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266 relations: ABO blood group system, Acrocephalus (bird), Adalia bipunctata, Adaptation, Africa, Allele, Allen & Unwin, Alligator, Allopatric speciation, American sparrow, Amplified fragment length polymorphism, Ancient Greek, Ant, Aposematism, Apostatic selection, Arctiinae (moth), Aril, Arthur Cain, Asexual reproduction, Assortative mating, August Weismann, Autosome, B chromosome, Balancing selection, Baltimore, Batesian mimicry, Bee, Berkeley, California, Bernard Kettlewell, Binomial nomenclature, Biodiversity, Bird, Blood type, Boston, Botany, Brood parasite, Bumblebee, California, Camouflage, Caucasus, Cell biology, Charles Darwin, Chemokine, Chicago, Chimpanzee, Cholera, Chromatography, Chromosomal inversion, Chromosome, Cline (biology), ..., Cnidaria, Coccinellidae, Columbia University Press, Comfrey, Common cuckoo, Common side-blotched lizard, Convergent evolution, Creationism, Crypsis, Ctenophorus decresii, Ctenophorus pictus, Cultivar, Cyril Clarke, Darwin's finches, David Lack, Dominance (genetics), Drosophila persimilis, Drosophila pseudoobscura, Drosophila robusta, Duffy antigen system, Dunnock, E. B. Ford, Ecological genetics, Ecological niche, Effective fitness, Emberizidae, Epistasis, Española cactus finch, Eukaryote, European robin, Evolution, Evolution of sexual reproduction, Faber and Faber, Fejervarya limnocharis, Flax, Fly, Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Form (botany), Form (zoology), Frequency-dependent selection, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, G. Ledyard Stebbins, Galápagos Islands, Gametic phase, Gardening, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, Gene, Gene family, Genetic diversity, Genetic drift, Genetic linkage, Genetic recombination, Genetic variation, Genome, Genotype, Genovesa Island, Gens (behaviour), George C. Williams (biologist), Grasshopper, Greater Caucasus, Grove snail, Gynoecium, Haplodiploidy, Haplotype, Hardy–Weinberg principle, Harmonia axyridis, Harvard University Press, Hemoglobin, Heritability, Herkogamy, Hermaphrodite, Heterosis, Heterostyly, Heterozygote advantage, Holocene, Hoverfly, Hymenoptera, Imago, Imprinting (psychology), India, Insect migration, Intellectual property, International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, J. B. S. Haldane, Jaguar, Jellyfish, John Maynard Smith, Johns Hopkins University, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Judith Hooper, Julian Huxley, Karyotype, Knotted-pile carpet, Lesser Caucasus, Lichen, Lincoln Brower, Linkage disequilibrium, Linum, Litmus, Locus (genetics), Long-legged wood frog, Lythrum, Lythrum salicaria, Major histocompatibility complex, Mallota, Manchester, Mark and recapture, Marsh frog, Mate choice, Meadow pipit, Melanism, Melanism: Evolution in Action, Mesolithic, Metamorphosis, Michael J. D. White, Michael Majerus, Mimicry, MIT Press, Modern synthesis (20th century), Moor frog, Motoo Kimura, Multimodal distribution, Mutation, Mutation rate, Natural selection, Neutral theory of molecular evolution, New York City, Northern cricket frog, Obelia, Of Moths and Men, Opuntia, Orangutan, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Panmixia, Papilio dardanus, Papua New Guinea, Parasitism, Passerine, Peppered moth, Peppered moth evolution, Peter and Rosemary Grant, Phenotype, Phenotypic trait, Phenylthiocarbamide, Philip Sheppard, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Plant variety (law), Plasmodium, Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, Pleiotropy, Ploidy, Polymorphism (biology), Polyphenism, Polytene chromosome, Population, Prey switching, Primula, Primula vulgaris, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Race (human categorization), Receptor (biochemistry), Red blood cell, Redstart, Reindeer, Restriction fragment length polymorphism, Ring species, Ronald Fisher, Scarlet tiger moth, Seta, Sewall Wright, Sex-determination system, Sexual dimorphism, Sexual reproduction, Sickle cell disease, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Song thrush, Speciation, Stamen, Subfossil, Subspecies, Subvariety, Supergene, Sympatric speciation, Sympatry, Taxonomy (biology), Temperate climate, Tennessee, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Thyroid disease, Transferrin, Trimorphism, Trinomial nomenclature, Turkey, University of California Press, University of Chicago Press, Variety (botany), Vespidae, Viticulture, Viviparous lizard, Volucella zonaria, W. D. Hamilton, Wasp, White-lipped snail, White-throated sparrow, Wood frog, Xanthogramma pedissequum, XY sex-determination system, Yellow baboon, Zooid, Zoology, Zygosity. Expand index (216 more) »
ABO blood group system
The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes.
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Acrocephalus (bird)
The Acrocephalus warblers are small, insectivorous passerine birds belonging to the genus Acrocephalus.
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Adalia bipunctata
Adalia bipunctata, commonly known as the two-spot ladybird, two-spotted ladybug or two-spotted lady beetle, is a carnivorous beetle of the family Coccinellidae that is found throughout the holarctic region.
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Adaptation
In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Allele
An allele is a variant form of a given gene.
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Allen & Unwin
Allen & Unwin is an Australian independent publishing company, established in Australia in 1976 as a subsidiary of the British firm George Allen & Unwin Ltd., which was founded by Sir Stanley Unwin in August 1914 and went on to become one of the leading publishers of the twentieth century.
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Alligator
An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae.
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Allopatric speciation
Allopatric speciation (from the ancient Greek allos, meaning "other", and patris, meaning "fatherland"), also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, or its earlier name, the dumbbell model, is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.
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American sparrow
American sparrows are a group of mainly New World passerine birds, forming part of the family Passerellidae.
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Amplified fragment length polymorphism
AFLP-PCR or just AFLP is a PCR-based tool used in genetics research, DNA fingerprinting, and in the practice of genetic engineering.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Ant
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera.
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Aposematism
Aposematism (from Greek ἀπό apo away, σῆμα sema sign) is a term coined by Edward Bagnall PoultonPoulton, 1890.
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Apostatic selection
Apostatic selection is a form of negative frequency-dependent selection.
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Arctiinae (moth)
The Arctiinae (formerly called the Arctiidae) are a large and diverse subfamily of moths, with around 11,000 species found all over the world, including 6,000 neotropical species.
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Aril
An aril (pronounced), also called an arillus, is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed.
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Arthur Cain
Arthur James Cain FRS (25 July 1921 – 20 August 1999) was a British evolutionary biologist and ecologist.
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Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.
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Assortative mating
Assortative mating is a mating pattern and a form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under a random mating pattern.
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August Weismann
August Friedrich Leopold Weismann (17 January 1834 – 5 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist.
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Autosome
An autosome is a chromosome that is not an allosome (a sex chromosome).
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B chromosome
In addition to the normal karyotype, wild populations of many animal, plant, and fungi species contain B chromosomes (also known as supernumerary, accessory, (conditionally-)dispensable, or lineage-specific chromosomes).
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Balancing selection
Balancing selection refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies larger than expected from genetic drift alone.
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Baltimore
Baltimore is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland, and the 30th-most populous city in the United States.
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Batesian mimicry
Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both.
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Bee
Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their role in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the European honey bee, for producing honey and beeswax.
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Berkeley, California
Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California.
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Bernard Kettlewell
Henry Bernard Davis Kettlewell (24 February 1907 – 11 May 1979) was a British geneticist, lepidopterist and medical doctor, who performed research on the influence of industrial melanism on peppered moth (Biston betularia) coloration, showing why moths are darker in polluted areas.
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Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system") also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Blood type
A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and also based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
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Boston
Boston is the capital city and most populous municipality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.
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Botany
Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.
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Brood parasite
Brood parasites are organisms that rely on others to raise their young.
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Bumblebee
A bumblebee (or bumble bee, bumble-bee or humble-bee) is any of over 250 species in the genus Bombus, part of Apidae, one of the bee families.
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California
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.
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Camouflage
Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see (crypsis), or by disguising them as something else (mimesis).
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Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.
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Cell biology
Cell biology (also called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, the basic unit of life.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Chemokine
Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.
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Chicago
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third most populous city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.
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Chimpanzee
The taxonomical genus Pan (often referred to as chimpanzees or chimps) consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo.
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Cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
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Chromatography
Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.
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Chromosomal inversion
An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Cline (biology)
In biology, a cline (from the Greek “klinein”, meaning “to lean”) is a measurable gradient in a single character (or biological trait) of a species across its geographical range.
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Cnidaria
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic (freshwater and marine) environments: they are predominantly marine species.
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Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03 to 0.71 inches).
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Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
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Comfrey
Comfrey (also comphrey) is a common name for plants in the genus Symphytum.
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Common cuckoo
The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, Cuculiformes, which includes the roadrunners, the anis and the coucals.
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Common side-blotched lizard
The common side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana) is a species of side-blotched lizard found on the Pacific Coast of North America.
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Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.
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Creationism
Creationism is the religious belief that the universe and life originated "from specific acts of divine creation",Gunn 2004, p. 9, "The Concise Oxford Dictionary says that creationism is 'the belief that the universe and living organisms originated from specific acts of divine creation.'" as opposed to the scientific conclusion that they came about through natural processes.
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Crypsis
In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an animal to avoid observation or detection by other animals.
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Ctenophorus decresii
Ctenophorus decresii, also known commonly as the tawny crevice-dragon or the tawny dragon, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae.
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Ctenophorus pictus
Ctenophorus pictus, commonly known as the painted dragon,Waite ER (Editor).
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Cultivar
The term cultivarCultivar has two denominations as explained in Formal definition.
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Cyril Clarke
Sir Cyril Astley Clarke KBE, FRCP, FRCOG, (Hon) FRC Path, FRS (22 August 1907 – 21 November 2000) was a British physician, geneticist and lepidopterist.
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Darwin's finches
Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about fifteen species of passerine birds.
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David Lack
David Lambert Lack FRS (16 July 1910 – 12 March 1973) was a British evolutionary biologist who made contributions to ornithology, ecology and ethology.
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Dominance (genetics)
Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus.
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Drosophila persimilis
Drosophila persimilis is a species of fruit fly that is a sister species to D. pseudoobscura, and was one of 12 fruitfly genomes sequenced for a large comparative study.
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Drosophila pseudoobscura
Drosophila pseudoobscura is a species of fruit fly, used extensively in lab studies of speciation.
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Drosophila robusta
Drosophila robusta is a fly species in the genus Drosophila, first described by Alfred Sturtevant in 1916.
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Duffy antigen system
Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor (DARC), also known as Fy glycoprotein (FY) or CD234 (Cluster of Differentiation 234), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DARC gene.
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Dunnock
The dunnock (Prunella modularis) is a small passerine, or perching bird, found throughout temperate Europe and into Asia.
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E. B. Ford
Edmund Brisco "Henry" Ford (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist.
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Ecological genetics
Ecological genetics is the study of genetics in natural populations.
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Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche (CanE, or) is the fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.
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Effective fitness
In natural evolution and artificial evolution (e.g. artificial life and evolutionary computation) the fitness (or performance or objective measure) of a schema is rescaled to give its effective fitness which takes into account crossover and mutation.
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Emberizidae
Emberizidae is a family of seed-eating passerine birds with distinctively finch-like bills.
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Epistasis
Epistasis is the phenomenon where the effect of one gene (locus) is dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier genes', i.e. the genetic background.
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Española cactus finch
The Española cactus finch (Geospiza conirostris), is a species of bird in the tanager family Thraupidae.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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European robin
The European robin (Erithacus rubecula), known simply as the robin or robin redbreast in the British Isles, is a small insectivorous passerine bird, specifically a chat, that was formerly classified as a member of the thrush family (Turdidae) but is now considered to be an Old World flycatcher.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolution of sexual reproduction
The evolution of sexual reproduction describes how sexually reproducing animals, plants, fungi and protists evolved from a common ancestor that was a single celled eukaryotic species.
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Faber and Faber
Faber and Faber Limited, often abbreviated to Faber, is an independent publishing house in the United Kingdom.
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Fejervarya limnocharis
Fejervarya limnocharis is a species of frog found widely distributed in South Asia.
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Flax
Flax (Linum usitatissimum), also known as common flax or linseed, is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae.
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Fly
True flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- di- "two", and πτερόν pteron "wings".
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Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH
The Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH or CEPH, formerly the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (the Center for the Study of Human Polymorphisms), is an international genetic research center located in Paris, France.
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Form (botany)
In botanical nomenclature, a form (forma, plural formae) is one of the "secondary" taxonomic ranks, below that of variety, which in turn is below that of species; it is an infraspecific taxon.
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Form (zoology)
In zoology, the word "form" or forma (literally Latin for form) is a strictly informal term that is sometimes used to describe organisms.
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Frequency-dependent selection
Frequency-dependent selection is an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population.
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G. Evelyn Hutchinson
George Evelyn Hutchinson (January 30, 1903 – May 17, 1991), was a British ecologist sometimes described as the "father of modern ecology." He contributed for more than sixty years to the fields of limnology, systems ecology, radiation ecology, entomology, genetics, biogeochemistry, a mathematical theory of population growth, art history, philosophy, religion, and anthropology.
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G. Ledyard Stebbins
George Ledyard Stebbins Jr. (January 6, 1906 – January 19, 2000) was an American botanist and geneticist who is widely regarded as one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century.
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Galápagos Islands
The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón, other Spanish name: Las Islas Galápagos), part of the Republic of Ecuador, are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere, west of continental Ecuador.
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Gametic phase
In a diploid individual, the gametic phase represents the original allelic combinations that an individual received from its parents.
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Gardening
Gardening is the practice of growing and cultivating plants as part of horticulture.
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Gatlinburg, Tennessee
Gatlinburg is a mountain resort city in Sevier County, Tennessee, United States.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gene family
A gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally with similar biochemical functions.
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Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.
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Genetic drift
Genetic drift (also known as allelic drift or the Sewall Wright effect) is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms.
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Genetic linkage
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
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Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination (aka genetic reshuffling) is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
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Genetic variation
Genetic variation means that biological systems – individuals and populations – are different over space.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genotype
The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an organism or individual, which determines one of its characteristics (phenotype).
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Genovesa Island
Genovesa Island, named after the Italian city of Genoa, in honor of Christopher Columbus, (referred to in English as Tower Island) is a shield volcano in the Galápagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Gens (behaviour)
In animal behaviour, a gens (pl. gentes) or host race is a host-specific lineage of a brood parasite species.
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George C. Williams (biologist)
George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.
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Grasshopper
Grasshoppers are insects of the suborder Caelifera within the order Orthoptera, which includes crickets and their allies in the other suborder Ensifera.
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Greater Caucasus
Greater Caucasus (Böyük Qafqaz, Бөјүк Гафгаз, بيوک قافقاز; დიდი კავკასიონი, Didi K’avk’asioni; Большой Кавказ, Bolshoy Kavkaz, sometimes translated as "Caucasus Major", "Big Caucasus" or "Large Caucasus") is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains.
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Grove snail
The grove snail or brown-lipped snail (Cepaea nemoralis) is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc.
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Gynoecium
Gynoecium (from Ancient Greek γυνή, gyne, meaning woman, and οἶκος, oikos, meaning house) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds.
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Haplodiploidy
Haplodiploidy is a sex-determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.
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Haplotype
A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.
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Hardy–Weinberg principle
The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
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Harmonia axyridis
Harmonia axyridis, most commonly known as the harlequin, multicolored Asian, or simply Asian ladybeetle, is a large coccinellid beetle.
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Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.
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Heritability
Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population.
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Herkogamy
Herkogamy is a common strategy employed by hermaphroditic angiosperms to reduce sexual interference between male (anthers) and female (stigma) function.
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Hermaphrodite
In biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has complete or partial reproductive organs and produces gametes normally associated with both male and female sexes.
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Heterosis
Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement, is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring.
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Heterostyly
Heterostyly is a unique form of polymorphism and herkogamy in flowers.
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Heterozygote advantage
A heterozygote advantage describes the case in which the heterozygous genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype.
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Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch.
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Hoverfly
Hoverflies, sometimes called flower flies, or syrphid flies, make up the insect family Syrphidae.
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Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants.
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Imago
In biology, the imago is the last stage an insect attains during its metamorphosis, its process of growth and development; it also is called the imaginal stage, the stage in which the insect attains maturity.
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Imprinting (psychology)
In psychology and ethology, imprinting is any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behaviour.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Insect migration
Insect migration is the seasonal movement of insects, particularly those by species of dragonflies, beetles, butterflies and moths.
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Intellectual property
Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect, and primarily encompasses copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
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International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants".
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International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals.
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J. B. S. Haldane
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (5 November 18921 December 1964) was an English scientist known for his work in the study of physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and in mathematics, where he made innovative contributions to the fields of statistics and biostatistics.
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Jaguar
The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a wild cat species and the only extant member of the genus Panthera native to the Americas.
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Jellyfish
Jellyfish or sea jelly is the informal common name given to the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, a major part of the phylum Cnidaria.
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John Maynard Smith
John Maynard Smith (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical and mathematical evolutionary biologist and geneticist.
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Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Journal of Theoretical Biology
The Journal of Theoretical Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering theoretical biology, as well as mathematical and computational aspects of biology.
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Judith Hooper
Judith Hooper (born April 15, 1949 in San Francisco, California"Judith Hooper". Contemporary Authors Online. Gale. October 19, 2005. Retrieved on August 12, 2008.) is an American journalist.
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Julian Huxley
Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist.
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Karyotype
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
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Knotted-pile carpet
A knotted-pile carpet is a carpet containing raised surfaces, or piles, from the cut off ends of knots woven between the warp and woof.
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Lesser Caucasus
Lesser Caucasus (Փոքր Կովկաս Pʿokʿr Kovkas, Azerbaijani: Kiçik Qafqaz Dağları, მცირე კავკასიონი, Малый Кавказ, Persian: Arankuh, Küçük Kafkasya, sometimes translated as "Caucasus Minor") is second of the two main mountain ranges of Caucasus mountains, of length about.
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Lichen
A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.
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Lincoln Brower
Lincoln Pierson Brower (born 1931) is an entomologist and ecologist, known for his work on monarch butterflies through six decades, including on their automimicry, chemical ecology and conservation.
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Linkage disequilibrium
In population genetics, linkage disequilibrium is the non-random association of alleles at different loci in a given population.
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Linum
Linum (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species The Jepson Manual.
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Litmus
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens.
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Locus (genetics)
A locus (plural loci) in genetics is a fixed position on a chromosome, like the position of a gene or a marker (genetic marker).
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Long-legged wood frog
The long-legged wood frog, Caucasus frog, or Uludağ frog (Rana macrocnemis) is a species of frog in the Ranidae family found in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.
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Lythrum
Lythrum is a genus of 38 species of flowering plants native to the temperate world.
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Lythrum salicaria
Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrifeFlora of NW Europe) is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae.
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Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.
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Mallota
Mallota is a widely distributed Holarctic genus of hoverfly (a member of the fly family Syrphidae), well known for their bee-like appearance.
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Manchester
Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 530,300.
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Mark and recapture
Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size.
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Marsh frog
The marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) is the largest frog native to Europe and belongs to the family of true frogs.
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Mate choice
Mate choice, also known as intersexual selection, is an evolutionary process in which selection is dependent on the attractiveness of an individual's phenotypic traits.
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Meadow pipit
The meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis) is a small passerine bird which breeds in much of northwestern Eurasia, from southeastern Greenland and Iceland east to just east of the Ural Mountains in Russia, and south to central France and Romania; there is also an isolated population in the Caucasus Mountains.
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Melanism
Melanism is a development of the dark-colored pigment melanin in the skin or its appendages and is the opposite of albinism.
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Melanism: Evolution in Action
''Melanism in Action'' Melanism: Evolution in Action is a book by Dr.
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Mesolithic
In Old World archaeology, Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos "middle"; λίθος, lithos "stone") is the period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic.
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Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation.
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Michael J. D. White
Michael James Denham White FRS (London, 20 August 1910 – Canberra, 16 December 1983) was a zoologist and cytologist.
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Michael Majerus
Michael Eugene Nicolas Majerus (13 February 1954 – 27 January 2009) was a British geneticist and Professor of Evolution at the University of Cambridge.
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Mimicry
In evolutionary biology, mimicry is a similarity of one organism, usually an animal, to another that has evolved because the resemblance is selectively favoured by the behaviour of a shared signal receiver that can respond to both.
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MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).
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Modern synthesis (20th century)
The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework.
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Moor frog
The moor frog (Rana arvalis) is a slim, reddish-brown, semiaquatic amphibian native to Europe and Asia.
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Motoo Kimura
(November 13, 1924 – November 13, 1994) was a Japanese biologist best known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968, in collaboration with Tomoko Ohta.
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Multimodal distribution
In statistics, a bimodal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with two different modes.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Mutation rate
In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene or organism over time.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Neutral theory of molecular evolution
The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that at the molecular level most evolutionary changes and most of the variation within and between species is not caused by natural selection but by genetic drift of mutant alleles that are neutral.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Northern cricket frog
The northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans) is a species of small hylid frog native to the United States and northeastern Mexico.
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Obelia
Obelia is a genus of hydrozoans, which consists mainly of marine and some freshwater animal species and have both the polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle.
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Of Moths and Men
Of Moths and Men is a book by journalist Judith Hooper about the Oxford University ecological genetics school led by E.B. Ford.
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Opuntia
Opuntia, commonly called prickly pear, is a genus in the cactus family, Cactaceae.
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Orangutan
The orangutans (also spelled orang-utan, orangutang, or orang-utang) are three extant species of great apes native to Indonesia and Malaysia.
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Oxford
Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Panmixia
Panmixia (or panmixis) means random mating.
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Papilio dardanus
Papilio dardanus, the African swallowtail, mocker swallowtail or flying handkerchief, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae (the swallowtails).
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (PNG;,; Papua Niugini; Hiri Motu: Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia.
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Parasitism
In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
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Passerine
A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species.
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Peppered moth
The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is a temperate species of night-flying moth.
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Peppered moth evolution
The evolution of the peppered moth is an evolutionary instance of directional colour change in the moth population as a consequence of air pollution during the Industrial Revolution.
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Peter and Rosemary Grant
Peter Raymond Grant,,, and Barbara Rosemary Grant,,, are a British couple who are evolutionary biologists at Princeton University.
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Phenotype
A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
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Phenotypic trait
A phenotypic trait, or simply trait, is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two.
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Phenylthiocarbamide
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), also known as phenylthiourea (PTU), is an organosulfur thiourea containing a phenyl ring.
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Philip Sheppard
Professor Philip MacDonald Sheppard, F.R.S. (27 July 1921 – 17 October 1976) was a British geneticist and lepidopterist.
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society.
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Plant variety (law)
Plant variety is a legal term, following the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Convention.
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Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects.
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Plasmodium knowlesi
Plasmodium knowlesi is a primate malaria parasite commonly found in Southeast Asia.
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Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen.
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Pleiotropy
Pleiotropy (from Greek πλείων pleion, "more", and τρόπος tropos, "way") occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.
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Ploidy
Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.
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Polymorphism (biology)
Polymorphism in biology and zoology is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species.
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Polyphenism
A polyphenic trait is a trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype as a result of differing environmental conditions.
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Polytene chromosome
Polytene chromosomes are large chromosomes which have thousands of DNA strands.
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Population
In biology, a population is all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.
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Prey switching
Prey switching is frequency-dependent predation, where the predator preferentially consumes the most common type of prey.
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Primula
Primula is a genus of mainly herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae.
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Primula vulgaris
Primula vulgaris, the common primrose is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to western and southern Europe (from the Faroe Islands and Norway south to Portugal, and east to Germany, Ukraine, the Crimea, and the Balkans), northwest Africa (Algeria), and southwest Asia (Turkey east to Iran).
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, that was established in its current form on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township.
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Proceedings of the Royal Society
Proceedings of the Royal Society is the parent title of two scientific journals published by the Royal Society.
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Race (human categorization)
A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Red blood cell
Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
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Redstart
Redstarts are a group of small Old World birds.
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Reindeer
The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia and North America.
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Restriction fragment length polymorphism
In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences.
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Ring species
In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can interbreed with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linked" population.
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Ronald Fisher
Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962), who published as R. A. Fisher, was a British statistician and geneticist.
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Scarlet tiger moth
The scarlet tiger moth (Callimorpha dominula, formerly Panaxia dominula) is a colorful moth belonging to the tiger moth subfamily, Arctiinae.
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Seta
In biology, setae (singular seta; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.
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Sewall Wright
Sewall Green Wright (December 21, 1889March 3, 1988) was an American geneticist known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis.
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Sex-determination system
A sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism.
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Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs.
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Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm.
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Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents.
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Single-nucleotide polymorphism
A single-nucleotide polymorphism, often abbreviated to SNP (plural), is a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population (e.g. > 1%).
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Song thrush
The song thrush (Turdus philomelos) is a thrush that breeds across much of Eurasia.
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Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.
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Stamen
The stamen (plural stamina or stamens) is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower.
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Subfossil
A subfossil (as opposed to a fossil) is a bone or other part of an organism that has not fully fossilized.
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Subspecies
In biological classification, the term subspecies refers to a unity of populations of a species living in a subdivision of the species’s global range and varies from other populations of the same species by morphological characteristics.
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Subvariety
A subvariety (Latin: subvarietas) in botanical nomenclature is a taxonomic rank.
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Supergene
A supergene is a group of neighbouring genes on a chromosome which are inherited together because of close genetic linkage and are functionally related in an evolutionary sense, although they are rarely co-regulated genetically.
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Sympatric speciation
Sympatric speciation is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.
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Sympatry
In biology, two species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter one another.
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Taxonomy (biology)
Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
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Temperate climate
In geography, the temperate or tepid climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes, which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.
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Tennessee
Tennessee (translit) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States.
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Theodosius Dobzhansky
Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky (Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добжа́нський; Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a prominent Ukrainian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist, and a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis.
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Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland (the endocrine organ found at the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones).
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Transferrin
Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron (Fe) in biological fluids.
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Trimorphism
In biology, trimorphism is the existence in certain plants and animals of three distinct forms, especially in connection with the reproductive organs.
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Trinomial nomenclature
In biology, trinomial nomenclature refers to names for taxa below the rank of species.
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Turkey
Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.
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University of California Press
University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
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University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.
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Variety (botany)
In botanical nomenclature, variety (abbreviated var.; in varietas) is a taxonomic rank below that of species and subspecies but above that of form.
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Vespidae
The Vespidae are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, cosmopolitan family of wasps, including nearly all the known eusocial wasps (such as Polistes fuscatus, Vespa orientalis, and Vespula germanica) and many solitary wasps.
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Viticulture
Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) is the science, production, and study of grapes.
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Viviparous lizard
The viviparous lizard or common lizard, Zootoca vivipara (formerly Lacerta vivipara), is a Eurasian lizard.
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Volucella zonaria
Volucella zonaria, the hornet mimic hoverfly, is a species of hoverfly.
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W. D. Hamilton
William Donald Hamilton, FRS (1 August 1936 – 7 March 2000) was an English evolutionary biologist, widely recognised as one of the most significant evolutionary theorists of the 20th century.
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Wasp
A wasp is any insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a bee nor an ant.
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White-lipped snail
The white-lipped snail or garden banded snail, scientific name Cepaea hortensis, is a medium-sized species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Helicidae.
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White-throated sparrow
The white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) is a passerine bird of the American sparrow family Passerellidae.
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Wood frog
The wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) has a broad distribution over North America, extending from the Boreal forest of Canada and Alaska to the southern Appalachians, with several notable disjunct populations including lowland eastern North Carolina.
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Xanthogramma pedissequum
Xanthogramma pedissequum is a species of hoverfly.
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XY sex-determination system
The XY sex-determination system is the sex-determination system found in humans, most other mammals, some insects (Drosophila), some snakes, and some plants (Ginkgo).
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Yellow baboon
The yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) is a baboon in the family of Old World monkeys.
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Zooid
A zooid or zoöid is a single animal that is part of a colonial animal.
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Zoology
Zoology or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.
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Zygosity
Zygosity is the degree of similarity of the alleles for a trait in an organism.
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Redirects here:
Biological diamorphism, Biological polymorphism, Color morph, Color phase, Coloration morph, Colour morph, Colour morphs, Colour phase, Genetic alterations, Genetic polymorphism, Genetic polymorphisms, Individual variation, Monomorphism (biology), Morph (biology), Morph (zoology), Morphotype, Polymorphic variant, Polymorphism (DNA), Polymorphism (genetics), Sequence polymorphism, Variant (zoology).
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)
