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182 relations: Achondroplasia, Actin, Activator (genetics), Activin and inhibin, ACVR1B, ACVR1C, ACVR2A, ACVR2B, Adenomatous polyposis coli, Allatostatin, Allergen, Alternative splicing, Androgen deprivation therapy, Anti-Müllerian hormone, Apoptosis, Autocrine signalling, Basal-cell carcinoma, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, Body plan, Bone morphogenetic protein, Bone morphogenetic protein 4, Bone morphogenetic protein 7, Calcium, CAMP-dependent pathway, Cancer, Carcinogenesis, Cell division, Cell growth, Cell migration, Cell signaling, Cellular communication (biology), Cellular differentiation, Chemokine, Chondrocyte, Chordin, Ci protein, Circulatory system, Coagulation, Collagen, Conformational change, Craniosynostosis, Crosstalk (biology), Cysteine, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Decorin, Degenerative disease, Desert hedgehog (protein), ..., Dishevelled, Drosophila, Dwarfism, Ectoderm, Embryogenesis, Endocrine system, Endoplasmic reticulum, Enteric nervous system, Epidermis, Epithelium, Erythropoiesis, Erythropoietin, Extracellular, Extracellular matrix, Fibroblast growth factor, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3, Fibronectin, Follistatin, Frizzled, Gastrulation, GDF1, GDF11, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, Glossary of gene expression terms, Glycoprotein, Growth differentiation factor, Growth factor, GSK-3, GTPase, Haematopoiesis, Hedgehog signaling pathway, Homeostasis, Homologous chromosome, Hypothalamus, I-SMAD, Importin, Indian hedgehog (protein), Insulin, Interferon, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Janus kinase, Juxtacrine signalling, Kinase, Latent TGF-beta binding protein, Lefty (protein), Ligand, Lipid bilayer, Lipid signaling, Local hormone, MAPK/ERK pathway, Mesenchyme, Mesoderm, Messenger RNA, Metamorphosis, Metastasis, Microtubule, Mitogen, Morphogenesis, Morphology (biology), Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9, Motility, Natural competence, Netpath, NODAL, Noggin (protein), Oncogene, Optic cup (embryology), Organ (anatomy), Ossification, Osteoblast, Paracrine regulator, Patched, Phenotype, Phospholipase, Phosphorylation, Pituitary gland, Platelet, Polarity in embryogenesis, Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease, Prickle (protein), Protein dimer, Protein isoform, Protein kinase A, R-SMAD, Rac (GTPase), Ras subfamily, Receptor (biochemistry), Repressor, Retina, Retinoic acid, Scar, Serine, Sertoli cell, Signal transducing adaptor protein, Signal transduction, SMAD (protein), Smoothened, Somite, Sonic hedgehog, Spermatogenesis, Spindle apparatus, STAT1, Stem cell, Stem cell factor, TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, TGF beta receptor, TGF beta receptor 1, TGF beta receptor 2, TGF beta signaling pathway, Thanatophoric dysplasia, Threonine, Thrombopoietin, Thrombospondin 1, Thyroid cancer, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Transforming growth factor, Transforming growth factor beta, Transforming growth factor, beta 3, Transmembrane protein, Tyrosine, VG-1, Vitamin A, Wnt signaling pathway. Expand index (132 more) »
Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder that results in dwarfism.
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Actin
Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments.
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Activator (genetics)
A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes.
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Activin and inhibin
Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects.
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ACVR1B
Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1B gene.
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ACVR1C
The activin A receptor also known as ACVR1C or ALK-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1C gene.
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ACVR2A
Activin receptor type-2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2A gene.
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ACVR2B
Activin receptor type-2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2B gene.
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Adenomatous polyposis coli
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) also known as deleted in polyposis 2.5 (DP2.5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APC gene.
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Allatostatin
Allatostatins are neuropeptide hormones in insects and crustacea.
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Allergen
An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.
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Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing, or differential splicing, is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.
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Androgen deprivation therapy
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), also called androgen suppression therapy, is an antihormone therapy whose main use is in treating prostate cancer.
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Anti-Müllerian hormone
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH), is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin from the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, whose key roles are in growth differentiation and folliculogenesis.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Autocrine signalling
Autocrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell.
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Basal-cell carcinoma
Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), also known as basal-cell cancer, is the most common type of skin cancer.
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BMPR1A
The bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA also known as BMPR1A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMPR1A gene.
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BMPR1B
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1B also known as CDw293 (cluster of differentiation w293) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMPR1B gene.
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BMPR2
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II or BMPR2 is a serine/threonine receptor kinase.
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Body plan
A body plan, Bauplan (German plural Baupläne), or ground plan is a set of morphological features common to many members of a phylum of animals.
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Bone morphogenetic protein
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens.
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Bone morphogenetic protein 4
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by BMP4 gene.
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Bone morphogenetic protein 7
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 or BMP7 (also known as osteogenic protein-1 or OP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP7 gene.
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Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
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CAMP-dependent pathway
In the field of molecular biology, the cAMP-dependent pathway, also known as the adenylyl cyclase pathway, is a G protein-coupled receptor-triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Cell growth
The term cell growth is used in the contexts of biological cell development and cell division (reproduction).
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Cell migration
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
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Cell signaling
Cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions.
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Cellular communication (biology)
Cellular communication is an umbrella term used in biology and more in depth in biophysics, biochemistry and biosemiotics to identify different types of communication methods between living cells.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Chemokine
Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.
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Chondrocyte
Chondrocytes (from Greek χόνδρος, chondros.
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Chordin
Chordin is a bone morphogenetic protein antagonist composed of four small cysteine-rich domains, whose function is not known.
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Ci protein
Ci protein, short for Cubitus interruptus, is a zinc finger containing transcription factor involved in the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Circulatory system
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
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Coagulation
Coagulation (also known as clotting) is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.
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Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.
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Conformational change
In biochemistry, a conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.
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Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis (from cranio, cranium; + syn, together; + ostosis relating to bone) is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in an infant (very young) skull prematurely fuses by turning into bone (ossification), thereby changing the growth pattern of the skull.
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Crosstalk (biology)
Biological crosstalk refers to instances in which one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects another.
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Cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Cytoskeleton
A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life (archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes).
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Decorin
Decorin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCN gene.
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Degenerative disease
Degenerative disease is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits.
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Desert hedgehog (protein)
Desert hedgehog, also Desert hedgehog homolog or Dhh, is a protein encoded by the DHH gene, and is a member of the hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Dishevelled
Dishevelled (Dsh) is a family of proteins involved in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways.
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Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.
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Dwarfism
Dwarfism, also known as short stature, occurs when an organism is extremely small.
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Ectoderm
Ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
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Embryogenesis
Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo forms and develops.
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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that carry those hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs, and the feedback loops of homeostasis that the hormones drive.
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Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.
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Enteric nervous system
The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Epidermis
The epidermis is the outer layer of the three layers that make up the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.
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Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
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Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning "red" and 'poiesis' meaning "to make") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes).
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Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin (EPO), also known as hematopoietin or hemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow.
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Extracellular
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means "outside the cell".
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Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
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Fibroblast growth factor
The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGFR3 gene.
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Fibronectin
Fibronectin is a high-molecular weight (~440kDa) glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that binds to membrane-spanning receptor proteins called integrins.
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Follistatin
Follistatin also known as activin-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FST gene.
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Frizzled
Frizzled is a family of G protein-coupled receptor proteins that serves as receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways.
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Gastrulation
Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.
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GDF1
Growth differentiation factor-1 (GDF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF1 gene.
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GDF11
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the growth differentiation factor 11 gene.
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Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GDNF gene.
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Glossary of gene expression terms
No description.
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Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.
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Growth differentiation factor
Growth differentiation factors (GDFs) are a subfamily of proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that have functions predominantly in development.
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Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation.
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GSK-3
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that mediates the addition of phosphate molecules onto serine and threonine amino acid residues.
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GTPase
GTPases (singular GTPase) are a large family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
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Haematopoiesis
Haematopoiesis (from Greek αἷμα, "blood" and ποιεῖν "to make"; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components.
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Hedgehog signaling pathway
The Hedgehog signaling pathway is a signaling pathway that transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper cell differentiation.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.
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Homologous chromosome
A couple of homologous chromosomes, or homologs, are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis.
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus(from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.
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I-SMAD
I-SMAD or Inhibitor SMAD is a subclass of SMADs that are involved in the modulation of transforming growth factor beta ligands.
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Importin
Importin is a type of karyopherin that transports protein molecules into the nucleus by binding to specific recognition sequences, called nuclear localization sequences (NLS).
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Indian hedgehog (protein)
Indian hedgehog homolog (Drosophila), also known as IHH, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IHH gene.
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Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.
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Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.
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JAK-STAT signaling pathway
The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death and tumour formation.
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Janus kinase
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Juxtacrine signalling
In biology, juxtacrine signalling (or contact-dependent signalling) is a type of cell / cell or cell / extracellular matrix signalling in multicellular organisms that requires close contact.
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Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
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Latent TGF-beta binding protein
The latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBP) are a family of carrier proteins.
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Lefty (protein)
Lefty (left-right determination factors) refers to proteins that are closely related members of the TGF-beta family of growth factors.
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Ligand
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.
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Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
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Lipid signaling
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses.
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Local hormone
Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules that do not circulate within the blood. Local hormones are produced by cells and bind to either neighboring cells or the same type of cell that produced them.
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MAPK/ERK pathway
The MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
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Mesenchyme
Mesenchyme, in vertebrate embryology, is a type of connective tissue found mostly during the development of the embryo.
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Mesoderm
In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation.
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Metastasis
Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; it is typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor.
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Microtubule
Microtubules are tubular polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton that provides the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and some bacteria with structure and shape.
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Mitogen
A mitogen is a chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.
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Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis (from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation, literally, "beginning of the shape") is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.
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Morphology (biology)
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 also known as SMAD family member 1 or SMAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD1 gene.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
SMAD4, also called SMAD family member 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, or DPC4 (Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer-4) is a highly-conserved protein present in all metazoans.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5 also known as SMAD5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD5 gene.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6
SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD6 gene.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 or SMAD7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD7 gene.
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Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 also known as SMAD9, SMAD8, and MADH6 is a protein that in humans is enocoded by the SMAD9 gene.
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Motility
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.
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Natural competence
In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular ("naked") DNA from its environment in the process called transformation.
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Netpath
NetPath is a manually curated resource of human signal transduction pathways.
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NODAL
Nodal is a secretory protein that in humans is encoded by the NODAL gene which is located on chromosome 10q22.1.
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Noggin (protein)
Noggin, also known as NOG, is a protein that is involved in the development of many body tissues, including nerve tissue, muscles, and bones.
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Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
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Optic cup (embryology)
During embryonic development of the eye, the outer wall of the bulb of the optic vesicles becomes thickened and invaginated, and the bulb is thus converted into a cup, the optic cup (or ophthalmic cup), consisting of two strata of cells.
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Ossification
Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts.
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Osteoblast
Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, osteo- and βλαστάνω, blastanō "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone.
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Paracrine regulator
Paracrine regulator is a cell or group of cells from the diffuse neuroendocrine system known as APUDs that produce amines or peptides.
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Patched
Patched (Ptc) is a conserved 12-pass transmembrane protein receptor that plays an obligate negative regulatory role in the Hedgehog signaling pathway in insects and vertebrates.
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Phenotype
A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
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Phospholipase
A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances.
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Phosphorylation
In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.
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Pituitary gland
An explanation of the development of the pituitary gland (Hypophysis cerebri) & the congenital anomalies. In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.
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Platelet
Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.
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Polarity in embryogenesis
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the vegetal pole within a blastula.
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Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease
Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN), also known as polyadenylate-specific ribonuclease or deadenylating nuclease (DAN), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PARN gene.
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Prickle (protein)
Prickle is also known as REST/NRSF-interacting LIM domain protein, which is a putative nuclear translocation receptor.
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Protein dimer
In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.
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Protein isoform
A protein isoform, or "protein variant" is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences.
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Protein kinase A
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
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R-SMAD
R-SMADs are receptor-regulated SMADs.
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Rac (GTPase)
Rac is a subfamily of the Rho family of GTPases, small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins (more specifically a GTPase).
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Ras subfamily
Ras is a family of related proteins which is expressed in all animal cell lineages and organs.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Repressor
In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.
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Retina
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
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Retinoic acid
Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) that mediates the functions of vitamin A required for growth and development.
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Scar
A scar is an area of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an injury.
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Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Sertoli cell
A Sertoli cell (a kind of sustentacular cell) is a "nurse" cell of the testicles that is part of a seminiferous tubule and helps in the process of spermatogenesis, the production of sperm.
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Signal transducing adaptor protein
Signal transducing adaptor proteins are proteins that are accessory to main proteins in a signal transduction pathway.
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Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.
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SMAD (protein)
Smads (or SMADs) comprise a family of structurally similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth.
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Smoothened
Smoothened is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMO gene.
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Somite
Somites (outdated: primitive segments) are divisions of the body of an animal or embryo.
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Sonic hedgehog
Sonic hedgehog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHH ("sonic hedgehog") gene.
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
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Spindle apparatus
In cell biology, the spindle apparatus (or mitotic spindle) refers to the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.
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STAT1
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT1 gene.
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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Stem cell factor
Stem cell factor (also known as SCF, KIT-ligand, KL, or steel factor) is a cytokine that binds to the c-KIT receptor (CD117).
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TGF beta 1
Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGF-β1 is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines.
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TGF beta 2
Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a secreted protein known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development (alternative names: Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, G-TSF, BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, Polyergin, Cetermin).
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TGF beta receptor
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors.
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TGF beta receptor 1
Transforming growth factor beta receptor I (activin A receptor type II-like kinase, 53kDa) is a membrane-bound receptor protein for the TGF beta superfamily of signaling ligands.
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TGF beta receptor 2
Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa) is a TGF beta receptor.
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TGF beta signaling pathway
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions.
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Thanatophoric dysplasia
Thanatophoric dysplasia (thanatophoric dwarfism) is a severe skeletal disorder characterized by a disproportionately small ribcage, extremely short limbs and folds of extra skin on the arms and legs.
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Threonine
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Thrombopoietin
Thrombopoietin (THPO) also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene.
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Thrombospondin 1
Thrombospondin 1, abbreviated as THBS1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THBS1 gene.
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Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer is cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Transforming growth factor
Transforming growth factor (sometimes referred to as Tumor growth factor, or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ.
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Transforming growth factor beta
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes four different isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 4, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFB4) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages.
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Transforming growth factor, beta 3
Transforming growth factor beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB3 gene.
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Transmembrane protein
A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the biological membrane to which it is permanently attached.
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Tyrosine
Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
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VG-1
VG-1 is a B cell line which was derived from primary effusion lymphoma (PEL).
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Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids (most notably beta-carotene).
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Wnt signaling pathway
The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.
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Redirects here:
Paracrine, Paracrine agent, Paracrine hormones, Paracrine signaling.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracrine_signalling
