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Perfect fourth

Index Perfect fourth

In classical music from Western culture, a fourth spans exactly four letter names (staff positions), while a perfect fourth (harmonic series) always involves the same interval, regardless of key (sharps and flats) between letters. A perfect fourth is the relationship between the third and fourth harmonics, sounding neither major nor minor, but consonant with an unstable quality (additive synthesis). In the key of C, the notes C and F constitute a perfect fourth relationship, as they're separated by four semitones (C, C#, D, D#, E, F). Up until the late 19th century, the perfect fourth was often called by its Greek name, diatessaron. A perfect fourth in just intonation corresponds to a pitch ratio of 4:3, or about 498 cents, while in equal temperament a perfect fourth is equal to five semitones, or 500 cents. The perfect fourth is a perfect interval like the unison, octave, and perfect fifth, and it is a sensory consonance. In common practice harmony, however, it is considered a stylistic dissonance in certain contexts, namely in two-voice textures and whenever it appears above the bass. If the bass note also happens to be the chord's root, the interval's upper note almost always temporarily displaces the third of any chord, and, in the terminology used in popular music, is then called a suspended fourth. Conventionally, adjacent strings of the double bass and of the bass guitar are a perfect fourth apart when unstopped, as are all pairs but one of adjacent guitar strings under standard guitar tuning. Sets of tom-tom drums are also commonly tuned in perfect fourths. The 4:3 just perfect fourth arises in the C major scale between G and C. [1]

116 relations: A440 (pitch standard), Acoustics, Additive synthesis, All fifths tuning, Antiphon, Atonality, Études (Debussy), Baroque, Bass guitar, Break (music), C (musical note), Cadence (music), Carlo Gesualdo, Cent (music), Chromatic fourth, Classical music, Claudio Monteverdi, Common practice period, Consecutive fifths, Consonance and dissonance, Counterpoint, Diatonic and chromatic, Double bass, Early music, Eleventh, Equal temperament, Erik Satie, Fauxbourdon, First inversion, Folk music, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Girolamo Frescobaldi, Gradus ad Parnassum, Gregorian mode, Guillaume Du Fay, Guitar, Harmonic series (music), Harmony, Jean Sibelius, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Johann Joseph Fux, Johannes Tinctoris, John Tyrrell (musicologist), Just intonation, Köchel catalogue, La mer (Debussy), Lament, Leoš Janáček, ..., List of meantone intervals, List of pitch intervals, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ma mère l'Oye, Madrigal, Maiden Voyage (composition), Major scale, Major second, Major third, Maurice Ravel, Meantone temperament, Medieval music, Milton Nascimento, Minor third, Modest Mussorgsky, Monochord, Music theory, Musica enchiriadis, Musical improvisation, Musical note, Musical tuning, Ninth chord, Notre Dame school, Nuages gris, Octave, Opera, Organum, Orlande de Lassus, Paul Dukas, Pérotin, Pentatonic scale, Perfect fifth, Piano Sonata No. 18 (Beethoven), Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven), Pictures at an Exhibition, Polyphony, Polytonality, Préludes (Debussy), Quartal and quintal harmony, Ray Barretto, Renaissance music, Richard Parncutt, Richard Wagner, Romantic music, Semitone, Sonatine (Ravel), Staff (music), Stanley Sadie, String Quartet No. 19 (Mozart), Suspended chord, The Sorcerer's Apprentice, Third (chord), Toccata, Tom-tom drum, Tonality, Tremolo, Tristan und Isolde, Tritone, Unison, Voice leading, Voicing (music), Well temperament, Western culture, Whole tone scale, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Word painting. Expand index (66 more) »

A440 (pitch standard)

A440 or A4 (also known as the Stuttgart pitch), which has a frequency of 440 Hz, is the musical note of A above middle C and serves as a general tuning standard for musical pitch.

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Acoustics

Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.

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Additive synthesis

Additive synthesis is a sound synthesis technique that creates timbre by adding sine waves together.

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All fifths tuning

Among guitar tunings, all-fifths tuning refers to the set of tunings in which each interval between consecutive open strings is a perfect fifth.

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Antiphon

An antiphon (Greek ἀντίφωνον, ἀντί "opposite" and φωνή "voice") is a short chant in Christian ritual, sung as a refrain.

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Atonality

Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center, or key.

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Études (Debussy)

Claude Debussy's Études (L 136) are a set of 12 piano études composed in 1915.

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Baroque

The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the late 18th century.

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Bass guitar

The bass guitar (also known as electric bass, or bass) is a stringed instrument similar in appearance and construction to an electric guitar, except with a longer neck and scale length, and four to six strings or courses.

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Break (music)

In popular music, a break is an instrumental or percussion section during a song derived from or related to stop-time – being a "break" from the main parts of the song or piece.

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C (musical note)

C (Do, Do, C) is the first note of the C major scale, the third note of the A minor scale (the relative minor of C major), and the fourth note (F, A, B, C) of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz.

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Cadence (music)

In Western musical theory, a cadence (Latin cadentia, "a falling") is "a melodic or harmonic configuration that creates a sense of resolution."Don Michael Randel (1999).

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Carlo Gesualdo

Carlo Gesualdo da Venosa (8 March 1566 – 8 September 1613) was Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza.

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Cent (music)

The cent is a logarithmic unit of measure used for musical intervals.

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Chromatic fourth

In music, a chromatic fourth, or passus duriusculus,Monelle, Raymond (2000).

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Classical music

Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western culture, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music.

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Claudio Monteverdi

Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (15 May 1567 (baptized) – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, string player and choirmaster.

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Common practice period

In the history of European art music, the common practice period is the era between the formation and the decline of the tonal system.

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Consecutive fifths

In music, consecutive fifths, or parallel fifths, are progressions in which the interval of a perfect fifth is followed by a different perfect fifth between the same two musical parts (or voices): for example, from C to D in one part along with G to A in a higher part.

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Consonance and dissonance

In music, consonance and dissonance are categorizations of simultaneous or successive sounds.

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Counterpoint

In music, counterpoint is the relationship between voices that are harmonically interdependent (polyphony) yet independent in rhythm and contour.

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Diatonic and chromatic

Diatonic (διατονική) and chromatic (χρωματική) are terms in music theory that are most often used to characterize scales, and are also applied to musical instruments, intervals, chords, notes, musical styles, and kinds of harmony.

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Double bass

The double bass, or simply the bass (and numerous other names), is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra.

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Early music

Early music generally comprises Medieval music (500–1400) and Renaissance music (1400–1600), but can also include Baroque music (1600–1760).

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Eleventh

In music or music theory an eleventh is the note eleven scale degrees from the root of a chord and also the interval between the root and the eleventh.

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Equal temperament

An equal temperament is a musical temperament, or a system of tuning, in which the frequency interval between every pair of adjacent notes has the same ratio.

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Erik Satie

Éric Alfred Leslie Satie (17 May 18661 July 1925), who signed his name Erik Satie after 1884, was a French composer and pianist.

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Fauxbourdon

Fauxbourdon (also fauxbordon, and also commonly two words: faux bourdon or faulx bourdon, and in Italian falso bordone) – French for false drone – is a technique of musical harmonisation used in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, particularly by composers of the Burgundian School.

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First inversion

The first inversion of a chord is the voicing of a triad, seventh chord, or ninth chord with the third of the chord in the bass and the root a sixth above it.

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Folk music

Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival.

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Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt (Liszt Ferencz, in modern usage Liszt Ferenc;Liszt's Hungarian passport spelt his given name as "Ferencz". An orthographic reform of the Hungarian language in 1922 (which was 36 years after Liszt's death) changed the letter "cz" to simply "c" in all words except surnames; this has led to Liszt's given name being rendered in modern Hungarian usage as "Ferenc". From 1859 to 1867 he was officially Franz Ritter von Liszt; he was created a Ritter (knight) by Emperor Francis Joseph I in 1859, but never used this title of nobility in public. The title was necessary to marry the Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein without her losing her privileges, but after the marriage fell through, Liszt transferred the title to his uncle Eduard in 1867. Eduard's son was Franz von Liszt. 22 October 181131 July 1886) was a prolific 19th-century Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, music teacher, arranger, organist, philanthropist, author, nationalist and a Franciscan tertiary during the Romantic era.

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Frédéric Chopin

Frédéric François Chopin (1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano.

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Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525 – 2 February 1594) was an Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best-known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition.

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Girolamo Frescobaldi

Girolamo Alessandro Frescobaldi (also Gerolamo, Girolimo, and Geronimo Alissandro; September, 15831 March 1643) was a musician from Ferrara, one of the most important composers of keyboard music in the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods.

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Gradus ad Parnassum

The Latin phrase gradus ad Parnassum means "steps to Parnassus".

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Gregorian mode

A Gregorian mode (or church mode) is one of the eight systems of pitch organization used in Gregorian chant.

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Guillaume Du Fay

Guillaume Du Fay (also Dufay, Du Fayt; 5 August, c. 1397; accessed June 23, 2015. – 27 November 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the early Renaissance.

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Guitar

The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that usually has six strings.

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Harmonic series (music)

A harmonic series is the sequence of sounds—pure tones, represented by sinusoidal waves—in which the frequency of each sound is an integer multiple of the fundamental, the lowest frequency.

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Harmony

In music, harmony considers the process by which the composition of individual sounds, or superpositions of sounds, is analysed by hearing.

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Jean Sibelius

Jean Sibelius, born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius (8 December 186520 September 1957), was a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early-modern periods.

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Jean-Philippe Rameau

Jean-Philippe Rameau (–) was one of the most important French composers and music theorists of the 18th century.

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Johann Joseph Fux

Johann Joseph Fux (c. 1660 – 13 February 1741) was an Austrian composer, music theorist and pedagogue of the late Baroque era.

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Johannes Tinctoris

Jehan le Taintenier or Jean Teinturier, Latinised in Johannes Tinctoris (aka Jean de Vaerwere) (c. 1435 – 1511) was a Renaissance composer and music theorist from the Low Countries.

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John Tyrrell (musicologist)

John Tyrrell (born 1942) is a British musicologist.

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Just intonation

In music, just intonation (sometimes abbreviated as JI) or pure intonation is any musical tuning in which the frequencies of notes are related by ratios of small whole numbers.

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Köchel catalogue

The Köchel-Verzeichnis or Köchelverzeichnis is a chronological catalogue of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, originally created by Ludwig von Köchel, in which the entries are abbreviated K. and KV.

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La mer (Debussy)

La mer, trois esquisses symphoniques pour orchestre (French for The sea, three symphonic sketches for orchestra), or simply La mer (i.e. The Sea), L. 109, is an orchestral composition by the French composer Claude Debussy.

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Lament

A lament or lamentation is a passionate expression of grief, often in music, poetry, or song form.

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Leoš Janáček

Leoš Janáček (baptised Leo Eugen Janáček; 3 July 1854 – 12 August 1928) was a Czech composer, musical theorist, folklorist, publicist and teacher.

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List of meantone intervals

The following is a list of intervals of extended meantone temperament.

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List of pitch intervals

Below is a list of intervals expressible in terms of a prime limit (see Terminology), completed by a choice of intervals in various equal subdivisions of the octave or of other intervals.

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Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 1770Beethoven was baptised on 17 December. His date of birth was often given as 16 December and his family and associates celebrated his birthday on that date, and most scholars accept that he was born on 16 December; however there is no documentary record of his birth.26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist.

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Ma mère l'Oye

Ma mère l'Oye (Mother Goose; "Oye" is correctly capitalized, being a proper name) is a musical work by French composer Maurice Ravel.

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Madrigal

A madrigal is a secular vocal music composition of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras.

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Maiden Voyage (composition)

"Maiden Voyage" is a jazz composition by Herbie Hancock from his 1965 album Maiden Voyage.

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Major scale

The major scale (or Ionian scale) is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music.

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Major second

In Western music theory, a major second (sometimes also called whole tone) is a second spanning two semitones.

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Major third

In classical music from Western culture, a third is a musical interval encompassing three staff positions (see Interval number for more details), and the major third is a third spanning four semitones.

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Maurice Ravel

Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor.

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Meantone temperament

Meantone temperament is a musical temperament, that is a tuning system, obtained by slightly compromising the fifths in order to improve the thirds.

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Medieval music

Medieval music consists of songs, instrumental pieces, and liturgical music from about 500 A.D. to 1400.

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Milton Nascimento

Milton Nascimento (born October 26, 1942) is a prominent Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist.

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Minor third

In the music theory of Western culture, a minor third is a musical interval that encompasses three half steps, or semitones.

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Modest Mussorgsky

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (mɐˈdɛst pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈmusərkskʲɪj; –) was a Russian composer, one of the group known as "The Five".

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Monochord

A monochord, also known as sonometer (see below), is an ancient musical and scientific laboratory instrument, involving one (mono) string (Chord).

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Music theory

Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music.

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Musica enchiriadis

Musica enchiriadis is an anonymous musical treatise of the 9th century.

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Musical improvisation

Musical improvisation (also known as musical extemporization) is the creative activity of immediate ("in the moment") musical composition, which combines performance with communication of emotions and instrumental technique as well as spontaneous response to other musicians.

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Musical note

In music, a note is the pitch and duration of a sound, and also its representation in musical notation (♪, ♩).

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Musical tuning

In music, there are two common meanings for tuning.

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Ninth chord

In music theory, a ninth chord is a chord that encompasses the interval of a ninth when arranged in close position with the root in the bass.

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Notre Dame school

The Notre Dame school or the Notre Dame school of polyphony refers to the group of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, along with the music they produced.

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Nuages gris

Nuages gris (French, lit. Grey Clouds), S.199 or Trübe Wolken, is a work for piano solo composed by Franz Liszt on August 24, 1881.

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Octave

In music, an octave (octavus: eighth) or perfect octave is the interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency.

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Opera

Opera (English plural: operas; Italian plural: opere) is a form of theatre in which music has a leading role and the parts are taken by singers.

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Organum

Organum is, in general, a plainchant melody with at least one added voice to enhance the harmony, developed in the Middle Ages.

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Orlande de Lassus

Orlande de Lassus (also Roland de Lassus, Orlando di Lasso, Orlandus Lassus, Orlande de Lattre or Roland de Lattre; 1532, possibly 1530 – 14 June 1594) was a Netherlandish or Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance.

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Paul Dukas

Paul Abraham Dukas (1 October 1865 – 17 May 1935) was a French composer, critic, scholar and teacher.

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Pérotin

Pérotin (fl. c. 1200, died 1205 or 1225), also called Perotin the Great, was a European composer, believed to be French, who lived around the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century.

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Pentatonic scale

A pentatonic scale is a musical scale with five notes per octave, in contrast to the more familiar heptatonic scale that has seven notes per octave (such as the major scale and minor scale).

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Perfect fifth

In music theory, a perfect fifth is the musical interval corresponding to a pair of pitches with a frequency ratio of 3:2, or very nearly so.

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Piano Sonata No. 18 (Beethoven)

The Piano Sonata No.

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Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven)

The Piano Sonata No.

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Pictures at an Exhibition

Pictures at an Exhibition (Картинки с выставки – Воспоминание о Викторе Гартмане, Kartínki s výstavki – Vospominániye o Víktore Gártmane, "Pictures from an Exhibition – A Remembrance of Viktor Hartmann"; Tableaux d'une exposition) is a suite of ten pieces (plus a recurring, varied Promenade) composed for the piano by Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky in 1874.

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Polyphony

In music, polyphony is one type of musical texture, where a texture is, generally speaking, the way that melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic aspects of a musical composition are combined to shape the overall sound and quality of the work.

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Polytonality

Polytonality (also polyharmony) is the musical use of more than one key simultaneously.

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Préludes (Debussy)

Claude Debussy's Préludes are 24 pieces for solo piano, divided into two books of 12 preludes each.

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Quartal and quintal harmony

In music, quartal harmony is the building of harmonic structures with a distinct preference for the intervals of the perfect fourth, the augmented fourth and the diminished fourth.

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Ray Barretto

Ray Barretto (April 29, 1929 – February 17, 2006) was an American Grammy Award-winning conga drummer and bandleader of Puerto Rican ancestry.

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Renaissance music

Renaissance music is vocal and instrumental music written and performed in Europe during the Renaissance era.

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Richard Parncutt

Richard Parncutt (born 24 October 1957 in Melbourne) is an Australian-born academic who specialises in the psychology of music.

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Richard Wagner

Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his later works were later known, "music dramas").

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Romantic music

Romantic music is a period of Western classical music that began in the late 18th or early 19th century.

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Semitone

A semitone, also called a half step or a half tone, is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, and it is considered the most dissonant when sounded harmonically.

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Sonatine (Ravel)

Sonatine is a piano work written by Maurice Ravel.

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Staff (music)

In Western musical notation, the staff (US) or stave (UK) (plural for either: '''staves''') is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces that each represent a different musical pitch or, in the case of a percussion staff, different percussion instruments.

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Stanley Sadie

Stanley John Sadie, CBE (30 October 1930 – 21 March 2005) was an influential and prolific British musicologist, music critic, and editor.

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String Quartet No. 19 (Mozart)

The String Quartet No.

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Suspended chord

A suspended chord (or sus chord) is a musical chord in which the (major or minor) third is omitted, replaced usually with either a perfect fourth or a major second although the fourth is far more common.

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The Sorcerer's Apprentice

"The Sorcerer's Apprentice" ("Der Zauberlehrling") is a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe written in 1797.

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Third (chord)

In music, the third factor of a chord is the note or pitch two scale degrees above the root or tonal center.

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Toccata

Toccata (from Italian toccare, literally, "to touch") is a virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or plucked string instrument featuring fast-moving, lightly fingered or otherwise virtuosic passages or sections, with or without imitative or fugal interludes, generally emphasizing the dexterity of the performer's fingers.

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Tom-tom drum

A tom-tom drum is a cylindrical drum with no snares, named from the Anglo-Indian and Sinhala language.

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Tonality

Tonality is the arrangement of pitches and/or chords of a musical work in a hierarchy of perceived relations, stabilities, attractions and directionality.

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Tremolo

In music, tremolo, or tremolando, is a trembling effect.

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Tristan und Isolde

Tristan und Isolde (Tristan and Isolde, or Tristan and Isolda, or Tristran and Ysolt) is an opera, or music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner to a German libretto by the composer, based largely on the 12th-century romance Tristan by Gottfried von Strassburg.

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Tritone

In music theory, the tritone is defined as a musical interval composed of three adjacent whole tones.

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Unison

In music, unison is two or more musical parts sounding the same pitch or at an octave interval, usually at the same time.

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Voice leading

Voice leading is the term used to describe the linear progression of melodic lines (voices) and their interaction with one another to create harmonies, according to the principles of common-practice harmony and counterpoint.

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Voicing (music)

In music theory, voicing refers to either of the two closely related concepts of.

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Well temperament

Well temperament (also good temperament, circular or circulating temperament) is a type of tempered tuning described in 20th-century music theory.

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Western culture

Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.

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Whole tone scale

In music, a whole tone scale is a scale in which each note is separated from its neighbours by the interval of a whole tone.

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the classical era.

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Word painting

Word painting (also known as tone painting or text painting) is the musical technique of composing music that reflects the literal meaning of a song's lyrics.

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Diatessaron (harmony), Diatessaron (interval), Just perfect fourth, Perfect 4th, Perfect Fourth, Perfect fourths, Pythagorean perfect fourth, Sesquitertian, ΔΙΑΤΕΣΣΑΡΩΝ.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth

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