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Prion

Index Prion

Prions are misfolded proteins that are associated with several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. [1]

191 relations: AA amyloidosis, Acinetobacter, Aerosol, Alpha helix, Alpha-synuclein, Alzheimer's disease, Amino acid, Amyloid, Amyloidosis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Animal testing, Astemizole, Astrogliosis, Ataxia, Autoclave, Bacteria, Beta sheet, Biomolecular structure, Blood–brain barrier, Bone marrow, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Brain, Camel, Cat, Cattle, CD4, Cell (biology), Cell (journal), Cell membrane, Cell wall, Central dogma of molecular biology, Central nervous system, Chaperone (protein), Chronic wasting disease, Common ostrich, Convulsion, Cooperativity, Copper, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Crohn's disease, Current Issues in Molecular Biology, CXCR4, Cytosol, Dartmouth College, David Baltimore, Dementia, Denaturation (biochemistry), Detergent, Dispersity, Disulfide, ..., DNA, E. J. Field, Enzyme, Epigenetics, Equivalent concentration, Exotic ungulate encephalopathy, Exponential growth, Fatal insomnia, Feline spongiform encephalopathy, Food Safety News, Formaldehyde, Francis Crick, Frank O. Bastian, Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Fungal prion, Fungus, Gene, Genetic disorder, Genetically modified mouse, Genetically modified organism, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, Glycolipid, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, Goat, Greater kudu, Hematopoietic stem cell, Heterokaryon, Hippocampus, HIV, HIV/AIDS, Homograph, Howard Martin Temin, Hsp104, Huntington's disease, Hydrolysis, Iatrogenesis, In vitro, In vivo, Incubation period, Infection, Infertility, Inflammation, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Ion, Ionizing radiation, John Stanley Griffith, Kuru (disease), Laboratory mouse, Laura Manuelidis, Lentivirus, Lichen, Linear function, Long-term memory, Long-term potentiation, Louisiana State University, Mammal, Manfred Eigen, Median lethal dose, Membrane topology, Menotropin, Mink, Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein, Multiple system atrophy, Mutation, Mycoplasma, Myelin, Natural selection, Neurodegeneration, Neuron, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nuclease, Nucleic acid, Nyala, Oryx, Ozone, Parasitism, Pathogen, Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, Penicillin, Phospholipase C, Plate reader, Podospora anserina, Poliovirus, Polymerase chain reaction, Polythiophene, Portmanteau, Prion (bird), Prion pseudoknot, PRNP, Protease, Protein, Protein dimer, Protein folding, Protein isoform, Protein misfolding cyclic amplification, Protein structure, Protein tertiary structure, Proteinase K, Proteopathy, Reed Wickner, Reverse transcriptase, Rheumatoid arthritis, Richard Rhodes, RNA, RNA virus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schwann cell, Scrapie, Sheep, Slow virus, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium hypochlorite, Spiroplasma, Square root, Stanley B. Prusiner, Sup35p, Surround optical-fiber immunoassay, Susan Lindquist, Tau protein, The Lancet, Three-dimensional space, Tikvah Alper, Tissue (biology), Titer, Transmembrane protein, Transmissible mink encephalopathy, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, Tuberculosis, Ultraviolet, Unified atomic mass unit, University of California, San Francisco, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Ure2, Vacuole, Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Virino, Virus, Whitehead Institute, World Health Organization, Yale University. Expand index (141 more) »

AA amyloidosis

AA amyloidosis is a form of amyloidosis, a disease characterized by the abnormal deposition of fibers of insoluble protein in the extracellular space of various tissues and organs.

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Acinetobacter

Acinetobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the wider class of Gammaproteobacteria.

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Aerosol

An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas.

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Alpha helix

The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a righthand-spiral conformation (i.e. helix) in which every backbone N−H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C.

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Alpha-synuclein

Alpha-synuclein is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SNCA gene.

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Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Amyloid

Amyloids are aggregates of proteins that become folded into a shape that allows many copies of that protein to stick together forming fibrils.

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Amyloidosis

Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal protein, known as amyloid fibrils, builds up in tissue.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND), and Lou Gehrig's disease, is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles.

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Animal testing

Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.

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Astemizole

Astemizole (marketed under the brand name Hismanal, developmental code R43512) was a second-generation antihistamine drug that has a long duration of action.

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Astrogliosis

Astrogliosis (also known as astrocytosis or referred to as reactive astrocytosis) is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes due to the destruction of nearby neurons from CNS trauma, infection, ischemia, stroke, autoimmune responses, and neurodegenerative disease.

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Ataxia

Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality.

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Autoclave

An autoclave is a pressure chamber used to carry out industrial processes requiring elevated temperature and pressure different from ambient air pressure.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.

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Beta sheet

The β-sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is a common motif of regular secondary structure in proteins.

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Biomolecular structure

Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA, and that is important to its function.

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Blood–brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Bone marrow

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and fatal neurodegenerative disease in cattle that may be passed to humans who have eaten infected flesh.

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Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.

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Camel

A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.

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Cat

The domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus or Felis catus) is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal.

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Cattle

Cattle—colloquially cows—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates.

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CD4

In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Cell (journal)

Cell is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research papers across a broad range of disciplines within the life sciences.

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

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Cell wall

A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.

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Central dogma of molecular biology

The central dogma of molecular biology is an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system.

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Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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Chaperone (protein)

In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.

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Chronic wasting disease

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk (or "wapiti"), moose, and reindeer.

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Common ostrich

The ostrich or common ostrich (Struthio camelus) is either of two species of large flightless birds native to Africa, the only living member(s) of the genus Struthio, which is in the ratite family.

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Convulsion

A convulsion is a medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body.

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Cooperativity

Cooperativity is a phenomenon displayed by systems involving identical or near-identical elements, which act dependently of each other, relative to a hypothetical standard non-interacting system in which the individual elements are acting independently.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.

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Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a universally fatal brain disorder.

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Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus.

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Current Issues in Molecular Biology

Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) is a peer-reviewed hybrid open access journal publishing review articles and minireviews in all areas of molecular biology and molecular microbiology.

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CXCR4

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene.

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Cytosol

The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.

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Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.

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David Baltimore

David Baltimore (born March 7, 1938) is an American biologist, university administrator, and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine.

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Dementia

Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning.

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Denaturation (biochemistry)

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.

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Detergent

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions.

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Dispersity

A monodisperse, or uniform, polymer is composed of molecules of the same mass.

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Disulfide

In chemistry, a disulfide refers to a functional group with the structure R−S−S−R′.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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E. J. Field

Ephraim Joshua Field (20 March 1915 – 1 August 2002) was a British neuroscientist.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.

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Equivalent concentration

In chemistry, the equivalent concentration or normality of a solution is defined as the molar concentration ci divided by an equivalence factor feq.

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Exotic ungulate encephalopathy

Exotic ungulate encephalopathy is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), or prion disease, identified in infected organs of zoo animals.

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Exponential growth

Exponential growth is exhibited when the rate of change—the change per instant or unit of time—of the value of a mathematical function is proportional to the function's current value, resulting in its value at any time being an exponential function of time, i.e., a function in which the time value is the exponent.

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Fatal insomnia

Fatal insomnia is an extremely rare sleep disorder which is typically inherited and results in death within a few months to a few years after onset.

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Feline spongiform encephalopathy

Feline spongiform encephalopathy is a disease that affects the brains of felines.

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Food Safety News

Food Safety News is a news and campaigning website focusing on food safety.

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Formaldehyde

No description.

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Francis Crick

Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, most noted for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 with James Watson, work which was based partly on fundamental studies done by Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling and Maurice Wilkins.

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Frank O. Bastian

Frank O. Bastian is an American medical doctor and biologist at Louisiana State University.

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Frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a pathological process that occurs in frontotemporal dementia.

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Fungal prion

A fungal prion is a prion that infects fungal hosts.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Genetic disorder

A genetic disorder is a genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome.

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Genetically modified mouse

A genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) is a mouse that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques.

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Genetically modified organism

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism).

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Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome

Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is a very rare, usually familial, fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects patients from 20 to 60 years in age.

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Glycolipid

Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond or covalently bonded.

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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, or glycophosphatidylinositol, or GPI in short, is a glycolipid that can be attached to the C-terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification.

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Goat

The domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe.

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Greater kudu

The greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) is a woodland antelope found throughout eastern and southern Africa.

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Hematopoietic stem cell

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells.

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Heterokaryon

A heterokaryon is a multinucleate cell that contains genetically different nuclei.

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Hippocampus

The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates.

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HIV

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

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HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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Homograph

A homograph (from the ὁμός, homós, "same" and γράφω, gráphō, "write") is a word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different meaning.

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Howard Martin Temin

Howard Martin Temin (December 10, 1934 – February 9, 1994) was a U.S. geneticist and virologist.

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Hsp104

Hsp104 is a heat-shock protein.

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Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.

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Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.

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Iatrogenesis

Iatrogenesis (from the Greek for "brought forth by the healer") refers to any effect on a person resulting from any activity of one or more persons acting as healthcare professionals or promoting products or services as beneficial to health that does not support a goal of the person affected.

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In vitro

In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.

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In vivo

Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.

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Incubation period

Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent.

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Infection

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

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Infertility

Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by natural means.

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Inflammation

Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

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International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of and the nomenclatures for viruses.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).

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Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.

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John Stanley Griffith

John Stanley Griffith (1928–1972) was a British chemist and biophysicist.

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Kuru (disease)

Kuru is a very rare, incurable neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly common among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea.

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Laboratory mouse

The laboratory mouse is a small mammal of the order Rodentia which is bred and used for scientific research.

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Laura Manuelidis

Laura Manuelidis is a physician and neuropathologist at Yale University.

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Lentivirus

Lentivirus (lente-, Latin for "slow") is a genus of retroviruses that cause chronic and deadly diseases characterized by long incubation periods, in the human and other mammalian species.

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Lichen

A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.

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Linear function

In mathematics, the term linear function refers to two distinct but related notions.

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Long-term memory

Long-term memory (LTM) is the stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model where informative knowledge is held indefinitely.

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Long-term potentiation

In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

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Louisiana State University

The Louisiana State University (officially Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, commonly referred to as LSU) is a public coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

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Mammal

Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.

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Manfred Eigen

Manfred Eigen (born 9 May 1927) is a German biophysical chemist who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on measuring fast chemical reactions.

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Median lethal dose

In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 is a measure of the lethal dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen.

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Membrane topology

Topology of a transmembrane protein refers to orientations (locations of N- and C-termini) of membrane-spanning segments with respect to the inner or outer sides of the biological membrane occupied by the protein.

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Menotropin

Menotropin (also called human menopausal gonadotropin or hMG) is a hormonally active medication for the treatment of fertility disturbances.

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Mink

Mink are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera Neovison and Mustela, and part of the family Mustelidae which also includes weasels, otters and ferrets.

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Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein

Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAVS gene.

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Multiple system atrophy

Multiple system atrophy (MSA), also known as Shy–Drager syndrome, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, slow movement, muscle rigidity, and postural instability (collectively known as parkinsonism) due to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, and ataxia.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.

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Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membrane.

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Myelin

Myelin is a lipid-rich substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Neurodegeneration

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons.

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Neuron

A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.

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Nuclease

A nuclease (also archaically known as nucleodepolymerase or polynucleotidase) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between monomers of nucleic acids.

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Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life.

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Nyala

The lowland nyala or simply nyala (Tragelaphus angasii), is a spiral-horned antelope native to Southern Africa.

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Oryx

Oryx is a genus consisting of four large antelope species called oryxes.

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Ozone

Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.

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Parasitism

In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.

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Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of a disease is the biological mechanism (or mechanisms) that leads to the diseased state.

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Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology or physiopathology is a convergence of pathology with physiology.

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Penicillin

Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).

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Phospholipase C

Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure).

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Plate reader

Plate readers, also known as microplate readers or microplate photometers, are instruments which are used to detect biological, chemical or physical events of samples in microtiter plates.

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Podospora anserina

Podospora anserina is a model filamentous, ascomycete fungus.

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Poliovirus

Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis (commonly known as polio), is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae.

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Polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

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Polythiophene

Polythiophenes (PTs) are polymerized thiophenes, a sulfur heterocycle.

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Portmanteau

A portmanteau or portmanteau word is a linguistic blend of words,, p. 644 in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word, as in smog, coined by blending smoke and fog, or motel, from motor and hotel.

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Prion (bird)

The prions (or whalebirds) are small petrels in the genera Pachyptila and Halobaena.

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Prion pseudoknot

The prion pseudoknot is predicted RNA pseudoknot structure found in prion protein mRNA.

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PRNP

PRNP (PRioN Protein) is the human gene encoding for the major prion protein PrP (for prion protein), also known as CD230 (cluster of differentiation 230).

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Protease

A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein dimer

In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.

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Protein folding

Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.

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Protein isoform

A protein isoform, or "protein variant" is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences.

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Protein misfolding cyclic amplification

Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is an amplification technique (conceptually like PCR but not involving nucleotides) to multiply misfolded prions originally developed by Soto and colleagues.

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Protein structure

Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule.

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Protein tertiary structure

Protein tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape of a protein.

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Proteinase K

In molecular biology Proteinase K (protease K, endopeptidase K, Tritirachium alkaline proteinase, Tritirachium album serine proteinase, Tritirachium album proteinase K) is a broad-spectrum serine protease.

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Proteopathy

In medicine, proteopathy (Proteo-; -pathy; proteopathies pl.; proteopathic adj.) refers to a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of cells, tissues and organs of the body.

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Reed Wickner

Reed B. Wickner (born c. 1942) is an American yeast geneticist.

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Reverse transcriptase

A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription.

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Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.

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Richard Rhodes

Richard Lee Rhodes (born July 4, 1937) is an American historian, journalist and author of both fiction and non-fiction (which he prefers to call "verity"), including the Pulitzer Prize-winning The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), and most recently, Energy: A Human History (2018).

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

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RNA virus

An RNA virus is a virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as its genetic material.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.

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Schwann cell

Schwann cells (named after physiologist Theodor Schwann) or neurolemmocytes are the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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Scrapie

Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease that affects the nervous systems of sheep and goats.

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Sheep

Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock.

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Slow virus

A slow virus is a virus, or a viruslike agent, etiologically associated with a slow virus disease.

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Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions. Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·n. The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, it is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes.

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Sodium hypochlorite

No description.

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Spiroplasma

Spiroplasma is a genus of Mollicutes, a group of small bacteria without cell walls.

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Square root

In mathematics, a square root of a number a is a number y such that; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or) is a. For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 because.

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Stanley B. Prusiner

Stanley Benjamin Prusiner M.D (born May 28, 1942) is an American neurologist and biochemist.

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Sup35p

Sup35p is the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast) eukaryotic translation release factor.

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Surround optical-fiber immunoassay

Surround optical-fiber immunoassay (SOFIA) is an ultrasensitive, ''in vitro'' diagnostic platform incorporating a surround optical-fiber assembly that captures fluorescence emissions from an entire sample.

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Susan Lindquist

Susan Lee Lindquist, ForMemRS (June 5, 1949 – October 27, 2016) was an American professor of biology at MIT specializing in molecular biology, particularly the protein folding problem within a family of molecules known as heat-shock proteins, and prions.

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Tau protein

Tau proteins (or τ proteins, after the Greek letter with that name) are proteins that stabilize microtubules.

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The Lancet

The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal.

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Three-dimensional space

Three-dimensional space (also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required to determine the position of an element (i.e., point).

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Tikvah Alper

Tikvah Alper (22 January 1909 – 2 February 1995) trained as a physicist and became a distinguished radiobiologist.

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Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.

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Titer

A titer (or titre) is a way of expressing concentration.

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Transmembrane protein

A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the biological membrane to which it is permanently attached.

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Transmissible mink encephalopathy

Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a rare sporadic disease that affects the central nervous system of ranch-raised adult mink.

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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases, are a group of progressive, invariably fatal, conditions that affect the brain (encephalopathies) and nervous system of many animals, including humans.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).

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Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.

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Unified atomic mass unit

The unified atomic mass unit or dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).

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University of California, San Francisco

The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), is a research university located in San Francisco, California and part of the University of California system.

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University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) was created in 1972 by The UT System Board of Regents.

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Ure2

Ure2, or Ure2p, is a yeast protein encoded by a gene known as URE2 (systematic designation YNL229C).

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Vacuole

A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.

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Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) is a type of brain disease within the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy family.

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Virino

The virino is a hypothetical infectious particle that was once theorized to be the cause of scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the central nervous system; it was thought to consist of nucleic acids in a protective coat of host cell proteins.

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Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.

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Whitehead Institute

Founded in 1982, the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research is a non-profit research and teaching institution located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

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World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.

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Yale University

Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Human and Animal Prions, Pr P, PrPSc, Prion (infectious agent), Prions, Proteinaceous Infectious Particle, Proteinaceous and infection, Proteinaceous infectious particle, Protineacous infectious particles, PrpSc, Prpsc.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion

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