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492 relations: Absolute value, Absorbance, ABTS, Acaricide, Acetanisole, Acetonitrile, Acetophenone, Acetosyringone, Acid, Acid dissociation constant, Adduct, Adrenaline, Agaricomycetes, Agaricus bisporus, Aglycone, Agrobacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Alaria marginata, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Algae, Aliphatic compound, Alkylresorcinol, Allelopathy, Aluminium, Amino acid, Anesthesia, Angewandte Chemie, Annales de chimie et de physique, Anthoceros agrestis, Anthocyanidin, Anthocyanin, Anthraquinones, Antioxidant, Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols, Antiseptic, Aquatic plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, Aromatic hydrocarbon, Arthropod cuticle, Arthrospira, Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase, Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+), Aryldialkylphosphatase, Aspergillus niger, Aspirin, Astragalin, Atromentin, Autoxidation, Axial chirality, ..., B type proanthocyanidin, Bamberger rearrangement, Basidiomycota, Bathochromic shift, Beer, Benzene, Benzenediol, Benzoquinone, Berry, Biflavonoid, Bioadhesive, Biopesticide, Biorefinery, Biotransformation, Bisphenol A, Blanching (cooking), Boric acid, Botryococcus braunii, Botrytis cinerea, Brown algae, Bryophyte, Bucherer carbazole synthesis, Bucherer reaction, Butylated hydroxyanisole, Butylated hydroxytoluene, C-methylated flavonoid, Caffeic acid, Calixarene, Callus (cell biology), Camponotus saundersi, Cancer, Candida albicans, Cannabinoid, Cannabis, Cannabis sativa, Capsaicin, Carboxylic acid, Cardiovascular disease, Carvacrol, Castoreum, Catalase, Catechin, Catechol, Cavicularin, Chalconoid, ChEBI, Chelation, Chemical bond, Chemical classification, Chemical compound, Chemical structure, Chemical synthesis, Chili pepper, Chirality (chemistry), Chlorogenic acid, Chlorophyll, Chocolate, Chromatography, Chromatography detector, Chromone, CIELAB color space, Cinnamic acid, Citrus, Clay minerals, Clove, Coal tar, Cocoa solids, Coffee, Coking, Colletotrichum, Color, Colorimetry, Combretastatin A-4, Condensed tannin, Conjugated 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Vinegar, Vinyl group, VirA protein, Visible spectrum, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitis vinifera, Waxworm, Whisky, Wintergreen, Wood, Wood preservation, Woodward's rules, Workman Publishing Company, Xanthonoid, Xylenol, Yerba mate, Zincke–Suhl reaction, (E)-Stilbene, 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol, 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol, 2-Ethyl-4,5-dimethylphenol, 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 2-Phenylphenol, 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene, 3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3-Ethylphenol, 3-Hydroxyacetophenone, 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Ethylphenol, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-Methylcatechol, 5-Methoxysalicylic acid, 6-Methoxymellein. 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Absolute value
In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number is the non-negative value of without regard to its sign.
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Absorbance
In chemistry, absorbance or decadic absorbance is the common logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material, and spectral absorbance or spectral decadic absorbance is the common logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted spectral radiant power through a material.
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ABTS
In biochemistry, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) or ABTS is a chemical compound used to observe the reaction kinetics of specific enzymes.
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Acaricide
Acaricides are pesticides that kill members of the arachnid subclass Acari, which includes ticks and mites.
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Acetanisole
Acetanisole is an aromatic chemical compound with an aroma described as sweet, fruity, nutty, and similar to vanilla.
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Acetonitrile
Acetonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula.
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Acetophenone
Acetophenone is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)CH3 (also represented by the pseudoelement symbols PhAc or BzMe).
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Acetosyringone
Acetosyringone is a phenolic natural product, and is a chemical compound related to acetophenone and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol.
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Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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Acid dissociation constant
An acid dissociation constant, Ka, (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.
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Adduct
An adduct (from the Latin adductus, "drawn toward" alternatively, a contraction of "addition product") is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components.
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Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.
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Agaricomycetes
The Agaricomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota.
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus is an edible basidiomycete mushroom native to grasslands in Europe and North America.
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Aglycone
An aglycone (aglycon or genin) is the compound remaining after the glycosyl group on a glycoside is replaced by a hydrogen atom.
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Agrobacterium
Agrobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria established by H. J. Conn that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (updated scientific name Rhizobium radiobacter, synonym Agrobacterium radiobacter) is the causal agent of crown gall disease (the formation of tumours) in over 140 species of eudicots.
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Alaria marginata
Alaria marginata, the winged kelp, is a brown alga species in the genus Alaria.
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Alcohol
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.
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Aldehyde
An aldehyde or alkanal is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.
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Algae
Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.
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Aliphatic compound
In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (G. aleiphar, fat, oil) also known as non-aromatic compounds.
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Alkylresorcinol
Alkylresorcinols, also known as resorcinolic lipids, are phenolic lipids composed of long aliphatic chains and resorcinol-type phenolic rings.
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Allelopathy
Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Anesthesia
In the practice of medicine (especially surgery and dentistry), anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness.
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Angewandte Chemie
Angewandte Chemie (meaning "Applied Chemistry") is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker).
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Annales de chimie et de physique
Annales de chimie et de physique (French for Annals of Chemistry and of Physics) is a scientific journal that was founded in Paris, France, in 1789 under the title Annales de chimie.
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Anthoceros agrestis
Anthoceros agrestis, commonly called field hornwort, is a bryophyte of the Anthoceros genus.
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Anthocyanidin
Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments.
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Anthocyanin
Anthocyanins (also anthocyans; from Greek: ἄνθος (anthos) "flower" and κυάνεος/κυανοῦς kyaneos/kyanous "dark blue") are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, or blue.
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Anthraquinones
For the parent molecule 9,10-antraquinone, see anthraquinone Anthraquinones (also known as anthraquinonoids) are a class of naturally occurring phenolic compounds based on the 9,10-anthraquinone skeleton.
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Antioxidant
Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.
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Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols
A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure and studied in vitro.
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Antiseptic
Antiseptics (from Greek ἀντί anti, "against" and σηπτικός sēptikos, "putrefactive") are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.
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Aquatic plant
Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater).
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Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana, the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small flowering plant native to Eurasia and Africa.
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Aromatic hydrocarbon
An aromatic hydrocarbon or arene (or sometimes aryl hydrocarbon) is a hydrocarbon with sigma bonds and delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms forming a circle.
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Arthropod cuticle
The cuticle forms the major part of the integument of the Arthropoda.
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Arthrospira
Arthrospira is a genus of free-floating filamentous cyanobacteria characterized by cylindrical, multicellular trichomes in an open left-hand helix.
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Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase
In enzymology, an aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are aromatic alcohol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are aromatic aldehyde, NADH, and H+.
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Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+)
In enzymology, an aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are aromatic alcohol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are aromatic aldehyde, NADPH, and H+.
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Aryldialkylphosphatase
Aryldialkylphosphatase (EC) (more commonly known as phosphotriesterase, and also organophosphate hydrolase, parathion hydrolase, paraoxonase, and parathion aryl esterase) is a metalloenzyme that hydrolyzes the triester linkage found in organophosphate insecticides.
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Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger is a fungus and one of the most common species of the genus Aspergillus.
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Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.
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Astragalin
Astragalin is a chemical compound.
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Atromentin
Atromentin is a natural chemical compound found in Agaricomycetes fungi in the orders Agaricales and Thelephorales.
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Autoxidation
Autoxidation is any oxidation that occurs in open air or in presence of oxygen (and sometimes UV radiation) and forms peroxides and hydroperoxides.
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Axial chirality
Axial chirality is a special case of chirality in which a molecule does not possess a stereogenic center (the most common form of chirality in organic compounds) but an axis of chirality – an axis about which a set of substituents is held in a spatial arrangement that is not superposable on its mirror image.
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B type proanthocyanidin
B type proanthocyanidins are a specific type of proanthocyanidin, which are a class of flavanoids.
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Bamberger rearrangement
The Bamberger rearrangement is the chemical reaction of phenylhydroxylamines with strong aqueous acid, which will rearrange to give 4-aminophenols.
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Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi.
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Bathochromic shift
Bathochromic shift (from Greek βαθύς bathys, "deep"; and χρῶμα chrōma, "color"; hence less common alternate spelling "bathychromic") is a change of spectral band position in the absorption, reflectance, transmittance, or emission spectrum of a molecule to a longer wavelength (lower frequency).
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Beer
Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea.
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Benzene
Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.
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Benzenediol
Benzenediols or dihydroxybenzenes are organic chemical compounds in which two hydroxyl groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.
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Benzoquinone
Benzoquinone (C6H4O2) is a quinone with a single benzene ring, of which there are only two.
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Berry
A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit.
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Biflavonoid
Biflavonoids are a type of flavonoids with the general formula scheme (C6-C3-C6)2.
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Bioadhesive
Bioadhesives are natural polymeric materials that act as adhesives.
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Biopesticide
Biopesticides, a contraction of 'biological pesticides', include several types of pest management intervention: through predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.
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Biorefinery
A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass.
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Biotransformation
Biotransformation is the chemical modification (or modifications) made by an organism on a chemical compound.
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Bisphenol A
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 belonging to the group of diphenylmethane derivatives and bisphenols, with two hydroxyphenyl groups.
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Blanching (cooking)
Blanching is a cooking process wherein a food, usually a vegetable or fruit, is scalded in boiling water, removed after a brief, timed interval, and finally plunged into iced water or placed under cold running water (shocking or refreshing) to halt the cooking process.
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Boric acid
Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid and acidum boricum, is a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron, which is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds.
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Botryococcus braunii
Botryococcus braunii (Bb) is a green, pyramid-shaped planktonic microalga that is of potentially great importance in the field of biotechnology.
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Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinerea ("botrytis" from Ancient Greek botrys (βότρυς) meaning "grapes" plus the New Latin suffix -itis for disease) is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes.
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Brown algae
The brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere.
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Bryophyte
Bryophytes are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses.
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Bucherer carbazole synthesis
The Bucherer carbazole synthesis is a chemical reaction used to synthesize carbazoles from naphthols and aryl hydrazines using sodium bisulfite.
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Bucherer reaction
The Bucherer reaction in organic chemistry is the reversible conversion of a naphthol to a naphthylamine in the presence of ammonia and sodium bisulfite.
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Butylated hydroxyanisole
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole.
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Butylated hydroxytoluene
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), also known as dibutylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties.
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C-methylated flavonoid
The C-methylated flavonoids are a category of flavonoid having methylation(s) on carbon.
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Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid.
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Calixarene
A calixarene is a macrocycle or cyclic oligomer based on a hydroxyalkylation product of a phenol and an aldehyde.
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Callus (cell biology)
Plant callus (plural calluses or calli) is a growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells.
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Camponotus saundersi
Camponotus saundersi is a species of ant found in Malaysia and Brunei, belonging to the genus of Carpenter ants.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora.
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Cannabinoid
A cannabinoid is one of a class of diverse chemical compounds that acts on cannabinoid receptors in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain.
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Cannabis
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae.
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Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to eastern Asia but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation.
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Capsaicin
Capsaicin ((INN); 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum.
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Carboxylic acid
A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Carvacrol
Carvacrol, or cymophenol, C6H3CH3(OH)(C3H7), is a monoterpenoid phenol.
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Castoreum
Castoreum is the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the European beaver (Castor fiber).
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Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals).
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Catechin
Catechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol and antioxidant.
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Catechol
Catechol, also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H4(OH)2.
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Cavicularin
Cavicularin is a natural phenolic secondary metabolite isolated from the liverwort Cavicularia densa.
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Chalconoid
Chalconoids (English: /ˌkælkə/; Greek: χαλκός khalkós, "copper", due to its color), also known as chalcones, are natural phenols related to chalcone.
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ChEBI
Chemical Entities of Biological Interest, also known as ChEBI, is a database and ontology of molecular entities focused on 'small' chemical compounds, that is part of the Open Biomedical Ontologies effort.
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Chelation
Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions.
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Chemical bond
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
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Chemical classification
Chemical classification systems attempt to classify elements or compounds according to certain chemical functional or structural properties.
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Chemical compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
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Chemical structure
A chemical structure determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid.
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Chemical synthesis
Chemical synthesis is a purposeful execution of chemical reactions to obtain a product, or several products.
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Chili pepper
The chili pepper (also chile pepper, chilli pepper, or simply chilli) from Nahuatl chīlli) is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. They are widely used in many cuisines to add spiciness to dishes. The substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and related compounds known as capsaicinoids. Chili peppers originated in Mexico. After the Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chili pepper spread across the world, used for both food and traditional medicine. Worldwide in 2014, 32.3 million tonnes of green chili peppers and 3.8 million tonnes of dried chili peppers were produced. China is the world's largest producer of green chillies, providing half of the global total.
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Chirality (chemistry)
Chirality is a geometric property of some molecules and ions.
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Chlorogenic acid
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is the ester of caffeic acid and (−)-quinic acid, functioning as an intermediate in lignin biosynthesis.
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Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.
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Chocolate
Chocolate is a typically sweet, usually brown food preparation of Theobroma cacao seeds, roasted and ground.
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Chromatography
Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.
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Chromatography detector
A chromatography detector is a device used in gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) to detect components of the mixture being eluted off the chromatography column.
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Chromone
Chromone (or 1,4-benzopyrone) is a derivative of benzopyran with a substituted keto group on the pyran ring.
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CIELAB color space
The CIELAB color space (also known as CIE L*a*b* or sometimes abbreviated as simply "Lab" color space) is a color space defined by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1976.
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Cinnamic acid
Cinnamic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CHCHCO2H.
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Citrus
Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae.
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Clay minerals
Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, sometimes with variable amounts of iron, magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline earths, and other cations found on or near some planetary surfaces.
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Clove
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum.
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Coal tar
Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal.
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Cocoa solids
Cocoa solids are a mixture of many substances remaining after cocoa butter is extracted from cacao beans.
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Coffee
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant.
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Coking
Coking is the deposition of carbon-rich solids.
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Colletotrichum
Colletotrichum (sexual stage: Glomerella) is a genus of fungi that are symbionts to plants as endophytes or phytopathogens.
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Color
Color (American English) or colour (Commonwealth English) is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color categories, with names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or purple.
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Colorimetry
Colorimetry is "the science and technology used to quantify and describe physically the human color perception." It is similar to spectrophotometry, but is distinguished by its interest in reducing spectra to the physical correlates of color perception, most often the CIE 1931 XYZ color space tristimulus values and related quantities.
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Combretastatin A-4
Combretastatin A-4 is a combretastatin and a stilbenoid.
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Condensed tannin
Condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins, polyflavonoid tannins, catechol-type tannins, pyrocatecollic type tannins, non-hydrolyzable tannins or flavolans) are polymers formed by the condensation of flavans.
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Conjugated system
In chemistry, a conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in molecules which are conventionally represented as having alternating single and multiple bonds, which in general may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase stability.
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Coumarin
Coumarin (2H-chromen-2-one) is a fragrant organic chemical compound in the benzopyrone chemical class, although it may also be seen as a subclass of lactones.
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Crematogaster
Crematogaster is an ecologically diverse genus of ants found worldwide, which are characterised by a distinctive heart-shaped gaster (abdomen), which gives them one of their common names, the Saint Valentine ant.
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Creosote
Creosote is a category of carbonaceous chemicals formed by the distillation of various tars and pyrolysis of plant-derived material, such as wood or fossil fuel.
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Cresol
Cresols (also hydroxytoluene) are organic compounds which are methylphenols.
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Crofelemer
Crofelemer (USAN, trade name Mytesi) is a botanical drug for the treatment of diarrhoea associated with anti-HIV drugs such as nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors.
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Cumene
Cumene is the common name for isopropylbenzene, an organic compound that is based on an aromatic hydrocarbon with an aliphatic substitution.
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Cumene process
The cumene process (cumene-phenol process, Hock process) is an industrial process for developing phenol and acetone from benzene and propylene.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cycad
Cycads are seed plants with a long fossil history that were formerly more abundant and more diverse than they are today.
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Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a freshwater cyanobacterium.
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Danielone
Danielone is a phytoalexin found in the papaya fruit.
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Delta-Viniferin
δ-Viniferin is a resveratrol dehydrodimer.
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Depside
A depside is a type of polyphenolic compound composed of two or more monocyclic aromatic units linked by an ester bond.
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Desert locust
The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is a species of locust.
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Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
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Diarylheptanoid
The diarylheptanoids (also known as diphenylheptanoids) are a relatively small class of plant secondary metabolites.
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Diazonium compound
Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group where R can be any organic group, such as an alkyl or an aryl, and X is an inorganic or organic anion, such as a halogen.
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Dichlorofluorescein
Dichlorofluorescein (DCF) is an organic dye of the fluorescein family, being substituted at the 2 and 7 positions by chloride.
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Dictyotales
Dictyotales is a large order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae).
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Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.
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Diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), also known as stilbestrol or stilboestrol, is an estrogen medication which is mostly no longer used.
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Dihydroisocoumarin
Dihydroisocoumarins are phenolic compounds related to isocoumarin.
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Dihydrostilbenoid
Dihydrostilbenoids (bibenzyls) are natural phenols formed from the dihydrostilbene (bibenzyl) backbone.
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Dissolved organic carbon
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sometimes known as dissolved organic material (DOM), is a broad classification for organic molecules of varied origin and composition within aquatic systems.
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Dithionite
The dithionite anion (2−), is an oxoanion of sulfur.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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DPPH
DPPH is a common abbreviation for the organic chemical compound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.
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Drink
A drink or beverage is a liquid intended for human consumption.
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Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.
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Eckol
Eckol is a phlorotannin isolated from brown algae in the family Lessoniaceae such as species in the genus Ecklonia such as E. cava or E. kurome or in the genus Eisenia such as Eisenia bicyclis.
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Elbs persulfate oxidation
The Elbs persulfate oxidation is the organic reaction of phenols with alkaline potassium persulfate to form para-diphenols.
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Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that studies the relationship between electricity, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with either electricity considered an outcome of a particular chemical change or vice versa.
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Electrophilic aromatic directing groups
In organic chemistry, an electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG) (+I effect) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance or inductive effects, thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
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Electrophilic aromatic substitution
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile.
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Electrospray ionization
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry to produce ions using an electrospray in which a high voltage is applied to a liquid to create an aerosol.
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Elephant
Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea.
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Ellagic acid
Ellagic acid is a natural phenol antioxidant found in numerous fruits and vegetables.
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Endocrine disruptor
Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormone) systems at certain doses.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin (abbreviated ECH) is an organochlorine compound and an epoxide.
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Essential oil
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (defined as "the tendency of a substance to vaporize") aroma compounds from plants.
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Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group.
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Estradiol
Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone.
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Estrogen
Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone.
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Ether
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
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Eucalyptus sideroxylon
Eucalyptus sideroxylon, or mugga, red ironbark or mugga ironbark, is a small to medium-sized or occasionally tall tree that is found throughout eastern Australia.
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Eugenol
Eugenol is a phenylpropene, an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol.
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Eurasian beaver
The Eurasian beaver or European beaver (Castor fiber) is a species of beaver which was once widespread in Eurasia.
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Explosive material
An explosive material, also called an explosive, is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure.
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Extraction (chemistry)
Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting in the separation of a substance from a matrix.
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Ferric chloride test
The ferric chloride test is used to determine the presence of phenols in a given sample or compound (for instance natural phenols in a plant extract).
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Ferric reducing ability of plasma
Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP, also Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) is an antioxidant capacity assay that uses Trolox as a standard.
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Fish
Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.
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Flavan-3-ol
Flavan-3-ols (sometimes referred to as flavanols) are derivatives of flavans that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton.
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Flavanone
The flavanones, a type of flavonoids, are various aromatic, colorless ketones derived from flavone that often occur in plants as glycosides.
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Flavones
Flavones (flavus.
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Flavonoid
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) (from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites.
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Flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase
In enzymology, a flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 4 substrates of this enzyme are flavonoid, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 3'-hydroxyflavonoid, NADP+, and H2O.
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Flavonolignan
Flavonolignans are natural phenols composed of a part flavonoid and a part lignan.
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Flavonols
Flavonols are a class of flavonoids that have the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone (IUPAC name: 3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one).
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Flavor
Flavor (American English) or flavour (British English; see spelling differences) is the sensory impression of food or other substance, and is determined primarily by the chemical senses of taste and smell.
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Fleming–Tamao oxidation
The Fleming–Tamao oxidation, or Tamao–Kumada–Fleming oxidation, converts a carbon–silicon bond to a carbon–oxygen bond with a peroxy acid or hydrogen peroxide.
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Flowering plant
The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.
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Folin–Ciocalteu reagent
The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) or Folin's phenol reagent or Folin–Denis reagent, also called the gallic acid equivalence method (GAE), is a mixture of phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate used for the colorimetric in vitro assay of phenolic and polyphenolic antioxidants.
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Food additive
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste, appearance, or other qualities.
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Food and Chemical Toxicology
Food and Chemical Toxicology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering aspects of food safety, chemical safety, and other aspects of consumer product safety.
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FooDB
FooDB (The Food Database) is a freely available, open-access database containing chemical (micronutrient and macronutrient) composition data on common, unprocessed foods.
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Formaldehyde
No description.
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Fractionation
Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (gas, solid, liquid, enzymes, suspension, or isotope) is divided during a phase transition, into a number of smaller quantities (fractions) in which the composition varies according to a gradient.
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Frémy's salt
Frémy's salt is a chemical compound with the formula (K42), sometimes written as (K2).
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Fries rearrangement
The Fries rearrangement reaction is one of the important reactions in organic chemistry.
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Fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.
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Fucales
The Fucales (fucoids) are an order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae).
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Fulvic acid
Fulvic acids are a family of organic acids, natural compounds, and components of the humus (which is a fraction of soil organic matter).
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Fumed silica
Fumed silica (CAS number 112945-52-5), also known as pyrogenic silica because it is produced in a flame, consists of microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles.
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Functional group
In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
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Fungicide
Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores.
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Furanoflavonoid
Furanoflavonoids are flavonoids possessing a furan group.
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Galeola faberi
Galeola faberi is an orchid species in the genus Galeola found in central and southern China, as well as in Nepal, the eastern Himalayas, Vietnam and Sumatra.
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Gall
Galls or cecidia are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants or animals.
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Galleria mellonella
Galleria mellonella, the greater wax moth or honeycomb moth, is a moth of the family Pyralidae.
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Gallic acid
Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants.
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Gastrodia elata
Gastrodia elata is a saprophytic perennial herb in the Orchidaceae family.
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Geraniol
Geraniol is a monoterpenoid and an alcohol.
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Ginkgo
Ginkgo is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants.
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Glomerella cingulata
Glomerella cingulata is the sexual stage (teleomorph) while the more commonly referred to asexual stage (anamorph) is called Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.
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Glucuronic acid
Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλυκύς "sweet" and οὖρον "urine") is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine (hence the name).
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Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.
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Glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage.
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Glutathione S-transferase
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification.
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Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
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Glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond.
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Gnetophyta
Gnetophyta is a division of plants, grouped within the gymnosperms (which also includes conifers, cycads, and ginkgos), that consists of some 70 species across the three relict genera: Gnetum (family Gnetaceae), Welwitschia (family Welwitschiaceae), and Ephedra (family Ephedraceae).
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Green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia.
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Guaiacol
Guaiacol is a naturally-occurring organic compound with the formula C6H4(OH)(OCH3), first isolated by Otto Unverdorben in 1826.
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Gymnosperm
The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
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Gyrophoric acid
Gyrophoric acid is a depside that can be found in the lichen Cryptothecia rubrocincta and in Xanthoparmelia pokomyi.
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Hep G2
Hep G2 is a human liver cancer cell line.
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Herb
In general use, herbs are plants with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, in medicine, or as fragrances.
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Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet.
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High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture.
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Homogentisic acid
Homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is a phenolic acid usually found in Arbutus unedo (strawberry-tree) honey.
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Hornwort
Hornworts are a group of non-vascular plants constituting the division Anthocerotophyta.
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Human nutrition
Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and health.
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Humic acid
Humic acids are the result of a severe chemical extraction from the soil organic matter, and recently their natural existence was jeopardized, since it is a product of the chemical procedure.
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Humulus
Humulus, hop, is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae.
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Humus
In soil science, humus (derived in 1790–1800 from the Latin humus for earth, ground) denominates the fraction of soil organic matter that is amorphous and without the "cellular cake structure characteristic of plants, micro-organisms or animals." Humus significantly affects the bulk density of soil and contributes to its retention of moisture and nutrients.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrolysable tannin
A hydrolyzable tannin or pyrogallol-type tannin is a type of tannin that, on heating with hydrochloric or sulfuric acids, yields gallic or ellagic acids.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.
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Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone, also benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
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Hydroxy group
A hydroxy or hydroxyl group is the entity with the formula OH.
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Hydroxycinnamic acid
Hydroxycinnamic acids (hydroxycinnamates) are a class of aromatic acids or phenylpropanoids having a C6–C3 skeleton.
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Hypersensitive response
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a mechanism, used by plants, to prevent the spread of infection by microbial pathogens.
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Insecticide
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects.
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Interaction
Interaction is a kind of action that occur as two or more objects have an effect upon one another.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Isocoumarin
Isocoumarin (1H-2-benzopyran-1-one; 3,4-benzo-2-pyrone) is a lactone, a type of natural organic compound.
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Isoflavones
Isoflavones are a type of naturally occurring isoflavonoids, many of which act as phytoestrogens in mammals.
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Isoflavonoid
Isoflavonoids are a class of flavonoid phenolic compounds, many of which are biologically active.
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Jeffrey Harborne
Jeffrey Barry Harborne FRS (1 September 1928, in Bristol – 21 July 2002) was a British chemist who specialised in phytochemistry.
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Juglone
Juglone, also called 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione (IUPAC) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C10H6O3.
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Kaempferol
Kaempferol is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, found in a variety of plants and plant-derived foods.
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Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside is a bitter-tasting flavonol glycoside.
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Karanjin
Karanjin, a furanoflavonol, a type of flavonoid.
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L-DOPA
L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.
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Latitude
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.
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Leaching (agriculture)
In agriculture, leaching refers to the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation.
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Leaf
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem.
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Leaf vegetable
Leaf vegetables, also called leafy greens, salad greens, pot herbs, vegetable greens, or simply greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots.
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Leptoglossus phyllopus
Leptoglossus phyllopus or Eastern leaf-footed bug is a species of leaf-footed bugs in the same genus as the western conifer seed bug (L. occidentalis) found throughout the southern United States from Florida to California, through Mexico and as far south as Costa Rica.
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Lichen
A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.
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Ligand
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule (functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.
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Lignan
The lignans are a large group of polyphenols found in plants.
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Lignin
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form important structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are cross-linked phenolic polymers.
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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS).
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Low-density lipoprotein
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein which transport all fat molecules around the body in the extracellular water.
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Luminescence
Luminescence is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat; it is thus a form of cold-body radiation.
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Lycopodiophyta
The Division Lycopodiophyta (sometimes called lycophyta or lycopods) is a tracheophyte subgroup of the Kingdom Plantae.
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M-Cresol
meta-Cresol, also 3-methylphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4(OH).
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Magnaporthe grisea
Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, and Johnson spot, is a plant-pathogenic fungus that causes a serious disease affecting rice.
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Malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the organic compound with the nominal formula CH2(CHO)2.
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Marchantiophyta
The Marchantiophyta are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts.
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Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.
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Melanin
Melanin (from μέλας melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.
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Meroterpene
A meroterpene is a chemical compound having a partial terpenoid structure.
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Mesoporous silica
Mesoporous silica is a mesoporous form of silica and a recent development in nanotechnology.
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Metal hydroxide
Metal hydroxides are hydroxides of metals.
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Methanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH).
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Methyl salicylate
Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen or wintergreen oil) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(OH)(CO2CH3).
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Methylation
In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.
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Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce.
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Microcystis aeruginosa
Microcystis aeruginosa is a species of freshwater cyanobacteria which can form harmful algal blooms of economic and ecological importance.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Moss
Mosses are small flowerless plants that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations.
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Mouthwash
Mouthwash, mouth rinse, oral rinse, or mouth bath is a liquid which is held in the mouth passively or swilled around the mouth by contraction of the perioral muscles and/or movement of the head, and may be gargled, where the head is tilted back and the liquid bubbled at the back of the mouth.
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Musth
Musth or must is a periodic condition in bull (male) elephants, characterized by highly aggressive behavior and accompanied by a large rise in reproductive hormones.
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Mycorrhiza
A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης mýkēs, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular host plant.
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Myriophyllum spicatum
Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil or spiked water-milfoil) is native to Europe, Asia, and north Africa.
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Naphthoquinone
Naphthoquinone is a class of organic compounds structurally related to naphthalene.
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.
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Nonoxynol-9
Nonoxynol-9, sometimes abbreviated as N-9, is an organic compound that is used as a surfactant.
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Nonylphenol
Nonylphenols, from the Latin nōnus (number 9) and phenol, are a family of closely related organic compounds composed of phenol bearing a 9 carbon-tail.
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.
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North American beaver
The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) is one of two extant beaver species.
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Nut (fruit)
A nut is a fruit composed of an inedible hard shell and a seed, which is generally edible.
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O-Cresol
ortho-Cresol, also 2-methylphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4(OH).
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O-methylated flavonoid
The O-methylated flavonoids or methoxyflavonoids are flavonoids with methylations on hydroxyl groups (methoxy bonds).
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Olive oil
Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea; family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin.
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Ootheca
An ootheca (pl. oothecae) is a type of egg mass made by any member of a variety of species including mollusks (such as Turbinella laevigata), mantises, and cockroaches.
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Optical rotation
Optical rotation or optical activity (sometimes referred to as rotary polarization) is the rotation of the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials.
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Orange (fruit)
The orange is the fruit of the citrus species ''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'' in the family Rutaceae.
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Orcinol
Orcinol is a natural phenolic organic compound that occurs in many species of lichens including Roccella tinctoria and Lecanora.
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Oregano
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is a flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae).
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Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
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Organic farming
Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices.
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Organic peroxide
Organic peroxides are organic compounds containing the peroxide functional group (ROOR′).
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Organic reaction
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds.
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Organic Syntheses
Organic Syntheses is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1921.
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Orobol
Orobol is one of several known isoflavones.
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Oscillatoria
Oscillatoria is a genus of filamentous cyanobacterium which is named after the oscillation in its movement.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) is a method of measuring antioxidant capacities in biological samples in vitro.
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P-Coumaric acid
p-Coumaric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound that is a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid.
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P-Cresol
para-Cresol, also 4-methylphenol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4(OH).
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Paeoniflorin
Paeoniflorin is a chemical compound which is one of the major constituents of an herbal medicine derived from Paeonia lactiflora.
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Pantoea agglomerans
Pantoea agglomerans is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Papaya
The papaya (from Carib via Spanish), papaw, or pawpaw is the plant Carica papaya, one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae.
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Parasitoid
A parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host and at the host's expense, and which sooner or later kills it.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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Permanganate
A permanganate is the general name for a chemical compound containing the manganate(VII) ion,.
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Perspiration
Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.
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PH indicator
A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually.
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Phanerochaete
Phanerochaete is a genus of crust fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae.
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Phegopteris connectilis
Phegopteris connectilis, commonly known as long beech fern, northern beech fern, and narrow beech fern, is a species of fern native to forests of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Phenol
Phenol, also known as phenolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.
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Phenol extraction
Phenol extraction is a processing technology used to prepare phenols as raw materials, compounds or additives for industrial wood processing and for chemical industries.
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Phenol-Explorer
Phenol-Explorer is a comprehensive database on natural phenols and polyphenols including food composition, food processing, and polyphenol metabolites in human and experimental animals.
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Phenolic acid
Phenolic acids or phenolcarboxylic acids are types of aromatic acid compound.
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Phenolic aldehyde
Phenolic aldehydes are derivatives of phenol.
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Phenolic content in wine
The phenolic content in wine refers to the phenolic compounds—natural phenol and polyphenols—in wine, which include a large group of several hundred chemical compounds that affect the taste, color and mouthfeel of wine.
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Phenolic lipid
Phenolic lipids are a class of natural products composed of long aliphatic chains and phenolic rings.
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Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn" or "phph" in shorthand notation.
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Phenylacetic acid
Phenylacetic acid (PAA) (conjugate base phenylacetate), also known by various synonyms, is an organic compound containing a phenyl functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group.
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Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.
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Phenylpropene
Phenylpropene is a chemical compound.
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Phenylpyruvic acid
Phenylpyruvic acid is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2C(O)CO2H.
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Pheromone
A pheromone (from Ancient Greek φέρω phero "to bear" and hormone, from Ancient Greek ὁρμή "impetus") is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species.
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Phloem
In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to parts of the plant where needed.
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Phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol is an organic compound that is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and explosives.
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Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid
Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid.
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Phlorotannin
Phlorotannins are a type of tannins found in brown algae such as kelps and rockweeds or sargassacean species, and in a lower amount also in some red algae.
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Photorhabdus
Photorhabdus is a genus of bioluminescent, gram-negative bacilli which lives symbiotically within entomopathogenic nematodes, hence the name photo (which means light-producing) and rhabdus (rod-shape).
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Phytoalexin
Phytoalexins are antimicrobial and often antioxidative substances synthesized de novo by plants that accumulate rapidly at areas of pathogen infection.
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Picric acid
Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (O2N)3C6H2OH.
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Pig
A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae.
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Pinaceae
The Pinaceae (pine family) are trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces.
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Pinophyta
The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida.
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Pinosylvin
Pinosylvin is a pre-infectious stilbenoid toxin (i.e. synthesized prior to infection), contrary to phytoalexins which are synthesized during infection.
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Planar chirality
Planar chirality is the special case of chirality for two dimensions.
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Plant litter
Litterfall, plant litter, leaf litter, tree litter, soil litter, or duff, is dead plant material (such as leaves, bark, needles, twigs, and cladodes) that have fallen to the ground.
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Plant pathology
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).
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Plasmopara viticola
Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is a heterothallic oomycete that overwinters as oospores in leaf litter and soil.
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Podzol
In soil science, Podzols (known as Spodosols in China and the United States of America and Podosols in Australia) are the typical soils of coniferous, or boreal forests.
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Polycarbonate
Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures.
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Polymer
A polymer (Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.
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Polyphenol
Polyphenols (also known as polyhydroxyphenols) are a structural class of mainly natural, but also synthetic or semisynthetic, organic chemicals characterized by the presence of large multiples of phenol structural units.
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Polyphenol oxidase
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO; also monophenol monooxygenase or polyphenol oxidase i, chloroplastic) is a tetramer that contains four atoms of copper per molecule, and binding sites for two aromatic compounds and oxygen.
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Pomegranate
The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Lythraceae that grows between tall.
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Popcorn
Popcorn, popcorns, or pop-corn, is a variety of corn kernel, which expands and puffs up when heated.
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Poriol
Poriol is a C-methylated flavanone, a type of flavonoid.
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Potassium peroxymonosulfate
Potassium peroxymonosulfate (also known as MPS, potassium monopersulfate, potassium caroate, and the trade names Caroat and Oxone) is widely used as an oxidizing agent.
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Potato
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum.
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Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a hunting animal) kills and eats its prey (the organism that is attacked).
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Propene
Propene, also known as propylene or methyl ethylene, is an unsaturated organic compound having the chemical formula C3H6.
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Propofol
Propofol, marketed as Diprivan among others, is a short-acting medication that results in a decreased level of consciousness and lack of memory for events.
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Protocatechuic acid
Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid.
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Protocatechuic aldehyde
Protocatechuic aldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, a compound released from cork stoppers into wine.
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Prune
A prune is a dried plum of any cultivar, mostly Prunus domestica or European Plum.
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Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas fluorescens is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium.
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Pteridophyte
A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that disperses spores (and lacks seeds).
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Purple
Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red.
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Pyrogallol
Pyrogallol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3.
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Quercus coccifera
Quercus coccifera, the kermes oak, is an oak tree in the ''Quercus'' section ''Cerris''.
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Quinone
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of –CH.
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Quorum sensing
In biology, quorum sensing is the ability to detect and to respond to cell population density by gene regulation.
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Rancidification
Rancidity is the complete or incomplete oxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, moisture or by bacterial action, resulting in unpleasant taste and odor, which may be described as rancidity.
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Raspberry
The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus; the name also applies to these plants themselves.
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Raspberry ellagitannin
The raspberry ellagitannin is an ellagitannin found in raspberries.
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Raspberry ketone
Raspberry ketone is a natural phenolic compound that is the primary aroma compound of red raspberries.
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Reactivity (chemistry)
In chemistry, reactivity is the impetus for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy.
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Rearrangement reaction
A rearrangement reaction is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule.
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Red algae
The red algae, or Rhodophyta, are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance" of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers.
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Resveratrol
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or, when the plant is under attack by pathogens such as bacteria or fungi.
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Rhizobium rhizogenes
Rhizobium rhizogenes (formerly Agrobacterium rhizogenes) is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that produces hairy root disease in dicotyledonous plants.
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Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
The palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is one of two species of snout beetle known as the red palm weevil, Asian palm weevil or sago palm weevil.
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Riccardin C
Riccardin C is a macrocyclic bis(bibenzyl).
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Rice
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice).
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Roasting
Roasting is a cooking method that uses dry heat where hot air envelops the food, cooking it evenly on all sides with temperatures of at least 150 °C (~300 °F) from an open flame, oven, or other heat source.
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Rosmarinic acid
Rosmarinic acid is a chemical compound found in a variety of plants.
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Rotenoid
Rotenoids are naturally occurring substances containing a cis-fused tetrahydrochromenochromene nucleus.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.
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Sakuranetin
Sakuranetin is a flavan-on, the 7-methoxy derivative of naringenin, found in Polymnia fruticosa and rice, where it acts as a phytoalexin against spore germination of Pyricularia oryzae.
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Salicylaldehyde
Salicylic aldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) is the organic compound with the formula C6H4CHO-2-OH.
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Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, willow tree) is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, and a beta hydroxy acid (BHA).
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Salt (chemistry)
In chemistry, a salt is an ionic compound that can be formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
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Salvinia molesta
Salvinia molesta, commonly known as giant salvinia, or as kariba weed after it infested a large portion of the reservoir of the same name, is an aquatic fern, native to south-eastern Brazil.
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Sargassum
Sargassum is a genus of brown (class Phaeophyceae) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales.
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Sclerotin
Sclerotin is a component of the cuticles of various Arthropoda, most familiarly insects.
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Sea urchin
Sea urchins or urchins are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea.
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Selliguea feei
Selliguea feei is a plant species belonging to the Selliguea genus.
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Sensor
In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor.
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Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.
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Sesame
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum, also called benne.
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Sesamol
Sesamol is a natural organic compound which is a component of sesame seeds and sesame oil.
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Shikimate pathway
The shikimate pathway (shikimic acid pathway) is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, some protozoan parasites and plants for the biosynthesis of folates and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
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Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
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Singlet oxygen
Singlet oxygen, systematically named dioxygen(singlet) and dioxidene, is a gaseous inorganic chemical with the formula O.
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Smoke
Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.
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Sodium carbonate
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid.
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Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is a chemical and medication.
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Soil
Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.
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Sol–gel process
In materials science, the sol–gel process is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules.
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Solid phase extraction
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation process by which compounds that are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are separated from other compounds in the mixture according to their physical and chemical properties.
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Sorghum
Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae.
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Spice
A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food.
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Spirulina (dietary supplement)
Spirulina represents a biomass of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be consumed by humans and other animals.
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Spongiochloris spongiosa
Spongiochloris spongiosa is a freshwater green alga species in the genus Spongiochloris.
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Stacking (chemistry)
In chemistry, pi stacking (also called π–π stacking) refers to attractive, noncovalent interactions between aromatic rings, since they contain pi bonds.
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Standard (metrology)
In metrology (the science of measurement), a standard (or etalon) is an object, system, or experiment that bears a defined relationship to a unit of measurement of a physical quantity.
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Standard curve
A standard curve, also known as a calibration curve, is a type of graph used as a quantitative research technique.
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Stilbenoid
Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene.
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Streptomyces neyagawaensis
Streptomyces neyagawaensis is an Actinobacteria species in the antibiotic producing genus Streptomyces.
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Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate (see spelling differences) ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
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Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O2&minus) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
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Tangeretin
Tangeretin is an O-polymethoxylated flavone that is found in tangerine and other citrus peels.
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Tannic acid
Tannic acid is a specific form of tannin, a type of polyphenol.
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Tannin
Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
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Taste
Taste, gustatory perception, or gustation is one of the five traditional senses that belongs to the gustatory system.
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Tea
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub (bush) native to Asia.
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Terpene
Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, particularly conifers, and by some insects.
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Theaflavin
Theaflavin (TF) and its derivatives, known collectively as theaflavins, are antioxidant polyphenols that are formed from the condensation of flavan-3-ols in tea leaves during the enzymatic oxidation (sometimes erroneously referred to as fermentation) of black tea.
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Thearubigin
Thearubigins are polymeric polyphenols that are formed during the enzymatic oxidation and condensation of two gallocatechins (epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate) with the participation of polyphenol oxidases during the fermentation reactions in black tea.
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Thelephoric acid
Thelephoric acid is a terphenylquinone pigment that is found in several fungi, such as Omphalotus subilludens and Polyozellus multiplex.
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Thiol
Thiol is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (R–SH) group (where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent).
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Thymol
Thymol (also known as 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, IPMP) is a natural monoterpenoid phenol derivative of cymene, C10H14O, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted from ''Thymus vulgaris'' (common thyme) and various other kinds of plants as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties.
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Thymus vulgaris
Thymus vulgaris (common thyme, German thyme, garden thyme or just thyme) is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy.
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Ti plasmid
A Ti or tumour inducing plasmid is a plasmid that often, but not always, is a part of the genetic equipment that Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes use to transduce their genetic material to plants.
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Titration
Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the concentration of an identified analyte.
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Toxicodendron diversilobum
Toxicodendron diversilobum (syn. Rhus diversiloba), commonly named Pacific poison oak or western poison oak, is a woody vine or shrub in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae.
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Traditional medicine
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine.
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Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene—called a transgene—into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
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Trolox
Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) is a water-soluble analog of vitamin E sold by Hoffman-LaRoche.
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Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) measures the antioxidant capacity of a given substance, as compared to the standard, Trolox.
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Turbinaria
Turbinaria is a genus of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) found primarily in tropical marine waters.
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Tyrosine
Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
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Tyrosol
Tyrosol is a phenylethanoid, a derivative of phenethyl alcohol.
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UGT1A6
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A6 gene.
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UGT1A8
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A8 gene.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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Unfiltered olive oil
Unfiltered olive oil (also known as cloudy olive oil, veiled olive oil, or olio nuovo) is an intermediate product of olive oil extraction.
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Vanillic acid
Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent.
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Vanillin
Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3.
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Vascular plant
Vascular plants (from Latin vasculum: duct), also known as tracheophytes (from the equivalent Greek term trachea) and also higher plants, form a large group of plants (c. 308,312 accepted known species) that are defined as those land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant.
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Vegetable
Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food as part of a meal.
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Vidalia (alga)
Vidalia is a tropical red algae genus in the family Rhodomelaceae.
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Vinegar
Vinegar is a liquid consisting of about 5–20% acetic acid (CH3COOH), water (H2O), and trace chemicals that may include flavorings.
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Vinyl group
In chemistry, vinyl or ethenyl is the functional group with the formula −CH.
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VirA protein
VirA is a protein histidine kinase which senses certain sugars and phenolic compounds.
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Visible spectrum
The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.
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Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of eight compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
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Vitis vinifera
Vitis vinifera, the common grape vine, is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern Iran.
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Waxworm
Waxworms are the caterpillar larvae of wax moths, which belong to the family Pyralidae (snout moths).
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Whisky
Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash.
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Wintergreen
Wintergreen is a group of aromatic plants.
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Wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.
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Wood preservation
All measures that are taken to ensure a long life of wood fall under the definition wood preservation (timber treatment).
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Woodward's rules
Woodward's rules, named after Robert Burns Woodward and also known as Woodward–Fieser rules (for Louis Fieser) are several sets of empirically derived rules which attempt to predict the wavelength of the absorption maximum (λmax) in an ultraviolet–visible spectrum of a given compound.
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Workman Publishing Company
Workman Publishing Company is an independent publisher of trade books and calendars, known primarily for non-fiction books along with calendars.
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Xanthonoid
A xanthonoid is a chemical natural phenolic compound formed from the xanthone backbone.
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Xylenol
Xylenols are organic compounds with the formula (CH3)2C6H3OH.
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Yerba mate
Yerba mate (from Spanish; erva-mate or; ka'a) is a species of the holly genus (Ilex), with the botanical name Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., named by the French botanist Auguste François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire.
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Zincke–Suhl reaction
The Zincke–Suhl reaction is a special case of a Friedel-Crafts alkylation and was first described by Theodor Zincke and Suhl in 1906.
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(E)-Stilbene
(E)-Stilbene, commonly known as trans-stilbene, is an organic compound represented by the condensed structural formula C6H5CH.
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2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride
2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) is a chemical compound used to study the chemistry of the oxidation of drugs.
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2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a natural phenol found in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.
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2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol
2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol is a phenolic compound produced by the saprophytic orchid Gastrodia elata and by the myco-heterotroph orchid Galeola faberi.
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2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol
2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol is a natural phenol found in specific strains of the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens.
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2-Ethyl-4,5-dimethylphenol
2-Ethyl-4,5-dimethylphenol is a phenol found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis).
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2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol is an aromatic substance used as a flavoring agent.
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2-Phenylphenol
2-Phenylphenol, or o-phenylphenol, is an organic compound that consists of two linked benzene rings and a phenolic hydroxyl group.
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3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene
3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene is a bacterial stilbenoid produced in Photorhabdus bacterial symbionts of Heterorhabditis nematodes.
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3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde
3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde is a chemical compound found in the leaves of Encelia farinosa.
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3-Ethylphenol
3-Ethylphenol is a phenol found in urine samples of female elephants.
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3-Hydroxyacetophenone
3-Hydroxyacetophenone is a chemical compound.
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3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid.
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4-Ethylphenol
4-Ethylphenol (4-EP) is a phenolic compound.
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4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is one of the three isomers of hydroxybenzaldehyde.
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4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid.
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4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a chemical compound found in olive oil and beer.
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4-Methylcatechol
4-Methylcatechol is a chemical compound.
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5-Methoxysalicylic acid
5-Methoxysalicylic acid is a chemical compound.
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6-Methoxymellein
6-Methoxymellein is a dihydroisocoumarin, a phenolic compound found in carrots and carrot purées.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenols
