products are peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine), ADP, phosphate, and a disulfide.
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Superoxide
A superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide anion, which has the chemical formula.
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Thioredoxin reductase
Thioredoxin reductases (TR, TrxR) are the only known enzymes to reduce thioredoxin (Trx).
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Transaminase
Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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TXNRD1
Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TXNRD1 gene.
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Ubiquitin
Ubiquitin is a small (8.5 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e. it occurs ''ubiquitously''.
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Ubiquitin C
Polyubiquitin-C is a protein encoded by the UBC gene in humans.
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Xenobiotic
A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism.
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Redirects here:
NFE2L2 (gene), NRF2, Nrf2, Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFE2L2
