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147 relations: Abducens nerve, Accessory nerve, Amniote, Anamniotes, Anatomy, Anosmia, Balance (ability), Base of skull, Bell's palsy, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Blunt trauma, Brain, Brainstem, Buccinator muscle, Caloric reflex test, Cavernous sinus, Cavernous sinus thrombosis, Central nervous system, Cerebrum, Cervical spinal nerve 1, Cluster headache, Cochlea, Cochlear nerve, Cranial nerve examination, Cranial nerve ganglia, Cranial nerve nucleus, Cranial nerves, Cribriform plate, Diplopia, Dorsal root ganglion, Dura mater, Ethmoid bone, Facial canal, Facial muscles, Facial nerve, Facial nerve paralysis, Falx cerebri, Foramen, Foramen ovale (skull), Foramen rotundum, Galen, Ganglion, Geniculate ganglion, Glossopharyngeal nerve, Greek language, Hearing, Hearing loss, Homonymous hemianopsia, Human brain, Hypoglossal canal, ..., Hypoglossal nerve, Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve, Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve, Inner ear, Internal auditory meatus, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Intracranial pressure, Ischemia, Jugular foramen, Lateral rectus muscle, Latin, Levator palpebrae superioris muscle, Levator scapulae muscle, Lingua franca, Mandibular nerve, Mass effect (medicine), Maxillary nerve, Medulla oblongata, Midbrain, Middle age, Motor cortex, Multiple sclerosis, Mydriasis, Myelin, Nerve, Neurological examination, Neurology, Nociceptor, Nystagmus, Occipital bone, Oculomotor nerve, Olfaction, Olfactory nerve, Ophthalmic nerve, Ophthalmoscopy, Optic canal, Optic chiasm, Optic nerve, Optic nerve glioma, Orbit (anatomy), Paget's disease of bone, Palatine uvula, Papilledema, Parasympathetic ganglion, Parasympathetic nervous system, Parosmia, Parotid gland, Peripheral nervous system, Pheromone, Pituitary adenoma, Pons, Ptosis (eyelid), Recurrent laryngeal nerve, Retina, Roman numerals, Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, Scapula, Semicircular canals, Sheep, Shingles, Skull, Smooth pursuit, Soma (biology), Sphenoid bone, Spinal cord, Spinal nerve, Squalidae, Sternocleidomastoid muscle, Strabismus, Stroke, Stylomastoid foramen, Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve, Superior oblique muscle, Superior orbital fissure, Taste, Temporal bone, Temporal lobe, Terminal nerve, Thomas Willis, Trapezius, Trigeminal cave, Trigeminal ganglion, Trigeminal nerve, Trigeminal neuralgia, Trochlear nerve, Tuning fork, Vagus nerve, Vertebrate, Vestibular nerve, Vestibular schwannoma, Vestibule of the ear, Vestibulo–ocular reflex, Vestibulocochlear nerve, Visual field, Visual perception, Winged scapula, Yale School of Medicine. Expand index (97 more) »
Abducens nerve
The abducens nerve is a nerve that controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle in humans, responsible for outward gaze.
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Accessory nerve
The accessory nerve is a spinal nerve that supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
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Amniote
Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον amnion, "membrane surrounding the fetus", earlier "bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught", from ἀμνός amnos, "lamb") are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Anamniotes
The anamniotes are an informal group comprising the fishes and the amphibians, the so-called "lower vertebrates", which lay their eggs in water.
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Anatomy
Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.
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Anosmia
Anosmia is the inability to perceive odor or a lack of functioning olfaction—the loss of the sense of smell.
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Balance (ability)
In biomechanics, balance is an ability to maintain the line of gravity (vertical line from centre of mass) of a body within the base of support with minimal postural sway.
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Base of skull
The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull.
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Bell's palsy
Bell's palsy is a type of facial paralysis that results in an inability to control the facial muscles on the affected side.
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Bitemporal hemianopsia
Bitemporal hemianopsia, also known as bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia or bitemporal hemianopia, is the medical description of a type of partial blindness where vision is missing in the outer half of both the right and left visual field.
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Blunt trauma
Blunt trauma, blunt injury, non-penetrating trauma or blunt force trauma is physical trauma to a body part, either by impact, injury or physical attack.
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Brainstem
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord.
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Buccinator muscle
The buccinator is a thin quadrilateral muscle occupying the interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face.
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Caloric reflex test
In medicine, the caloric reflex test (sometimes termed vestibular caloric stimulation) is a test of the vestibulo-ocular reflex that involves irrigating cold or warm water or air into the external auditory canal.
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Cavernous sinus
The cavernous sinus within the human head, is a true dural venous sinus (not a venous plexus) creating a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica.
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Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is the formation of a blood clot within the cavernous sinus, a cavity at the base of the brain which drains deoxygenated blood from the brain back to the heart.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Cerebrum
The cerebrum is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb.
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Cervical spinal nerve 1
The cervical spinal nerve 1 (C1) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment.
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Cluster headache
Cluster headache (CH) is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, severe headaches on one side of the head, typically around the eye.
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Cochlea
The cochlea is the part of the inner ear involved in hearing.
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Cochlear nerve
The cochlear nerve (also auditory or acoustic neuron) is one of two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, a cranial nerve present in amniotes, the other part being the vestibular nerve.
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Cranial nerve examination
The cranial nerve exam is part of the neurological examination.
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Cranial nerve ganglia
In neuroanatomy, the cranial nerve ganglia are either parasympathetic or sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves.
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Cranial nerve nucleus
A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves.
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Cranial nerves
Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), in contrast to spinal nerves (which emerge from segments of the spinal cord).
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Cribriform plate
In human anatomy, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (horizontal lamina or lamina cribrosa) is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities.
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Diplopia
Diplopia, commonly known as double vision, is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizontally, vertically, diagonally (i.e., both vertically and horizontally), or rotationally in relation to each other.
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Dorsal root ganglion
A dorsal root ganglion (or spinal ganglion) (also known as a posterior root ganglion), is a cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve.
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Dura mater
Dura mater, or dura, is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
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Ethmoid bone
The ethmoid bone (from Greek ethmos, "sieve") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.
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Facial canal
The facial canal (Canalis nervi facialis)(also known as the Fallopian Canal – first described by Gabriele Falloppio-) is a Z-shaped canal running through the temporal bone from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen.
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Facial muscles
The facial muscles are a group of striated skeletal muscles supplied by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) that, among other things, control facial expression.
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Facial nerve
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply cranial nerve VII.
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Facial nerve paralysis
Facial nerve paralysis is a common problem that involves the paralysis of any structures innervated by the facial nerve.
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Falx cerebri
The falx cerebri is also known as the cerebral falx, named from its sickle-like form.
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Foramen
In anatomy, a foramen (pl. foramina) is any opening.
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Foramen ovale (skull)
At the base of the skull, the foramen ovale (Latin: oval window) is one of the larger of the several holes (the foramina) that transmit nerves through the skull.
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Foramen rotundum
The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.
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Ganglion
A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system.
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Geniculate ganglion
The geniculate ganglion (from Latin genu, for "knee") is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head.
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Glossopharyngeal nerve
The glossopharyngeal nerve, known as the ninth cranial nerve (CN IX), is a mixed nerve that carries afferent sensory and efferent motor information.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Hearing
Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear.
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Hearing loss
Hearing loss, also known as hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear.
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Homonymous hemianopsia
Hemianopsia, or hemianopia, is a visual field loss on the left or right side of the vertical midline.
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Human brain
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
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Hypoglossal canal
The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull.
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Hypoglossal nerve
The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve, and innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve.
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Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve
The inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve (petrous ganglion) is larger than the superior ganglion and is situated in a depression in the lower border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone which is named fossula petrosa.
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Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
The inferior ganglion of vagus nerve, or nodose ganglion (ganglion nodosum) is cylindrical in form, of a reddish color, and in length.
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Inner ear
The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear.
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Internal auditory meatus
The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear.
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Intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), also known as cerebral bleed, is a type of intracranial bleed that occurs within the brain tissue or ventricles.
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Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and thus in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Ischemia
Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).
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Jugular foramen
The jugular foramen is a large foramen (aperture) in the base of the skull.
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Lateral rectus muscle
The lateral rectus muscle is a muscle on the lateral side of the eyeball in the orbit.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
The levator palpebrae superioris (Latin for: elevating muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the superior (upper) eyelid.
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Levator scapulae muscle
The levator scapulae is a skeletal muscle situated at the back and side of the neck.
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Lingua franca
A lingua franca, also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vernacular language, or link language is a language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both native languages.
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Mandibular nerve
The mandibular nerve (V3) is the largest of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve (CN V).
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Mass effect (medicine)
In medicine, a mass effect is the effect of a growing mass that results in secondary pathological effects by pushing on or displacing surrounding tissue.
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Maxillary nerve
The maxillary nerve (CN V2) is one of the three branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth (V) cranial nerve.
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Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is located in the brainstem, anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum.
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Midbrain
The midbrain or mesencephalon (from Greek mesos 'middle', and enkephalos 'brain') is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
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Middle age
Middle age is the period of age beyond young adulthood but before the onset of old age.
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Motor cortex
The motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.
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Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
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Mydriasis
Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil, usually having a non-physiological cause, or sometimes a physiological pupillary response.
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Myelin
Myelin is a lipid-rich substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer.
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Nerve
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (nerve fibers, the long and slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system.
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Neurological examination
A neurological examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses, especially reflexes, to determine whether the nervous system is impaired.
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Neurology
Neurology (from νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system.
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Nociceptor
A nociceptor is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending “possible threat” signals to the spinal cord and the brain.
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Nystagmus
Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in rare cases) eye movement, acquired in infancy or later in life, that may result in reduced or limited vision.
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Occipital bone
The occipital bone is a cranial dermal bone, and is the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull).
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Oculomotor nerve
The oculomotor nerve is the third cranial nerve.
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Olfaction
Olfaction is a chemoreception that forms the sense of smell.
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Olfactory nerve
The olfactory nerve is typically considered the first cranial nerve, or simply CN I, that contains sensory nerve fibers relating to smell.
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Ophthalmic nerve
The ophthalmic nerve (first division of fifth cranial nerve, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, first division of trigeminal nerve, CN V1, latin: nervus ophthalmicus) is the first branch of the trigeminal nerve.
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Ophthalmoscopy
Ophthalmoscopy, also called funduscopy, is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope (or funduscope).
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Optic canal
The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal. The canal is located in the sphenoid bone; it is bounded medially by the body of the sphenoid and laterally by the lesser wing of the sphenoid. The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove (optic groove), above and behind which lies the optic chiasma; the groove ends on either side in the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery (with accompanying sympathetic nerve fibres) into the orbital cavity. Compared to the optic nerve, the ophthalmic artery is located inferolaterally within the canal. The left and right optic canals are 25mm apart posteriorly and 30mm apart anteriorly. The canals themselves are funnel-shaped (narrowest anteriorly).
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Optic chiasm
The optic chiasm or optic chiasma (Greek χίασμα, "crossing", from the Greek χιάζω 'to mark with an X', after the Greek letter 'Χ', chi) is the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross.
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Optic nerve
The optic nerve, also known as cranial nerve II, is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
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Optic nerve glioma
Optic nerve glioma (or optic glioma), a form of glioma which affects the optic nerve, is often one of the central nervous system manifestations of Neurofibromatosis 1.
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Orbit (anatomy)
In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated.
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Paget's disease of bone
Paget's disease of bone (commonly known as Paget's disease or historically, osteitis deformans) is a condition involving cellular remodeling and deformity of one or more bones.
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Palatine uvula
The palatine uvula, usually referred to as simply the uvula, is a conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers (musculus uvulae).
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Papilledema
Papilledema (or papilloedema) is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure due to any cause.
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Parasympathetic ganglion
Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)), the other being the sympathetic nervous system.
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Parosmia
Parosmia (from the Greek παρά pará and ὀσμή osmḗ), also known as troposmia (Gk.) or cacosmia (Gk.), is an olfactory dysfunction that is characterized by the inability of the brain to properly identify an odor's "natural" smell.
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Parotid gland
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals.
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Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS).
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Pheromone
A pheromone (from Ancient Greek φέρω phero "to bear" and hormone, from Ancient Greek ὁρμή "impetus") is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species.
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Pituitary adenoma
Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland.
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Pons
The pons (Latin for "bridge") is part of the brainstem, and in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum.
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Ptosis (eyelid)
Ptosis (/ˈtoʊsɪs/) is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid.
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve
The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles.
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Retina
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
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Roman numerals
The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages.
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Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring
Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring (28 January 1755 – 2 March 1830) was a German physician, anatomist, anthropologist, paleontologist and inventor.
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Scapula
In anatomy, the scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas; also known as shoulder bone, shoulder blade or wing bone) is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).
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Semicircular canals
The semicircular canals or semicircular ducts are three semicircular, interconnected tubes located in the innermost part of each ear, the inner ear.
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Sheep
Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock.
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Shingles
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area.
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Skull
The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates.
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Smooth pursuit
Smooth pursuit eye movements allow the eyes to closely follow a moving object.
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Soma (biology)
The soma (pl. somata or somas), perikaryon (pl. perikarya), neurocyton, or cell body is the bulbous, non-process portion of a neuron or other brain cell type, containing the cell nucleus.
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Sphenoid bone
The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended.
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
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Spinal nerve
A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.
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Squalidae
The Squalidae, also called dogfish sharks or spiny dogfishes, are a family of sharks in the order Squaliformes.
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Sternocleidomastoid muscle
The sternocleidomastoid muscle (also known as sternomastoid, commonly abbreviated as SCM or simply referred to as sterno muscle), is a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the side of the neck.
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Strabismus
Strabismus, also known as crossed eyes, is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Stylomastoid foramen
Between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone is the stylomastoid foramen It is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery.
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Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve
The superior ganglion is situated in the upper part of the groove in which the glossopharyngeal nerve is lodged during its passage through the jugular foramen.
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Superior oblique muscle
The superior oblique muscle, or obliquus oculi superior, is a fusiform muscle originating in the upper, medial side of the orbit (i.e. from beside the nose) which abducts, depresses and internally rotates the eye.
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Superior orbital fissure
The superior orbital fissure is a foramen in the skull, although strictly it is more of a cleft, lying between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone.
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Taste
Taste, gustatory perception, or gustation is one of the five traditional senses that belongs to the gustatory system.
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Temporal bone
The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
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Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.
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Terminal nerve
The terminal nerve, or cranial nerve zero, was discovered by German scientist Gustav Fritsch in 1878 in the brains of sharks.
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Thomas Willis
Thomas Willis (27 January 1621 – 11 November 1675) was an English doctor who played an important part in the history of anatomy, neurology and psychiatry.
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Trapezius
The trapezius (or trapezoid) is a large paired surface muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae of the spine and laterally to the spine of the scapula.
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Trigeminal cave
The trigeminal cave (also known as Meckel's cave or cavum trigeminale) is a dura mater pouch containing cerebrospinal fluid.
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Trigeminal ganglion
The trigeminal ganglion (or Gasserian ganglion, or semilunar ganglion, or Gasser's ganglion) is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) that occupies a cavity (Meckel's cave) in the dura mater, covering the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone.
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Trigeminal nerve
The trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve, or simply CN V) is a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the largest of the cranial nerves.
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Trigeminal neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN or TGN) is a chronic pain disorder that affects the trigeminal nerve.
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Trochlear nerve
The trochlear nerve, also called the fourth cranial nerve or cranial nerve IV, is a motor nerve (a somatic efferent nerve) that innervates only a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which operates through the pulley-like trochlea.
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Tuning fork
A tuning fork is an acoustic resonator in the form of a two-pronged fork with the prongs (tines) formed from a U-shaped bar of elastic metal (usually steel).
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Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve, historically cited as the pneumogastric nerve, is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X, and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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Vestibular nerve
The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other).
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Vestibular schwannoma
A vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign primary intracranial tumor of the myelin-forming cells of the vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve).
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Vestibule of the ear
The vestibule is the central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear, and is situated medial to the eardrum (tympanic cavity), behind the cochlea, and in front of the three semicircular canals.
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Vestibulo–ocular reflex
The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex, where activation of the vestibular system causes eye movement.
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Vestibulocochlear nerve
The vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory vestibular nerve), known as the eighth cranial nerve, transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.
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Visual field
The visual field is the "spatial array of visual sensations available to observation in introspectionist psychological experiments".
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Visual perception
Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum reflected by the objects in the environment.
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Winged scapula
A winged scapula (scapula alata) is a skeletal medical condition in which the shoulder blade, or shoulder bone, protrudes from a person’s back in an abnormal position.
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Yale School of Medicine
The Yale School of Medicine is the graduate medical school at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves
