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Pedro II of Brazil

Index Pedro II of Brazil

Dom Pedro II (English: Peter II; 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. [1]

303 relations: Aberdeen Act, Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto, Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil, Afro-Brazilians, Alagoas, Alessandro Manzoni, Alexander Graham Bell, Alexandre Herculano, Amélie of Leuchtenberg, American Geographical Society, Americas, Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church, Anthropology, Anti-clericalism, Arabic, Argentina, Argentine Confederation, Arthur de Gobineau, Astronomy, Atheism, Atlantic slave trade, Augustus III of Poland, Aureliano Coutinho, Viscount of Sepetiba, Austria-Hungary, Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, Bahia, Ballroom dance, Barque, Bayreuth Festspielhaus, Belém, Brazil, Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute, Brazilian imperial family, Brazilians, Camilo Castelo Branco, Cannes, Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Cathedral of Petrópolis, Catholic Church, Chamber of Deputies (Brazil), Chamber of Deputies (France), Charles Darwin, Charles III of Spain, Charles IV of Spain, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Chemistry, Chinese language, Cisplatine War, Civil liberties, Civil list, ..., Coburg, Colégio Pedro II, Constitutional monarchy, Coronation of the Emperor of Brazil, Countess of Eu, Coup d'état, Daguerreotype, Denmark, Deodoro da Fonseca, Dictatorship, Dom (title), Dom Pedro aquamarine, Don (honorific), Edward Thornton, 2nd Count of Cacilhas, Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Emerging power, Empire of Brazil, Empire of Japan, English language, Equestrian statue, Escola Nacional de Belas Artes, Espírito Santo, Eusébio de Queirós Law, Evolution, Federal Senate, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, Figurehead, Finland, First Brazilian Republic, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the Two Sicilies, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, Francisco Solano López, Franz Joseph I of Austria, Frédéric Mistral, Freedom of speech, Freemasonry, French Academy of Sciences, French language, French Third Republic, Friedrich Nietzsche, Gaston, Count of Eu, Geography, Geology, German language, Governess, Government, Grand Master (order), Greek language, Gunboat diplomacy, Hebrew language, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Hispanic America, History, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy See, Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná, House of Aviz, House of Braganza, Imperial Majesty (style), Imperial Regalia of Brazil, Independence of Brazil, Institut de France, Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, Isabella II of Spain, Italian language, James Cooley Fletcher, John Greenleaf Whittier, John V of Portugal, John VI of Portugal, José Bonifácio de Andrada, José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, Joseph Brugère, Joseph I of Portugal, Juan Manuel de Rosas, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, La Madeleine, Paris, Lady, Latin, Law, Legion of Honour, Lei Áurea, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, Linguistics, Lisbon, List of monarchs of Brazil, List of Presidents of Brazil, List of Russian rulers, Lord, Louis Agassiz, Louis Pasteur, Louis XV of France, Louise Élisabeth of France, Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, Luísa de Barros, Countess of Barral, Magnanimity, Marcus Aurelius, Maria Amalia of Saxony, Maria Anna of Austria, Maria Carolina of Austria, Maria I of Portugal, Maria II of Portugal, Maria Josepha of Austria, Maria Leopoldina of Austria, Maria Luisa of Parma, Maria Luisa of Spain, Maria Sophia of Neuburg, Maria Theresa, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Mariana Victoria of Spain, Marie François Sadi Carnot, Marie Leszczyńska, Marriage of state, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Maximilian I of Mexico, Medicine, Michel Eugène Chevreul, Miguel I of Portugal, Milan, Military Order of Saint James of the Sword, Minority reign, Monarchy, Monastery of São Vicente de Fora, Music, Naples, Napoleon, National Museum of Ancient Art, Netherlands, New Orleans, Occitan language, Olinda, Order of Aviz, Order of Christ (Brazil), Order of Leopold (Belgium), Order of Pedro I, Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit, Order of Saint Januarius, Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, Order of the Black Eagle, Order of the Elephant, Order of the Garter, Order of the Golden Fleece, Order of the Holy Sepulchre, Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa, Order of the Medjidie, Order of the Netherlands Lion, Order of the Polar Star, Order of the Redeemer, Order of the Rose, Order of the Southern Cross, Order of the Star of Romania, Order of the Tower and Sword, Ottoman Empire, Paço de São Cristóvão, Painting, Pantheon of the House of Braganza, Papal bull, Paraíba, Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan War, Paraná (state), Pará, Paris, Parliament, Pasteur Institute, Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil, Pedro I of Brazil, Pernambuco, Peter II of Portugal, Peter III of Portugal, Peter of Alcantara, Peter the Great, Petrópolis, Philip V of Spain, Philip, Duke of Parma, Philosophy, Physics, Platine War, Pneumonia, Poetry, Portugal, Portuguese language, Positivism, Praieira revolt, Prince Imperial of Brazil, Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Philippe, Count of Paris, Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, Privy council, Promulgation, Proxy marriage, Qajar dynasty, Qing dynasty, Queen Victoria, Rail transport, Río de la Plata, Regent, Religious studies, Republic, Republicanism, Res publica, Richard Wagner, Rio Branco Law, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium, Royal Order of the Seraphim, Royal Society, Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, San Francisco, Sanskrit, Santa Catarina (state), São Paulo, Sculpture, Second Mexican Empire, Senate (France), Sergipe, Sodality, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Spanish language, Speech from the throne, State funeral, Steamship, Superior Court of Justice (Brazil), Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, Sweden, Switzerland, Technology, Telegraphy, Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, Theatre, Toronto, Tupi language, Typhoid fever, Ultimatum, Ultramontanism, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguaiana, Uruguay, Uruguayan War, Victor Hugo, War-weariness, Washington, D.C., William Dougal Christie, Women's rights, 1868 Brazilian political crisis. Expand index (253 more) »

Aberdeen Act

The Aberdeen Act of 1845 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (citation 8 & 9 Vict c. 122) passed during the reign Queen Victoria on August 9.

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Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto

Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo, the Viscount of Ouro Preto (Ouro Preto, 2 February 1836 – Rio de Janeiro, 21 February 1912) was a Brazilian politician, and the last Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil.

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Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil

Dom Afonso (23 February 1845 – 11 June 1847) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil.

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Afro-Brazilians

Afro-Brazilians (afro-brasileiros) are Brazilian people who have African ancestry.

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Alagoas

Alagoas is one of the 27 states of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region.

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Alessandro Manzoni

Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Antonio Manzoni (7 March 1785 – 22 May 1873) was an Italian poet and novelist.

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Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone.

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Alexandre Herculano

Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo (March 28, 1810September 13, 1877) was a Portuguese novelist and historian.

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Amélie of Leuchtenberg

Amélie of Leuchtenberg (Amélia Augusta Eugénia Napoleona de Leuchtenberg; Amélie Auguste Eugénie Napoléonne de Leuchtenberg), (31 July 1812 – 26 January 1873) was Empress of Brazil as the wife of Pedro I of Brazil.

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American Geographical Society

The American Geographical Society (AGS) is an organization of professional geographers, founded in 1851 in New York City.

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Americas

The Americas (also collectively called America)"America." The Oxford Companion to the English Language.

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Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church

Anointing of the Sick is a sacrament of the Catholic Church that is administered to a Catholic "who, having reached the age of reason, begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age", except in the case of those who "persevere obstinately in manifest grave sin".

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Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.

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Anti-clericalism

Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.

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Arabic

Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (República Argentina), is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America.

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Argentine Confederation

The Argentine Confederation (Spanish: Confederación Argentina) is one of the official names of Argentina according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35.

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Arthur de Gobineau

Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (14 July 1816 – 13 October 1882) was a French aristocrat who is best known today for helping to legitimise racism by use of scientific racist theory and "racial demography" and for his developing the theory of the Aryan master race.

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Astronomy

Astronomy (from ἀστρονομία) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.

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Atheism

Atheism is, in the broadest sense, the absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Atlantic slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas.

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Augustus III of Poland

Augustus III (August III Sas, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1734 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire from 1733 until 1763 where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II).

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Aureliano Coutinho, Viscount of Sepetiba

Aureliano de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho, Viscount of Sepetiba (21 July 1800 – 25 September 1855) was a Brazilian politician, judge and monarchist during the period of the Empire of Brazil (1822–1889).

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.

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Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans

Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 23 December 1744) was a French ''petite-fille de France'', and duchess of Lorraine and Bar by marriage to Leopold, Duke of Lorraine.

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Bahia

Bahia (locally) is one of the 26 states of Brazil and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast.

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Ballroom dance

Ballroom dance is a set of partner dances, which are enjoyed both socially and competitively around the world.

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Barque

A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts having the fore- and mainmasts rigged square and only the mizzen (the aftmost mast) rigged fore-and-aft.

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Bayreuth Festspielhaus

The Bayreuth Festspielhaus or Bayreuth Festival Theatre (Bayreuther Festspielhaus) is an opera house north of Bayreuth, Germany, dedicated solely to the performance of stage works by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner.

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Belém

Belém (Portuguese for Bethlehem), is a Brazilian city, the capital and largest city of the state of Pará in the country's north.

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Brazil

Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.

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Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute

The Instituto Histórico e Geográfico (IHGB) (Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute), founded October 21, 1838, is the oldest and traditional authority to promote research and preservation of historical and geographical, cultural and social sciences in Brazil.

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Brazilian imperial family

The Brazilian Imperial Family is a cadet branch of the Portuguese Royal House of Braganza that ruled the Empire of Brazil from 1822 to 1889, after the proclamation of independence by Prince Pedro of Braganza who was later acclaimed as Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.

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Brazilians

Brazilians (brasileiros in Portuguese) are citizens of Brazil.

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Camilo Castelo Branco

Camilo Castelo Branco,1st Viscount of Correia Botelho (16 March 1825 – 1 June 1890), was a prolific Portuguese writer of the 19th century, having produced over 260 books (mainly novels, plays and essays).

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Cannes

Cannes (Canas) is a city located on the French Riviera.

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Carlota Joaquina of Spain

Doña Carlota Joaquina of Spain (Carlota Joaquina Teresa Cayetana; 25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830), was by birth a member of the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon and Infanta of Spain and by marriage Queen consort of Portugal and the Algarves (and later of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves) and titular Empress consort of Brazil.

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Cathedral of Petrópolis

The Cathedral of Saint Peter of Alcantara (Catedral de São Pedro de Alcântara), also known as the Cathedral of Petrópolis, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Petrópolis, Brazil, dedicated to the country's patron saint, Peter of Alcantara.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)

The Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil.

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Chamber of Deputies (France)

Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés) was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

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Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Spanish: Carlos; Italian: Carlo; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain and the Spanish Indies (1759–1788), after ruling Naples as Charles VII and Sicily as Charles V (1734–1759), kingdoms he abdicated to his son Ferdinand.

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Charles IV of Spain

Charles IV (Spanish: Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario Serafín Diego; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788, until his abdication on 19 March 1808.

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Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VI (1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740; Karl VI.) succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I, as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia (as Charles II), King of Hungary and Croatia, Serbia and Archduke of Austria (as Charles III) in 1711.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.

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Chinese language

Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

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Cisplatine War

The Cisplatine War, also known as the Argentine-Brazilian War, was an armed conflict over an area known as Banda Oriental or the "Eastern Strip (roughly present-day Uruguay) in the 1820s between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (as Argentina was then called) and the Empire of Brazil in the aftermath of the United Provinces' independence from Spain.

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Civil liberties

Civil liberties or personal freedoms are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge, either by law or by judicial interpretation, without due process.

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Civil list

A civil list is a list of individuals to whom money is paid by the government.

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Coburg

Coburg is a town located on the Itz river in the Upper Franconia region of Bavaria, Germany.

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Colégio Pedro II

Colégio Pedro II (Pedro II School) is a Federal Public School located in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

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Constitutional monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.

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Coronation of the Emperor of Brazil

The Coronation of the Emperor of Brazil was the religious rite of consecration during which the monarchs of the Empire of Brazil were solemnly blessed, anointed, crowned, invested with the other items of the imperial regalia and enthroned, according to the usages of the Catholic Church, the Empire's official, established Church.

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Countess of Eu

This is a list of the countesses of Eu, a French fief in the Middle Ages.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.

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Daguerreotype

The Daguerreotype (daguerréotype) process, or daguerreotypy, was the first publicly available photographic process, and for nearly twenty years it was the one most commonly used.

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Denmark

Denmark (Danmark), officially the Kingdom of Denmark,Kongeriget Danmark,.

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Deodoro da Fonseca

Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca (5 August 1827 – 23 August 1892) was a Brazilian politician and military officer who served as the first President of Brazil.

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Dictatorship

A dictatorship is an authoritarian form of government, characterized by a single leader or group of leaders with either no party or a weak party, little mass mobilization, and limited political pluralism.

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Dom (title)

Dom is an honorific prefixed to the given name.

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Dom Pedro aquamarine

The Dom Pedro aquamarine is the world's largest cut aquamarine gem.

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Don (honorific)

Don (Dom, from Latin dominus, roughly 'Lord'), abbreviated as D., is an honorific title used in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Iberoamerica, and the Philippines.

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Edward Thornton, 2nd Count of Cacilhas

Sir Edward Thornton (13 July 1817 – 26 January 1906) was a prominent British diplomat, who held posts in Latin America, Turkey, Russia, and served for fourteen years as Minister to the United States.

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Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg

Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg (Eleonore Magdalene Therese; 6 January 1655 – 19 January 1720) was a Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Archduchess consort of Austria, Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia as the third and last wife of Leopold I.Wheatcroft 1995, p. 201.

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Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (28 August 1691 – 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI.

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Emerging power

An emerging power or rising power is a term used as recognition of the rising, primarily influence of a nation—or union of nations—which has steadily increased their presence in global affairs.

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Empire of Brazil

The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay.

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Empire of Japan

The was the historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.

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Equestrian statue

An equestrian statue is a statue of a rider mounted on a horse, from the Latin "eques", meaning "knight", deriving from "equus", meaning "horse".

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Escola Nacional de Belas Artes

Escola de Belas Artes (School of Fine Arts) is one of the centers of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and dates back to colonial times.

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Espírito Santo

Espírito Santo (meaning "Holy Spirit") is a state in southeastern Brazil.

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Eusébio de Queirós Law

The Eusébio de Queirós Law was a law passed in Brazil on September 4, 1850 to abolish international slave trade in the country.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Federal Senate

The Federal Senate (Senado Federal) is the upper house of the National Congress of Brazil.

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Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand I (12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825), was the King of the Two Sicilies from 1816, after his restoration following victory in the Napoleonic Wars.

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Figurehead

In politics, a figurehead is a person who holds de jure (in name or by law) an important title or office (often supremely powerful), yet de facto (in reality) executes little actual power.

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Finland

Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.

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First Brazilian Republic

The First Brazilian Republic or República Velha ("Old Republic") is the period of Brazilian history from 1889 to 1930.

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Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis I (Franz Stefan, François Étienne; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions.

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Francis II of the Two Sicilies

Francis II (Francesco II, christened Francesco d'Assisi Maria Leopoldo, 16 January 1836 – 27 December 1894) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1859 to 1861.

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Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis II (Franz; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.

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Francisco Solano López

Francisco Solano López (24 July 1827 – 1 March 1870) was President of Paraguay from 1862 until his death in 1870.

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Franz Joseph I of Austria

Franz Joseph I also Franz Josef I or Francis Joseph I (Franz Joseph Karl; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and monarch of other states in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, from 2 December 1848 to his death.

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Frédéric Mistral

Frédéric Mistral (Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer and lexicographer of the Occitan language.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.

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Freemasonry

Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.

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French Academy of Sciences

The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist and a Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.

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Gaston, Count of Eu

Prince Gaston of Orleans, Count of Eu (Louis Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston; 28 April 1842 – 28 August 1922), the first son of Louis, Duke of Nemours, and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was a French prince and military commander who fought in the Spanish-Moroccan War and the Paraguayan War.

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Geography

Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth.

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Geology

Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.

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German language

German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.

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Governess

A governess is a woman employed to teach and train children in a private household.

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Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state.

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Grand Master (order)

Grand Master (Magister generalis; Großmeister) is a title of the supreme head of various orders, including chivalric orders such as military orders and dynastic orders of knighthood.

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Greek language

Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

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Gunboat diplomacy

In international politics, gunboat diplomacy (or "Big Stick ideology" in U.S. history) refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of naval powerimplying or constituting a direct threat of warfare, should terms not be agreeable to the superior force.

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Hebrew language

No description.

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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American poet and educator whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline.

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Hispanic America

Hispanic America (Spanish: Hispanoamérica, or América hispana), also known as Spanish America (Spanish: América española), is the region comprising the Spanish-speaking nations in the Americas.

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History

History (from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past as it is described in written documents.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).

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Holy See

The Holy See (Santa Sede; Sancta Sedes), also called the See of Rome, is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity.

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Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná

Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná (11 January 1801 – 3 September 1856) was a politician, diplomat, judge and monarchist of the Empire of Brazil.

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House of Aviz

The House of Aviz (modern Portuguese: Avis) known as the Joanine Dynasty was the second dynasty of the kings of Portugal.

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House of Braganza

The Most Serene House of Braganza (Sereníssima Casa de Bragança), or the Brigantine Dynasty (Dinastia Brigantina), also known in the Empire of Brazil as the Most August House of Braganza (Augustíssima Casa de Bragança), is a dynasty of emperors, kings, princes, and dukes of Portuguese origin, a branch of the House of Aviz.

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Imperial Majesty (style)

Imperial Majesty (His/Her Imperial Majesty, abbreviated as HIM) is a style used by Emperors and Empresses.

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Imperial Regalia of Brazil

The Imperial Regalia of Brazil consists of the Imperial Crowns: the Crown of Pedro II and the Crown of Pedro I; the Imperial Sceptre; the Imperial Orb; the Imperial Sword; and jewelry belonging to the Emperors and Empresses of Brazil.

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Independence of Brazil

The Independence of Brazil comprised a series of political and military events that occurred in 1821–1824, most of which involved disputes between Brazil and Portugal regarding the call for independence presented by the Brazilian Empire.

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Institut de France

The Institut de France (Institute of France) is a French learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is the Académie française.

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Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil

Dona Isabel (29 July 1846 – 14 November 1921), nicknamed "the Redemptress", was the heiress presumptive to the throne of the Empire of Brazil, bearing the title of Princess Imperial.

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Isabella II of Spain

Isabella II (Isabel; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868.

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Italian language

Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.

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James Cooley Fletcher

James Cooley Fletcher (1823–1901) was a Presbyterian minister and missionary with strong activities in Brazilian lands.

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John Greenleaf Whittier

John Greenleaf Whittier (December 17, 1807 – September 7, 1892) was an American Quaker poet and advocate of the abolition of slavery in the United States.

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John V of Portugal

Dom John V (Portuguese: João V; 22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750), known as the Magnanimous (Portuguese: o Magnânimo) and the Portuguese Sun King (Portuguese: o Rei-Sol Português), was a monarch of the House of Braganza who ruled as King of Portugal and the Algarves during the first half of the 18th century.

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John VI of Portugal

John VI (Portuguese: João VI; –), nicknamed "the Clement", was King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves from 1816 to 1825.

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José Bonifácio de Andrada

José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (13 June 17636 April 1838) was a Brazilian statesman, naturalist, professor and poet, born in Santos, São Paulo, then part of the Portuguese Empire.

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José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco

José Maria da Silva Paranhos, the Viscount of Rio Branco (16 March 1819 – 1 November 1880) was a politician, monarchist, diplomat, teacher and journalist of the Empire of Brazil (1822–1889).

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Joseph Brugère

Henri Joseph Brugère (Uzerche, 27 June 1841 - Lautaret, 31 August 1918) was a French divisional general.

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Joseph I of Portugal

Joseph I (José I,, 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777), "The Reformer" ("o Reformador"), was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 31 July 1750 until his death.

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Juan Manuel de Rosas

Juan Manuel de Rosas (30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws", was a politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation.

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Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Regno dê Doje Sicilie, Regnu dî Dui Sicili, Regno delle Due Sicilie) was the largest of the states of Italy before the Italian unification.

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La Madeleine, Paris

L'église de la Madeleine (Madeleine Church; more formally, L'église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine; less formally, just La Madeleine) is a Roman Catholic church occupying a commanding position in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.

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Lady

The word lady is a term of respect for a woman, the equivalent of gentleman.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Law

Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.

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Legion of Honour

The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.

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Lei Áurea

The Lei Áurea (Golden Law), adopted on May 13, 1888, was the law that abolished slavery in Brazil.

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Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold I (name in full: Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Felician; I.; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia.

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Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold II (Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 1 March 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia from 1790 to 1792, Archduke of Austria and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790.

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Leopold, Duke of Lorraine

Leopold (11 September 1679 – 27 March 1729), surnamed the Good, was Duke of Lorraine and Bar from 1690 to his death.

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Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context.

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Lisbon

Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 552,700, Census 2011 results according to the 2013 administrative division of Portugal within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2.

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List of monarchs of Brazil

Brazil was ruled by a series of monarchs in the period 1815–1889; first as a kingdom united with Portugal in the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1822), subsequently as a sovereign and independent state, the Empire of Brazil (1822–1889).

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List of Presidents of Brazil

Below is a list of Presidents of Brazil.

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List of Russian rulers

This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia.

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Lord

Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others acting like a master, a chief, or a ruler.

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Louis Agassiz

Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (May 28, 1807December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-American biologist and geologist recognized as an innovative and prodigious scholar of Earth's natural history.

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Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.

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Louis XV of France

Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774.

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Louise Élisabeth of France

Marie Louise Élisabeth of France (Marie Louise Élisabeth; 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was a French princess, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and his Queen consort, Maria Leszczyńska, and the elder twin of Anne Henriette de France.

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Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (25 August 1803 – 7 May 1880), nicknamed "the Peacemaker" and "Iron Duke", was an army officer, politician and monarchist of the Empire of Brazil.

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Luísa de Barros, Countess of Barral

Marquesa de Montferrat | imagem.

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Magnanimity

Magnanimity (derived from the Latin roots magna, great, and animus, mind) is the virtue of being great of mind and heart.

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Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180 AD) was Roman emperor from, ruling jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, until Verus' death in 169, and jointly with his son, Commodus, from 177.

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Maria Amalia of Saxony

Maria Amalia of Saxony (Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga; 24 November 1724 – 27 September 1760) was Queen consort of Naples and Sicily from 1738 till 1759 and then Queen consort of Spain from 1759 until her death in 1760, by marriage to Charles III of Spain.

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Maria Anna of Austria

Maria Anna of Austria (Maria Anna Josepha Antonia Regina; 7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754) was Queen consort of Portugal by marriage to King John V of Portugal.

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Maria Carolina of Austria

Maria Carolina of Austria (Maria Karolina Luise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicily as the wife of King Ferdinand IV & III.

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Maria I of Portugal

Dona Maria I (English: Mary I; 17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816) was Queen of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

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Maria II of Portugal

Dona Maria II (4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853) "the Educator" ("a Educadora") or "the Good Mother" ("a Boa Mãe"), was Queen regnant of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves from 1826 to 1828, and again from 1834 to 1853.

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Maria Josepha of Austria

Maria Josepha of Austria (Maria Josepha Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine, Maria Józefa; 8 December 1699 – 17 November 1757) was the last Queen of Poland by marriage to Augustus III.

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Maria Leopoldina of Austria

She was born in Vienna, Austria, as the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, and his second wife, Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily.

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Maria Luisa of Parma

Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) was Queen consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 by marriage to King Charles IV of Spain.

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Maria Luisa of Spain

Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (Spanish: María Luisa, German: Maria Ludovika) (24 November 1745 – 15 May 1792) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Maria Sophia of Neuburg

Maria Sophia Elisabeth of Neuburg (6 August 1666 – 4 August 1699) was queen of Portugal as the wife of King Peter II from 1687 until her death in 1699.

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

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Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily

Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807) was the last Holy Roman Empress and the first Empress of Austria by marriage to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Mariana Victoria of Spain

Mariana Victoria of Spain (Mariana Vitória; 31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese, she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven.

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Marie François Sadi Carnot

Marie François Sadi Carnot (11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.

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Marie Leszczyńska

Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska (23 June 1703 – 24 June 1768) also known as Marie Leczinska, was a Polish noblewoman and French Queen consort.

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Marriage of state

A marriage of state is a diplomatic marriage or union between two members of different nation-states or internally, between two power blocs, usually in authoritarian societies and is a practice which dates back into pre-history, as far back as early Grecian cultures in western society, and of similar antiquity in other civilizations.

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Mato Grosso

Mato Grosso (– lit. "Thick Bushes") is one of the states of Brazil, the third-largest by area, located in the western part of the country.

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Mato Grosso do Sul

Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil.

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Maximilian I of Mexico

Maximilian I (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was the only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

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Michel Eugène Chevreul

Michel Eugène Chevreul (31 August 1786 – 9 April 1889) was a French chemist whose work with fatty acids led to early applications in the fields of art and science.

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Miguel I of Portugal

Dom Miguel I (English: Michael I; 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866), "the Absolutist" ("o Absolutista") or "the Traditionalist" ("o Tradicionalista"), was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834, the seventh child and third son of King João VI (John VI) and his queen, Carlota Joaquina of Spain.

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Milan

Milan (Milano; Milan) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome, with the city proper having a population of 1,380,873 while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,235,000.

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Military Order of Saint James of the Sword

The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada) is a Portuguese order of chivalry.

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Minority reign

The term minority reign or royal minority refers to the period of a sovereign's rule when he or she is legally a minor.

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Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, generally a family representing a dynasty (aristocracy), embodies the country's national identity and its head, the monarch, exercises the role of sovereignty.

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Monastery of São Vicente de Fora

The Church or Monastery of São Vicente de Fora; meaning "Monastery of St.

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Music

Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time.

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Naples

Naples (Napoli, Napule or; Neapolis; lit) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy after Rome and Milan.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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National Museum of Ancient Art

The Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga is an art museum in Lisbon, Portugal.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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New Orleans

New Orleans (. Merriam-Webster.; La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana.

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Occitan language

Occitan, also known as lenga d'òc (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language.

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Olinda

Olinda, is an historic city in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, located on the country's northeastern Atlantic Ocean coast, in Greater Recife (capital of Pernambuco State). It has a population of 389,494 people, covers, and has a population of 9 inhabitants per square kilometer. It is noted as one of the best-preserved colonial cities in Brazil. Olinda features a number of major tourist attractions, such as a historic downtown area (World Heritage Site), churches, and the Carnival of Olinda, a popular street party, very similar to traditional Portuguese carnivals, with the addition of African influenced dances. Unlike in Rio de Janeiro and Salvador, in Olinda, admission to Carnival is free. All the festivities are celebrated on the streets, and there are no bleachers or roping. There are hundreds of small musical groups (sometimes featuring a single performer) in many genres.

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Order of Aviz

The Military Order of Aviz (Ordem Militar de Avis), previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Aviz (Ordem Real Militar de Avis), previously to 1789 Knights (of the Order) of Saint Benedict of Aviz (Ordem de São Bento de Aviz) or Friars of Santa Maria of Évora, is a Portuguese order of chivalry, founded in Portugal in 1146.

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Order of Christ (Brazil)

The Imperial Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Imperial Ordem de Nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo), simply named Order of Christ, is an order of chivalry instituted by emperor Pedro I of Brazil on 7 December 1822, on the basis of the Portuguese Order of Christ founded by King Dom Dinis and Pope John XXII in 1316–1319.

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Order of Leopold (Belgium)

The Order of Leopold (Leopoldsorde, Ordre de Léopold) is one of the three current Belgian national honorary orders of knighthood.

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Order of Pedro I

The Imperial Order of Dom Pedro I (Imperial Ordem de Pedro Primeiro or Imperial Ordem de Pedro Primeiro, Fundador do Império do Brasil) is a Brazilian order of chivalry instituted by Emperor Pedro I of Brazil on 16 April 1826.

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Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit

The Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Ferdinand and Merit is an order of knighthood of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

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Order of Saint Januarius

The Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius (Italian: Insigne Reale Ordine di San Gennaro) is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood founded by Charles VII of Naples in 1738.

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Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

The Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen (Magyar Királyi Szent István Iovagrend; Königlich Ungarischer Sankt-Stephans-Orden) was an order of knighthood founded by Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa in 1764.

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Order of the Black Eagle

The Order of the Black Eagle (Hoher Orden vom Schwarzen Adler) was the highest order of chivalry in the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Order of the Elephant

The Order of the Elephant (Elefantordenen) is a Danish order of chivalry and is Denmark's highest-ranked honour.

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Order of the Garter

The Order of the Garter (formally the Most Noble Order of the Garter) is an order of chivalry founded by Edward III in 1348 and regarded as the most prestigious British order of chivalry (though in precedence inferior to the military Victoria Cross and George Cross) in England and the United Kingdom.

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Order of the Golden Fleece

The Order of the Golden Fleece (Orden del Toisón de Oro, Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry founded in Bruges by the Burgundian duke Philip the Good in 1430, to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Isabella.

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Order of the Holy Sepulchre

The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (Ordo Equestris Sancti Sepulcri Hierosolymitani, OESSH), also called Order of the Holy Sepulchre or Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood under the protection of the Holy See.

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Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa

The Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (also known as The Order of Our Lady of Conception of Vila Vicosa) (in Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Vila Viçosa) is a dynastic order of knighthood of the House of Braganza, the former Portuguese Royal Family.

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Order of the Medjidie

Medjidie or Mejidie (Mecidiye Nişanı, August 29, 1852 – 1922) is the name of a military and knightly order of the Ottoman Empire.

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Order of the Netherlands Lion

The Order of the Netherlands Lion, also referred to as the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands (De Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw, L'Ordre du Lion Néerlandais) is a Dutch order of chivalry founded by King William I of the Netherlands on 29 September 1815.

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Order of the Polar Star

The Order of the Polar Star (Swedish: Nordstjärneorden) is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the Seraphim.

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Order of the Redeemer

The Order of the Redeemer (translit), also known as the Order of the Saviour, is an order of merit of Greece.

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Order of the Rose

The Imperial Order of the Rose (Imperial Ordem da Rosa) is a Brazilian order of chivalry, instituted by Emperor Pedro I of Brazil on 17 October 1829 to commemorate his marriage to Amélie of Leuchtenberg.

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Order of the Southern Cross

The National Order of the Southern Cross (Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul) is a Brazilian order of chivalry founded by Emperor Pedro I on 1 December 1822.

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Order of the Star of Romania

The Order of the Star of Romania (Romanian: Ordinul Steaua României) is Romania's highest civil Order and second highest State decoration after the defunct Order of Michael the Brave.

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Order of the Tower and Sword

The Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit (Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada do Valor, Lealdade e Mérito) is a Portuguese order of knighthood and the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Paço de São Cristóvão

Paço de São Cristóvão (Saint Christopher's Palace; also known as Palácio Imperial or Palácio de São Cristóvão) is a palace located in the Quinta da Boa Vista park in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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Painting

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (support base).

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Pantheon of the House of Braganza

The Pantheon of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Panteão da Casa de Bragança), located in the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora in Lisbon, Portugal, is the final resting place for many of the members of the House of Braganza, including Portuguese monarchs, Infantes of Portugal and other members or associates of the Braganzas, as well as other notable royals and nobles not belonging to the house.

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Papal bull

A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Paraíba

Paraíba (Tupi: pa'ra a'íba: "bad for navigation") is a state of Brazil.

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Paraguayan Army

The Paraguayan Army is an institution of the State of Paraguay, organized into three divisions and 9, and several commands and directions, went to war three occasions, in the War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) against Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, Chaco War (1932–1935) against Bolivia, and the ongoing Paraguayan People's Army insurgency.

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Paraguayan War

The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance and the Great War in Paraguay, was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay.

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Paraná (state)

Paraná is one of the 26 states of Brazil, in the south of the country, bordered on the north by São Paulo state, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the province of Misiones, Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line.

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Pará

Pará is a state in northern Brazil traversed by the lower Amazon River.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Parliament

In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.

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Pasteur Institute

The Pasteur Institute (Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines.

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Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil

Dom Pedro Afonso (19 July 1848 – 10 January 1850) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil.

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Pedro I of Brazil

Dom Pedro I (English: Peter I; 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834), nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil.

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Pernambuco

Pernambuco is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country.

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Peter II of Portugal

Dom Pedro II (26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706), nicknamed "the Pacific", was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1683 until his death, previously serving as regent for his brother King Afonso VI from 1668 until his own accession.

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Peter III of Portugal

Peter III (Portuguese: Pedro III) (5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786) became King of the Kingdom of Portugal jure uxoris by the accession of his wife and niece Queen Maria I in 1777, and co-reigned alongside her until his death.

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Peter of Alcantara

Saint Peter of Alcantara, O.F.M. (San Pedro de Alcántara) (1499 – October 18, 1562), was a Spanish Franciscan friar canonized in 1669.

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Peter the Great

Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.

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Petrópolis

Petrópolis, also known as The Imperial City, is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil, located northeast of Rio de Janeiro.

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Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe V, Philippe, Filippo; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to his abdication in favour of his son Louis on 15 January 1724, and from his reascendancy of the throne upon his son's death on 6 September 1724 to his own death on 9 July 1746.

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Philip, Duke of Parma

Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Infante of Spain by birth, and Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765.

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Philosophy

Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Platine War

The Platine War (18 August 1851 – 3 February 1852) was fought between the Argentine Confederation and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil, Uruguay, and the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes.

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Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.

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Poetry

Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, poiesis, "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.

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Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language originating from the regions of Galicia and northern Portugal in the 9th century.

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Positivism

Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations.

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Praieira revolt

The Praieira revolt, also known as the Beach rebellion, was a movement in the Pernambuco region of Brazil that lasted from 1848 to 1849.

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Prince Imperial of Brazil

Prince Imperial of Brazil is the title created after the proclamation of independence of the Empire of Brazil, in 1822, to designate an heir apparent or an heir presumptive to the Brazilian imperial throne.

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Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Ludwig August Maria Eudes; 8 August 1845 – 14 September 1907), known in Brazil as Dom Luís Augusto, was a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry and an Admiral in the Imperial Brazilian Navy.

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Prince Philippe, Count of Paris

Prince Philippe of Orléans, Count of Paris (Louis Philippe Albert; 24 August 1838 – 8 September 1894), was the grandson of Louis Philippe I, King of the French.

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Princess Leopoldina of Brazil

Princess Leopoldina of Brazil (Leopoldina Teresa Francisca Carolina Miguela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga; 13 July 1847 – 7 February 1871) was the daughter of Emperor Pedro II and Empress Teresa Cristina.

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Privy council

A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government.

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Promulgation

Promulgation is the formal proclamation or declaration that a new statutory or administrative law is enacted after its final approval.

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Proxy marriage

A proxy wedding or proxy marriage is a wedding in which one or both of the individuals being united are not physically present, usually being represented instead by other persons.

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Qajar dynasty

The Qajar dynasty (سلسله قاجار; also Romanised as Ghajar, Kadjar, Qachar etc.; script Qacarlar) was an IranianAbbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3 royal dynasty of Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani.

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Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty, also known as the Qing Empire, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912.

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Queen Victoria

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.

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Rail transport

Rail transport is a means of transferring of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks.

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Río de la Plata

The Río de la Plata ("river of silver") — rendered River Plate in British English and the Commonwealth and La Plata River (occasionally Plata River) in other English-speaking countries — is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay and the Paraná rivers.

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Regent

A regent (from the Latin regens: ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated.

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Religious studies

Religious studies, alternately known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions.

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Republic

A republic (res publica) is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or property of the rulers.

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Republicanism

Republicanism is an ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty.

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Res publica

Res publica is a Latin phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'.

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Richard Wagner

Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his later works were later known, "music dramas").

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Rio Branco Law

The Rio Branco law, also known as the Law of Free Birth, named after its champion, Prime Minister José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, was passed by the Brazilian Parliament in 1871.

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Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro (River of January), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas.

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Rio Grande do Sul

Rio Grande do Sul (lit. Great Southern River) is a state located in the southern region of Brazil.

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Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium

The Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium (RASAB) is an association which promotes and organises science and the arts in Belgium by coordinating the national and international activities of its constituent academies such as the National Scientific Committees and the representation of Belgium in international scientific organisations.

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Royal Order of the Seraphim

The Royal Order of the Seraphim (Swedish: Kungliga Serafimerorden; Seraphim being a category of Angels) is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I on 23 February 1748, together with the Order of the Sword and the Order of the Polar Star.

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Royal Society

The President, Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly known as the Royal Society, is a learned society.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Academy of Sciences

The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.

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Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George

The Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George (Sacro militare ordine costantiniano di San Giorgio) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood founded 1520–1545 by two brothers belonging to the Angeli Comneni family.

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San Francisco

San Francisco (initials SF;, Spanish for 'Saint Francis'), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California.

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Sanskrit

Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.

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Santa Catarina (state)

Santa Catarina (Saint Catherine) is a state in the southern region of Brazil.

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São Paulo

São Paulo is a municipality in the southeast region of Brazil.

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Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.

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Second Mexican Empire

The Mexican Empire (Imperio Mexicano) or Second Mexican Empire (Segundo Imperio Mexicano) was the name of Mexico under a limited hereditary monarchy declared by the Assembly of Notables on July 10, 1863, during the Second French intervention in Mexico.

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Senate (France)

The Senate (Sénat; pronunciation) is the upper house of the French Parliament, presided over by a president.

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Sergipe

Sergipe, officially State of Sergipe, is a state of Brazil.

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Sodality

In Christian theology, a sodality, also known as a syndiakonia, is a form of the "Universal Church" expressed in specialized, task-oriented form as opposed to the Christian church in its local, diocesan form (which is termed modality).

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Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (Supremus Ordo Militaris Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodius et Melitensis), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) or the Order of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order traditionally of military, chivalrous and noble nature.

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Spanish language

Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.

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Speech from the throne

A speech from the throne (or throne speech) is an event in certain monarchies in which the reigning sovereign, or a representative thereof, reads a prepared speech to members of the nation's legislature when a session is opened, outlining the government's agenda and focus for the forthcoming session; or in some cases, closed.

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State funeral

A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony, observing the strict rules of protocol, held to honour people of national significance.

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Steamship

A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically drive (turn) propellers or paddlewheels.

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Superior Court of Justice (Brazil)

The Superior Court of Justice (Superior Tribunal de Justiça, also known as STJ) is the highest appellate court in Brazil for non-constitutional questions of federal law.

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Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation

The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (French: Ordre suprême de la Très Sainte Annonciade, Italian: Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunziata) is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood, originating in Savoy.

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Sweden

Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Technology

Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".

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Telegraphy

Telegraphy (from Greek: τῆλε têle, "at a distance" and γράφειν gráphein, "to write") is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio) messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

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Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies

Dona Teresa Cristina (14 March 1822 – 28 December 1889), nicknamed "the Mother of the Brazilians", was the Empress consort of Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil, who reigned from 1831 to 1889.

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Theatre

Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage.

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Toronto

Toronto is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016.

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Tupi language

Old Tupi or classical Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the native Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil.

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Typhoid fever

Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to ''Salmonella'' typhi that causes symptoms.

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Ultimatum

An ultimatum (the last one) is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance.

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Ultramontanism

Ultramontanism is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the pope.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Uruguaiana

Uruguaiana is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.

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Uruguay

Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), is a sovereign state in the southeastern region of South America.

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Uruguayan War

The Uruguayan War (10 August 1864 – 20 February 1865) was fought between Uruguay's governing Blanco Party and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil and the Uruguayan Colorado Party, covertly supported by Argentina.

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Victor Hugo

Victor Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement.

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War-weariness

Political war-weariness is the public or political disapproval for the continuation of a prolonged conflict or war.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.

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William Dougal Christie

William Dougal Christie (1816–1874) was a British diplomat, politician, and man of letters.

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Women's rights

Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide, and formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the nineteenth century and feminist movement during the 20th century.

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1868 Brazilian political crisis

The 1868 Brazilian political crisis led to the resignation of the ruling Progressive cabinet and the return of the Conservative Party to power in the Empire of Brazil.

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Redirects here:

Dom Pedro II, Dom Pedro II of Brazil, Dom pedro II, Dom pedro ii, Don Pedro II of Brazil, Emperor Dom Pedro II, Emperor Pedro II, Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, Of Brazil Pedro Ii, Pedro II (of Brazil), Pedro II do Brasil, Pedro ii of brazil, Peter II of Brazil.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil

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