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90 relations: Abolitionism, Alternative medicine, Animal magnetism, Anthropology, Anthropometry, Benevolence (phrenology), Bernard Hollander, Boston Phrenological Society, Brazil, Brodmann area, Calipers, Canada, Catholic Church, Cautiousness, Cesare Lombroso, Characterology, Craniometry, Cranioscopy, Crime, Criminology, Determinism, Edgar Allan Poe, Edinburgh Phrenological Society, Empirical evidence, English Dissenters, Ethics, Evolution, Faculty psychology, Félix Voisin, Fowler & Wells Company, Franz Joseph Gall, Functional specialization (brain), Galen, George Combe, Graphology, Henry Ward Beecher, Hewett Watson, Hippocrates, Human brain, Hutu, Indigenous Australians, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Jean Pierre Flourens, Johann Kaspar Lavater, Johann Spurzheim, John Conolly, John Pringle Nichol, Joseph Rodes Buchanan, Logos, London, ..., Luigi Ferrarese, Māori people, Military chaplain, Mind, MIT Press, Moral insanity, Neuroepistemology, Neuroimaging, Neuropsychology, New York City, Octagon house, Organ (anatomy), Orson Squire Fowler, Orthogenesis, Paleoanthropology, Pathognomy, Paul Bouts, Pedagogy, Personality, Personality type, Personology, Physiognomy, Porcelain, Prehistory, Psychiatry, Psychograph, Racial policy of Nazi Germany, Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802), Rwanda, Science, Scientific racism, Sexism, Skull, Steven Novella, Teleology, The Zoist, Tutsi, Vatican City, Victorian era, William A. F. Browne. Expand index (40 more) »
Abolitionism
Abolitionism is a general term which describes the movement to end slavery.
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Alternative medicine
Alternative medicine, fringe medicine, pseudomedicine or simply questionable medicine is the use and promotion of practices which are unproven, disproven, impossible to prove, or excessively harmful in relation to their effect — in the attempt to achieve the healing effects of medicine.--> --> --> They differ from experimental medicine in that the latter employs responsible investigation, and accepts results that show it to be ineffective. The scientific consensus is that alternative therapies either do not, or cannot, work. In some cases laws of nature are violated by their basic claims; in some the treatment is so much worse that its use is unethical. Alternative practices, products, and therapies range from only ineffective to having known harmful and toxic effects.--> Alternative therapies may be credited for perceived improvement through placebo effects, decreased use or effect of medical treatment (and therefore either decreased side effects; or nocebo effects towards standard treatment),--> or the natural course of the condition or disease. Alternative treatment is not the same as experimental treatment or traditional medicine, although both can be misused in ways that are alternative. Alternative or complementary medicine is dangerous because it may discourage people from getting the best possible treatment, and may lead to a false understanding of the body and of science.-->---> Alternative medicine is used by a significant number of people, though its popularity is often overstated.--> Large amounts of funding go to testing alternative medicine, with more than US$2.5 billion spent by the United States government alone.--> Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment,--> and most studies showing any effect have been statistical flukes. Alternative medicine is a highly profitable industry, with a strong lobby. This fact is often overlooked by media or intentionally kept hidden, with alternative practice being portrayed positively when compared to "big pharma". --> The lobby has successfully pushed for alternative therapies to be subject to far less regulation than conventional medicine.--> Alternative therapies may even be allowed to promote use when there is demonstrably no effect, only a tradition of use. Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine and health care providers varies between and within countries. Despite laws making it illegal to market or promote alternative therapies for use in cancer treatment, many practitioners promote them.--> Alternative medicine is criticized for taking advantage of the weakest members of society.--! Terminology has shifted over time, reflecting the preferred branding of practitioners.. Science Based Medicine--> For example, the United States National Institutes of Health department studying alternative medicine, currently named National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, was established as the Office of Alternative Medicine and was renamed the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine before obtaining its current name. Therapies are often framed as "natural" or "holistic", in apparent opposition to conventional medicine which is "artificial" and "narrow in scope", statements which are intentionally misleading. --> When used together with functional medical treatment, alternative therapies do not "complement" (improve the effect of, or mitigate the side effects of) treatment.--> Significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively impact functional treatment, making it less effective, notably in cancer.--> Alternative diagnoses and treatments are not part of medicine, or of science-based curricula in medical schools, nor are they used in any practice based on scientific knowledge or experience.--> Alternative therapies are often based on religious belief, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or lies.--> Alternative medicine is based on misleading statements, quackery, pseudoscience, antiscience, fraud, and poor scientific methodology. Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and unethical.--> Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis has been called a waste of scarce research resources.--> Critics state that "there is really no such thing as alternative medicine, just medicine that works and medicine that doesn't",--> that the very idea of "alternative" treatments is paradoxical, as any treatment proven to work is by definition "medicine".-->.
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Animal magnetism
Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, was the name given by the German doctor Franz Mesmer in the 18th century to what he believed to be an invisible natural force (lebensmagnetismus) possessed by all living/animate beings (humans, animals, vegetables, etc.). He believed that the force could have physical effects, including healing.
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Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.
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Anthropometry
Anthropometry (from Greek ἄνθρωπος anthropos, "human", and μέτρον metron, "measure") refers to the measurement of the human individual.
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Benevolence (phrenology)
Benevolence is a faculty in the discredited theory of phrenology.
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Bernard Hollander
Bernard Hollander (1864 – 6 February 1934) was a London psychiatrist and one of the main proponents of the new interest in phrenology in the early 20th century.
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Boston Phrenological Society
The Boston Phrenological Society was formed in 1832 upon the death of a prominent continental phrenologist, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim.
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Brazil
Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.
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Brodmann area
A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells.
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Calipers
A caliper (British spelling also calliper, or in plurale tantum sense a pair of calipers) is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object.
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Canada
Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Cautiousness
No description.
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Cesare Lombroso
Cesare Lombroso (born Ezechia Marco Lombroso; 6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909), was an Italian criminologist and physician, founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology.
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Characterology
Characterology (from Greek χαρακτήρ "character" and -λογία, -logia) is a method of character reading that attempted to combine revised physiognomy, reconstructed phrenology and amplified pathognomy, with ethnology, sociology and anthropology.
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Craniometry
Craniometry is measurement of the cranium (the main part of the skull), usually the human cranium.
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Cranioscopy
Cranioscopy is a term created by Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828), a German neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain, to name his technique to infer localization of function in the brain on the basis of the external anatomy of the skull or cranium.
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Crime
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.
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Criminology
Criminology (from Latin crīmen, "accusation" originally derived from the Ancient Greek verb "krino" "κρίνω", and Ancient Greek -λογία, -logy|-logia, from "logos" meaning: “word,” “reason,” or “plan”) is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social levels.
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Determinism
Determinism is the philosophical theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.
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Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, editor, and literary critic.
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Edinburgh Phrenological Society
The Edinburgh Phrenological Society was founded in 1820 by lawyer George Combe and his physician brother Andrew.
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Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence, also known as sensory experience, is the information received by means of the senses, particularly by observation and documentation of patterns and behavior through experimentation.
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English Dissenters
English Dissenters or English Separatists were Protestant Christians who separated from the Church of England in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
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Ethics
Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Faculty psychology
Faculty psychology views the mind as a collection of separate modules or faculties assigned to various mental tasks.
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Félix Voisin
Félix Voisin (19 November 1794 – 23 November 1872) was a French psychiatrist born in Le Mans.
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Fowler & Wells Company
Fowler & Wells Company was a 19th-century American publishing house, based in New York City.
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Franz Joseph Gall
Franz Josef Gall (9 March 175822 August 1828) was a neuroanatomist, physiologist, and pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain.
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Functional specialization (brain)
Functional specialization suggests that different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions.
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.
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George Combe
George Combe (21 October 1788 – 14 August 1858) was a Scottish lawyer and the leader and spokesman of the phrenological movement for more than twenty years.
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Graphology
Graphology (or graphoanalysis, but not graphanalysis) is the analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of handwriting claiming to be able to identify the writer, indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or evaluating personality characteristics.
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Henry Ward Beecher
Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American Congregationalist clergyman, social reformer, and speaker, known for his support of the abolition of slavery, his emphasis on God's love, and his 1875 adultery trial.
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Hewett Watson
Hewett Cottrell Watson (9 May 1804 – 27 July 1881) was a phrenologist, botanist and evolutionary theorist.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kṓos), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
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Human brain
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
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Hutu
The Hutu, also known as the Abahutu, are a Bantu ethnic group native to African Great Lakes region of Africa, primarily area now under Burundi and Rwanda.
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Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to British colonisation.
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Issy-les-Moulineaux
Issy-les-Moulineaux is a commune in the southwestern suburban area of Paris, France, lying on the left bank of the river Seine.
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Jean Pierre Flourens
Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (13 April 1794 – 6 December 1867), father of Gustave Flourens, was a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and a pioneer in anesthesia.
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Johann Kaspar Lavater
Johann Kaspar (or Caspar) Lavater (15 November 1741 – 2 January 1801) was a Swiss poet, writer, philosopher, physiognomist and theologian.
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Johann Spurzheim
Johann Gaspar Spurzheim (December 31, 1776 – November 10, 1832) was a German physician who became one of the chief proponents of phrenology, which was developed c. 1800 by Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828).
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John Conolly
John Conolly (27 May 1794 – 5 March 1866) was an English psychiatrist.
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John Pringle Nichol
John Pringle Nichol FRSE FRAS (13 January 1804 – 19 September 1859) was a Scottish educator, phrenologist, astronomer and economist who did much to popularise astronomy in a manner that appealed to nineteenth century tastes.
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Joseph Rodes Buchanan
Joseph Rodes Buchanan (1814 in Frankfort, Kentucky – 1899) was an American physician and professor of physiology at the Eclectic Medical Institute in Covington, Kentucky.
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Logos
Logos (lógos; from λέγω) is a term in Western philosophy, psychology, rhetoric, and religion derived from a Greek word variously meaning "ground", "plea", "opinion", "expectation", "word", "speech", "account", "reason", "proportion", and "discourse",Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott,: logos, 1889.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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Luigi Ferrarese
Luigi Ferrarese (12 December 1795 – 8 August 1855) was an Italian physician and the leading proponent of phrenology in Italy in the nineteenth century.
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Māori people
The Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand.
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Military chaplain
A military chaplain ministers to military personnel and, in most cases, their families and civilians working for the military.
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Mind
The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory.
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MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).
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Moral insanity
Moral insanity referred to a type of mental disorder consisting of abnormal emotions and behaviours in the apparent absence of intellectual impairments, delusions, or hallucinations.
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Neuroepistemology
Neuroepistemology is an empirical approach to epistemology—the study of knowledge in a general, philosophical sense—which is informed by modern neuroscience, especially the study of the structure and operation of the brain involving neural networks and neuronal epistemology.
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Neuroimaging
Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the nervous system.
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Neuropsychology
Neuropsychology is the study of the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviours.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Octagon house
Octagon houses were a unique house style briefly popular in the 1850s in the United States and Canada.
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Orson Squire Fowler
Orson Squire Fowler (October 11, 1809 – August 18, 1887) was a phrenologist and lecturer.
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Orthogenesis
Orthogenesis, also known as orthogenetic evolution, progressive evolution, evolutionary progress, or progressionism, is the biological hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve in a definite direction towards some goal (teleology) due to some internal mechanism or "driving force".
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Paleoanthropology
Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of archaeology with a human focus, which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern humans, a process known as hominization, through the reconstruction of evolutionary kinship lines within the family Hominidae, working from biological evidence (such as petrified skeletal remains, bone fragments, footprints) and cultural evidence (such as stone tools, artifacts, and settlement localities).
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Pathognomy
Pathognomy is the study of passions and emotions.
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Paul Bouts
Paul Bouts (1900–1999) was a Belgian phrenologist and pedagogue.
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Pedagogy
Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of teaching and how these influence student learning.
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Personality
Personality is defined as the set of habitual behaviors, cognitions and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors.
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Personality type
Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of individuals.
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Personology
Personology may refer to.
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Physiognomy
Physiognomy (from the Greek φύσις physis meaning "nature" and gnomon meaning "judge" or "interpreter") is the assessment of character or personality from a person's outer appearance, especially the face often linked to racial and sexual stereotyping.
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Porcelain
Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between.
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Prehistory
Human prehistory is the period between the use of the first stone tools 3.3 million years ago by hominins and the invention of writing systems.
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Psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders.
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Psychograph
The psychograph was a phrenology machine, invented and marketed by Henry C. Lavery in the early part of the 20th century.
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Racial policy of Nazi Germany
The racial policy of Nazi Germany was a set of policies and laws implemented in Nazi Germany (1933–45) based on a specific racist doctrine asserting the superiority of the Aryan race, which claimed scientific legitimacy.
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Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)
Robert Chambers (10 July 1802 – 17 March 1871) was a Scottish publisher, geologist, evolutionary thinker, author and journal editor who, like his elder brother and business partner William Chambers, was highly influential in mid-19th century scientific and political circles.
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Rwanda
Rwanda (U Rwanda), officially the Republic of Rwanda (Repubulika y'u Rwanda; République du Rwanda), is a sovereign state in Central and East Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland.
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Science
R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.
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Scientific racism
Scientific racism (sometimes referred to as race biology, racial biology, or race realism) is the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority.
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Sexism
Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender.
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Skull
The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates.
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Steven Novella
Steven Paul Novella (born July 29, 1964) is an American clinical neurologist and assistant professor at Yale University School of Medicine.
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Teleology
Teleology or finality is a reason or explanation for something in function of its end, purpose, or goal.
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The Zoist
The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare, was a British journal, devoted to the promotion of the theories and practices (and the collection and dissemination of reports of the applications) of mesmerism and phrenology, and the enterprise of "connecting and harmonizing practical science with little understood laws governing the mental structure of man".
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Tutsi
The Tutsi, or Abatutsi, are a social class or ethnic group of the African Great Lakes region.
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Vatican City
Vatican City (Città del Vaticano; Civitas Vaticana), officially the Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is an independent state located within the city of Rome.
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Victorian era
In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901.
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William A. F. Browne
Dr William Alexander Francis Browne (1805–1885) was one of the most significant asylum doctors of the nineteenth century.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology
