PL/I

PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and system programming uses. ^[1]

ALGOL

ALGOL (short for "Algorithmic Language") is a family of imperative computer programming languages, originally developed in the mid-1950s, which greatly influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the ACM in textbooks and academic sources for more than thirty years.

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ALGOL 60

ALGOL 60 (short for Algorithmic Language 1960) is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages.

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Aliasing (computing)

In computing, aliasing describes a situation in which a data location in memory can be accessed through different symbolic names in the program.

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Alpha

Alpha (uppercase, lowercase; ἄλφα, álpha, modern pronunciation álfa) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet.

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American National Standards Institute

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.

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AOS/VS II

AOS/VS II is a discontinued operating system for the Data General 32-bit MV/Eclipse computers.

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Argonne National Laboratory

Argonne National Laboratory is a science and engineering research national laboratory operated by the University of Chicago Argonne LLC for the United States Department of Energy located near Lemont, Illinois, outside Chicago.

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Association for Computing Machinery

The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is an international learned society for computing.

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Autocoder

Autocoder was the name given to certain assemblers for a number of IBM computers of the 1950s and 1960s.

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B (programming language)

B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969.

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BASIC

BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.

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Bell Labs

Nokia Bell Labs (formerly named AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories and Bell Labs) is an American research and scientific development company, owned by Finnish company Nokia.

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Bit array

A bit array (also known as bit map, bit set, bit string, or bit vector) is an array data structure that compactly stores bits.

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Block (programming)

In computer programming, a block or code block is a lexical structure of source code which is grouped together.

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Burroughs Corporation

The Burroughs Corporation was a major American manufacturer of business equipment.

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C (programming language)

C (as in the letter ''c'') is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.

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C preprocessor

The C preprocessor or cpp is the macro preprocessor for the C and C++ computer programming languages.

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C++

C++ ("see plus plus") is a general-purpose programming language.

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Charles de Gaulle

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France.

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Chevron Corporation

Chevron Corporation is an American multinational energy corporation.

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CICS

Customer Information Control System (CICS) is a family of mixed language application servers that provide online transaction management and connectivity for applications on IBM Mainframe systems under z/OS and z/VSE.

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Class (computer programming)

In object-oriented programming, a class is an extensible program-code-template for creating objects, providing initial values for state (member variables) and implementations of behavior (member functions or methods).

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CMS-2 (programming language)

CMS-2 is an embedded systems programming language used by the United States Navy.

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COBOL

COBOL (an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use.

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Communications of the ACM

Communications of the ACM is the monthly journal of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

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Compiler

A compiler is computer software that transforms computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another programming language (the target language).

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Complex number

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form, where and are real numbers, and is a solution of the equation.

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Computational science

Computational science (also scientific computing or scientific computation (SC)) is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field that uses advanced computing capabilities to understand and solve complex problems.

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Computer multitasking

In computing, multitasking is the concurrent execution of multiple tasks (also known as processes) over a certain period of time.

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COMTRAN

COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) is an early programming language developed at IBM.

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Concorde

The Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde is a British-French turbojet-powered supersonic passenger airliner that was operated from 1976 until 2003.

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Control Data Corporation

Control Data Corporation (CDC) was a mainframe and supercomputer firm.

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Cornell University

Cornell University is a private and statutory Ivy League research university located in Ithaca, New York.

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CP/M

CP/M, originally standing for Control Program/Monitor and later Control Program for Microcomputers, is a mass-market operating system created for Intel 8080/85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc.

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Daisy Systems

Daisy Systems Corporation incorporated in 1981 in Mountain View, California, was a computer-aided engineering, company, a pioneer in the electronic design automation (EDA) industry.

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Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.

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Data descriptor

In computing, a data descriptor is a structure containing information that describes data.

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Data General

Data General was one of the first minicomputer firms from the late 1960s.

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Data General AOS

AOS was the name of a family of operating systems for Data General 16-bit Eclipse C, M, and S minicomputers, followed by AOS/VS and AOS/RT32 (1980) and later AOS/VS II (1988) for the 32-bit Eclipse MV line.

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Data General Eclipse

The Data General Eclipse line of computers by Data General were 16-bit minicomputers released in early 1974 and sold until 1988.

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Data processing

Data processing is, generally, "the collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information." In this sense it can be considered a subset of information processing, "the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer." Data processing is distinct from word processing, which is manipulation of text specifically rather than data generally.

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Database

A database is an organized collection of data, stored and accessed electronically.

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Dave Cutler

David Neil "Dave" Cutler Sr. (born March 13, 1942) is an American software engineer, a designer, and a developer of several operating systems in the computer industry.

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Digital Equipment Corporation

Digital Equipment Corporation, also known as DEC and using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1950s to the 1990s.

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Digital Research

Digital Research, Inc. (also known as DR or DRI) was a company created by Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit systems like MP/M, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, DOS Plus, DR DOS and GEM.

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DOS

DOS is a family of disk operating systems.

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DOS/360 and successors

Disk Operating System/360, also DOS/360, or simply DOS, is a discontinued operating system for IBM mainframes.

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Douglas McIlroy

Malcolm Douglas McIlroy (born 1932) is a mathematician, engineer, and programmer.

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Ecma International

Ecma is a standards organization for information and communication systems.

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Evaluation strategy

Evaluation strategies are used by programming languages to determine when to evaluate the argument(s) of a function call (for function, also read: operation, method, or relation) and what kind of value to pass to the function.

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Event-driven programming

In computer programming, event-driven programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events such as user actions (mouse clicks, key presses), sensor outputs, or messages from other programs/threads.

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Exception handling

Exception handling is the process of responding to the occurrence, during computation, of exceptions – anomalous or exceptional conditions requiring special processing – often changing the normal flow of program execution.

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Fixed-point arithmetic

In computing, a fixed-point number representation is a real data type for a number that has a fixed number of digits after (and sometimes also before) the radix point (after the decimal point '.' in English decimal notation).

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Floating-point arithmetic

In computing, floating-point arithmetic is arithmetic using formulaic representation of real numbers as an approximation so as to support a trade-off between range and precision.

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Fork–join model

In parallel computing, the fork–join model is a way of setting up and executing parallel programs, such that execution branches off in parallel at designated points in the program, to "join" (merge) at a subsequent point and resume sequential execution.

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Formal methods

In computer science, specifically software engineering and hardware engineering, formal methods are a particular kind of mathematically based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems.

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Fortran

Fortran (formerly FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translation) is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.

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Fred Brooks

Frederick Phillips "Fred" Brooks Jr. (born April 19, 1931) is an American computer architect, software engineer, and computer scientist, best known for managing the development of IBM's System/360 family of computers and the OS/360 software support package, then later writing candidly about the process in his seminal book The Mythical Man-Month.

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Gary Kildall

Gary Arlen Kildall (May 19, 1942 – July 11, 1994) was an American computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur who created the CP/M operating system and founded Digital Research, Inc. (DRI).

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General Motors

General Motors Company, commonly referred to as General Motors (GM), is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells financial services.

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GEORGE (programming language)

GEORGE is a programming language invented by Charles Leonard Hamblin in 1957.

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George Radin

George Radin (January 22, 1931 – May 21, 2013) was an American computer scientist.

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GUIDE International

GUIDE (Guidance of Users of Integrated Data-Processing Equipment) was a users' group for users of IBM computer systems.

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HAL/S

HAL/S (High-order Assembly Language/Shuttle) is a real-time aerospace programming language compiler and cross-compiler for avionics applications used by NASA and associated agencies (JPL, etc.). It has been used in many U.S. space projects since 1973 and its most significant use was in the Space Shuttle program (approximately 85% of the Shuttle software is coded in HAL/S).

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Honeywell

Honeywell International Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of commercial and consumer products, engineering services and aerospace systems for a wide variety of customers, from private consumers to major corporations and governments.

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Honeywell CP-6

CP-6 is a discontinued computer operating system developed by Honeywell, Inc. in 1976.

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Hursley House

Hursley House is an 18th-century Queen Anne style mansion in Hursley, near Winchester in the English county of Hampshire.

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IBM

The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries.

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IBM AIX

AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, pronounced) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms.

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IBM Hursley

IBM Hursley is a research and development laboratory belonging to International Business Machines in the village of Hursley, Hampshire, England.

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IBM i Control Language

The IBM i Control Language (CL) is a scripting language for the IBM's IBM i platform (previously called OS/400 when running on AS/400 systems) bearing a resemblance to the IBM Job Control Language and consisting of an ever-expanding set of command objects (*CMD) used to invoke traditional AS/400 programs and/or get help on what those programs do.

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IBM Information Management System

IBM Information Management System (IMS) is a joint hierarchical database and information management system with extensive transaction processing capabilities.

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IBM Laboratory Vienna

IBM Laboratory Vienna was an IBM research laboratory based in Vienna, Austria.

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IBM PL/S

PL/S, short for Programming Language/Systems, is a "machine-oriented" programming language based on PL/I.

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IBM System/360

The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of mainframe computer systems that was announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978.

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IBM System/360 Model 67

The IBM System/360 Model 67 (S/360-67) was an important IBM mainframe model in the late 1960s.

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IBM Systems Network Architecture

Systems Network Architecture (SNA) is IBM's proprietary networking architecture, created in 1974.

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IEEE Computer Society

IEEE Computer Society (sometimes abbreviated Computer Society or CS) is a professional society of IEEE.

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Imperative programming

In computer science, imperative programming is a programming paradigm that uses statements that change a program's state.

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International Computers Limited

International Computers Limited (ICL) was a large British computer hardware, computer software and computer services company that operated from 1968 until 2002.

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International Organization for Standardization

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.

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Java (programming language)

Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

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Jean E. Sammet

Jean E. Sammet (March 23, 1928 – May 20, 2017) was an American computer scientist who developed the FORMAC programming language in 1962.

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Kodak

The Eastman Kodak Company (referred to simply as Kodak) is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography.

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Linked data structure

In computer science, a linked data structure is a data structure which consists of a set of data records (nodes) linked together and organized by references (links or pointers).

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Linux

Linux is a family of free and open-source software operating systems built around the Linux kernel.

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Lisp (programming language)

Lisp (historically, LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation.

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List (abstract data type)

In computer science, a list or sequence is an abstract data type that represents a countable number of ordered values, where the same value may occur more than once.

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List of programming languages

The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and historical ones, in alphabetical order, except for dialects of BASIC, esoteric programming languages, and markup languages.

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Lockheed Corporation

The Lockheed Corporation was an American aerospace company.

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Macro (computer science)

A macro (short for "macroinstruction", from Greek μακρός 'long') in computer science is a rule or pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to a replacement output sequence (also often a sequence of characters) according to a defined procedure.

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Mainframe computer

Mainframe computers (colloquially referred to as "big iron") are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing.

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Marlborough, Massachusetts

Marlborough (often spelled Marlboro) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

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Memory management

Memory management is a form of resource management applied to computer memory.

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Micro Focus

Micro Focus International plc is a multinational software and information technology business based in Newbury, Berkshire, England.

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Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating system families, all of which are developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.

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Millicode

In computer architecture, millicode is a higher level of microcode used to implement the instruction set of a computer.

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MIT Press

The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).

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Mitre Corporation

The Mitre Corporation (stylized as The MITRE Corporation and MITRE) is an American not-for-profit organization based in Bedford, Massachusetts, and McLean, Virginia.

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MP/M

MP/M (Multi-Programming Monitor Control Program) is a discontinued multi-user version of the CP/M operating system, created by Digital Research developer Tom Rolander in 1979.

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Multics

Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) is an influential early time-sharing operating system, based around the concept of a single-level memory.

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MVS

Multiple Virtual Storage, more commonly called MVS, was the most commonly used operating system on the System/370 and System/390 IBM mainframe computers.

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New York University Tandon School of Engineering

The New York University Tandon School of Engineering (commonly referred to as Tandon) is the engineering and applied sciences school of New York University.

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Numerical analysis

Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to general symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).

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OpenVMS

OpenVMS is a closed-source, proprietary computer operating system for use in general-purpose computing.

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Operating system

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

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Oracle Database

Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is a multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation.

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Orthogonality

In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the notion of perpendicularity to the linear algebra of bilinear forms.

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OS/2

OS/2 is a series of computer operating systems, initially created by Microsoft and IBM under the leadership of IBM software designer Ed Iacobucci.

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OS/360 and successors

OS/360, officially known as IBM System/360 Operating System, is a discontinued batch processing operating system developed by IBM for their then-new System/360 mainframe computer, announced in 1964; it was heavily influenced by the earlier IBSYS/IBJOB and Input/Output Control System (IOCS) packages.

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OS/390

OS/390 is an IBM operating system for the System/390 IBM mainframe computers.

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OS/VS1

Operating System/Virtual Storage 1, or OS/VS1, is a discontinued IBM mainframe computer operating system designed to be run on IBM System/370 hardware.

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Pascal (programming language)

Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69 and published in 1970, as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. It is named in honor of the French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal. Pascal was developed on the pattern of the ALGOL 60 language. Wirth had already developed several improvements to this language as part of the ALGOL X proposals, but these were not accepted and Pascal was developed separately and released in 1970. A derivative known as Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985; this was used by Apple Computer and Borland in the late 1980s and later developed into Delphi on the Microsoft Windows platform. Extensions to the Pascal concepts led to the Pascal-like languages Modula-2 and Oberon.

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PC Magazine

PC Magazine (shortened as PCMag) is an American computer magazine published by Ziff Davis.

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PL-6

PL-6 is a discontinued system programming language based on PL/I.

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PL/8

PL/8 (or PL.8), is a dialect of PL/I developed by IBM Research in the 1970s by compiler group, under Martin Hopkins, within a major research program that led to the IBM RISC architecture.

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PL/C

PL/C is a computer programming language developed at Cornell University with the specific goal of being used for teaching programming.

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PL/I preprocessor

The PL/I preprocessor is the preprocessor for the PL/I computer programming language.

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PL/M

The PL/M programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Microcomputers) is a high-level language conceived and developed by Gary Kildall in 1973 for Hank Smith at Intel for its microprocessors.

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PL/P

The PL/P programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Prime (computers)) is a mid-level programming language developed by Prime Computer to serve as their second primary system programming language after Fortran IV.

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Pointer (computer programming)

In computer science, a pointer is a programming language object that stores the memory address of another value located in computer memory.

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Preprocessor

In computer science, a preprocessor is a program that processes its input data to produce output that is used as input to another program.

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Prime Computer

Prime Computer, Inc. was a Natick, Massachusetts-based producer of minicomputers from 1972 until 1992.

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PRIMOS

PRIMOS was an operating system developed during the 1970s by Prime Computer for its minicomputer systems.

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Procedural programming

Procedural programming is a programming paradigm, derived from structured programming, based upon the concept of the procedure call.

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Process (computing)

In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed.

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Procter & Gamble

Procter & Gamble Co. (P&G) is an American multi-national consumer goods corporation headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1837 by British American William Procter and Irish American James Gamble.

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Program optimization

In computer science, program optimization or software optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources.

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Programming language

A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can be used to produce various kinds of output.

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RCA

The RCA Corporation was a major American electronics company, which was founded as the Radio Corporation of America in 1919.

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Recursion

Recursion occurs when a thing is defined in terms of itself or of its type.

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Reserved word

In a computer language, a reserved word (also known as a reserved identifier) is a word that cannot be used as an identifier, such as the name of a variable, function, or label – it is "reserved from use".

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Rexx

Rexx (Restructured Extended Executor) is an interpreted programming language developed at IBM by Mike Cowlishaw.

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Robert Morris (cryptographer)

Robert H. Morris Sr. (July 25, 1932 – June 26, 2011) was an American cryptographer and computer scientist.

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Roman numerals

The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages.

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Sabre (computer system)

Sabre Global Distribution System, owned by Sabre Holdings, is used by travel agents around the world with more than 400 airlines, 220,000 hotels, 42 car rental brands, 38 rail providers and 17 cruise lines.

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SabreTalk

SabreTalk is a discontinued dialect of PL/I for the S/360 IBM mainframes running the TPF platform.

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SAS (software)

SAS (previously "Statistical Analysis System") is a software suite developed by SAS Institute for advanced analytics, multivariate analyses, business intelligence, data management, and predictive analytics.

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Scale factor

A scale factor is a number which scales, or multiplies, some quantity.

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SHARE (computing)

SHARE Inc. is a volunteer-run user group for IBM mainframe computers that was founded in 1955 by Los Angeles-area users of the IBM 701 computer system.

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Side effect (computer science)

In computer science, a function or expression is said to have a side effect if it modifies some state outside its scope or has an observable interaction with its calling functions or the outside world besides returning a value.

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SIGPLAN

SIGPLAN is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on programming languages.

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SP/k

SP/k is a programming language developed circa 1974 by R.C. Holt, D.B. Wortman, D.T. Barnard and J.R. Cordy as a subset of the PL/I programming language designed for teaching programming.

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Stratus Technologies

Stratus Technologies, Inc. is a major producer of fault tolerant computer servers and software.

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String (computer science)

In computer programming, a string is traditionally a sequence of characters, either as a literal constant or as some kind of variable.

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Strong and weak typing

In computer programming, programming languages are often colloquially classified as to whether the language's type system makes it strongly typed or weakly typed (loosely typed).

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Structured programming

Structured programming is a programming paradigm aimed at improving the clarity, quality, and development time of a computer program by making extensive use of the structured control flow constructs of selection (if/then/else) and repetition (while and for), block structures, and subroutines in contrast to using simple tests and jumps such as the go to statement, which can lead to "spaghetti code" that is potentially difficult to follow and maintain.

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Subroutine

In computer programming, a subroutine is a sequence of program instructions that performs a specific task, packaged as a unit.

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Switch statement

In computer programming languages, a switch statement is a type of selection control mechanism used to allow the value of a variable or expression to change the control flow of program execution via a multiway branch.

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System programming

System programming (or systems programming) is the activity of programming computer system software.

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Telex

The telex network was a public switched network of teleprinters similar to a telephone network, for the purposes of sending text-based messages.

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Timeline of programming languages

This is a record of historically important programming languages, by decade.

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Tony Hoare

Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare (born 11 January 1934), is a British computer scientist.

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Transaction processing

Transaction processing is information processing in computer science that is divided into individual, indivisible operations called transactions.

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Tru64 UNIX

Tru64 UNIX is a discontinued 64-bit UNIX operating system for the Alpha instruction set architecture (ISA), currently owned by Hewlett-Packard (HP).

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TSS (operating system)

The IBM Time Sharing System TSS/360 is a discontinued early time-sharing operating system designed exclusively for a special model of the System/360 line of mainframes, the Model 67.

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Union Carbide

Union Carbide Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary (since 2001) of Dow Chemical Company.

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UniPrise Systems

UniPrise Systems was a privately held software company with its headquarters in Irvine, California.

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UNIVAC

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) is a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the products of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation.

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Unix

Unix (trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, development starting in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.

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Vienna Development Method

The Vienna Development Method (VDM) is one of the longest-established formal methods for the development of computer-based systems.

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VM (operating system)

VM (often: VM/CMS) is a family of IBM virtual machine operating systems used on IBM mainframes System/370, System/390, zSeries, System z and compatible systems, including the Hercules emulator for personal computers.

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VSE (operating system)

z/VSE (Virtual Storage Extended) is an operating system for IBM mainframe computers, the latest one in the DOS/360 lineage, which originated in 1965.

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XPL

XPL is a programming language based on PL/I, a portable one-pass compiler written in its own language, and a parser generator tool for easily implementing similar compilers for other languages.

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Year 2000 problem

The Year 2000 problem, also known as the Y2K problem, the Millennium bug, the Y2K bug, or Y2K, is a class of computer bugs related to the formatting and storage of calendar data for dates beginning in the year 2000.

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Z/Architecture

z/Architecture, initially and briefly called ESA Modal Extensions (ESAME), is IBM's 64-bit instruction set architecture implemented by its mainframe computers.

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Z/OS

z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM mainframes, produced by IBM.

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Z/VM

z/VM is the current version in IBM's VM family of virtual machine operating systems.

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Zilog Z80

The Z80 CPU is an 8-bit based microprocessor.

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.NET strategy

The.NET strategy was a long-term Microsoft software development and marketing plan, envisioned in late 1990s.

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Criticism of PL/I, New programming language, PL/1, PL/1 programming language, PL/I (programming language), PL/I programming language, PL/Ⅰ, PL1 language, PL1 programming language, PLI programming language, Pl/1, RainCode PL/1, Raincode PL/1, Visual PL/1, X3J1.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/I

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