Progesterone

Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ^[1]

-ene

The suffix -ene is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds where the -C.

See Progesterone and -ene

Acetal

In organic chemistry, an acetal is a functional group with the connectivity.

See Progesterone and Acetal

Active metabolite

An active metabolite, or pharmacologically active metabolite is a biologically active metabolite of a xenobiotic substance, such as a drug or environmental chemical.

See Progesterone and Active metabolite

Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue (also known as body fat or simply fat) is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.

See Progesterone and Adipose tissue

Adolf Butenandt

Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (24 March 1903 – 18 January 1995) was a German biochemist.

See Progesterone and Adolf Butenandt

Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.

See Progesterone and Adrenal gland

Adrenalectomy (Latin root Ad "near/at" + renal "related to the kidneys" + Greek ‑ectomy “out-cutting”; sometimes written as ADX for the procedure or resulting state) is the surgical removal of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) adrenal glands.

See Progesterone and Adrenalectomy

Adrenarche

Adrenarche is an early stage in sexual maturation that happens in some higher primates (including humans), typically peaks at around 20 years of age, and is involved in the development of pubic hair, body odor, skin oiliness, axillary hair, sexual attraction/sexual desire/increased libido and mild acne.

See Progesterone and Adrenarche

Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.

See Progesterone and Agonist

Albumin

Albumin is a family of globular proteins, the most common of which are the serum albumins.

See Progesterone and Albumin

Alcohol (drug)

Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is one of the most widely used and abused psychoactive drugs in the world and falls under the depressant category. Progesterone and Alcohol (drug) are GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators and Hepatotoxins.

See Progesterone and Alcohol (drug)

Aldehyde

In organic chemistry, an aldehyde is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure.

See Progesterone and Aldehyde

Aldol condensation

An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), and this is then followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone.

See Progesterone and Aldol condensation

Aldosterone

Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. Progesterone and Aldosterone are pregnanes and steroid hormones.

See Progesterone and Aldosterone

Aldosterone synthase

Aldosterone synthase, also called steroid 18-hydroxylase, corticosterone 18-monooxygenase or P450C18, is a steroid hydroxylase cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone and other steroids.

See Progesterone and Aldosterone synthase

Alkene

In organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond.

See Progesterone and Alkene

Allopregnanolone

Allopregnanolone is a naturally occurring neurosteroid which is made in the body from the hormone progesterone. Progesterone and Allopregnanolone are GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, neurosteroids, pregnane X receptor agonists, pregnanes and progestogens.

See Progesterone and Allopregnanolone

Allosteric modulator

In pharmacology and biochemistry, allosteric modulators are a group of substances that bind to a receptor to change that receptor's response to stimuli.

See Progesterone and Allosteric modulator

Amphiregulin

Amphiregulin, also known as AREG, is a protein synthesized as a transmembrane glycoprotein with 252 aminoacids and it is encoded by the AREG gene.

See Progesterone and Amphiregulin

Androgen

An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. Progesterone and androgen are Hepatotoxins, hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Androgen

Androgen backdoor pathway

The androgen backdoor pathway is responsible for the synthesis of physiologically relevant androgens.

See Progesterone and Androgen backdoor pathway

Androstenedione

Androstenedione, or 4-androstenedione (abbreviated as A4 or Δ4-dione), also known as androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, is an endogenous weak androgen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of estrone and of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Progesterone and Androstenedione are Diketones and pregnane X receptor agonists.

See Progesterone and Androstenedione

Anovulation

Anovulation is when the ovaries do not release an oocyte during a menstrual cycle.

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Antioxidant

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals.

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Antiprogestogen

Antiprogestogens, or antiprogestins, also known as progesterone antagonists or progesterone blockers, are a class of drugs which prevent progestogens like progesterone from mediating their biological effects in the body.

See Progesterone and Antiprogestogen

Apoptosis

Apoptosis (from falling off) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast.

See Progesterone and Apoptosis

Archives of Sexual Behavior

The Archives of Sexual Behavior is a peer-reviewed academic journal in sexology.

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Atrophy

Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body.

See Progesterone and Atrophy

Axon

An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis) or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences) is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.

See Progesterone and Axon

Bast fibre

Bast fibre (also called phloem fibre or skin fibre) is plant fibre collected from the phloem (the "inner bark", sometimes called "skin") or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants.

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Bioconjugation

Bioconjugation is a chemical strategy to form a stable covalent link between two molecules, at least one of which is a biomolecule.

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Biological activity

In pharmacology, biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter.

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Biological half-life

Biological half-life (elimination half-life, pharmacological half-life) is the time taken for concentration of a biological substance (such as a medication) to decrease from its maximum concentration (Cmax) to half of Cmax in the blood plasma.

See Progesterone and Biological half-life

Biotransformation

Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds.

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Birth

Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition.

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Birth control

Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unintended pregnancy.

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Blood

Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

See Progesterone and Blood

Blood–brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.

See Progesterone and Blood–brain barrier

Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.

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Breast

The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso among humans and other primates.

See Progesterone and Breast

Breast cancer

Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. Progesterone and breast cancer are human female endocrine system.

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Breast development

Breast development, also known as mammogenesis, is a complex biological process in primates that takes place throughout a female's life.

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Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding, variously known as chestfeeding or nursing, is the process where breast milk is fed to a child.

See Progesterone and Breastfeeding

Bronchus

A bronchus (bronchi) is a passage or airway in the lower respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.

See Progesterone and Bronchus

Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant.

See Progesterone and Cannabis (drug)

Capillary

A capillary is a small blood vessel, from 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter, and is part of the microcirculation system.

See Progesterone and Capillary

Caspase 3

Caspase-3 is a caspase protein that interacts with caspase-8 and caspase-9.

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Cation channels of sperm

The cation channels of sperm also known as Catsper channels or CatSper, are ion channels that are related to the two-pore channels and distantly related to TRP channels.

See Progesterone and Cation channels of sperm

Cell (biology)

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.

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Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.

See Progesterone and Central nervous system

Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix or in the any layer of the wall of the cervix.

See Progesterone and Cervical cancer

Chemical structure

A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds.

See Progesterone and Chemical structure

Chemical synthesis

Chemical synthesis (chemical combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products.

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Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus.

See Progesterone and Chemotaxis

Childbirth

Childbirth, also known as labour, parturition and delivery, is the completion of pregnancy where one or more babies exits the internal environment of the mother via vaginal delivery or caesarean section.

See Progesterone and Childbirth

Chloroform

Chloroform, or trichloromethane (often abbreviated as TCM), is an organochloride with the formula and a common solvent. Progesterone and Chloroform are GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators and Hepatotoxins.

See Progesterone and Chloroform

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. Progesterone and Cholesterol are GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators and neurosteroids.

See Progesterone and Cholesterol

Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme

Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme is commonly referred to as P450scc, where "scc" is an acronym for side-chain cleavage.

See Progesterone and Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.

See Progesterone and Circulatory system

Collagen

Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues.

See Progesterone and Collagen

Copper

Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.

See Progesterone and Copper

Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body";: corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone, and moderate levels of estradiol, and inhibin A. It is the remains of the ovarian follicle that has released a mature ovum during a previous ovulation. Progesterone and corpus luteum are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Corpus luteum

Corticosteroid

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Progesterone and Corticosteroid are steroid hormones.

See Progesterone and Corticosteroid

Corticosterone

Corticosterone, also known as 17-deoxycortisol and 11β,21-dihydroxyprogesterone, is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. Progesterone and Corticosterone are pregnane X receptor agonists and pregnanes.

See Progesterone and Corticosterone

Cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone in the glucocorticoid class of hormones and a stress hormone. Progesterone and Cortisol are glucocorticoids, pregnanes and steroid hormones.

See Progesterone and Cortisol

Cortisone

Cortisone is a pregnene (21-carbon) steroid hormone. Progesterone and Cortisone are pregnanes.

See Progesterone and Cortisone

CYP17A1

Cytochrome P450 17A1 (steroid 17α-monooxygenase, 17α-hydroxylase, 17-alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, 17,20-desmolase) is an enzyme of the hydroxylase type that in humans is encoded by the CYP17A1 gene on chromosome 10.

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CYP2C19

Cytochrome P450 2C19 (abbreviated CYP2C19) is an enzyme protein.

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CYP2C9

Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 (abbreviated CYP2C9) is an enzyme protein.

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CYP3A4

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine, which in humans is encoded by CYP3A4 gene.

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Cytochrome

Cytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central iron (Fe) atom at its core, as a cofactor.

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Cytochrome c

The cytochrome complex, or cyt c, is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration.

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Cytochrome P450

Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases.

See Progesterone and Cytochrome P450

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone precursor. Progesterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone are hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, neurosteroids, pregnane X receptor agonists and sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone

Depolarization

In biology, depolarization or hypopolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside.

See Progesterone and Depolarization

Diana Fleischman

Diana Santos Fleischman (born April 22, 1981) is an American evolutionary psychologist.

See Progesterone and Diana Fleischman

Dicarbonyl

In organic chemistry, a dicarbonyl is a molecule containing two carbonyl groups. Progesterone and dicarbonyl are Diketones.

See Progesterone and Dicarbonyl

Dihydrotestosterone

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, 5α-DHT, androstanolone or stanolone) is an endogenous androgen sex steroid and hormone primarily involved in the growth and repair of the prostate and the penis, as well as the production of sebum and body hair composition. Progesterone and Dihydrotestosterone are GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, human hormones and sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Dihydrotestosterone

Diol

A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups (groups).

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Dioscorea

Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world.

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Dioscorea mexicana

Dioscorea mexicana, Mexican yam or cabeza de negro is a species of yam in the genus Dioscorea.

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Dioscorea villosa

Dioscorea villosa is a species of twining tuberous vine which is native to eastern North America.

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Diosgenin

Diosgenin, a phytosteroid sapogenin, is the product of hydrolysis by acids, strong bases, or enzymes of saponins, extracted from the tubers of Dioscorea wild yam species, such as the Kokoro. Progesterone and Diosgenin are progestogens.

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Double bond

In chemistry, a double bond is a covalent bond between two atoms involving four bonding electrons as opposed to two in a single bond.

See Progesterone and Double bond

Downregulation and upregulation

In biochemistry, in the biological context of organisms' regulation of gene expression and production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the production and quantities of its cellular components, such as RNA and proteins, in response to an external stimulus.

See Progesterone and Downregulation and upregulation

Dydrogesterone

Dydrogesterone, sold under the brand name Duphaston among others, is a progestin medication which is used for a variety of indications, including threatened or recurrent miscarriage during pregnancy, dysfunctional bleeding, infertility due to luteal insufficiency, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, secondary amenorrhea, irregular cycles, premenstrual syndrome, and as a component of menopausal hormone therapy. Progesterone and Dydrogesterone are Antimineralocorticoids, Diketones, pregnanes and progestogens.

See Progesterone and Dydrogesterone

EC50

Half maximal effective concentration (EC50) is a measure of the concentration of a drug, antibody or toxicant which induces a biological response halfway between the baseline and maximum after a specified exposure time.

See Progesterone and EC50

Edema

Edema (AmE), also spelled oedema (BrE), and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue.

See Progesterone and Edema

Elasticity (physics)

In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed.

See Progesterone and Elasticity (physics)

Embryo

An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.

See Progesterone and Embryo

Endogeny (biology)

Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within a living system such as an organism, tissue, or cell.

See Progesterone and Endogeny (biology)

Endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb).

See Progesterone and Endometrial cancer

Endometrium

The endometrium is the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus.

See Progesterone and Endometrium

Enol

In organic chemistry, alkenols (shortened to enols) are a type of reactive structure or intermediate in organic chemistry that is represented as an alkene (olefin) with a hydroxyl group attached to one end of the alkene double bond. Progesterone and enol are alkene derivatives.

See Progesterone and Enol

Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

See Progesterone and Enzyme

Enzyme inducer

An enzyme inducer is a type of drug that increases the metabolic activity of an enzyme either by binding to the enzyme and activating it, or by increasing the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme.

See Progesterone and Enzyme inducer

Epidermal growth factor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor, EGFR.

See Progesterone and Epidermal growth factor

Epidermis

The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.

See Progesterone and Epidermis

Epipregnanolone

Epipregnanolone, also known as 3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one, 3β,5β-tetrahydroprogesterone, or 3β,5β-THP, is an endogenous neurosteroid. Progesterone and Epipregnanolone are neurosteroids and pregnanes.

See Progesterone and Epipregnanolone

Estradiol

Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. Progesterone and Estradiol are Hepatotoxins, hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis, hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, hormones of the pregnant female, human female endocrine system, Prolactin releasers and sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Estradiol

Estrogen

Estrogen (oestrogen; see spelling differences) is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone and Estrogen are Hepatotoxins, hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis, hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, hormones of the ovary, hormones of the pregnant female, human female endocrine system, human hormones, Prolactin releasers and sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Estrogen

Estrogen (medication)

An estrogen (E) is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy, and as part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. Progesterone and estrogen (medication) are Hepatotoxins and Prolactin releasers.

See Progesterone and Estrogen (medication)

Estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells. Progesterone and Estrogen receptor are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptor alpha

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor (mainly found as a chromatin-binding protein) that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.

See Progesterone and Estrogen receptor alpha

Estrone

Estrone (E1), also spelled oestrone, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone. Progesterone and Estrone are hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, hormones of the pregnant female and sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Estrone

Excitotoxicity

In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors.

See Progesterone and Excitotoxicity

Excretion

Excretion is elimination of metabolic waste, which is an essential process in all organisms.

See Progesterone and Excretion

Fat

In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.

See Progesterone and Fat

Feminizing hormone therapy

Feminizing hormone therapy, also known as transfeminine hormone therapy, is hormone therapy and sex reassignment therapy to change the secondary sex characteristics of transgender people from masculine or androgynous to feminine.

See Progesterone and Feminizing hormone therapy

Fenugreek

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an annual plant in the family Fabaceae, with leaves consisting of three small obovate to oblong leaflets.

See Progesterone and Fenugreek

Fertilisation

Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to give rise to a zygote and initiate its development into a new individual organism or offspring.

See Progesterone and Fertilisation

Fertility

Fertility in colloquial terms refers the ability to have offspring.

See Progesterone and Fertility

Fetus

A fetus or foetus (fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from a mammal embryo.

See Progesterone and Fetus

Fibroblast

A fibroblast is a type of biological cell typically with a spindle shape that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.

See Progesterone and Fibroblast

Follicular phase

The follicular phase, also known as the preovulatory phase or proliferative phase, is the phase of the estrous cycle (or, in primates for example, the menstrual cycle) during which follicles in the ovary mature from primary follicle to a fully mature graafian follicle. Progesterone and follicular phase are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Follicular phase

Functional group

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.

See Progesterone and Functional group

GABAA receptor

The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel.

See Progesterone and GABAA receptor

Gallbladder

In vertebrates, the gallbladder, also known as the cholecyst, is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine.

See Progesterone and Gallbladder

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.

See Progesterone and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Gdańsk

Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

See Progesterone and Gdańsk

Gdańsk University of Technology

The Gdańsk University of Technology (Gdańsk Tech, formerly GUT; Politechnika Gdańska) is a university of technology in the Wrzeszcz borough of Gdańsk, and one of the oldest universities in Poland.

See Progesterone and Gdańsk University of Technology

Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.

See Progesterone and Gene expression

George W. Corner

George Washington Corner FRS FRSE (12 December 1889 – 28 September 1981) was an American physician, embryologist and pioneer of the contraceptive pill.

See Progesterone and George W. Corner

Gestation

Gestation is the period of development during the carrying of an embryo, and later fetus, inside viviparous animals (the embryo develops within the parent).

See Progesterone and Gestation

Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)

This glossary of cellular and molecular biology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of cell biology, molecular biology, and related disciplines, including molecular genetics, biochemistry, and microbiology.

See Progesterone and Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)

Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids (or, less commonly, glucocorticosteroids) are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones. Progesterone and Glucocorticoid are glucocorticoids and Hepatotoxins.

See Progesterone and Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoid receptor

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR or GCR) also known as NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1) is the receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind.

See Progesterone and Glucocorticoid receptor

Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids.

See Progesterone and Glucuronidation

Ground substance

Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space of animals that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin.

See Progesterone and Ground substance

Growth factor

A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation.

See Progesterone and Growth factor

Gynaecology

Gynaecology or gynecology (see American and British English spelling differences) is the area of medicine that involves the treatment of women's diseases, especially those of the reproductive organs.

See Progesterone and Gynaecology

Hemodynamics

Hemodynamics or haemodynamics are the dynamics of blood flow.

See Progesterone and Hemodynamics

Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior. Progesterone and hormone are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Hormone

Hormone replacement therapy

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause.

See Progesterone and Hormone replacement therapy

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone for the maternal recognition of pregnancy produced by trophoblast cells that are surrounding a growing embryo (syncytiotrophoblast initially), which eventually forms the placenta after implantation. Progesterone and Human chorionic gonadotropin are hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, hormones of the placenta, hormones of the pregnant female, human female endocrine system and sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Human chorionic gonadotropin

Human female sexuality

Human female sexuality encompasses a broad range of behaviors and processes, including female sexual identity and sexual behavior, the physiological, psychological, social, cultural, political, and spiritual or religious aspects of sexual activity.

See Progesterone and Human female sexuality

Human serum albumin

Human serum albumin is the serum albumin found in human blood.

See Progesterone and Human serum albumin

Human skin

The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system.

See Progesterone and Human skin

Hydroxy group

In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom.

See Progesterone and Hydroxy group

Hydroxylation

In chemistry, hydroxylation can refer to.

See Progesterone and Hydroxylation

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) are a group of alcohol oxidoreductases that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids.

See Progesterone and Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Hypogonadism

Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testicles or the ovaries—that may result in diminished production of sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Hypogonadism

Immune response

An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors.

See Progesterone and Immune response

Immune system

The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.

See Progesterone and Immune system

Implant (medicine)

An implant is a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure.

See Progesterone and Implant (medicine)

Inflammation

Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.

See Progesterone and Inflammation

Injection (medicine)

An injection (often and usually referred to as a "shot" in US English, a "jab" in UK English, or a "jag" in Scottish English and Scots) is the act of administering a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a needle (usually a hypodermic needle) and a syringe.

See Progesterone and Injection (medicine)

Intramuscular injection

Intramuscular injection, often abbreviated IM, is the injection of a substance into a muscle.

See Progesterone and Intramuscular injection

Intravaginal administration

Intravaginal administration is a route of administration where the substance is applied inside the vagina.

See Progesterone and Intravaginal administration

Isomer

In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, the same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space.

See Progesterone and Isomer

Isopregnanolone

Isopregnanolone, also known as isoallopregnanolone and epiallopregnanolone, as well as sepranolone, and as 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one or 3β,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3β,5α-THP), is an endogenous neurosteroid and a natural 3β-epimer of allopregnanolone. Progesterone and Isopregnanolone are neurosteroids and pregnanes.

See Progesterone and Isopregnanolone

Juglans regia

Juglans regia, the Persian walnut, English walnut, Carpathian walnut, Madeira walnut, or, especially in Great Britain, common walnut, is an Old World walnut tree species native to the region stretching from the Caucasus eastward to the Kashmir region.

See Progesterone and Juglans regia

Keratinocyte

Keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.

See Progesterone and Keratinocyte

Ketoconazole

Ketoconazole, sold under the brand name Nizoral among others, is an antiandrogen, antifungal, and antiglucocorticoid medication used to treat a number of fungal infections. Progesterone and Ketoconazole are Hepatotoxins.

See Progesterone and Ketoconazole

Ketone

In organic chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure, where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents.

See Progesterone and Ketone

Kidney

In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation.

See Progesterone and Kidney

Knockout mouse

A knockout mouse, or knock-out mouse, is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or "knocked out", an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.

See Progesterone and Knockout mouse

Lactation

Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. Progesterone and Lactation are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Lactation

Libido

In psychology, libido (from the Latin, 'desire') is psychic drive or energy, usually conceived as sexual in nature, but sometimes conceived as including other forms of desire.

See Progesterone and Libido

Ligand (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.

See Progesterone and Ligand (biochemistry)

Litre

The litre (British English spelling) or liter (American English spelling) (SI symbols L and l, other symbol used: ℓ) is a metric unit of volume. It is equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm3), 1000 cubic centimetres (cm3) or 0.001 cubic metres (m3). A cubic decimetre (or litre) occupies a volume of (see figure) and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre.

See Progesterone and Litre

Liver

The liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and various other biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.

See Progesterone and Liver

London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

See Progesterone and London

Luteal phase

The menstrual cycle is on average 28 days in length. Progesterone and Luteal phase are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Luteal phase

Macrophage

Macrophages (abbreviated Mφ, MΦ or MP) are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface.

See Progesterone and Macrophage

Male contraceptive

Male contraceptives, also known as male birth control, are methods of preventing pregnancy by interrupting the function of sperm.

See Progesterone and Male contraceptive

Mammary alveolus

A mammary alveolus (alveoli, from Latin, "little cavity") is a small cavity or sac found in the mammary gland.

See Progesterone and Mammary alveolus

Mammary gland

A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in humans and other mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring. Progesterone and mammary gland are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Mammary gland

Marker degradation

The Marker degradation is a three-step synthetic route in steroid chemistry developed by American chemist Russell Earl Marker in 1938–1940.

See Progesterone and Marker degradation

Medication

A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.

See Progesterone and Medication

Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), also known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in injectable form and sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type. Progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate are Diketones, glucocorticoids, pregnanes and progestogens.

See Progesterone and Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Membrane progesterone receptor

Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) are a group of cell surface receptors and membrane steroid receptors belonging to the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family which bind the endogenous progestogen and neurosteroid progesterone, as well as the neurosteroid allopregnanolone. Progesterone and membrane progesterone receptor are human female endocrine system and progestogens.

See Progesterone and Membrane progesterone receptor

Menopause

Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time when menstrual periods permanently stop, marking the end of reproduction. Progesterone and Menopause are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Menopause

Menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible. Progesterone and menstrual cycle are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Menstrual cycle

Menstruation

Menstruation (also known as a period, among other colloquial terms) is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina.

See Progesterone and Menstruation

Metabolic intermediate

Metabolic intermediates are molecules that are the precursors or metabolites of biologically significant molecules.

See Progesterone and Metabolic intermediate

Metabolic pathway

In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.

See Progesterone and Metabolic pathway

Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

See Progesterone and Metabolism

Metabolite

In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.

See Progesterone and Metabolite

Mexico

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.

See Progesterone and Mexico

Microglia

Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.

See Progesterone and Microglia

Mifepristone

Mifepristone, also known as RU-486, is a medication typically used in combination with misoprostol to bring about a medical abortion during pregnancy and manage early miscarriage. Progesterone and Mifepristone are pregnane X receptor agonists.

See Progesterone and Mifepristone

Mineralocorticoid receptor

The mineralocorticoid receptor (or MR, MLR, MCR), also known as the aldosterone receptor or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2, (NR3C2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR3C2 gene that is located on chromosome 4q31.1-31.2.

See Progesterone and Mineralocorticoid receptor

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

A mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA or MCRA) or aldosterone antagonist, is a diuretic drug which antagonizes the action of aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptors. Progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist are Antimineralocorticoids.

See Progesterone and Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

Mitosis

Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

See Progesterone and Mitosis

Mole (unit)

The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of measurement, the base unit in the International System of Units (SI) for amount of substance, a quantity proportional to the number of elementary entities of a substance.

See Progesterone and Mole (unit)

Morphology (biology)

Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

See Progesterone and Morphology (biology)

Mucous membrane

A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs.

See Progesterone and Mucous membrane

Mucus

Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes.

See Progesterone and Mucus

Muscle

Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue.

See Progesterone and Muscle

Myelin

Myelin is a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons (the nervous system's electrical wires) to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (called action potentials) pass along the axon.

See Progesterone and Myelin

Natriuresis

Natriuresis is the process of sodium excretion in the urine through the action of the kidneys.

See Progesterone and Natriuresis

Natural product

A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.

See Progesterone and Natural product

Nervous system

In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.

See Progesterone and Nervous system

Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system.

See Progesterone and Nervous tissue

Neuromodulation

Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons.

See Progesterone and Neuromodulation

Neuron

A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.

See Progesterone and Neuron

Neuroprotection

Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function.

See Progesterone and Neuroprotection

Neuroregeneration

Neuroregeneration involves the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products.

See Progesterone and Neuroregeneration

Neurosteroid

Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors. Progesterone and Neurosteroid are neurosteroids.

See Progesterone and Neurosteroid

Neurotransmission

Neurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through") is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron) a short distance away.

See Progesterone and Neurotransmission

Neurotransmitter

A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.

See Progesterone and Neurotransmitter

Nicotine

Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. Progesterone and Nicotine are pregnane X receptor agonists.

See Progesterone and Nicotine

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

See Progesterone and Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Offspring

In biology, offspring are the young creation of living organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two organisms.

See Progesterone and Offspring

Oogenesis

Oogenesis, ovogenesis, or oögenesis is the differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized. Progesterone and Oogenesis are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Oogenesis

Oophorectomy

Oophorectomy (from Greek ᾠοφόρος,, 'egg-bearing' and ἐκτομή,, 'a cutting out of'), historically also called ovariotomy, is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.

See Progesterone and Oophorectomy

Oral administration

| name.

See Progesterone and Oral administration

Oral contraceptive pill

Oral contraceptives, abbreviated OCPs, also known as birth control pills, are medications taken by mouth for the purpose of birth control.

See Progesterone and Oral contraceptive pill

Orders of magnitude (mass)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kg and 1052 kg.

See Progesterone and Orders of magnitude (mass)

Organic compound

Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.

See Progesterone and Organic compound

Organolithium reagent

In organometallic chemistry, organolithium reagents are chemical compounds that contain carbon–lithium (C–Li) bonds.

See Progesterone and Organolithium reagent

Ortho ester

In organic chemistry, an ortho ester is a functional group containing three alkoxy groups attached to one carbon atom, i.e. with the general formula.

See Progesterone and Ortho ester

Ovary

The ovary is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova.

See Progesterone and Ovary

Ovulation

Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. Progesterone and Ovulation are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Ovulation

Oxidoreductase

In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor.

See Progesterone and Oxidoreductase

Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.

See Progesterone and Oxygen

Parke-Davis

Parke-Davis is a subsidiary of the pharmaceutical company Pfizer.

See Progesterone and Parke-Davis

Partial agonist

In pharmacology, partial agonists are drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist.

See Progesterone and Partial agonist

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology (or physiopathology) is a branch of study, at the intersection of pathology and physiology, concerning disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury.

See Progesterone and Pathophysiology

Penis

A penis (penises or penes) is a male sex organ that is used to inseminate female or hermaphrodite animals during copulation.

See Progesterone and Penis

Percy Lavon Julian

Percy Lavon Julian (April 11, 1899 – April 19, 1975) was an American research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants.

See Progesterone and Percy Lavon Julian

PGRMC1

Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (abbreviated PGRMC1) is a protein which co-purifies with progesterone binding proteins in the liver and ovary.

See Progesterone and PGRMC1

Phosphonium

In chemistry, the term phosphonium (more obscurely: phosphinium) describes polyatomic cations with the chemical formula (where R is a hydrogen or an alkyl, aryl, or halide group).

See Progesterone and Phosphonium

Phytosterol

Phytosterols are phytosteroids, similar to cholesterol, that serve as structural components of biological membranes of plants.

See Progesterone and Phytosterol

Placenta

The placenta (placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation. Progesterone and placenta are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Placenta

Plasma protein

Plasma proteins, sometimes referred to as blood proteins, are proteins present in blood plasma.

See Progesterone and Plasma protein

Postpartum period

The postpartum (or postnatal) period begins after childbirth and is typically considered to last for six weeks.

See Progesterone and Postpartum period

Preadolescence

Preadolescence is a stage of human development following middle childhood and preceding adolescence.

See Progesterone and Preadolescence

Pregnancy

Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops (gestates) inside a woman's uterus (womb). Progesterone and Pregnancy are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Pregnancy

Pregnane

Pregnane, also known as 17β-ethylandrostane or as 10β,13β-dimethyl-17β-ethylgonane, is a C21 steroid and, indirectly, a parent of progesterone. Progesterone and Pregnane are pregnanes.

See Progesterone and Pregnane

Pregnane X receptor

In the field of molecular biology, the pregnane X receptor (PXR), also known as the steroid and xenobiotic sensing nuclear receptor (SXR) or nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2 (NR1I2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1I2 (nuclear Receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2) gene.

See Progesterone and Pregnane X receptor

Pregnanediol

Pregnanediol, or 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, is an inactive metabolic product of progesterone.

See Progesterone and Pregnanediol

Pregnanediol glucuronide

Pregnanediol glucuronide, or 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol 3α-glucuronide, is the major metabolite of progesterone and the C3α glucuronide conjugate of pregnanediol (5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol). Progesterone and pregnanediol glucuronide are pregnanes.

See Progesterone and Pregnanediol glucuronide

Pregnanetriol

Pregnanetriol, or 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol, is a steroid and inactive metabolite of progesterone.

See Progesterone and Pregnanetriol

Pregnanolone

Pregnanolone, also known as eltanolone, is an endogenous inhibitory neurosteroid which is produced in the body from progesterone. Progesterone and Pregnanolone are GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, Glycine receptor antagonists, neurosteroids and pregnane X receptor agonists.

See Progesterone and Pregnanolone

Pregnenolone

Pregnenolone (P5), or pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one, is an endogenous steroid and precursor/metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of most of the steroid hormones, including the progestogens, androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. Progesterone and Pregnenolone are neurosteroids, pregnane X receptor agonists, pregnanes and steroid hormones.

See Progesterone and Pregnenolone

Preterm birth

Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks.

See Progesterone and Preterm birth

Progesterone (medication)

Progesterone (P4), sold under the brand name Prometrium among others, is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. Progesterone and Progesterone (medication) are 5α-Reductase inhibitors, alkene derivatives, Antimineralocorticoids, Diketones, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, glucocorticoids, Glycine receptor antagonists, Hepatotoxins, neurosteroids, pregnane X receptor agonists, pregnanes, progestogens, Prolactin releasers and sigma antagonists.

See Progesterone and Progesterone (medication)

Progesterone receptor

The progesterone receptor (PR), also known as NR3C3 or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 3, is a protein found inside cells. Progesterone and progesterone receptor are progestogens.

See Progesterone and Progesterone receptor

Progesterone receptor A

The progesterone receptor A (PR-A) is one of three known isoforms of the progesterone receptor (PR), the main biological target of the endogenous progestogen sex hormone progesterone. Progesterone and progesterone receptor A are progestogens.

See Progesterone and Progesterone receptor A

Progestogen

Progestogens, also sometimes written progestins, progestagens or gestagens, are a class of natural or synthetic steroid hormones that bind to and activate the progesterone receptors (PR). Progesterone and Progestogen are hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis, hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, hormones of the pregnant female, progestogens, Prolactin releasers and sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Progestogen

Progestogen (medication)

A progestogen, also referred to as a progestagen, gestagen, or gestogen, is a type of medication which produces effects similar to those of the natural female sex hormone progesterone in the body. Progesterone and progestogen (medication) are progestogens.

See Progesterone and Progestogen (medication)

Prolactin

Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin and mammotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. Progesterone and Prolactin are hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis, hormones of the pregnant female, human female endocrine system and human hormones.

See Progesterone and Prolactin

Protecting group

A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction.

See Progesterone and Protecting group

Puberty

Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. Progesterone and Puberty are human female endocrine system.

See Progesterone and Puberty

Reactive oxygen species

In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.

See Progesterone and Reactive oxygen species

Redox

Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.

See Progesterone and Redox

Reference ranges for blood tests

Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples.

See Progesterone and Reference ranges for blood tests

Respiration (physiology)

In physiology, respiration is the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction to the surrounding environment.

See Progesterone and Respiration (physiology)

Route of administration

In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.

See Progesterone and Route of administration

Russell Earl Marker

Russell Earl Marker (March 12, 1902 – March 3, 1995) was an American chemist who invented the octane rating system when he was working at the Ethyl Corporation.

See Progesterone and Russell Earl Marker

Saponin

Saponins (Latin "sapon", soap + "-in", one of), also selectively referred to as triterpene glycosides, are bitter-tasting usually toxic plant-derived organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water.

See Progesterone and Saponin

Scrotum

In most terrestrial mammals, the scrotum (scrotums or scrota; possibly from Latin scortum, meaning "hide" or "skin") or scrotal sac is a part of the external male genitalia located at the base of the penis.

See Progesterone and Scrotum

Sebaceous gland

A sebaceous gland or oil gland is a microscopic exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals.

See Progesterone and Sebaceous gland

Semisynthesis

Semisynthesis, or partial chemical synthesis, is a type of chemical synthesis that uses chemical compounds isolated from natural sources (such as microbial cell cultures or plant material) as the starting materials to produce novel compounds with distinct chemical and medicinal properties.

See Progesterone and Semisynthesis

Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.

See Progesterone and Serotonin

Sex hormone

Sex hormones, also known as sex steroids, gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate steroid hormone receptors. Progesterone and sex hormone are hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and sex hormones.

See Progesterone and Sex hormone

Sex hormone-binding globulin

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to androgens and estrogens.

See Progesterone and Sex hormone-binding globulin

Sexual dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction.

See Progesterone and Sexual dimorphism

Sigma receptor

Sigma receptors (σ-receptors) are protein receptors that bind ligands such as 4-PPBP (4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine), SA 4503 (cutamesine), ditolylguanidine, dimethyltryptamine, and siramesine.

See Progesterone and Sigma receptor

Sigma-1 receptor

The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R), one of two sigma receptor subtypes, is a chaperone protein at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor.

See Progesterone and Sigma-1 receptor

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an illness, injury, or condition.

See Progesterone and Signs and symptoms

Skin

Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.

See Progesterone and Skin

Smooth muscle

Smooth (soft) muscle is one of the three major types of vertebrate muscle tissue, the other being skeletal and cardiac muscle.

See Progesterone and Smooth muscle

Solanine

Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family within the genus Solanum, such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum), the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and the eggplant (Solanum melongena).

See Progesterone and Solanine

Soybean oil

Soybean oil (British English: soyabean oil) is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean (Glycine max).

See Progesterone and Soybean oil

Spasm

A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, such as the bladder.

See Progesterone and Spasm

Sperm

Sperm (sperm or sperms) is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there is a larger, female reproductive cell and a smaller, male one).

See Progesterone and Sperm

Sperm motility

Sperm motility describes the ability of sperm to move properly through the female reproductive tract (internal fertilization) or through water (external fertilization) to reach the egg.

See Progesterone and Sperm motility

Stem cell

In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.

See Progesterone and Stem cell

Steroid

A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

See Progesterone and Steroid

Steroid 11β-hydroxylase

Steroid 11β-hydroxylase, also known as steroid 11β-monooxygenase, is a steroid hydroxylase found in the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.

See Progesterone and Steroid 11β-hydroxylase

Steroidogenic enzyme

Steroidogenic enzymes are enzymes that are involved in steroidogenesis and steroid biosynthesis.

See Progesterone and Steroidogenic enzyme

Stigmasterol

Stigmasterol – a plant sterol (phytosterol) – is among the most abundant of plant sterols, having a major function to maintain the structure and physiology of cell membranes.

See Progesterone and Stigmasterol

Subcutaneous administration

Subcutaneous administration is the insertion of medications beneath the skin either by injection or infusion.

See Progesterone and Subcutaneous administration

Sulfation

Sulfation is the chemical reaction that entails the addition of SO3 group.

See Progesterone and Sulfation

Taiwan

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia.

See Progesterone and Taiwan

Tautomer

Tautomers are structural isomers (constitutional isomers) of chemical compounds that readily interconvert.

See Progesterone and Tautomer

Testosterone

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. Progesterone and Testosterone are GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, hormones of the ovary, hormones of the suprarenal cortex, human hormones, sex hormones and steroid hormones.

See Progesterone and Testosterone

Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.

See Progesterone and Tissue (biology)

Tissue hydration

Tissue hydration is the process of absorbing and retaining water in biological tissues.

See Progesterone and Tissue hydration

Topical medication

A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body.

See Progesterone and Topical medication

Total synthesis

Total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of a complex molecule, often a natural product, from simple, commercially-available precursors.

See Progesterone and Total synthesis

Transcortin

Transcortin, also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) or serpin A6, is a protein produced in the liver in animals.

See Progesterone and Transcortin

Transcription factor

In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.

See Progesterone and Transcription factor

Transdermal

Transdermal is a route of administration wherein active ingredients are delivered across the skin for systemic distribution.

See Progesterone and Transdermal

Traumatic brain injury

A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force.

See Progesterone and Traumatic brain injury

Tumor progression

Tumor progression is the third and last phase in tumor development.

See Progesterone and Tumor progression

University of Portsmouth

The University of Portsmouth (UoP) is a public university in Portsmouth, England.

See Progesterone and University of Portsmouth

Urine

Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals.

See Progesterone and Urine

Uterine cancer

Uterine cancer, also known as womb cancer, includes two types of cancer that develop from the tissues of the uterus.

See Progesterone and Uterine cancer

Vaginal epithelium

The vaginal epithelium is the inner lining of the vagina consisting of multiple layers of (squamous) cells.

See Progesterone and Vaginal epithelium

Voltage-gated calcium channel

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells (e.g., muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc.) with a permeability to the calcium ion Ca2+.

See Progesterone and Voltage-gated calcium channel

Voltage-gated ion channel

Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel.

See Progesterone and Voltage-gated ion channel

Willard Myron Allen

Willard Myron Allen (November 5, 1904 – August 15, 1993) was an American gynecologist.

See Progesterone and Willard Myron Allen

William Summer Johnson

William Summer Johnson (February 24, 1913 – August 19, 1995) was an American chemist and teacher.

See Progesterone and William Summer Johnson

Wittig reaction

The Wittig reaction or Wittig olefination is a chemical reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenyl phosphonium ylide called a Wittig reagent.

See Progesterone and Wittig reaction

Wrinkle

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric.

See Progesterone and Wrinkle

Xeroderma

Xeroderma, xerosis or xerosis cutis, or simply dry skin, is a skin condition characterized by excessively dry skin.

See Progesterone and Xeroderma

Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms.

See Progesterone and Y chromosome

Yam (vegetable)

Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea (family Dioscoreaceae) that form edible tubers (some other species in the genus being toxic).

See Progesterone and Yam (vegetable)

Yeast

Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.

See Progesterone and Yeast

Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

See Progesterone and Zinc

11-Deoxycorticosterone

11-Deoxycorticosterone (DOC), or simply deoxycorticosterone, also known as 21-hydroxyprogesterone, as well as desoxycortone (INN), deoxycortone, and cortexone, is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone. Progesterone and 11-Deoxycorticosterone are Glycine receptor antagonists, pregnanes, progestogens and steroid hormones.

See Progesterone and 11-Deoxycorticosterone

11β-Hydroxyprogesterone

11β-Hydroxyprogesterone (11β-OHP), also known as 21-deoxycorticosterone, as well as 11β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, is a naturally occurring, endogenous steroid and derivative of progesterone. Progesterone and 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone are 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors, Diketones and pregnanes.

See Progesterone and 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone

16-Dehydropregnenolone acetate

16-Dehydropregnenolone acetate (16-DPA) is a chemical compound used as an intermediate or synthon in the production of many semisynthetic steroids.

See Progesterone and 16-Dehydropregnenolone acetate

17α-Hydroxyprogesterone

17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP), also known as 17-OH progesterone (17-OHP), or hydroxyprogesterone (OHP), is an endogenous progestogen steroid hormone related to progesterone. Progesterone and 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone are Antimineralocorticoids, Diketones, glucocorticoids, pregnane X receptor agonists, pregnanes and progestogens.

See Progesterone and 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone

20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a 20-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are 17alpha,20alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, NADH, NADPH, and H+.

See Progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol

20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol, or (3β)-cholest-5-ene-3,20,22-triol is an endogenous, metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones from cholesterol.

See Progesterone and 20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol

20α-Dihydroprogesterone

20α-Dihydroprogesterone (20α-DHP), also known as 20α-hydroxyprogesterone (20α-OHP), is a naturally occurring, endogenous progestogen. Progesterone and 20α-Dihydroprogesterone are pregnanes, progestogens and steroid hormones.

See Progesterone and 20α-Dihydroprogesterone

20β-Dihydroprogesterone

20β-Dihydroprogesterone (20β-DHP), also known as 20β-hydroxyprogesterone (20β-OHP), is an endogenous metabolite of progesterone which is formed by 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20β-HSD). Progesterone and 20β-Dihydroprogesterone are pregnanes, progestogens and steroid hormones.

See Progesterone and 20β-Dihydroprogesterone

21-Hydroxylase

Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP21A2 gene.

See Progesterone and 21-Hydroxylase

22R-Hydroxycholesterol

22R-Hydroxycholesterol, or (3β)-cholest-5-ene-3,22-diol is an endogenous, metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones from cholesterol.

See Progesterone and 22R-Hydroxycholesterol

3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a 3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one, NADH, and H+.

See Progesterone and 3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

3α-Dihydroprogesterone

3α-Dihydroprogesterone (3α-DHP), also known as 3α-hydroxyprogesterone, as well as pregn-4-en-3α-ol-20-one, is an endogenous neurosteroid. Progesterone and 3α-Dihydroprogesterone are GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, neurosteroids and pregnanes.

See Progesterone and 3α-Dihydroprogesterone

3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) is an enzyme (1.1.1.50) that plays a role in the metabolism of steroids and non-steroidal compounds in humans and other species, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and so on.

See Progesterone and 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

3β-Dihydroprogesterone

3β-Dihydroprogesterone (3β-DHP), also known as 3β-hydroxyprogesterone, or pregn-4-en-3β-ol-20-one (4-pregnenolone, δ4-pregnenolone), is an endogenous steroid. Progesterone and 3β-Dihydroprogesterone are pregnanes and progestogens.

See Progesterone and 3β-Dihydroprogesterone

3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase (3β-HSD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of the steroid progesterone from pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone from 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and androstenedione from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the adrenal gland.

See Progesterone and 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

5-HT receptor

5-HT receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

See Progesterone and 5-HT receptor

5α-Dihydroprogesterone

5α-Dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP, allopregnanedione, or 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione) is an endogenous progestogen and neurosteroid that is synthesized from progesterone. Progesterone and 5α-Dihydroprogesterone are Diketones, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, neurosteroids, pregnane X receptor agonists, pregnanes and progestogens.

See Progesterone and 5α-Dihydroprogesterone

5α-Reductase

5α-Reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.

See Progesterone and 5α-Reductase

5β-Dihydroprogesterone

5β-Dihydroprogesterone (5β-DHP, pregnanedione, or 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione) is an endogenous neurosteroid and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of pregnanolone and epipregnanolone from progesterone. Progesterone and 5β-Dihydroprogesterone are Diketones, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, neurosteroids and pregnane X receptor agonists.

See Progesterone and 5β-Dihydroprogesterone

5β-Reductase

5β-Reductase, or Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase (3-oxo-Δ4-steroid 5β-reductase, androstenedione 5β-reductase, cholestenone 5β-reductase, cortisone 5β-reductase, cortisone Δ4-5β-reductase, steroid 5β-reductase, testosterone 5β-reductase, Δ4-3-ketosteroid 5β-reductase, Δ4-5β-reductase, Δ4-hydrogenase, 4,5β-dihydrocortisone:NADP+ Δ4-oxidoreductase, 3-oxo-5β-steroid:NADP+ Δ4-oxidoreductase) is an enzyme with systematic name 5β-cholestan-3-one:NADP+ 4,5-oxidoreductase.

See Progesterone and 5β-Reductase

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone

Also known as Endometrin, Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, Pregnene-3,20-dione, Progesterones.

, Cervical cancer, Chemical structure, Chemical synthesis, Chemotaxis, Childbirth, Chloroform, Cholesterol, Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, Circulatory system, Collagen, Copper, Corpus luteum, Corticosteroid, Corticosterone, Cortisol, Cortisone, CYP17A1, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, Cytochrome, Cytochrome c, Cytochrome P450, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Depolarization, Diana Fleischman, Dicarbonyl, Dihydrotestosterone, Diol, Dioscorea, Dioscorea mexicana, Dioscorea villosa, Diosgenin, Double bond, Downregulation and upregulation, Dydrogesterone, EC50, Edema, Elasticity (physics), Embryo, Endogeny (biology), Endometrial cancer, Endometrium, Enol, Enzyme, Enzyme inducer, Epidermal growth factor, Epidermis, Epipregnanolone, Estradiol, Estrogen, Estrogen (medication), Estrogen receptor, Estrogen receptor alpha, Estrone, Excitotoxicity, Excretion, Fat, Feminizing hormone therapy, Fenugreek, Fertilisation, Fertility, Fetus, Fibroblast, Follicular phase, Functional group, GABAA receptor, Gallbladder, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gene expression, George W. Corner, Gestation, Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z), Glucocorticoid, Glucocorticoid receptor, Glucuronidation, Ground substance, Growth factor, Gynaecology, Hemodynamics, Hormone, Hormone replacement therapy, Human chorionic gonadotropin, Human female sexuality, Human serum albumin, Human skin, Hydroxy group, Hydroxylation, Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Hypogonadism, Immune response, Immune system, Implant (medicine), Inflammation, Injection (medicine), Intramuscular injection, Intravaginal administration, Isomer, Isopregnanolone, Juglans regia, Keratinocyte, Ketoconazole, Ketone, Kidney, Knockout mouse, Lactation, Libido, Ligand (biochemistry), Litre, Liver, London, Luteal phase, Macrophage, Male contraceptive, Mammary alveolus, Mammary gland, Marker degradation, Medication, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Membrane progesterone receptor, Menopause, Menstrual cycle, Menstruation, Metabolic intermediate, Metabolic pathway, Metabolism, Metabolite, Mexico, Microglia, Mifepristone, Mineralocorticoid receptor, Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, Mitosis, Mole (unit), Morphology (biology), Mucous membrane, Mucus, Muscle, Myelin, Natriuresis, Natural product, Nervous system, Nervous tissue, Neuromodulation, Neuron, Neuroprotection, Neuroregeneration, Neurosteroid, Neurotransmission, Neurotransmitter, Nicotine, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Offspring, Oogenesis, Oophorectomy, Oral administration, Oral contraceptive pill, Orders of magnitude (mass), Organic compound, Organolithium reagent, Ortho ester, Ovary, Ovulation, Oxidoreductase, Oxygen, Parke-Davis, Partial agonist, Pathophysiology, Penis, Percy Lavon Julian, PGRMC1, Phosphonium, Phytosterol, Placenta, Plasma protein, Postpartum period, Preadolescence, Pregnancy, Pregnane, Pregnane X receptor, Pregnanediol, Pregnanediol glucuronide, Pregnanetriol, Pregnanolone, Pregnenolone, Preterm birth, Progesterone (medication), Progesterone receptor, Progesterone receptor A, Progestogen, Progestogen (medication), Prolactin, Protecting group, Puberty, Reactive oxygen species, Redox, Reference ranges for blood tests, Respiration (physiology), Route of administration, Russell Earl Marker, Saponin, Scrotum, Sebaceous gland, Semisynthesis, Serotonin, Sex hormone, Sex hormone-binding globulin, Sexual dimorphism, Sigma receptor, Sigma-1 receptor, Signs and symptoms, Skin, Smooth muscle, Solanine, Soybean oil, Spasm, Sperm, Sperm motility, Stem cell, Steroid, Steroid 11β-hydroxylase, Steroidogenic enzyme, Stigmasterol, Subcutaneous administration, Sulfation, Taiwan, Tautomer, Testosterone, Tissue (biology), Tissue hydration, Topical medication, Total synthesis, Transcortin, Transcription factor, Transdermal, Traumatic brain injury, Tumor progression, University of Portsmouth, Urine, Uterine cancer, Vaginal epithelium, Voltage-gated calcium channel, Voltage-gated ion channel, Willard Myron Allen, William Summer Johnson, Wittig reaction, Wrinkle, Xeroderma, Y chromosome, Yam (vegetable), Yeast, Zinc, 11-Deoxycorticosterone, 11β-Hydroxyprogesterone, 16-Dehydropregnenolone acetate, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol, 20α-Dihydroprogesterone, 20β-Dihydroprogesterone, 21-Hydroxylase, 22R-Hydroxycholesterol, 3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3α-Dihydroprogesterone, 3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3β-Dihydroprogesterone, 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5-HT receptor, 5α-Dihydroprogesterone, 5α-Reductase, 5β-Dihydroprogesterone, 5β-Reductase.

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Progesterone

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