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Tyrosine

Index Tyrosine

Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. [1]

109 relations: Acetoacetic acid, Acetyl-CoA, Adrenaline, Albinism, Alkaloid, Alkaptonuria, Almond, Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid, Alzheimer's disease, Antibody, Arene substitution pattern, Arthritis, Avocado, Banana, Betalain, Brain, Cactus, Casein, Catecholamine, Cell (biology), Cheese, Chicken as food, Chlorophyll, Chloroplast, Citric acid cycle, Coenzyme Q10, Cofactor (biochemistry), Colloid, Cottage cheese, Dietary Reference Intake, Dietary supplement, Dopamine, Enzyme, Essential amino acid, Fatty acid synthesis, Fish as food, Food additive, Fumaric acid, Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, Fumarylacetoacetic acid, Functional group, Genetic code, Genetic engineering, Glutamic acid, Glutathione, Greek language, Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, Homogentisic acid, Hydrophobe, Hydroxy group, ..., Industrial fermentation, Justus von Liebig, Ketone bodies, L-DOPA, Lima bean, Maleylacetoacetate isomerase, Mammal, Medication, Melanin, Mescaline, Milk, Morphine, Neurotransmitter, Norepinephrine, Oxidative decarboxylation, Oxidative stress, P-Coumaric acid, Papaver somniferum, Parkinson's disease, Pauly reaction, Peanut, Phenol, Phenylalanine, Phenylalanine hydroxylase, Phenylpropanoid, Phloretic acid, Phosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosystem II, Prephenic acid, Protein, Protein biosynthesis, Protein kinase, Proteinogenic amino acid, Pumpkin seed, Radical (chemistry), Rate-determining step, Redox, Sesame, Shikimate pathway, Signal transduction, Soybean, Structural isomer, Thyroid, Thyroid hormones, Transamination, Triiodothyronine, Turkey as food, Tyramine, Tyrosine aminotransferase, Tyrosine ammonia-lyase, Tyrosine hydroxylase, Tyrosine phenol-lyase, Tyrosine sulfation, Tyrosinemia, Yogurt, 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 4-Maleylacetoacetic acid. Expand index (59 more) »

Acetoacetic acid

Acetoacetic acid (also diacetic acid) is the organic compound with the formula CH3COCH2COOH.

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Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

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Adrenaline

Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.

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Albinism

Albinism in humans is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes.

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Alkaloid

Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.

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Alkaptonuria

Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited genetic disorder in which the body cannot process the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, which occur in protein.

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Almond

The almond (Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus amygdalus) is a species of tree native to Mediterranean climate regions of the Middle East, from Syria and Turkey to India and Pakistan, although it has been introduced elsewhere.

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Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid

α-Ketoglutaric acid (2-oxoglutaric acid) is one of two ketone derivatives of glutaric acid.

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Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.

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Antibody

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

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Arene substitution pattern

Arene substitution patterns are part of organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature and pinpoint the position of substituents other than hydrogen in relation to each other on an aromatic hydrocarbon.

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Arthritis

Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints.

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Avocado

The avocado (Persea americana) is a tree, long thought to have originated in South Central Mexico, classified as a member of the flowering plant family Lauraceae.

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Banana

A banana is an edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa.

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Betalain

Betalains are a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanin pigments.

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Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.

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Cactus

A cactus (plural: cacti, cactuses, or cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae,Although the spellings of botanical families have been largely standardized, there is little agreement among botanists as to how these names are to be pronounced.

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Casein

Casein ("kay-seen", from Latin caseus, "cheese") is a family of related phosphoproteins (αS1, αS2, β, κ).

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Catecholamine

A catecholamine (CA) is a monoamine, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups at carbons 1 and 2) and a side-chain amine.

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Cheese

Cheese is a dairy product derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein.

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Chicken as food

Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world.

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Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.

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Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.

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Citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, coenzyme Q, and abbreviated at times to CoQ10, CoQ, or Q10 is a coenzyme that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria (hence the name ubiquinone).

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Cofactor (biochemistry)

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.

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Colloid

In chemistry, a colloid is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance.

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Cottage cheese

Cottage cheese is a fresh cheese curd product with a mild flavor.

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Dietary Reference Intake

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies (United States).

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Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.

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Dopamine

Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Essential amino acid

An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized ''de novo'' (from scratch) by the organism, and thus must be supplied in its diet.

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Fatty acid synthesis

Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases.

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Fish as food

Many species of fish are consumed as food in virtually all regions around the world.

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Food additive

Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste, appearance, or other qualities.

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Fumaric acid

Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH.

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Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase

Fumarylacetoacetase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FAH gene located on chromosome 15.

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Fumarylacetoacetic acid

Fumarylacetoacetic acid (fumarylacetoacetate) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine.

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Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

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Genetic code

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.

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Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

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Glutamic acid

Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.

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Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.

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Greek language

Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

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Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase

Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (homogentisic acid oxidase, homogentisicase) is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to 4-maleylacetoacetate.

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Homogentisic acid

Homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is a phenolic acid usually found in Arbutus unedo (strawberry-tree) honey.

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Hydrophobe

In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water.

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Hydroxy group

A hydroxy or hydroxyl group is the entity with the formula OH.

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Industrial fermentation

Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi as well as eukaryotic cells like CHO cells and insect cells, to make products useful to humans.

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Justus von Liebig

Justus Freiherr von Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and was considered the founder of organic chemistry.

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Ketone bodies

Ketone bodies are three water-soluble molecules (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and their spontaneous breakdown product, acetone) containing the ketone group that are produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of low food intake (fasting), carbohydrate restrictive diets, starvation, prolonged intense exercise, alcoholism or in untreated (or inadequately treated) type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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L-DOPA

L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.

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Lima bean

Phaseolus lunatus, commonly known as the lima bean, butter bean, sieva bean, or Madagascar bean, is a legume grown for its edible seeds or beans.

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Maleylacetoacetate isomerase

In enzymology, a maleylacetoacetate isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 4-maleylacetoacetate, and one product, 4-fumarylacetoacetate.

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Mammal

Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.

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Medication

A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.

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Melanin

Melanin (from μέλας melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.

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Mescaline

Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin.

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Milk

Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals.

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Morphine

Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals.

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Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.

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Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.

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Oxidative decarboxylation

Oxidative decarboxylation reactions are oxidation reactions in which a carboxylate group is removed, forming carbon dioxide.

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Oxidative stress

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.

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P-Coumaric acid

p-Coumaric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound that is a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid.

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Papaver somniferum

Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy, or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae.

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Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.

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Pauly reaction

The Pauly reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins.

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Peanut

The peanut, also known as the groundnut or the goober and taxonomically classified as Arachis hypogaea, is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds.

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Phenol

Phenol, also known as phenolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.

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Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.

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Phenylalanine hydroxylase

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the aromatic side-chain of phenylalanine to generate tyrosine.

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Phenylpropanoid

The phenylpropanoids are a diverse family of organic compounds that are synthesized by plants from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.

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Phloretic acid

Phloretic acid is a phenolic compound.

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Phosphorylation

In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

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Photosystem II

Photosystem II (or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis.

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Prephenic acid

Prephenic acid, commonly also known by its anionic form prephenate, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as of a large number of secondary metabolites of the shikimate pathway.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein biosynthesis

Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export.

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Protein kinase

A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation).

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Proteinogenic amino acid

Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation.

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Pumpkin seed

A pumpkin seed, also known as a pepita (from the Mexican pepita de calabaza, "little seed of squash"), is the edible seed of a pumpkin or certain other cultivars of squash.

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Radical (chemistry)

In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.

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Rate-determining step

In chemical kinetics, the overall rate of a reaction is often approximately determined by the slowest step, known as the rate-determining step (RDS) or rate-limiting step.

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Redox

Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.

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Sesame

Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum, also called benne.

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Shikimate pathway

The shikimate pathway (shikimic acid pathway) is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, some protozoan parasites and plants for the biosynthesis of folates and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).

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Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

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Soybean

The soybean (Glycine max), or soya bean, is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.

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Structural isomer

Structural isomerism, or constitutional isomerism (per IUPAC), is a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have different bonding patterns and atomic organization, as opposed to stereoisomerism, in which molecular bonds are always in the same order and only spatial arrangement differs.

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Thyroid

The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.

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Thyroid hormones

Thyroid hormones are two hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).

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Transamination

Transamination, a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids.

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Triiodothyronine

Triiodothyronine, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone.

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Turkey as food

Turkey meat, commonly referred to as just turkey, is the meat from turkeys, typically domesticated turkeys.

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Tyramine

Tyramine (also spelled tyramin), also known by several other names is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

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Tyrosine aminotransferase

Tyrosine aminotransferase (or tyrosine transaminase) is an enzyme present in the liver and catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.

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Tyrosine ammonia-lyase

Tyrosine ammonia lyase (L-tyrosine ammonia-lyase, TAL or Tyrase) is an enzyme in the natural phenols biosynthesis pathway.

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Tyrosine hydroxylase

Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA).

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Tyrosine phenol-lyase

In enzymology, a tyrosine phenol-lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-tyrosine and H2O, whereas its 3 products are phenol, pyruvate, and NH3.

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Tyrosine sulfation

Tyrosine sulfation is a posttranslational modification where a sulfate group is added to a tyrosine residue of a protein molecule.

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Tyrosinemia

Tyrosinemia or tyrosinaemia is an error of metabolism, usually inborn, in which the body cannot effectively break down the amino acid tyrosine.

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Yogurt

Yogurt, yoghurt, or yoghourt (or; from yoğurt; other spellings listed below) is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.

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4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), also known as α-ketoisocaproate dioxygenase (KIC dioxygenase), is an Fe(II)-containing non-heme oxygenase that catalyzes the second reaction in the catabolism of tyrosine - the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate.

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4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.

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4-Maleylacetoacetic acid

4-Maleylacetoacetate (4-maleylacetoacetate) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine.

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Redirects here:

2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylalanine, 4-Hydroxyphenylalanine, 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, HOC6H4CH2CH(NH2)COOH, Hydroxyphenylalanine, L-Tyrosine, L-m-tyrosine, L-tyrosine, Meta-tyrosine, Phosphotyrosine, Rxosine, Tyrosin, Tyrosine Power, Tyrosine biosynthesis, Tyrosine metabolism, Tyrosines, Tyrosyl.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine

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