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NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)

Index NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)

NSA warrantless surveillance (also commonly referred to as "warrantless-wiretapping" or "-wiretaps") refers to the surveillance of persons within the United States, including United States citizens, during the collection of notionally foreign intelligence by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of the Terrorist Surveillance Program. [1]

218 relations: Affidavit, Al-Haramain Foundation, Al-Qaeda, Alberto Gonzales, Aldrich Ames, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, American Civil Liberties Union, American Civil Liberties Union v. National Security Agency, Anna Diggs Taylor, Article One of the United States Constitution, Article Two of the United States Constitution, AT&T, Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, Bartnicki v. Vopper, Beth Nolan, Bill Clinton, Bill Keller, Border search exception, Burden of proof (law), Carl Levin, Carol D. Leonnig, Central Intelligence Agency, Chicago Tribune, Chief technology officer, Chip Pitts, Chuck Hagel, Circuit court, Civil law (common law), Clapper v. Amnesty International USA, Class action, Classified information, Classified information in the United States, Clay v. United States, Code of Federal Regulations, Coleen Rowley, Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, Color (law), Commander-in-chief, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, Congressional caucus, Congressional Research Service, Constitutional avoidance, Criminal law, Criticism of the War on Terror, Data mining, David Addington, Dee Benson, Deep packet inspection, Defense Intelligence Agency, Dianne Feinstein, ..., Dick Cheney, Director of National Intelligence, ECHELON, Edward Snowden, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Electronic Privacy Information Center v. Department of Justice, Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act, Enemy combatant, Eric Holder, Eric Lichtblau, Espionage Act of 1917, Executive (government), Executive order, Executive Order 13292, Federal Communications Commission, First Amendment to the United States Constitution, Foreign agent, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Freenet, Geoffrey R. Stone, George Sutherland, Glenn Greenwald, Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013), Global surveillance whistleblowers, Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, Harold Hongju Koh, Harry Pregerson, Hepting v. AT&T, HTLINGUAL, I2P, In re Sealed Case No. 02-001, In the First Circle, Information Awareness Office, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Intelligence assessment, Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act, Intention (criminal law), James Risen, Jennifer Rexford, Jimmy Carter, John C. Eastman, John Dean, John Michael McConnell, John Paul Stevens, John Yoo, Joseph Nacchio, Judicial Watch, Kathleen Sullivan, Katz v. United States, Laurence Tribe, Law enforcement officer, Legislature, Level 3 Communications, M. Margaret McKeown, MAINWAY, Mark Riebling, Marty Lederman, Mass surveillance, Michael Daly Hawkins, Michael Hayden (general), Michael S. Greco, Military justice, Narus (company), National Press Club (United States), National Security Act of 1947, National Security Agency, National security letter, National Security Surveillance Act, New York Times Co. v. United States, Newsweek, Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Obiter dictum, Olympia Snowe, Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Orin Kerr, Patrick Leahy, Patriot Act, Patriot Act, Title II, Pentagon Papers, Peter J. Wallison, Philip Heymann, Plenary power, Presidency of Barack Obama, President's Surveillance Program, Prior restraint, PRISM (surveillance program), Probable cause, Project SHAMROCK, Protect America Act of 2007, Qwest, Reichstag Fire Decree, Richard Posner, Robert Mueller, Roger Dingledine, Ron Wyden, Ronald Dworkin, Ronald Reagan, Room 641A, Russ Tice, Sabotage, Salon (website), Sandra Day O'Connor, Secure communication, Separation of powers, Separation of powers under the United States Constitution, September 11 attacks, Signals intelligence, Smith v. Maryland, Southern Bell, Standing (law), State secrets privilege, Statute, Stellar Wind, Subpoena, Supreme Court of the United States, Surveillance, Ted Kennedy, Telephone call, Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Terrorist Surveillance Program, The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Washington Post, The Washington Spectator, Thomas A. Drake, Thomas Tamm, Tor (anonymity network), Trailblazer Project, Uniform Code of Military Justice, Unitary executive theory, United States Bill of Rights, United States circuit court, United States Congress, United States Constitution, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of Justice, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review, United States House of Representatives, United States presidential election, 2004, United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., United States v. Montoya De Hernandez, United States v. United States District Court, United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, Vaughn Walker, Vietnam War, Walter E. Dellinger III, War on Terror, War Powers Resolution, Whistleblower, White House Counsel, White paper, William Moschella, William S. Sessions, William Van Alstyne, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, Zacarias Moussaoui, 107th United States Congress, 109th United States Congress. Expand index (168 more) »

Affidavit

An affidavit is a written sworn statement of fact voluntarily made by an affiant or deponent under an oath or affirmation administered by a person authorized to do so by law.

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Al-Haramain Foundation

Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation (AHIF) was a charity foundation, based in Saudi Arabia.

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Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda (القاعدة,, translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988.

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Alberto Gonzales

Alberto R. Gonzales (born August 4, 1955) is an American lawyer who served as the 80th United States Attorney General, appointed in February 2005 by President George W. Bush, becoming the highest-ranking Hispanic American in executive government to date.

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Aldrich Ames

Aldrich Hazen Ames (born May 26, 1941) is a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer turned KGB mole, who was convicted of espionage in 1994.

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Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian novelist, historian, and short story writer.

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American Civil Liberties Union

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonprofit organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." Officially nonpartisan, the organization has been supported and criticized by liberal and conservative organizations alike.

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American Civil Liberties Union v. National Security Agency

American Civil Liberties Union v. National Security Agency, 493 F.3d 644 (6th Cir. 2007), is a case decided July 6, 2007, in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that the plaintiffs in the case did not have standing to bring the suit against the National Security Agency (NSA), because they could not present evidence that they were the targets of the so-called "Terrorist Surveillance Program" (TSP).

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Anna Diggs Taylor

Anna Katherine Johnston Diggs Taylor (born Anna Katherine Johnston) (December 9, 1932 – November 4, 2017) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.

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Article One of the United States Constitution

Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress.

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Article Two of the United States Constitution

Article Two of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, which carries out and enforces federal laws.

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AT&T

AT&T Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered at Whitacre Tower in Downtown Dallas, Texas.

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Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

The Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), Pub. L., codified at 115 Stat. 224 and passed as by the United States Congress on September 14, 2001, authorizes the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on September 11, 2001 and any "associated forces".

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Bartnicki v. Vopper

Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514 (2001),.

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Beth Nolan

Beth Nolan (born August 21, 1951 in New York City) is a vice president and general counsel of the George Washington University.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Bill Keller

Bill Keller (born January 18, 1949) is an American journalist.

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Border search exception

In United States criminal law, the border search exception or doctrine is a doctrine that allows searches and seizures at international borders and their functional equivalent without a warrant or probable cause.

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Burden of proof (law)

The burden of proof (onus probandi) is the obligation of a party in a trial to produce the evidence that will prove the claims they have made against the other party.

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Carl Levin

Carl Milton Levin (born June 28, 1934) is an American attorney and retired politician who served as a United States Senator from Michigan from 1979 - 2015.

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Carol D. Leonnig

Carol Duhurst Leonnig is an American investigative journalist.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Chicago Tribune

The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by Tronc, Inc., formerly Tribune Publishing.

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Chief technology officer

A Chief Technology Officer (CTO), sometimes known as a Chief Technical Officer, is an executive-level position in a company or other entity whose occupation is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization.

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Chip Pitts

Chip Pitts is a lecturer who has regularly taught at Stanford, Oxford, and as a Professor or Visiting Professor at other major universities in the West and Asia.

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Chuck Hagel

Charles Timothy Hagel (born October 4, 1946), The Associated Press, published in The News-Times, December 17, 2012.

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Circuit court

Circuit courts are court systems in several common law jurisdictions.

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Civil law (common law)

Civil law is a branch of the law.

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Clapper v. Amnesty International USA

Clapper v. Amnesty International,, was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Amnesty International USA and others lacked standing to challenge (also known as Section 702) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act as amended by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008.

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Class action

A class action, class suit, or representative action is a type of lawsuit where one of the parties is a group of people who are represented collectively by a member of that group.

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Classified information

Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected.

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Classified information in the United States

The United States government classification system is established under Executive Order 13526, the latest in a long series of executive orders on the topic.

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Clay v. United States

Clay v. United States,, was Muhammad Ali's appeal of his conviction in 1967 for refusing to report for induction into the United States military forces during the Vietnam War.

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Code of Federal Regulations

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States.

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Coleen Rowley

Coleen Rowley (born December 20, 1954) is an American former FBI special agent and whistleblower, and was a Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) candidate for Congress in Minnesota's 2nd congressional district, one of eight congressional districts in Minnesota in 2006.

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Colleen Kollar-Kotelly

Colleen Kollar-Kotelly (born April 17, 1943) is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia and was Presiding Judge of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.

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Color (law)

In United States law, the term color of law denotes the "mere semblance of legal right", the "pretense or appearance of" right; hence, an action done under color of law adjusts (colors) the law to the circumstance, yet said apparently legal action contravenes the law.

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Commander-in-chief

A commander-in-chief, also sometimes called supreme commander, or chief commander, is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation's military forces.

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Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act

The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) is a United States wiretapping law passed in 1994, during the presidency of Bill Clinton (Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001-1010).

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Congressional caucus

A congressional caucus is a group of members of the United States Congress that meets to pursue common legislative objectives.

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Congressional Research Service

The Congressional Research Service (CRS), known as Congress's think tank, is a public policy research arm of the United States Congress.

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Constitutional avoidance

In United States constitutional law, the doctrine of constitutional avoidance dictates that a federal court should refuse to rule on a constitutional issue if the case can be resolved on a nonconstitutional basis.

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Criminal law

Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime.

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Criticism of the War on Terror

Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the morals, ethics, efficiency, economics, as well as other issues surrounding the War on Terror.

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Data mining

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.

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David Addington

David Spears Addington (born January 22, 1957) is an American lawyer, who was legal counsel (2001–2005) and Chief of Staff (2005–2009) to Vice President Dick Cheney.

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Dee Benson

Dee Vance Benson (born August 25, 1948) is a Senior United States District Judge and former Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Utah.

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Deep packet inspection

Deep packet inspection is a type of data processing that inspects in detail the data being sent over a computer network, and usually takes action by blocking, re-routing, or logging it accordingly.

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Defense Intelligence Agency

The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is an external intelligence service of the United States federal government specializing in defense and military intelligence.

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Dianne Feinstein

Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (born Dianne Emiel Goldman, June 22, 1933) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from California, a seat she has held since 1992.

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Dick Cheney

Richard Bruce Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Director of National Intelligence

The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is the United States government Cabinet-level official—subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President of the United States—required by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 to.

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ECHELON

ECHELON, originally a secret government code name, is a surveillance program (signals intelligence/SIGINT collection and analysis network) operated by the US with the aid of four other signatory nations to the UKUSA Security Agreement Given the 5 dialects that use the terms, UKUSA can be pronounced from "You-Q-SA" to "Oo-Coo-SA", AUSCANNZUKUS can be pronounced from "Oz-Can-Zuke-Us" to "Orse-Can-Zoo-Cuss".

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Edward Snowden

Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American computer professional, former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, and former contractor for the United States government who copied and leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013 without authorization.

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Electronic Frontier Foundation

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an international non-profit digital rights group based in San Francisco, California.

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Electronic Privacy Information Center v. Department of Justice

EPIC v. Department of Justice is a 2014 case in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia between the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) where EPIC seeks court action to enforce their Freedom of Information Act request for documents that the Department of Justice has withheld pertaining to George W. Bush's authorization of NSA warrantless surveillance.

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Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act

The Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act (of the 109th Congress) was passed on September 28, 2006 by a vote 232 to 191.

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Enemy combatant

An enemy combatant is a person who, either lawfully or unlawfully, directly engages in hostilities for an enemy state or non-state actor in an armed conflict.

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Eric Holder

Eric Himpton Holder Jr. (born January 21, 1951) is an American attorney who served as the 82nd Attorney General of the United States from 2009 to 2015.

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Eric Lichtblau

Eric Lichtblau (born 1965) is an American journalist, recently reporting for The New York Times and the CNN network's investigative news unit.

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Espionage Act of 1917

The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years.

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Executive (government)

The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state.

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Executive order

In the United States, an executive order is a directive issued by the President of the United States that manages operations of the federal government and has the force of law.

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Executive Order 13292

Executive Order 13292 was an executive order issued by United States President George W. Bush on March 25, 2003, entitled "Further Amendment to Executive Order 12958, as Amended, Classified National Security Information." The Executive Order modified the manner in which sensitive information was handled at the time as set out by President Bill Clinton's 1995 executive order.

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Federal Communications Commission

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government created by statute (and) to regulate interstate communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.

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First Amendment to the United States Constitution

The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances.

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Foreign agent

A foreign agent is anyone who actively carries out the interests of a foreign country while located in another host country, generally outside the protections offered to those working in their official capacity for a diplomatic mission.

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Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ("FISA") is a United States federal law which establishes procedures for the physical and electronic surveillance and collection of "foreign intelligence information" between "foreign powers" and "agents of foreign powers" suspected of espionage or terrorism.

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Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008

The FISA Amendments Act of 2008, also called the FAA and Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, is an Act of Congress that amended the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.

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Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights that prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.

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Freenet

Freenet is a peer-to-peer platform for censorship-resistant communication.

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Geoffrey R. Stone

Geoffrey R. Stone (born 1946) is an American law professor and noted First Amendment scholar.

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George Sutherland

George Alexander Sutherland (March 25, 1862 – July 18, 1942) was an English-born U.S. jurist and politician.

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Glenn Greenwald

Glenn Edward Greenwald (born March 6, 1967) is an American lawyer, journalist, and author, best known for his role in a series of reports published by The Guardian newspaper beginning in June 2013, detailing the United States and British global surveillance programs, and based on classified documents disclosed by Edward Snowden.

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Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)

Global surveillance refers to the practice of globalized mass surveillance on entire populations across national borders.

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Global surveillance whistleblowers

Global surveillance whistleblowers are whistleblowers who provided public knowledge of global surveillance.

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Hamdan v. Rumsfeld

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld,, is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that military commissions set up by the Bush administration to try detainees at Guantanamo Bay lack "the power to proceed because its structures and procedures violate both the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the four Geneva Conventions signed in 1949." Specifically, the ruling says that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions was violated.

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Hamdi v. Rumsfeld

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld,, is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court recognized the power of the U.S. government to detain enemy combatants, including U.S. citizens, but ruled that detainees who are U.S. citizens must have the rights of due process, and the ability to challenge their enemy combatant status before an impartial authority.

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Harold Hongju Koh

Harold Hongju Koh (born December 8, 1954) is an American lawyer and legal scholar.

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Harry Pregerson

Harry Pregerson (October 13, 1923 – November 25, 2017) was a United States Circuit Judge appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by President Jimmy Carter in 1979.

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Hepting v. AT&T

Hepting v. AT&T is a United States class action lawsuit filed in January 2006 by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) against the telecommunications company AT&T, in which the EFF alleges that AT&T permitted and assisted the National Security Agency (NSA) in unlawfully monitoring the communications of the United States, including AT&T customers, businesses and third parties whose communications were routed through AT&T's network, as well as voice over IP telephone calls routed via the Internet.

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HTLINGUAL

HTLINGUAL (also HGLINGUAL), a secret project of the United States of America's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) project to intercept mail destined for the Soviet Union and China, operated from 1952 until 1973.

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I2P

The Invisible Internet Project (I2P) is an anonymous network layer that allows for censorship-resistant, peer to peer communication.

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In re Sealed Case No. 02-001

In re: Sealed Case No.

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In the First Circle

In the First Circle (В кру́ге пе́рвом, V krúge pérvom; also published as The First Circle) is a novel by Russian writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, released in 1968.

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Information Awareness Office

The Information Awareness Office (IAO) was established by the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in January 2002 to bring together several DARPA projects focused on applying surveillance and information technology to track and monitor terrorists and other asymmetric threats to U.S. national security by achieving "Total Information Awareness" (TIA).

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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional association with its corporate office in New York City and its operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey.

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Intelligence assessment

Intelligence assessment is the development of behavior forecasts or recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organisation, based on wide ranges of available overt and covert information.

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Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act

The Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act of 1998, amending the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 and the Inspector General Act of 1978, sets forth a procedure for employees and contractors of specified federal intelligence agencies to report complaints or information to Congress about serious problems involving intelligence activities.

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Intention (criminal law)

In criminal law, intent is one of three general classes of mens rea necessary to constitute a conventional, as opposed to strict liability, crime.

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James Risen

James Risen (born April 27, 1955) is an American journalist for The Intercept.

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Jennifer Rexford

Jennifer Rexford is an American computer scientist, the Gordon Y. S. Wu Professor in Engineering at Princeton University.

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Jimmy Carter

James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981.

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John C. Eastman

John C. Eastman (born April 21, 1960) is an American law professor and constitutional law scholar.

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John Dean

John Wesley Dean III (born October 14, 1938) is an investment banker, author, columnist, lecturer, and attorney who served as White House Counsel for United States President Richard Nixon from July 1970 until April 1973.

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John Michael McConnell

John Michael "Mike" McConnell (born July 26, 1943) is a former vice admiral in the United States Navy.

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John Paul Stevens

John Paul Stevens (born April 20, 1920) is an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1975 until his retirement in 2010.

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John Yoo

John Choon Yoo (born July 10, 1967) is a Korean-American attorney, law professor, and author.

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Joseph Nacchio

Joseph P. Nacchio (born June 22, 1949 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American executive who was convicted of insider trading related to his time as chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Qwest Communications International.

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Judicial Watch

Judicial Watch (JW) is an American conservative activist group and self-styled watchdog group that files Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lawsuits to investigate alleged misconduct by government officials.

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Kathleen Sullivan

Kathleen Marie Sullivan (born August 20, 1955) is an American lawyer and name partner at Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, a global, litigation-only white shoe law firm headquartered in Los Angeles, California.

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Katz v. United States

Katz v. United States,, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case discussing the nature of the "right to privacy" and the legal definition of a "search" of intangible property, such as electronic-based communications like telephone calls.

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Laurence Tribe

Laurence Henry "Larry" Tribe (born October 10, 1941) is a Chinese-born American lawyer and scholar who is the Carl M. Loeb University Professor at the Harvard Law School in Harvard University.

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Law enforcement officer

A law enforcement officer (LEO) or peace officer, in North American English, is a public-sector employee whose duties primarily involve the enforcement of laws.

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Legislature

A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city.

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Level 3 Communications

Level 3 Communications was an American multinational telecommunications and Internet service provider company headquartered in Broomfield, Colorado.

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M. Margaret McKeown

Mary Margaret McKeown, usually styled as M. Margaret McKeown (born May 11, 1951) is a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and is based in San Diego, California.

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MAINWAY

MAINWAY is a database maintained by the United States' National Security Agency (NSA) containing metadata for hundreds of billions of telephone calls made through the four largest telephone carriers in the United States: AT&T, SBC, BellSouth (all three now called AT&T), and Verizon.

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Mark Riebling

Mark Riebling is an American author.

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Marty Lederman

Martin "Marty" S. Lederman was a Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC), appointed by President Obama in January 2009.

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Mass surveillance

Mass surveillance is the intricate surveillance of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population in order to monitor that group of citizens.

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Michael Daly Hawkins

Michael Daly Hawkins (born February 12, 1945) is a Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and is resident in Phoenix, Arizona at the Sandra Day O'Connor United States Courthouse.

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Michael Hayden (general)

Michael Vincent Hayden (born March 17, 1945) is a retired United States Air Force four-star general and former Director of the National Security Agency, Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence, and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

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Michael S. Greco

Michael Spencer Greco (born November 22, 1942, Rende, Italy) is a former President of the American Bar Association (2006–2007).

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Military justice

Military justice (or military law) is the body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces.

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Narus (company)

Narus Inc. was a software company and vendor of big data analytics for cybersecurity.

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National Press Club (United States)

The National Press Club is a professional organization and business center for journalists and communications professionals.

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National Security Act of 1947

The National Security Act of 1947 was a major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II.

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National Security Agency

The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.

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National security letter

A national security letter (NSL) is an administrative subpoena issued by the United States government to gather information for national security purposes.

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National Security Surveillance Act

The National Security Surveillance Act was a bill in the United States Congress that would have established procedures for the review of electronic surveillance programs.

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New York Times Co. v. United States

New York Times Co.

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Newsweek

Newsweek is an American weekly magazine founded in 1933.

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Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Ninth Amendment (Amendment IX) to the United States Constitution addresses rights, retained by the people, that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.

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Obiter dictum

Obiter dictum (usually used in the plural, obiter dicta) is Latin phrase meaning "by the way", that is, a remark in a judgment that is "said in passing".

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Olympia Snowe

Olympia Jean Snowe (née Bouchles; born February 21, 1947) is an American businesswoman and politician who was a United States Senator from Maine from 1995 to 2013.

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Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968

The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (codified at et seq.) was legislation passed by the Congress of the United States and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson that established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA).

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Orin Kerr

Orin Samuel Kerr (born June 2, 1971) is a professor of law at the USC Gould School of Law.

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Patrick Leahy

Patrick Joseph Leahy (born March 31, 1940) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Vermont, a seat he was first elected to in 1974.

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Patriot Act

The USA PATRIOT Act is an Act of Congress signed into law by US President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001.

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Patriot Act, Title II

The USA PATRIOT Act was passed by the United States Congress in 2001 as a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.

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Pentagon Papers

The Pentagon Papers, officially titled Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force, is a United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967.

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Peter J. Wallison

Peter J. Wallison (born June 6, 1941) is a lawyer and the Arthur F. Burns Fellow in Financial Policy Studies at the American Enterprise Institute.

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Philip Heymann

Philip B. Heymann (born October 30, 1932 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American lawyer, federal prosecutor, legal scholar and law professor who headed the Criminal Division of the Justice Department as Assistant Attorney General during the Carter administration and was briefly Deputy Attorney General in the Clinton administration before he resigned over management and policy differences as well as perceived interference by the White House.

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Plenary power

A plenary power or plenary authority is a complete and absolute power to take action on a particular issue, with no limitations.

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Presidency of Barack Obama

The presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20, 2009, when Barack Obama was inaugurated as 44th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2017.

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President's Surveillance Program

The President's Surveillance Program (PSP) is a collection of secret intelligence activities authorized by the President of the United States George W. Bush after the September 11 attacks in 2001 as part of the War on Terrorism.

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Prior restraint

Prior restraint (also referred to as prior censorship or pre-publication censorship) is censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression.

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PRISM (surveillance program)

PRISM is a code name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies.

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Probable cause

In United States criminal law, probable cause is the standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal or the issuing of a search warrant.

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Project SHAMROCK

Project SHAMROCK, considered to be the sister project for Project MINARET, was an espionage exercise, started in August 1945 that involved the accumulation of all telegraphic data entering into or exiting from the United States.

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Protect America Act of 2007

The Protect America Act of 2007 (PAA), (enacted by), is a controversial amendment to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) that was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush on August 5, 2007.

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Qwest

Qwest Communications International, Inc. was a large United States telecommunications carrier.

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Reichstag Fire Decree

The Reichstag Fire Decree (Reichstagsbrandverordnung) is the common name of the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State (Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat) issued by German President Paul von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in immediate response to the Reichstag fire.

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Richard Posner

Richard Allen Posner (born January 11, 1939) is an American jurist and economist who was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago from 1981 until 2017, and is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School.

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Robert Mueller

Robert Swan Mueller III (born August 7, 1944) is an American attorney who served as the sixth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 2001 to 2013.

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Roger Dingledine

Roger Dingledine is an MIT-educated American computer scientist known for having co-founded Tor Project.

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Ron Wyden

Ronald Lee Wyden (born May 3, 1949) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator for Oregon since 1996.

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Ronald Dworkin

Ronald Myles Dworkin, FBA (December 11, 1931 – February 14, 2013) was an American philosopher, jurist, and scholar of United States constitutional law.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Room 641A

Room 641A is a telecommunication interception facility operated by AT&T for the U.S. National Security Agency that commenced operations in 2003 and was exposed in 2006.

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Russ Tice

Russell D. Tice (born 1961) is a former intelligence analyst for the United States Air Force, Office of Naval Intelligence, Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and National Security Agency (NSA).

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Sabotage

Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, effort or organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption or destruction.

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Salon (website)

Salon is an American news and opinion website, created by David Talbot in 1995 and currently owned by the Salon Media Group.

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Sandra Day O'Connor

Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, having served from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until 2006.

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Secure communication

Secure communication is when two entities are communicating and do not want a third party to listen in.

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Separation of powers

The separation of powers is a model for the governance of a state.

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Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others.

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September 11 attacks

The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

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Signals intelligence

Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT).

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Smith v. Maryland

Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the installation and use of the pen register was not a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, and hence no warrant was required.

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Southern Bell

Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company was once the Bell Operating Company serving the states of Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina prior to the breakup of AT&T.

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Standing (law)

In law, standing or locus standi is the term for the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party's participation in the case.

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State secrets privilege

The state secrets privilege is an evidentiary rule created by United States legal precedent.

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Statute

A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a city, state, or country.

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Stellar Wind

"Stellar Wind" (or "Stellarwind") was the code name of a warrantless surveillance program begun under the George W. Bush administration's President's Surveillance Program (PSP).

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Subpoena

A subpoena (also subpœna) or witness summons is a writ issued by a government agency, most often a court, to compel testimony by a witness or production of evidence under a penalty for failure.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.

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Surveillance

Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior, activities, or other changing information for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting people.

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Ted Kennedy

Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was an American politician who served in the United States Senate from Massachusetts for almost 47 years, from 1962 until his death in 2009.

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Telephone call

A telephone call is a connection over a telephone network between the called party and the calling party.

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Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791.

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Terrorist Surveillance Program

The Terrorist Surveillance Program was an electronic surveillance program implemented by the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States in the wake of the September 11, 2001, attacks.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The New Yorker

The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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The Washington Spectator

The Washington Spectator is a left-leaning independent political periodical with a circulation of 60,000, published monthly by The Public Concern Foundation.

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Thomas A. Drake

Thomas Andrews Drake (born 1957) is a former senior executive of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), a decorated United States Air Force and United States Navy veteran, and a whistleblower.

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Thomas Tamm

Thomas Tamm (born 1952) is a public defender in Washington County, Maryland.

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Tor (anonymity network)

Tor is free software for enabling anonymous communication.

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Trailblazer Project

Trailblazer was a United States National Security Agency (NSA) program intended to develop a capability to analyze data carried on communications networks like the Internet.

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Uniform Code of Military Justice

The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) is the foundation of military law in the United States.

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Unitary executive theory

The unitary executive theory is a theory of American constitutional law holding that the President possesses the power to control the entire executive branch.

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United States Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.

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United States circuit court

The United States circuit courts were the original intermediate level courts of the United States federal court system.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.

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United States Constitution

The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.

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United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (in case citations, D.C. Cir.) known informally as the D.C. Circuit, is the federal appellate court for the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (in case citations, 9th Cir.) is a U.S. Federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (in case citations, 6th Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts.

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United States Department of Defense

The Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the U.S. government, responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice in the United States, equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries. The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. The Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The department is responsible for investigating instances of financial fraud, representing the United States government in legal matters (such as in cases before the Supreme Court), and running the federal prison system. The department is also responsible for reviewing the conduct of local law enforcement as directed by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions.

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United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan

The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (in case citations, E.D. Mich.) is the Federal district court with jurisdiction over of the eastern portion of the state of Michigan.

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United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court

The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC, also called the FISA Court) is a U.S. federal court established and authorized under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) to oversee requests for surveillance warrants against foreign spies inside the United States by federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

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United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review

The United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (FISCR) is a U.S. federal court whose sole purpose is to review denials of applications for electronic surveillance warrants (called FISA warrants) by the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (or FISC).

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States presidential election, 2004

The United States presidential election of 2004, the 55th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 2, 2004.

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United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary

The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, informally the Senate Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of 21 U.S. Senators whose role is to oversee the Department of Justice (DOJ), consider executive nominations, and review pending legislation.

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United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (sometimes referred to as the Intelligence Committee or SSCI) is dedicated to overseeing the United States Intelligence Community—the agencies and bureaus of the federal government of the United States who provide information and analysis for leaders of the executive and legislative branches.

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United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936),.

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United States v. Montoya De Hernandez

United States v. Montoya De Hernandez, 473 U.S. 531 (1985), was a U.S. Supreme Court case regarding the Fourth Amendment's border search exception and balloon swallowing.

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United States v. United States District Court

United States v. U.S. District Court,, also known as the Keith case, was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision that upheld, in a unanimous 8-0 ruling, the requirements of the Fourth Amendment in cases of domestic surveillance targeting a domestic threat.

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United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez

United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez,, was a United States Supreme Court decision that determined that Fourth Amendment protections do not apply to searches and seizures by United States agents of property owned by a nonresident alien in a foreign country.

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Vaughn Walker

Vaughn Richard Walker (born 1944) served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California from 1989 to 2011.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War (Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

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Walter E. Dellinger III

Walter Estes Dellinger III (born May 15, 1941) is the Douglas B. Maggs Professor of Law at Duke University School of Law and head of the appellate practice at O’Melveny & Myers in Washington, D.C. He also currently leads Harvard Law School's.

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War on Terror

The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is an international military campaign that was launched by the United States government after the September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001.

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War Powers Resolution

The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Act) (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548) is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress.

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Whistleblower

A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.

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White House Counsel

The White House Counsel is a staff appointee of the President of the United States whose role is to advise the President on all legal issues concerning the President and his Administration.

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White paper

A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter.

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William Moschella

William Emil Moschella (born April 17, 1968), a United States lawyer and former Associate Deputy Attorney General.

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William S. Sessions

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William Van Alstyne

William Warner Van Alstyne is an American lawyer, law professor, and constitutional law scholar.

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Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co.

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Zacarias Moussaoui

Zacarias Moussaoui (Arabic: زكريا موسوي,; born May 30, 1968) is a French citizen who pleaded guilty in U.S. federal court to conspiring to kill citizens of the United States as part of the September 11 attacks.

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107th United States Congress

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109th United States Congress

The One Hundred Ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, from January 3, 2005 to January 3, 2007, during the fifth and sixth years of George W. Bush's presidency.

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Redirects here:

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001–2007)

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