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342 relations: Abergavenny, Age of Enlightenment, Agnes O'Farrelly, Alan Heusaff, Alfred Perceval Graves, Ancient Order of Druids, Andalusia, Anglicisation, Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo-Saxons, Anglosphere, Antiquity (journal), Arab League, Archaeology, Ardfheis, Argentina, Argyll and Bute, Armes Prydein, Armorica, Astures, Asturian nationalism, Asturias, Atlantic Canada, Atlantic Ocean, Augusta, Lady Gregory, Austria, Austrians, Éamon de Valera, Études Celtiques, Óglaigh na hÉireann, Barry Cunliffe, Barzaz Breiz, Berlin, Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown, Boer, Breiz Atao, Breogán, Breton language, Breton nationalism, Bretons, British Army, British Empire, Britonia, Brittany, Brittany (administrative region), Brittonic languages, Caernarfon, Cantabri, Cantabria, Carn, ..., Castile and León, Castilla–La Mancha, Catholic Church, Celtiberians, Celtic Britons, Celtic Congress, Celtic Connections, Celtic Family Magazine, Celtic languages, Celtic League, Celtic nations, Celtic Revival, Celtic studies, Celts, Celts (modern), Charles de Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle (poet), Chief of staff, Christianity, Classics, Collectivism, Columba Project, Communism, Community of Madrid, Composite rules shinty–hurling, Conradh na Gaeilge, Conservative Party (UK), Continental Europe, Cornish Assembly, Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornish language, Cornish nationalism, Cornish people, Cornwall, County Antrim, Cumbria, Cymreigyddion y Fenni, D. P. Moran, Daniel O'Connell, Dál Riata, Decolonization, Deconstruction, Demography of the Roman Empire, Diaspora, Diplomacy, Dolmen, Donald Cameron of Lochiel, Douglas Hyde, Druid, Druidry (modern), Dublin, Duchy of Brittany, Early modern Europe, Easter Rising, Edinburgh, Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe, Edward Lhuyd, Edward Martyn, Eisteddfod, England, English nationalism, Ernest Renan, Erwin Schrödinger, ETA (separatist group), European Free Alliance Youth, Extremadura, Faroe Islands, Feis Ceoil, Festival Interceltique de Lorient, Fianna Fáil, Filí, Fine Gael, Flight of the Earls, France, Francization, Francoist Spain, Franks, Franz Bopp, Freemasonry, French Directory, French Revolution, Gaelic Athletic Association, Gaelic football, Gaelic games, Gaelicisation, Gaels, Galatians (people), Galicia (Spain), Galician language, Galician nationalism, Gauls, George Buchanan, Germanic peoples, Godfrey Higgins, Goidelic languages, Gorsedd, Goursez Vreizh, Government of Ireland, Great Britain, Great Famine (Ireland), Greeks, Gregorian Reform, Gustaf Kossinna, Gwynfor Evans, Hallstatt, Heinrich Zimmer (Celticist), Henri Gaidoz, Henry Jenner, Herodotus, Hibernophile, Highland Clearances, House of Hanover, House of Stuart, House of Tudor, Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, Humboldt University of Berlin, Hurling, Iceland, Indo-European languages, Industrial Revolution, Iolo Morganwg, Ireland, Irish commandos, Irish Folklore Commission, Irish Free State, Irish language, Irish literature, Irish nationalism, Irish Republic, Irish Republican Army, Irish Republican Brotherhood, Irish War of Independence, Iron Age, Isle of Man, Jacobin, Jacobitism, Jacques Cambry, James Connolly, James IV of Scotland, James Macpherson, Jean-François Le Gonidec, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Johann Kaspar Zeuss, John Aubrey, John Collis, John Dee, John Maclean (Scottish socialist), John St. Clair Boyd, John Stuart Stuart-Glennie, John T. Koch, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, Kilkenny, Killarney, King Arthur, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Ireland, Kingdom of Scotland, Kuno Meyer, L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell, Letterkenny, Lia Fáil, List of English monarchs, List of Irish kingdoms, List of Scottish monarchs, Llywelyn the Great, Lochaber, Lord Byron, Lordship of Ireland, Lorient, Lusitanians, Mac Giolla Phádraig dynasty, Manchester University Press, Manx language, Manx people, Matthew Arnold, Maxwell Henry Close, Mebyon Kernow, Megalith, Michael Collins (Irish leader), Michael Davitt, Mona Douglas, Monarchy of the United Kingdom, Multiculturalism, Napoleon, Napoleon III, National Assembly for Wales, National Eisteddfod of Wales, Natural language, Nazi Germany, Ned Maddrell, New Testament, New Zealand, Nick Merriman, Noble savage, Nordic Council, Normans, Norte Region, Portugal, Northern Ireland, Northwestern Europe, October Revolution, Osraige, Ossian, Pan Celtic Festival, Pan-Germanism, Pan-nationalism, Pan-Slavism, Parliament of the United Kingdom, Patagonia, Patrick Pearse, Paul-Yves Pezron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Peter Berresford Ellis, Phallus, Plaid Cymru, Plantation of Ulster, Portugal, Principality of Wales, Pro14, Protestantism, Provisional Irish Republican Army, Regional Council of Brittany, Renaissance humanism, Rhisiart Tal-e-bot, Rhosllanerchrugog, Richard Jenkin, Robert McIntyre, Robert the Bruce, Robert Wentworth Little, Roman Empire, Romantic nationalism, Romanticism, Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn), Ruaraidh Erskine, Rudyard Kipling, Saint-Brieuc, Scotland, Scots National League, Scottish Gaelic, Scottish National Party, Scottish nationalism, Scottish Parliament, Seanchaí, Seán Mac Stíofáin, Second Boer War, Senedd, Shinty, Shinty in the United States, Simon James (archaeologist), Sinn Féin, Sister city, Socialism, Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language, Song of the Celts, Sophia Morrison, Spain, Statutes of Iona, Stone of Scone, Sub-Roman Britain, T. W. Rolleston, Tacitus, Taoiseach, Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué, Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne, The Troubles, Thomas Davis (Young Irelander), Thomas O'Neill Russell, Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc), Tommy Atkins, Turanism, Turdetani, United Kingdom, University of Cambridge, University of Leicester, University of Wales, Vercingétorix monument, Vincent Megaw, W. B. Yeats, Wales, Walter Scott, Welsh language, Welsh nationalism, Welsh people, Western Hemisphere, William Blake, William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne, William Gillies, William Stukeley, William Wordsworth, World War I, World War II, Y Wladfa, Young Ireland. Expand index (292 more) »
Abergavenny
Abergavenny (Y Fenni, archaically Abergafenni meaning "Mouth of the River Gavenny") is a market town in Monmouthshire, Wales.
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Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Agnes O'Farrelly
Agnes Winifred O'Farrelly (24 June 1874 – 5 November 1951) (Úna Ní Fhaircheallaigh; nom-de-plume 'Uan Uladh'), was an academic and Professor of Irish at University College Dublin (UCD).
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Alan Heusaff
Alan Heusaff, also Alan Heussaff (23 July 1921 in Saint-Yvi, Finistère – 3 November 1999 in Galway) was a Breton nationalist, linguist, dictionary compiler, prolific journalist and lifetime campaigner for solidarity between the Celtic peoples.
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Alfred Perceval Graves
Alfred Perceval Graves (22 July 184627 December 1931), was an Anglo-Irish poet, songwriter and folklorist.
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Ancient Order of Druids
The Ancient Order of Druids (AOD) is a fraternal organisation founded in London, England, in 1781 that still operates to this day.
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Andalusia
Andalusia (Andalucía) is an autonomous community in southern Spain.
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Anglicisation
Anglicisation (or anglicization, see English spelling differences), occasionally anglification, anglifying, englishing, refers to modifications made to foreign words, names and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce, or understand in English.
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Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain describes the process which changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano-British to Germanic.
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Anglo-Saxons
The Anglo-Saxons were a people who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century.
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Anglosphere
The Anglosphere is a set of English-speaking nations which share common roots in British culture and history, which today maintain close cultural, political, diplomatic and military cooperation.
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Antiquity (journal)
Antiquity is an academic journal dedicated to the subject of archaeology.
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Arab League
The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization of Arab states in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Arabia.
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Archaeology
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of humanactivity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
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Ardfheis
Ardfheis or Ard Fheis ("high assembly"; plural Ardfheiseanna) is the name used by many Irish political parties for their annual party conference.
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Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (República Argentina), is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America.
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Argyll and Bute
Argyll and Bute (Earra-Ghàidheal agus Bòd) is both one of 32 unitary authority council areas and a lieutenancy area in Scotland.
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Armes Prydein
Armes Prydein (The Prophecy of Britain) is an early 10th-century Welsh prophetic poem from the Book of Taliesin.
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Armorica
Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul between the Seine and the Loire that includes the Brittany Peninsula, extending inland to an indeterminate point and down the Atlantic Coast.
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Astures
The Astures or Asturs, also named Astyrs, were the Hispano-Celtic inhabitants of the northwest area of Hispania that now comprises almost the entire modern autonomous community of Principality of Asturias, the modern province of León, and the northern part of the modern province of Zamora (all in Spain), and east of Trás os Montes in Portugal.
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Asturian nationalism
Nationalism and regionalism is present in the political spectrum of the Principality of Asturias, northern Spain.
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Asturias
Asturias (Asturies; Asturias), officially the Principality of Asturias (Principado de Asturias; Principáu d'Asturies), is an autonomous community in north-west Spain.
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Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Canada is the region of Canada comprising the four provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec: the three Maritime provinces – New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia – and the easternmost province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
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Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about.
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Augusta, Lady Gregory
Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory (née Persse; 15 March 1852 – 22 May 1932) was an Irish dramatist, folklorist and theatre manager.
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Austria
Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.
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Austrians
Austrians (Österreicher) are a Germanic nation and ethnic group, native to modern Austria and South Tyrol that share a common Austrian culture, Austrian descent and Austrian history.
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Éamon de Valera
Éamon de Valera (first registered as George de Valero; changed some time before 1901 to Edward de Valera; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was a prominent statesman and political leader in 20th-century Ireland.
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Études Celtiques
Études Celtiques (EC) (Celtic Studies) is a French academic journal based in Paris.
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Óglaigh na hÉireann
Óglaigh na hÉireann, abbreviated ÓÉ, is an Irish-language idiom that can be translated variously as soldiers of Ireland, warriors of Ireland, volunteers of IrelandO'Leary, Brendan.
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Barry Cunliffe
Sir Barrington Windsor Cunliffe (born 10 December 1939), known as Barry Cunliffe, is a British archaeologist and academic.
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Barzaz Breiz
Barzaz Breiz (in modern spelling Barzhaz Breizh, meaning "Ballads of Brittany": barzh is the equivalent of "bard" and Breizh means "Brittany") is a collection of Breton popular songs collected by Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué and published in 1839.
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Berlin
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.
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Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown
Bernard Edward Barnaby FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown, KP, CMG, PC (I) (29 July 1848 – 29 May 1937) was an Irish soldier and Conservative Member of Parliament.
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Boer
Boer is the Dutch and Afrikaans noun for "farmer".
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Breiz Atao
Breiz Atao (also Breizh Atao) (in Breton Brittany For Ever), was a Breton nationalist journal in the mid-twentieth century.
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Breogán
Breogán (also spelt Breoghan, Bregon or Breachdan) is a character in the Lebor Gabála Érenn, a medieval Christian history of Ireland and the Irish (or Gaels).
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Breton language
Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Brittany.
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Breton nationalism
Breton nationalism is the nationalism of the historical province of Brittany in France.
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Bretons
The Bretons (Bretoned) are a Celtic ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France.
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British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of British Armed Forces.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
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Britonia
Britonia (which became Bretoña in Galician) is the historical, apparently Latinized name of a Celtic settlement, presently Santa Maria de Bretoña, or A Pastoriza, in the Province of Lugo, autonomous community of Galicia, Spain.
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Brittany
Brittany (Bretagne; Breizh, pronounced or; Gallo: Bertaèyn, pronounced) is a cultural region in the northwest of France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.
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Brittany (administrative region)
Brittany (Breizh, Bretagne) is one of the 18 regions of France.
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Brittonic languages
The Brittonic, Brythonic or British Celtic languages (ieithoedd Brythonaidd/Prydeinig; yethow brythonek/predennek; yezhoù predenek) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family; the other is Goidelic.
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Caernarfon
Caernarfon is a royal town, community, and port in Gwynedd, Wales, with a population of 9,615.
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Cantabri
The Cantabri (Καντάβροι, Kantabroi) or Ancient Cantabrians, were a pre-Roman people, probably Celtic or pre-Celtic European, and large tribal federation that lived in the northern coastal region of ancient Iberia in the second half of the first millennium BC.
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Cantabria
Cantabria is a historic Spanish community and autonomous community with Santander as its capital city.
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Carn
Carn is the official magazine of the Celtic League.
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Castile and León
Castile and León (Castilla y León; Leonese: Castiella y Llión; Castela e León) is an autonomous community in north-western Spain.
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Castilla–La Mancha
Castilla–La Mancha (or Castile–La Mancha) is an autonomous community of Spain.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Celtiberians
The Celtiberians were a group of Celts or Celticized peoples inhabiting the central-eastern Iberian Peninsula during the final centuries BC.
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Celtic Britons
The Britons, also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from the British Iron Age into the Middle Ages, at which point their culture and language diverged into the modern Welsh, Cornish and Bretons (among others).
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Celtic Congress
The International Celtic Congress (Ar C'hendalc'h Keltiek, An Guntelles Keltek, Yn Cohaglym Celtiagh, A' Chòmhdhail Cheilteach, An Chomhdháil Cheilteach, Y Gyngres Geltaidd) is a cultural organisation that seeks to promote the Celtic languages of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man.
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Celtic Connections
The Celtic Connections festival started in 1994 in Glasgow, Scotland, and has since been held every January.
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Celtic Family Magazine
Celtic Family Magazine was a Los Angeles, California-based print and electronic publication, serving Celtic communities and their descendants around the world.
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Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic"; a branch of the greater Indo-European language family.
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Celtic League
The Celtic League is a pan-Celtic organisation, founded in 1961, that aims to promote modern Celtic identity and culture in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man – referred to as the Celtic nations; it places particular emphasis on promoting the Celtic languages of those nations.
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Celtic nations
The Celtic nations are territories in western Europe where Celtic languages or cultural traits have survived.
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Celtic Revival
The Celtic Revival (also referred to as the Celtic Twilight or Celtomania) was a variety of movements and trends in the 19th and 20th centuries that saw a renewed interest in aspects of Celtic culture.
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Celtic studies
Celtic studies or Celtology is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to the Celtic people.
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Celts
The Celts (see pronunciation of ''Celt'' for different usages) were an Indo-European people in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had cultural similarities, although the relationship between ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic world remains uncertain and controversial.
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Celts (modern)
The modern Celts (see pronunciation of ''Celt'') are a related group of ethnicities who share similar Celtic languages, cultures and artistic histories, and who live in or descend from one of the regions on the western extremities of Europe populated by the Celts.
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France.
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Charles de Gaulle (poet)
Charles Jules-Joseph de Gaulle (January 31, 1837 – January 1, 1880) was a French writer who was a pioneer of Pan-Celticism and the bardic revival.
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Chief of staff
The title chief of staff (or head of staff) identifies the leader of a complex organization, institution, or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporting staff or a primary aide-de-camp to an important individual, such as a president or a senior military officer.
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Christianity
ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.
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Classics
Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity.
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Collectivism
Collectivism is a cultural value that is characterized by emphasis on cohesiveness among individuals and prioritization of the group over self.
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Columba Project
The Columba Project (Gaelic: Iomairt Cholm Cille), formerly known as the Columba Initiative is a program for Gaelic speakers in Scotland and Ireland to meet each other more often, and in so doing to learn more of the language, heritage and lifestyles of one another.
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Community of Madrid
The Community of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain.
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Composite rules shinty–hurling
Composite rules shinty–hurling (Rialacha chomhréiteach sinteag-iomáint)—sometimes known simply as shinty–hurling—is a hybrid sport which was developed to facilitate international matches between shinty players and hurling players.
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Conradh na Gaeilge
Conradh na Gaeilge (historically known in English as the Gaelic League) is a social and cultural organisation which promotes the Irish language in Ireland and worldwide.
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Conservative Party (UK)
The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom.
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Continental Europe
Continental or mainland Europe is the continuous continent of Europe excluding its surrounding islands.
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Cornish Assembly
A Cornish Assembly (Senedh Kernow) is a proposed devolved law-making assembly for Cornwall along the lines of the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly in the United Kingdom.
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Cornish Constitutional Convention
The Cornish Constitutional Convention (CCC; Senedh Kernow) was formed in November 2000 with the objective of establishing a devolved Cornish Assembly (Senedh Kernow).
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Cornish language
Cornish (Kernowek) is a revived language that became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century.
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Cornish nationalism
Cornish nationalism is a cultural, political and social movement that seeks the recognition of Cornwall – the south-westernmost part of the island of Great Britain – as a nation distinct from England.
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Cornish people
The Cornish people or Cornish (Kernowyon) are an ethnic group native to, or associated with Cornwall: and a recognised national minority in the United Kingdom, which can trace its roots to the ancient Britons who inhabited southern and central Great Britain before the Roman conquest.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (Kernow) is a county in South West England in the United Kingdom.
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County Antrim
County Antrim (named after the town of Antrim)) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland. Adjoined to the north-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of and has a population of about 618,000. County Antrim has a population density of 203 people per square kilometre or 526 people per square mile. It is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, as well as part of the historic province of Ulster. The Glens of Antrim offer isolated rugged landscapes, the Giant's Causeway is a unique landscape and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Bushmills produces whiskey, and Portrush is a popular seaside resort and night-life area. The majority of Belfast, the capital city of Northern Ireland, is in County Antrim, with the remainder being in County Down. It is currently one of only two counties of Ireland to have a majority of the population from a Protestant background, according to the 2001 census. The other is County Down to the south.
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Cumbria
Cumbria is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England.
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Cymreigyddion y Fenni
Cymdeithas Cymreigyddion y Fenni, which translates as the Abergavenny Welsh Society, is a Welsh language society in Abergavenny.
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D. P. Moran
David Patrick Moran (Dáithí Pádraig Ó Móráin; 22 March 1869 – 31 January 1936), better known as simply D. P. Moran, was an Irish journalist, activist and cultural-political theorist, known as the principal advocate of a specifically Gaelic Catholic Irish nationalism during the early 20th century.
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Daniel O'Connell
Daniel O'Connell (Dónall Ó Conaill; 6 August 1775 – 15 May 1847), often referred to as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century.
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Dál Riata
Dál Riata or Dál Riada (also Dalriada) was a Gaelic overkingdom that included parts of western Scotland and northeastern Ireland, on each side of the North Channel.
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Decolonization
Decolonization (American English) or decolonisation (British English) is the undoing of colonialism: where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over one or more other territories.
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Deconstruction
Deconstruction is a critique of the relationship between text and meaning originated by the philosopher Jacques Derrida.
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Demography of the Roman Empire
Demographically, the Roman Empire was an ordinary premodern state.
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Diaspora
A diaspora (/daɪˈæspərə/) is a scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale.
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Diplomacy
Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states.
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Dolmen
A dolmen is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more vertical megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or "table".
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Donald Cameron of Lochiel
Donald Cameron of Lochiel (c.1700 – October 1748), was an influential Highland Chief known for his magnanimous and gallant nature.
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Douglas Hyde
Douglas Ross Hyde (Dubhghlas de hÍde; 17 January 1860 – 12 July 1949), known as An Craoibhín Aoibhinn (lit. "The Pleasant Little Branch"), was an Irish academic, linguist, scholar of the Irish language, politician and diplomat who served as the 1st President of Ireland from June 1938 to June 1945.
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Druid
A druid (derwydd; druí; draoidh) was a member of the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic cultures.
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Druidry (modern)
Druidry, sometimes termed Druidism, is a modern spiritual or religious movement that generally promotes harmony, connection, and reverence for the natural world.
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Dublin
Dublin is the capital of and largest city in Ireland.
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Duchy of Brittany
The Duchy of Brittany (Breton: Dugelezh Breizh, French: Duché de Bretagne) was a medieval feudal state that existed between approximately 939 and 1547.
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Early modern Europe
Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century.
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Easter Rising
The Easter Rising (Éirí Amach na Cásca), also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, April 1916.
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh (Dùn Èideann; Edinburgh) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.
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Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe
Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe (born 1868; died 29 June 1933 at St. Albans, UK) was an Irish physicist, astrophysicist and chemist.
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Edward Lhuyd
Edward Lhuyd (occasionally written as Llwyd in recent times, in accordance with Modern Welsh orthography) (1660 – 30 June 1709) was a Welsh naturalist, botanist, linguist, geographer and antiquary.
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Edward Martyn
Edward Martyn (30 January 1859 – 5 December 1923) was an Irish playwright and early republican political and cultural activist, as the first president of Sinn Féin from 1905 to 1908.
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Eisteddfod
In Welsh culture, an eisteddfod (plural eisteddfodau) is a Welsh festival of literature, music and performance.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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English nationalism
English nationalism is the nationalism that asserts that the English are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of English people.
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Ernest Renan
Joseph Ernest Renan (28 February 1823 – 2 October 1892) was a French expert of Semitic languages and civilizations (philology), philosopher, historian, and writer, devoted to his native province of Brittany.
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Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as or, was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in the field of quantum theory, which formed the basis of wave mechanics: he formulated the wave equation (stationary and time-dependent Schrödinger equation) and revealed the identity of his development of the formalism and matrix mechanics.
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ETA (separatist group)
ETA, an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ("Basque Homeland and Liberty"), was an armed leftist Basque nationalist and separatist organization in the Basque Country (in northern Spain and southwestern France).
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European Free Alliance Youth
The European Free Alliance Youth (EFAy) is the youth wing of the European Free Alliance European political party.
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Extremadura
Extremadura (is an autonomous community of western Iberian Peninsula whose capital city is Mérida, recognised by the State of Autonomy of Extremadura. It is made up of the two largest provinces of Spain: Cáceres and Badajoz. It is bordered by the provinces of Salamanca and Ávila (Castile and León) to the north; by provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real (Castile–La Mancha) to the east, and by the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Córdoba (Andalusia) to the south; and by Portugal to the west. Its official language is Spanish. It is an important area for wildlife, particularly with the major reserve at Monfragüe, which was designated a National Park in 2007, and the International Tagus River Natural Park (Parque Natural Tajo Internacional). The government of Extremadura is called. The Day of Extremadura is celebrated on 8 September. It coincides with the Catholic festivity of Our Lady of Guadalupe.
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Faroe Islands
The Faroe Islands (Føroyar; Færøerne), sometimes called the Faeroe Islands, is an archipelago between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic, about halfway between Norway and Iceland, north-northwest of Scotland.
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Feis Ceoil
Feis Ceoil (Festival of Music) is an Irish music organisation which holds an annual competitive festival of classical music.
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Festival Interceltique de Lorient
The Festival Interceltique de Lorient (French), Gouelioù Etrekeltiek An Oriant (Breton) or Inter-Celtic Festival of Lorient in English, is an annual Celtic festival, located in the city of Lorient, Brittany, France.
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Fianna Fáil
Fianna Fáil (meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a political party in Ireland.
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Filí
A filí was a member of an elite class of poets in Ireland, up until the Renaissance.
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Fine Gael
Fine Gael (English: Family or Tribe of the Irish) is a liberal-conservative and Christian democratic political party in Ireland.
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Flight of the Earls
The Flight of the Earls (Irish: Imeacht na nIarlaí) took place on 4 September 1607, when Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and Red Hugh O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, and about ninety followers left Ulster in Ireland for mainland Europe.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Francization
Francization or Francisation (in Canadian English and American English), Frenchification (in British and also in American English), or Gallicization designates the extension of the French language by its adoption as a first language or not, adoption that can be forced upon or desired by the concerned population.
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Francoist Spain
Francoist Spain (España franquista) or the Franco regime (Régimen de Franco), formally known as the Spanish State (Estado Español), is the period of Spanish history between 1939, when Francisco Franco took control of Spain after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War establishing a dictatorship, and 1975, when Franco died and Prince Juan Carlos was crowned King of Spain.
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Franks
The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum) were a collection of Germanic peoples, whose name was first mentioned in 3rd century Roman sources, associated with tribes on the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, on the edge of the Roman Empire.
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Franz Bopp
Franz Bopp (14 September 1791 – 23 October 1867) was a German linguist known for extensive and pioneering comparative work on Indo-European languages.
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Freemasonry
Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.
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French Directory
The Directory or Directorate was a five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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Gaelic Athletic Association
The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA; Cumann Lúthchleas Gael, (CLG)) is an Irish international amateur sporting and cultural organisation, focused primarily on promoting indigenous Gaelic games and pastimes, which include the traditional Irish sports of hurling, camogie, Gaelic football, Gaelic handball and rounders.
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Gaelic football
Gaelic football (Irish: Peil Ghaelach; short name Peil or Caid), commonly referred to as football or Gaelic, is an Irish team sport.
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Gaelic games
Gaelic games are sports played in Ireland under the auspices of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA).
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Gaelicisation
Gaelicisation, or Gaelicization, is the act or process of making something Gaelic, or gaining characteristics of the Gaels.
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Gaels
The Gaels (Na Gaeil, Na Gàidheil, Ny Gaeil) are an ethnolinguistic group native to northwestern Europe.
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Galatians (people)
The Galatians (Latin: Gallograeci; Greek: Γαλάται) were a Gallic people of the Hellenistic period that dwelt mainly in the north central regions of Asia Minor or Anatolia, in what was known as Galatia, in today's Turkey.
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Galicia (Spain)
Galicia (Galician: Galicia, Galiza; Galicia; Galiza) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.
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Galician language
Galician (galego) is an Indo-European language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch.
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Galician nationalism
Galician nationalism is a form of nationalism found in mostly in Galicia, which asserts that Galicians are a nation and that promotes the cultural unity of Galicians.
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Gauls
The Gauls were Celtic people inhabiting Gaul in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD).
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George Buchanan
George Buchanan (Seòras Bochanan; February 1506 – 28 September 1582) was a Scottish historian and humanist scholar.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin.
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Godfrey Higgins
Godfrey Higgins (30 January 1772 in Owston, Yorkshire – 9 August 1833 in Cambridge) was an English magistrate and landowner, a prominent advocate for social reform, historian, and antiquarian.
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Goidelic languages
The Goidelic or Gaelic languages (teangacha Gaelacha; cànanan Goidhealach; çhengaghyn Gaelgagh) form one of the two groups of Insular Celtic languages, the other being the Brittonic languages.
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Gorsedd
A gorsedd plural gorseddau, is a community or meeting of modern-day bards.
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Goursez Vreizh
Goursez Vreizh is the national gorsedd of Brittany ("Breizh" in Breton).
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Government of Ireland
The Government of Ireland (Rialtas na hÉireann) is the cabinet that exercises executive authority in the Republic of Ireland.
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Great Britain
Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe.
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Great Famine (Ireland)
The Great Famine (an Gorta Mór) or the Great Hunger was a period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland between 1845 and 1849.
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Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.. Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods. Most ethnic Greeks live nowadays within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.CIA World Factbook on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, Greek Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%. Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, arts, exploration, literature, philosophy, politics, architecture, music, mathematics, science and technology, business, cuisine, and sports, both historically and contemporarily.
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Gregorian Reform
The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, c. 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy.
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Gustaf Kossinna
Gustaf Kossinna (28 September 1858 – 20 December 1931) was a German linguist and professor of German archaeology at the University of Berlin.
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Gwynfor Evans
Gwynfor Richard Evans (1 September 1912 – 21 April 2005) was a Welsh politician, lawyer and author.
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Hallstatt
Hallstatt is a small village in the district of Gmunden, in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.
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Heinrich Zimmer (Celticist)
Heinrich Friedrich Zimmer (11 December 1851 – 29 July 1910) was a German Celticist and Indologist.
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Henri Gaidoz
Henri Gaidoz (1842–1932), was a collector and researcher of materials relating to folklore.
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Henry Jenner
Henry Jenner (8 August 1848 – 8 May 1934) was a British scholar of the Celtic languages, a Cornish cultural activist, and the chief originator of the Cornish language revival.
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Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος, Hêródotos) was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire (modern-day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (484– 425 BC), a contemporary of Thucydides, Socrates, and Euripides.
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Hibernophile
A Hibernophile is a person who is fond of Irish culture, Irish language and Ireland in general.
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Highland Clearances
The Highland Clearances (Fuadaichean nan Gàidheal, the "eviction of the Gaels") were the evictions of a significant number of tenants in the Scottish Highlands mostly during the 18th and 19th centuries.
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House of Hanover
The House of Hanover (or the Hanoverians; Haus Hannover) is a German royal dynasty that ruled the Electorate and then the Kingdom of Hanover, and also provided monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1800 and ruled the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from its creation in 1801 until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901.
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House of Stuart
The House of Stuart, originally Stewart, was a European royal house that originated in Scotland.
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House of Tudor
The House of Tudor was an English royal house of Welsh origin, descended in the male line from the Tudors of Penmynydd.
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Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone
Hugh O'Neill (Irish: Aodh Mór Ó Néill; literally Hugh The Great O'Neill; c. 1550 – 20 July 1616), was an Irish Gaelic lord, Earl of Tyrone (known as the Great Earl) and was later created The Ó Néill.
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Humboldt University of Berlin
The Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin), is a university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.
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Hurling
Hurling (iománaíocht, iomáint) is an outdoor team game of ancient Gaelic and Irish origin.
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Iceland
Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic, with a population of and an area of, making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe.
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Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Iolo Morganwg
Edward Williams, better known by his bardic name Iolo Morganwg (10 March 1747 – 18 December 1826), was an influential Welsh antiquarian, poet, collector, and literary forger.
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Ireland
Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic.
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Irish commandos
Two Irish Commandos volunteer military units of guerilla militia fought alongside the Boers against the British forces during the Second Boer War (1899–1902).
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Irish Folklore Commission
The Irish Folklore Commission (Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann in Irish) was set up in 1935 by the Irish Government to study and collect information on the folklore and traditions of Ireland.
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Irish Free State
The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann; 6 December 192229 December 1937) was a state established in 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921.
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Irish language
The Irish language (Gaeilge), also referred to as the Gaelic or the Irish Gaelic language, is a Goidelic language (Gaelic) of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people.
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Irish literature
Irish literature comprises writings in the Irish, Latin, and English (including Ulster Scots) languages on the island of Ireland.
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Irish nationalism
Irish nationalism is an ideology which asserts that the Irish people are a nation.
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Irish Republic
The Irish Republic (Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in January 1919.
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Irish Republican Army
The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is any of several paramilitary movements in Ireland in the 20th and 21st centuries dedicated to Irish republicanism, the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic.
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Irish Republican Brotherhood
The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic republic" in Ireland between 1858 and 1924.
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Irish War of Independence
The Irish War of Independence (Cogadh na Saoirse) or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla war fought from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA, the army of the Irish Republic) and the British security forces in Ireland.
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Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age system, preceded by the Stone Age (Neolithic) and the Bronze Age.
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Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin), also known simply as Mann (Mannin), is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Jacobin
The Society of the Friends of the Constitution (Société des amis de la Constitution), after 1792 renamed Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality (Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité), commonly known as the Jacobin Club (Club des Jacobins) or simply the Jacobins, was the most influential political club during the French Revolution.
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Jacobitism
Jacobitism (Seumasachas, Seacaibíteachas, Séamusachas) was a political movement in Great Britain and Ireland that aimed to restore the Roman Catholic Stuart King James II of England and Ireland (as James VII in Scotland) and his heirs to the thrones of England, Scotland, France and Ireland.
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Jacques Cambry
Jacques Cambry (2 October 1749 – 31 December 1807) was a Breton writer and expert in Celtic France.
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James Connolly
James Connolly (Séamas Ó Conghaile; 5 June 1868 – 12 May 1916) was an Irish republican and socialist leader.
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James IV of Scotland
James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was the King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 to his death.
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James Macpherson
James Macpherson (Gaelic: Seumas MacMhuirich or Seumas Mac a' Phearsain; 27 October 1736 – 17 February 1796) was a Scottish writer, poet, literary collector and politician, known as the "translator" of the Ossian cycle of epic poems.
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Jean-François Le Gonidec
Jean François Marie Le Gonidec de Kerdaniel (Breton: Yann-Frañsez ar Gonideg) (4 September 1775 -–12 October 1838) was a Breton grammarian who codified the Breton language.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer.
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Johann Kaspar Zeuss
Johann Kaspar Zeuss (or Zeuß, 22 July 1806 – 10 November 1856) was a German historian and founder of Celtic philology.
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John Aubrey
John Aubrey (12 March 1626 – 7 June 1697) was an English antiquary, natural philosopher and writer.
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John Collis
John Collis, (born 1944 in Winchester) is a British prehistorian.
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John Dee
John Dee (13 July 1527 – 1608 or 1609) was an English mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, occult philosopher, and advisor to Queen Elizabeth I. He devoted much of his life to the study of alchemy, divination, and Hermetic philosophy.
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John Maclean (Scottish socialist)
John Maclean (14 August 1879 – 30 November 1923) was a Scottish schoolteacher and revolutionary socialist of the Red Clydeside era.
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John St. Clair Boyd
Dr.
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John Stuart Stuart-Glennie
John Stuart Stuart-Glennie (1841–1910) was a Scottish barrister, socialist and folklorist.
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John T. Koch
John T. Koch is an American academic, historian and linguist who specializes in Celtic studies, especially prehistory and the early Middle Ages.
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Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel
Karl Wilhelm Friedrich (after 1814: von) Schlegel (10 March 1772 – 12 January 1829), usually cited as Friedrich Schlegel, was a German poet, literary critic, philosopher, philologist and Indologist.
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Kilkenny
Kilkenny.
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Killarney
Killarney is a town in County Kerry, southwestern Ireland.
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King Arthur
King Arthur is a legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries.
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Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.
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Kingdom of Ireland
The Kingdom of Ireland (Classical Irish: Ríoghacht Éireann; Modern Irish: Ríocht Éireann) was a nominal state ruled by the King or Queen of England and later the King or Queen of Great Britain that existed in Ireland from 1542 until 1800.
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Kingdom of Scotland
The Kingdom of Scotland (Rìoghachd na h-Alba; Kinrick o Scotland) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843.
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Kuno Meyer
Kuno Meyer (20 December 1858 – 11 October 1919) was a German scholar, distinguished in the field of Celtic philology and literature.
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L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell
Louis Charles Richard Duncombe-Jewell (10 September 1866–1947), born Louis Charles Richard Jewell, was a soldier, special war correspondent of The Times and Morning Post, sportsman and sometimes poet, he was a champion of the Cornish language.
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Letterkenny
Letterkenny, nicknamed "the Cathedral Town", is the largest and most populous town in County Donegal in Ulster, Ireland.
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Lia Fáil
The Lia Fáil (meaning Stone of Destiny - or also "Speaking Stone" to account for its oracular legend -) is a stone at the Inauguration Mound (an Forrad) on the Hill of Tara in County Meath, Ireland, which served as the coronation stone for the High Kings of Ireland.
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List of English monarchs
This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England.
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List of Irish kingdoms
This article lists some of the attested Gaelic kingdoms of Early Medieval Ireland prior to the Norman invasion of 1169-72.
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List of Scottish monarchs
The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland.
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Llywelyn the Great
Llywelyn the Great (Llywelyn Fawr), full name Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, (c. 117311 April 1240) was a Prince of Gwynedd in north Wales and eventually de facto ruler over most of Wales.
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Lochaber
Lochaber (Loch Abar) is a name applied to areas of the Scottish Highlands.
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Lord Byron
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known as Lord Byron, was an English nobleman, poet, peer, politician, and leading figure in the Romantic movement.
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Lordship of Ireland
The Lordship of Ireland (Tiarnas na hÉireann), sometimes referred to retroactively as Norman Ireland, was a period of feudal rule in Ireland between 1177 and 1542 under the King of England, styled as Lord of Ireland.
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Lorient
Lorient is a town (French "commune") and seaport in the Morbihan "department" of Brittany in North-Western France.
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Lusitanians
The Lusitanians (or Lusitani) were an Indo-European people living in the west of the Iberian Peninsula prior to its conquest by the Roman Republic and the subsequent incorporation of the territory into the Roman province of Lusitania (most of modern Portugal, Extremadura and a small part of the province of Salamanca).
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Mac Giolla Phádraig dynasty
Mac Giolla Phádraig (pronunciation) (alternately Mac Gilla Pátraic) is a native Irish dynastic surname which translates into English as "Son of the Devotee of (St.) Patrick".
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Manchester University Press
Manchester University Press is the university press of the University of Manchester, England and a publisher of academic books and journals.
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Manx language
No description.
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Manx people
The Manx (ny Manninee) are people originating in the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea in northern Europe.
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Matthew Arnold
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools.
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Maxwell Henry Close
Maxwell Henry Close (1822 – 12 September 1903) was an Irish Church of Ireland clergyman and geologist who also contributed to the preservation of the Irish language.
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Mebyon Kernow
Mebyon Kernow – The Party for Cornwall (MK; Cornish for Sons of Cornwall) is a Cornish nationalist, centre-left political party in Cornwall, United Kingdom.
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Megalith
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones.
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Michael Collins (Irish leader)
Michael Collins (Mícheál Ó Coileáin; 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary, soldier and politician who was a leading figure in the early-20th-century Irish struggle for independence.
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Michael Davitt
Michael Davitt (Mícheál Mac Dáibhéid; 25 March 184630 May 1906) was an Irish republican and agrarian campaigner who founded the Irish National Land League.
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Mona Douglas
Mona Douglas MBE RBV (18 September 1898 – 8 October 1987) was a Manx cultural activist, folklorist, poet, novelist and journalist.
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Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories.
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Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism is a term with a range of meanings in the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and in colloquial use.
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Napoleon
Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
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Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.
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National Assembly for Wales
The National Assembly for Wales (Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru; commonly known as the Welsh Assembly) is a devolved parliament with power to make legislation in Wales.
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National Eisteddfod of Wales
The National Eisteddfod of Wales (Welsh: Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru) is the most important of several eisteddfodau that are held annually, mostly in Wales.
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Natural language
In neuropsychology, linguistics, and the philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that has evolved naturally in humans through use and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Ned Maddrell
Edward "Ned" Maddrell (1877 – 27 December 1974) was a fisherman from the Isle of Man who, at the time of his death, was the last surviving native speaker of the Manx language.
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New Testament
The New Testament (Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, trans. Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē; Novum Testamentum) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
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Nick Merriman
Nick Merriman (born 6 June 1960) is the Director of the Horniman Museum.
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Noble savage
A noble savage is a literary stock character who embodies the concept of the indigene, outsider, wild human, an "other" who has not been "corrupted" by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness.
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Nordic Council
The Nordic Council is the official body for formal inter-parliamentary co-operation among the Nordic countries.
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Normans
The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Normanni) were the people who, in the 10th and 11th centuries, gave their name to Normandy, a region in France.
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Norte Region, Portugal
Norte (Região Norte,; "North Region") or Northern Portugal is the most populous region in Portugal, ahead of Lisboa, and the third most extensive by area.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann; Ulster-Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland, variously described as a country, province or region.
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Northwestern Europe
Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined region of Europe, overlapping northern and western Europe.
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October Revolution
The October Revolution (p), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Bolshevik Coup, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Osraige
Osraige, also known as Osraighe or Ossory (modern Osraí), was a medieval Irish kingdom comprising most of present-day County Kilkenny and western County Laois.
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Ossian
Ossian (Irish Gaelic/Scottish Gaelic: Oisean) is the narrator and purported author of a cycle of epic poems published by the Scottish poet James Macpherson from 1760.
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Pan Celtic Festival
The Pan Celtic Festival (Féile Pan Cheilteach) is a Celtic-language music festival held annually in the week following Easter, since its inauguration in 1971.
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Pan-Germanism
Pan-Germanism (Pangermanismus or Alldeutsche Bewegung), also occasionally known as Pan-Germanicism, is a pan-nationalist political idea.
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Pan-nationalism
Pan-nationalism is a form of nationalism distinguished by being associated with a claimed national territory which does not correspond to existing political boundaries.
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Pan-Slavism
Pan-Slavism, a movement which crystallized in the mid-19th century, is the political ideology concerned with the advancement of integrity and unity for the Slavic-speaking peoples.
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Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Parliament of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the UK Parliament or British Parliament, is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies and overseas territories.
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Patagonia
Patagonia is a sparsely populated region located at the southern end of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.
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Patrick Pearse
Patrick Henry Pearse (also known as Pádraig or Pádraic Pearse; Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais; An Piarsach; 10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist, republican political activist and revolutionary who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916.
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Paul-Yves Pezron
Paul-Yves Pezron (1639, Hennebont, – 9 October 1706, Brie) was a seventeenth-century Cistercian brother from Brittany, best known for his 1703 publication of a study on the common origin of the Bretons and the Welsh, Antiquité de la nation, et de langue des celtes.
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 17928 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric and philosophical poets in the English language, and one of the most influential.
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Peter Berresford Ellis
Peter Berresford Ellis (born 10 March 1943) is a historian, literary biographer, and novelist who has published over 98 books to date either under his own name or his pseudonyms Peter Tremayne and Peter MacAlan.
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Phallus
A phallus is a penis (especially when erect), an object that resembles a penis, or a mimetic image of an erect penis.
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Plaid Cymru
Plaid Cymru (officially Plaid Cymru – Party of Wales, often referred to simply as Plaid) is a social-democratic political party in Wales advocating for Welsh independence from the United Kingdom within the European Union.
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Plantation of Ulster
The Plantation of Ulster (Plandáil Uladh; Ulster-Scots: Plantin o Ulstèr) was the organised colonisation (plantation) of Ulstera province of Irelandby people from Great Britain during the reign of James VI and I. Most of the colonists came from Scotland and England, although there was a small number of Welsh settlers.
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.
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Principality of Wales
The Principality of Wales (Tywysogaeth Cymru) existed between 1216 and 1536, encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales during its height between 1267 and 1277.
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Pro14
The PRO14 (known as the Guinness PRO14 for sponsorship reasons) is an annual rugby union competition involving professional sides from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Provisional Irish Republican Army
The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA or Provisional IRA) was an Irish republican revolutionary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate the reunification of Ireland and bring about an independent socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland.
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Regional Council of Brittany
The Regional Council of Brittany is the regional legislature of the region of Brittany in France.
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Renaissance humanism
Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.
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Rhisiart Tal-e-bot
Rhisiart Tal-e-bot (born Richard Stewart Talbot, Merthyr Tydfil, 1975) is a Welsh activist, Early Years lecturer and language expert who has been General Secretary of the Celtic League since 2006 and editor of Carn magazine since 2013.
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Rhosllanerchrugog
Rhosllanerchrugog,Davies, Jenkins and Baines (eds) The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales, 2008, p.752 also spelt RhosllannerchrugogDavies, Jenkins and Baines (eds) The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales, 2008, p.752 is a large village and local government community, the lowest tier of local government, within Wrexham County Borough in Wales.
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Richard Jenkin
Richard Garfield Jenkin (9 October 1925 – 29 October 2002), was a Cornish politician who was involved with Cornish nationalism projects as one of the founder members of the Cornish political party Mebyon Kernow.
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Robert McIntyre
Robert Douglas McIntyre (15 December 1913 – 2 February 1998) was a Scottish physician and a Scottish National Party politician and Member of Parliament.
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Robert the Bruce
Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; Early Scots: Robert Brus; Robertus Brussius), was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329.
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Robert Wentworth Little
Robert Wentworth Little (1840 – April 11, 1878) was a clerk and cashier at the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon of the secretary’s office at the United Grand Lodge of England and later secretary of the Royal Institution for Girls.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
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Romantic nationalism
Romantic nationalism (also national romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs.
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Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.
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Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn)
Rev.
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Ruaraidh Erskine
Ruaraidh Erskine of Marr (15 January 1869 – 5 January 1960) (Scottish Gaelic: Ruaraidh Arascain is Mhàirr) was a Scottish nationalist political activist, writer and Scottish Gaelic language campaigner.
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Rudyard Kipling
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936)The Times, (London) 18 January 1936, p. 12 was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet, and novelist.
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Saint-Brieuc
Saint-Brieuc (Breton: Sant-Brieg, Gallo: Saent-Berioec) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France.
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Scotland
Scotland (Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain.
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Scots National League
The Scots National League (SNL) was a political organisation which campaigned for Scottish independence in the 1920s.
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Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to simply as Gaelic (Gàidhlig) or the Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to the Gaels of Scotland.
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Scottish National Party
The Scottish National Party (SNP; Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba, Scots Naitional Pairtie) is a Scottish nationalist and social-democratic political party in Scotland.
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Scottish nationalism
Scottish nationalism promotes the idea that the Scottish people form a cohesive nation and national identity and is closely linked to the cause of Scottish home rule and Scottish independence, the ideology of the Scottish National Party, the party forming the Scottish Government.
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Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliament (Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: The Scots Pairlament) is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland.
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Seanchaí
A seanchaí (or – plural: seanchaithe) is a traditional Gaelic storyteller/historian.
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Seán Mac Stíofáin
Seán Mac Stíofáin (17 February 1928 – 18 May 2001), born John Stephenson, was an English-born chief of staff of the Provisional IRA, a position he held between 1969 and 1972.
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Second Boer War
The Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa.
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Senedd
The Senedd (Senate or Parliament), also known as the National (or Welsh) Assembly building, houses the debating chamber and three committee rooms for the National Assembly for Wales in Cardiff.
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Shinty
Shinty (camanachd, iomain) is a team game played with sticks and a ball.
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Shinty in the United States
Shinty was played in its original form throughout North and South America by Scottish settlers until the early 1900s when the practice died out.
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Simon James (archaeologist)
Simon James is an archeologist of the Iron Age and Roman period and an author.
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Sinn Féin
Sinn Féin (isbn) is a left-wing Irish republican political party active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
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Sister city
Twin towns or sister cities are a form of legal or social agreement between towns, cities, counties, oblasts, prefectures, provinces, regions, states, and even countries in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language
The Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language (SPIL; Cumann Buan-Choimeádta na Gaeilge) was a cultural organisation in late 19th-century Ireland, which was part of the Gaelic revival of the period.
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Song of the Celts
Song of the Celts is a patriotic song sung by several groups, notably the Wolfe Tones.
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Sophia Morrison
Sophia Morrison (24 May 1859 – 14 January 1917) was a Manx cultural activist, folklore collector and author.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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Statutes of Iona
The Statutes of Iona, passed in Scotland in 1609, required that Highland Scottish clan chiefs send their heirs to Lowland Scotland to be educated in English-speaking Protestant schools.
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Stone of Scone
File:Replica of the Stone of Scone, Scone Palace, Scotland (8924541883).jpg The Stone of Scone (An Lia Fàil, Stane o Scuin)—also known as the Stone of Destiny, and often referred to in England as The Coronation Stone—is an oblong block of red sandstone that was used for centuries in the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland, and later the monarchs of England and those of the United Kingdom.
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Sub-Roman Britain
Sub-Roman Britain is the transition period between the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century around CE 235 (and the subsequent collapse and end of Roman Britain), until the start of the Early Medieval period.
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T. W. Rolleston
Thomas William Hazen Rolleston (May 1, 1857 - 1920) was an Irish writer, literary figure and translator, known as a poet but publishing over a wide range of literary and political topics.
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Tacitus
Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (–) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire.
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Taoiseach
The Taoiseach (pl. Taoisigh) is the prime minister, chief executive and head of government of Ireland.
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Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué
Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué (7 July 1815 – 8 December 1895) was a French philologist and man of letters.
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Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne
Théophile Malo Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne (23 November 1743 – 28 June 1800) was a French officer named by Napoleon "first grenadier of France".
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The Troubles
The Troubles (Na Trioblóidí) was an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century.
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Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)
Thomas Osborne Davis (14 October 1814 – 16 September 1845) was an Irish writer who was the chief organiser of the Young Ireland movement.
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Thomas O'Neill Russell
Thomas O'Neill Russell (1828–1908) was an Irish novelist and a founding member of Conradh na Gaeilge.
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Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc)
The Reverend Thomas Price (2 October 1787 – 7 November 1848) (known by the bardic name of Carnhuanawc) was a historian and a major Welsh literary figure of the early 19th century.
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Tommy Atkins
Tommy Atkins (often just Tommy) is slang for a common soldier in the British Army.
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Turanism
Turanism, Pan-Turanianism, Pan-Turanism is a nationalist cultural and political movement born in the 19th century, to counter the effects of pan-nationalist ideologies Pan-Germanism and Pan-Slavism.
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Turdetani
The Turdetani were an ancient pre-Roman people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania), living in the valley of the Guadalquivir (the river that the Turdetani called by two names: Kertis and Rérkēs; Romans would call the river by the name Baetis), in what was to become the Roman Province of Hispania Baetica (modern Andalusia, Spain).
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.
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University of Leicester
The University of Leicester is a public research university based in Leicester, England.
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University of Wales
The University of Wales (Welsh: Prifysgol Cymru) was a confederal university based in Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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Vercingétorix monument
The Vercingetorix Monument (1865) is a statuary monument dedicated to the Gaulish chieftain Vercingetorix, defeated by Julius Caesar in the Gallic Wars.
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Vincent Megaw
John Vincent Stanley Megaw (born 1934), Springer Science+Business Media, pp 4769-4772, 2014,, Subscription required for full article is a British-born Australian archaeologist with research interests focusing on the archaeology and anthropology of art and musical instruments, Australasian prehistory and protohistory.
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W. B. Yeats
William Butler Yeats (13 June 186528 January 1939) was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature.
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Wales
Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain.
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Walter Scott
Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, poet and historian.
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Welsh language
Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a member of the Brittonic branch of the Celtic languages.
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Welsh nationalism
Welsh nationalism (Cenedlaetholdeb Cymreig) emphasises the distinctiveness of Welsh language, culture, and history, and calls for more self-determination for Wales, which might include more devolved powers for the Welsh Assembly or full independence from the United Kingdom.
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Welsh people
The Welsh (Cymry) are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales, Welsh culture, Welsh history, and the Welsh language.
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Western Hemisphere
The Western Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of Earth which lies west of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and east of the antimeridian.
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William Blake
William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker.
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William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne
William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne (16 December 1868 – 21 January 1942) was born at 20 Upper Pembroke Street, Dublin to Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne and Frances Maria Adelaide Colles (a granddaughter of Abraham Colles and niece of John Dawson Mayne).
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William Gillies
William Gillies (1865–1932) was a Scottish patriot and a socialist.
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William Stukeley
William Stukeley (7 November 1687 – 3 March 1765) was an English antiquarian, physician, and Anglican clergyman.
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William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798).
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Y Wladfa
Y Wladfa ('The Colony'); also occasionally Y Wladychfa Gymreig ('The Welsh Settlement') is a Welsh settlement in Argentina, which began in 1865 and occurred mainly along the coast of Chubut Province in the far southern region of Patagonia.
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Young Ireland
Young Ireland (Éire Óg) was a political, cultural and social movement of the mid-19th century.
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Redirects here:
Celtic Association, Celtic nationalism, Inter-Celtic, Interceltic, Pan Celt, Pan Celticism, Pan-Celt, Pan-Celtic, Pan-Celtic Congress, Pan-Celticist, Pan-Celtism, Pan-Gaelicism, Pan-celtic.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Celticism
