Timeline of programming languages

This is a record of historically important programming languages, by decade. ^[1]

A+ (programming language)

A+ is an array programming language descendent from the programming language A, which in turn was created to replace APL in 1988.

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The A-0 system (Arithmetic Language version 0), written by Richard K. Ridgway (managed by Grace Hopper) in 1951 and 1952 for the UNIVAC I, was an early compiler related tool developed for electronic computers.

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ABAP

ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming, originally Allgemeiner Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor, German for "general report creation processor") is a high-level programming language created by the German software company SAP SE.

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ABB Group

ABB (ASEA Brown Boveri) is a Swedish-Swiss multinational corporation headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, operating mainly in robotics, power, heavy electrical equipments, and automation technology areas.

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ABC (programming language)

ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment developed at CWI, Netherlands by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens, and Steven Pemberton.

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Acorn Computers

Acorn Computers Ltd. was a British computer company established in Cambridge, England, in 1978.

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ActionScript

ActionScript is an object-oriented programming language originally developed by Macromedia Inc. (later acquired by Adobe Systems).

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Actor (programming language)

The Actor programming language was invented by Charles Duff of The Whitewater Group in 1988.

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Ada (programming language)

Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages.

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Adele Goldberg (computer scientist)

Adele Goldberg (born July 7, 1945) is a computer scientist who participated in developing the programming language Smalltalk-80 and various concepts related to object-oriented programming while a researcher at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), in the 1970s.

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Adobe ColdFusion

Adobe ColdFusion is a commercial rapid web application development platform created by J. J. Allaire in 1995.

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Adriaan van Wijngaarden

Adriaan "Aad" van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916 – 7 February 1987) was a Dutch mathematician and computer scientist, who is considered by many to have been the founding father of informatica (computer science) in the Netherlands.

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Agda (programming language)

Agda is a dependently typed functional programming language originally developed by Ulf Norell at Chalmers University of Technology with implementation described in his PhD thesis.

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Alain Colmerauer

Alain Colmerauer (24 January 1941 – 12 May 2017) was a French computer scientist.

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Alan Cooper

Alan Cooper (born June 3, 1952) is an American software designer and programmer.

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Alan Edelman

Alan Stuart Edelman (born June 1963) is an American mathematician and computer scientist.

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Alan Kay

Alan Curtis Kay (born May 17, 1940 published by the Association for Computing Machinery 2012) is an American computer scientist.

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Alan Perlis

Alan Jay Perlis (April 1, 1922 – February 7, 1990) was an American computer scientist and professor at Purdue University, Carnegie Mellon University and Yale University.

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Alan Turing

Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.

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Alef (programming language)

Alef is a discontinued concurrent programming language, designed as part of the Plan 9 operating system by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs.

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Alexander Dewdney

Alexander Keewatin Dewdney (born August 5, 1941, in London, Ontario) is a Canadian mathematician, computer scientist, author, filmmaker, and conspiracy theorist.

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Alfred Aho

Alfred Vaino Aho (born August 9, 1941) is a Canadian computer scientist best known for his work on programming languages, compilers, and related algorithms, and his textbooks on the art and science of computer programming.

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ALGOL 58

ALGOL 58, originally known as IAL, is one of the family of ALGOL computer programming languages.

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ALGOL 60

ALGOL 60 (short for Algorithmic Language 1960) is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages.

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ALGOL 68

ALGOL 68 (short for Algorithmic Language 1968) is an imperative computer programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously defined syntax and semantics.

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ALGOL W

ALGOL W is a programming language.

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Alick Glennie

Alick Edwards Glennie (1925–2003) was a British computer scientist, most famous for having developed Autocode, which many people regard as the first ever computer compiler.

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Allaire Corporation

Allaire Corporation was a computer software company founded by Jeremy and JJ Allaire in Minnesota, later headquartered in Cambridge, then Newton, Massachusetts.

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Allen Newell

Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology.

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Alma-0

Alma-0 is a multi-paradigm computer programming language.

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Alsys

The company Alsys, SA. (founded 1980, merged 1995) was a software development company created to support initial work on the Ada programming language.

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Altair BASIC

Altair BASIC is a discontinued interpreter for the BASIC programming language that ran on the MITS Altair 8800 and subsequent S-100 bus computers.

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Amiga E

Amiga E, or very often simply E, is a programming language created by Wouter van Oortmerssen on the Amiga.

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AMOS (programming language)

AMOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language implemented on the Amiga computer.

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AMPL

A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) is an algebraic modeling language to describe and solve high-complexity problems for large-scale mathematical computing (i.e., large-scale optimization and scheduling-type problems).

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Anders Hejlsberg

Anders Hejlsberg (born 2 December 1960) is a prominent Danish software engineer who co-designed several popular and commercially successful programming languages and development tools.

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Apache Groovy

Apache Groovy is a Java-syntax-compatible object-oriented programming language for the Java platform.

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APL (programming language)

APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson.

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Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services.

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AppleScript

AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. that facilitates automated control over scriptable Mac applications.

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Applesoft BASIC

Applesoft BASIC is a dialect of Microsoft BASIC, developed by Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland, supplied with the Apple II series of computers.

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APT (programming language)

APT or Automatically Programmed Tool is a high-level computer programming language most commonly used to generate instructions for numerically controlled machine tools.

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Argonne National Laboratory

Argonne National Laboratory is a science and engineering research national laboratory operated by the University of Chicago Argonne LLC for the United States Department of Energy located near Lemont, Illinois, outside Chicago.

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ARITH-MATIC

ARITH-MATIC is an extension of Grace Hopper's A-2 programming language, developed around 1955.

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Arthur Burks

Arthur Walter Burks (October 13, 1915 – May 14, 2008) was an American mathematician who worked in the 1940s as a senior engineer on the project that contributed to the design of the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.

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Arthur Whitney (computer scientist)

Arthur Whitney (born October 24, 1957) is a Canadian computer scientist most notable for developing three programming languages inspired by APL: A+, K, and Q, and for cofounding the U.S. company Kx Systems.

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AspectJ

AspectJ is an aspect-oriented programming (AOP) extension created at PARC for the Java programming language.

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Ateji

In modern Japanese, principally refer to kanji used to phonetically represent native or borrowed words with less regard to the underlying meaning of the characters.

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Atlas Autocode

Atlas Autocode (AA)R.A. Brooker and J.S. Rohl,, University of Manchester Computer Science Department, 1965.

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Autocode

Autocode is the name of a family of "simplified coding systems", later called programming languages, devised in the 1950s and 1960s for a series of digital computers at the Universities of Manchester, Cambridge and London.

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AWK

AWK is a programming language designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool.

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B (programming language)

B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969.

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Ballerina (programming language)

Ballerina is a compiled, type-safe, concurrent programming language targeting microservice development and integration.

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Barbara Liskov

Barbara Liskov (born November 7, 1939 as Barbara Jane Huberman) is an American computer scientist who is an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ford Professor of Engineering in its School of Engineering's electrical engineering and computer science department.

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Barry J. Mailloux

Barry James Mailloux (died May 26, 1982) obtained his M.Sc in Numerical Analysis in 1963.

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Bash (Unix shell)

Bash is a Unix shell and command language written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell.

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BASIC

BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.

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BBC BASIC

BBC BASIC is a programming language, developed in 1981 as a native programming language for the MOS Technology 6502 based Acorn BBC Micro home/personal computer.

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BBN Technologies

BBN Technologies (originally Bolt, Beranek and Newman) is an American high-technology company which provides research and development services.

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BCPL

BCPL ("Basic Combined Programming Language"; or 'Before C Programming Language' (a common humorous backronym)) is a procedural, imperative, and structured computer programming language.

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Bell Labs

Nokia Bell Labs (formerly named AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories and Bell Labs) is an American research and scientific development company, owned by Finnish company Nokia.

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Ben Fry

Benjamin Fry (born 1975) is an American expert in data visualization.

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Bernard Galler

Bernard A. Galler (October 3, 1928 in Chicago – September 4, 2006 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American mathematician and computer scientist at the University of Michigan who was involved in the development of large-scale operating systems and computer languages including the MAD programming language and the Michigan Terminal System operating system.

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Bertrand Meyer

Bertrand Meyer (born 21 November 1950) is a French academic, author, and consultant in the field of computer languages.

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Betty Holberton

Frances Elizabeth "Betty" Holberton (March 7, 1917 – December 8, 2001) was one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, and was the inventor of breakpoints in computer debugging.

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Bill Gates

William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor, author, philanthropist, humanitarian, and principal founder of Microsoft Corporation.

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Bill Joy

William Nelson Joy (born November 8, 1954) is an American computer scientist.

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Bjarne Stroustrup

Bjarne Stroustrup (born 30 December 1950) is a Danish computer scientist, who is most notable for the creation and development of the widely used C++ programming language.

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BLISS

BLISS is a system programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon University by W. A. Wulf, D. B. Russell, and A. N. Habermann around 1970.

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Bob Bemer

Robert William Bemer (February 8, 1920 – June 22, 2004) was a computer scientist best known for his work at IBM during the late 1950s and early 1960s.

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Bob Frankston

Robert M. Frankston (born June 14, 1949 in Brooklyn, New York) is the co-creator with Dan Bricklin of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program and the co-founder of Software Arts, the company that developed it.

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Boo (programming language)

Boo is an object-oriented, statically typed, general-purpose programming language that seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure's support for Unicode, internationalization, and web applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility.

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Borland

Borland Software Corporation is a software company that facilitates software deployment projects.

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Bourne shell

The Bourne shell (sh) is a shell, or command-line interpreter, for computer operating systems.

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Brad Cox

Brad Cox is a computer scientist known mostly for creating the Objective-C programming language with his business partner Tom Love and for his work in software engineering (specifically software reuse) and software componentry.

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Brainfuck

Brainfuck is an esoteric programming language created in 1993 by Urban Müller, and notable for its extreme minimalism.

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Brendan Eich

Brendan Eich (born July 4, 1961) is an American technologist and creator of the JavaScript programming language.

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Brian Fox (computer programmer)

Brian J. Fox (born 1959) is an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, consultant, author, and free software advocate.

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Brian Kernighan

Brian Wilson Kernighan (born January 1, 1942) is a Canadian computer scientist who worked at Bell Labs alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie and contributed to the development of Unix.

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Bruce Arden

Bruce Wesley Arden (born in 1927 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American computer scientist.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Butler Lampson

Butler W. Lampson (born December 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist best known for his contributions to the development and implementation of distributed personal computing.

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C (programming language)

C (as in the letter ''c'') is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.

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C Sharp (programming language)

C# (/si: ʃɑːrp/) is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines.

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C shell

The C shell (csh or the improved version, tcsh) is a Unix shell created by Bill Joy while he was a graduate student at University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s.

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C++

C++ ("see plus plus") is a general-purpose programming language.

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C++03

C++03 is a version of an international standard for the programming language C++.

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C++11

C++11 is a version of the standard for the programming language C++.

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C++14

C++14 is a version of the ISO/IEC 14882 standard for the programming language C++.

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C++17

C++17 is the name for the most recent revision of the ISO/IEC 14882 standard for the C++ programming language.

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California Institute of Technology

The California Institute of Technology (abbreviated Caltech)The university itself only spells its short form as "Caltech"; other spellings such as.

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Calvin Mooers

Calvin Northrup Mooers (October 24, 1919 – December 1, 1994), was an American computer scientist known for his work in information retrieval and for the programming language TRAC.

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Camlp4

Camlp4 is a software system for writing extensible parsers for programming languages.

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Carl Sassenrath

Carl Sassenrath (born 1957 in California) is an architect of operating systems and computer languages.

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Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Mellon University (commonly known as CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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Casey Reas

Casey Edwin Barker Reas (born 1972), also known as C. E. B. Reas or Casey Reas, is an American artist whose conceptual, procedural and minimal artworks explore ideas through the contemporary lens of software.

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CBASIC

CBASIC is a compiled version of the BASIC programming language written for the CP/M operating system by Gordon Eubanks in 1976–1977.

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CDC 6000 series

The CDC 6000 series was a family of mainframe computers manufactured by Control Data Corporation in the 1960s.

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CDC 6600

The CDC 6600 was the flagship of the 6000 series of mainframe computer systems manufactured by Control Data Corporation.

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Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica

The Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (abbr. CWI; English: "National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science") is a research center in the field of mathematics and theoretical computer science.

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Ceylon (programming language)

Ceylon is an object-oriented, strongly statically typed programming language with an emphasis on immutability, created by Red Hat.

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Chapel (programming language)

Chapel, the Cascade High Productivity Language, is a parallel programming language developed by Cray.

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Charles Babbage Institute

The Charles Babbage Institute is a research center at the University of Minnesota specializing in the history of information technology, particularly the history of digital computing, programming/software, and computer networking since 1935.

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Charles H. Moore

Charles Havice "Chuck" Moore II (born 1938) is an American computer engineer and programmer, best known as the inventor of the Forth programming language.

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Charles Katz

Charles Katz (born in 1927) is an American computer scientist known for his contributions to early compiler development in the 1950s.

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Charles Leonard Hamblin

Charles Leonard Hamblin (1922 – 14 May 1985) was an Australian philosopher, logician, and computer pioneer, as well as a professor of philosophy at the New South Wales University of Technology (now the University of New South Wales) in Sydney.

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Christopher Strachey

Christopher S. Strachey (16 November 1916 – 18 May 1975) was a British computer scientist.

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Claire (programming language)

Claire is a high-level functional and object-oriented programming language with rule processing abilities.

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Clarion (programming language)

Clarion is a commercial, proprietary, 4GL, multi-paradigm, programming language and Integrated Development Environment from SoftVelocity used to program database applications.

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Clascal

Clascal was an object-oriented programming language developed in 1983 by the Personal Office Systems (POS) division (later renamed The Lisa Division, then later The 32-Bit Systems Division) of then Apple Computer, later renamed Apple Inc. It was an extension of Lisa Pascal, which in turn harked back to the UCSD Pascal model originally implemented on the Apple II.

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Clean (programming language)

Clean is a general-purpose purely functional computer programming language.

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Cleve Moler

Cleve Barry Moler is an American mathematician and computer programmer specializing in numerical analysis.

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Cliff Shaw

John Clifford Shaw (1922–9 February 1991) was a systems programmer at the RAND Corporation.

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Clipper (programming language)

Clipper is an xBase compiler, which is a computer programming language, that is used to create software programs that originally operated primarily under MS-DOS.

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Clojure

Clojure (like "closure") is a dialect of the Lisp programming language.

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CLU (programming language)

CLU is a programming language created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by Barbara Liskov and her students between 1974 and 1975.

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COBOL

COBOL (an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use.

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Cobra (programming language)

Cobra is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.

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CODASYL

CODASYL, the Conference/Committee on Data Systems Languages, was a consortium formed in 1959 to guide the development of a standard programming language that could be used on many computers.

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CoffeeScript

CoffeeScript is a programming language that transcompiles to JavaScript.

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COMAL

COMAL (Common Algorithmic Language) is a computer programming language developed in Denmark by Benedict Løfstedt and Børge R. Christensen in 1973.

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COMIT

COMIT was the first string processing language (compare SNOBOL, TRAC, and Perl), developed on the IBM 700/7000 series computers by Dr.

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Commodore BASIC

Commodore BASIC, also known as PET BASIC, is the dialect of the BASIC programming language used in Commodore International's 8-bit home computer line, stretching from the PET of 1977 to the C128 of 1985.

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Common Lisp

Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (R2004) (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)).

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Compiler Description Language

Compiler Description Language, or CDL, is a programming language based on affix grammars.

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Component Pascal

Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Niklaus Wirth's Pascal, Modula-2, Oberon and Oberon-2.

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COMTRAN

COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator) is an early programming language developed at IBM.

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Constantin Sotiropoulos

Constantin Sotiropoulos is most famous for being the co-creator (with François Lionet) of AMOS BASIC, a popular beginners programming language for the Commodore Amiga home computer, and STOS BASIC on the Atari ST.

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Coq

In computer science, Coq is an interactive theorem prover.

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Coral 66

CORAL (Computer On-line Real-time Applications Language) is a programming language originally developed in 1964 at the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE), Malvern, UK, as a subset of JOVIAL.

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Core War

Core War is a 1984 programming game created by D. G. Jones and A. K. Dewdney in which two or more battle programs (called "warriors") compete for control of a virtual computer.

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Cornelis H. A. Koster

Cornelis Hermanus Antonius "Kees" Koster (born 13 July 1943 - 21 March 2013) was a Dutch computer scientist who was a professor in the Department of Informatics at the Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands.

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Corrado Böhm

Corrado Böhm (17 January 1923 – 23 October 2017) was a Professor Emeritus at the University of Rome "La Sapienza" and a computer scientist known especially for his contributions to the theory of structured programming, constructive mathematics, combinatory logic, lambda calculus, and the semantics and implementation of functional programming languages.

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CorVision

CorVision is a fourth generation programming tool (4GL) currently owned by Attunity, Inc. CorVision was developed by Cortex Corporation for the VAX/VMS ISAM environment.

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Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences

The Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences (CIMS) is an independent division of New York University (NYU) under the Faculty of Arts & Science that serves as a center for research and advanced training in computer science and mathematics.

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COWSEL

COWSEL (COntrolled Working SpacE Language) is a programming language designed between 1964 and 1966 by Robin Popplestone.

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CPL (programming language)

CPL (Combined Programming Language) is a multi-paradigm programming language, that was developed in the early 1960s.

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Cray

Cray Inc. is an American supercomputer manufacturer headquartered in Seattle, Washington.

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Crystal (programming language)

Crystal is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language, designed and developed by Ary Borenszweig and Juan Wajnerman and more than 200 contributors.

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CS-4 (programming language)

CS-4 is a programming language and an operating system interface.

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Cuneiform (programming language)

Cuneiform is an open-source workflow language for large-scale scientific data analysis.

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Curl (programming language)

Curl is a reflective object-oriented programming language for interactive web applications whose goal is to provide a smoother transition between formatting and programming.

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Cynthia Solomon

Cynthia Solomon is a pioneer in the fields of artificial intelligence, computer science and educational computing.

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D (programming language)

D is an object-oriented, imperative, multi-paradigm system programming language created by Walter Bright of Digital Mars and released in 2001.

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D. G. Jones

Douglas Gordon "D.

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Dan Bricklin

Daniel Singer "Dan" Bricklin (born 16 July 1951), often referred to as “The Father of the Spreadsheet”, is the American co-creator, with Bob Frankston, of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program.

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Dan Ingalls

Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls Jr. (born 1944) is a pioneer of object-oriented computer programming and the principal architect, designer and implementer of five generations of Smalltalk environments.

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Daniel G. Bobrow

Daniel Gureasko Bobrow (29 November 1935 – 20 March 2017) was an American computer scientist who was a Research Fellow in the Intelligent Systems Laboratory of the Palo Alto Research Center and created an oft-cited artificial intelligence program STUDENT, with which he earned his PhD.

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Dart (programming language)

Dart is a general-purpose programming language originally developed by Google and later approved as a standard by Ecma (ECMA-408).

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Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.

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David Korn (computer scientist)

David G. Korn (b. Brooklyn, August 28, 1943) is an American UNIX programmer and the author of the Korn shell (ksh), a command line interface/programming language.

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David May (computer scientist)

Michael David May FRS FREng (born 24 February 1951) is a British computer scientist.

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David Turner (computer scientist)

David A. Turner (born 1946) is a British computer scientist.

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DBase

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Delphi (IDE)

Delphi is an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application development of desktop, mobile, web, and console software, developed by Embarcadero Technologies.

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Dennis Ritchie

Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 – October 12, 2011) was an American computer scientist.

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DIBOL

DIBOL or Digital's Business Oriented Language is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language, designed for use in Management Information Systems (MIS) software development.

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DIGITAL Command Language

DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) is the standard command language adopted by most of the operating systems (OSs) that were sold by the former Digital Equipment Corporation (which was acquired by Compaq, which was in turn acquired by Hewlett-Packard).

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Digital Equipment Corporation

Digital Equipment Corporation, also known as DEC and using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1950s to the 1990s.

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Digital Research

Digital Research, Inc. (also known as DR or DRI) was a company created by Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit systems like MP/M, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, DOS Plus, DR DOS and GEM.

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Document Style Semantics and Specification Language

The Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL) is an international standard developed to provide a stylesheets for SGML documents.

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Don Syme

Don Syme is an Australian computer scientist and a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research, Cambridge, U.K. He is the designer and architect of the F# programming language, described by a reporter as being regarded as "the most original new face in computer languages since Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ in the early 1980s."Syme, Don.

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Don Woods (programmer)

Don Woods (born April 30, 1954) is an American perennial hacker and computer programmer.

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Douglas T. Ross

Douglas Taylor "Doug" Ross (21 December 1929 – 31 January 2007) was an American computer scientist pioneer, and Chairman of SofTech, Inc. He is most famous for originating the term CAD for computer-aided design, and is considered to be the father of Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) a language to drive numerically controlled manufacturing.

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Draco (programming language)

Draco was a shareware programming language created by Chris Gray.

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Dylan (programming language)

Dylan is a multi-paradigm programming language that includes support for functional and object-oriented programming, and is dynamic and reflective while providing a programming model designed to support efficient machine code generation, including fine-grained control over dynamic and static behaviors.

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E (programming language)

E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller, Dan Bornstein, and others at Electric Communities in 1997.

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Ecma International

Ecma is a standards organization for information and communication systems.

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ECMAScript

ECMAScript (or ES) is a trademarked scripting-language specification standardized by Ecma International in ECMA-262 and ISO/IEC 16262.

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Edinburgh IMP

Edinburgh IMP is a development of ATLAS Autocode, initially developed around 1966-1969 at Edinburgh University, Scotland.

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Eiffel (programming language)

Eiffel is an object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer (an object-orientation proponent and author of Object-Oriented Software Construction) and Eiffel Software.

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Elixir (programming language)

Elixir is a functional, concurrent, general-purpose programming language that runs on the Erlang virtual machine (BEAM).

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Elizabeth Rather

Elizabeth "Bess" D. Rather is the co-founder of FORTH, Inc.

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Elm (programming language)

Elm is a domain-specific programming language for declaratively creating web browser-based graphical user interfaces.

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ENIAC

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made.

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Epic Games

Epic Games, Inc. (formerly Potomac Computer Systems and later Epic MegaGames, Inc.) is an American video game and software development corporation based in Cary, North Carolina.

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Epigram (programming language)

Epigram is a functional programming language with dependent types.

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Ericsson

Ericsson (Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson) is a Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company headquartered in Stockholm.

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Erlang (programming language)

Erlang is a general-purpose, concurrent, functional programming language, as well as a garbage-collected runtime system.

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Euclid (programming language)

Euclid is an imperative programming language for writing verifiable programs.

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EuLisp

EuLisp is a statically and dynamically scoped Lisp dialect developed by a loose formation of industrial and academic Lisp users and developers from around Europe.

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Euphoria (programming language)

Euphoria is a programming language originally created by Robert Craig of Rapid Deployment Software in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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EXAPT

EXAPT ("EXtended Subset of '''APT'''") is a production oriented programming language to generate NC programs with control information for machining tools and enables to consider production-related issues of various machining processes.

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F Sharp (programming language)

F# (pronounced F sharp) is a strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods.

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F-Script (programming language)

F-Script is an object-oriented scripting programming language for Apple's OS X operating system developed by Philippe Mougin.

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Facebook

Facebook is an American online social media and social networking service company based in Menlo Park, California.

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FACT (computer language)

FACT is an early discontinued computer programming language, created by the Datamatic Division of Minneapolis Honeywell for its model 800 series business computers in 1959.

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Factor (programming language)

Factor is a stack-oriented programming language created by Slava Pestov.

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Falcon (programming language)

Falcon is an open source, multi-paradigm programming language.

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Fantom (programming language)

Fantom is a general purpose object-oriented programming language created by Brian and Andy Frank that runs on the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), JavaScript, and the.NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) (.NET support is considered "prototype" status).

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Fletcher Jones (American entrepreneur)

Fletcher Roseberry Jones (January 22, 1931November 7, 1972) was an American businessman, computer pioneer and thoroughbred racehorse owner.

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FLOW-MATIC

FLOW-MATIC, originally known as B-0 (Business Language version 0), was the first English-like data processing language.

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Forth (programming language)

Forth is an imperative stack-based computer programming language and environment originally designed by Charles "Chuck" Moore.

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Fortran

Fortran (formerly FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translation) is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.

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Fortress (programming language)

Fortress is a discontinued experimental programming language for high-performance computing, created by Sun Microsystems with funding from DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems project.

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FP (programming language)

FP (short for Function Programming) is a programming language created by John Backus to support the function-level programming Backus' 1977 Turing Award lecture paradigm.

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François Lionet

François Lionet is a French programmer, best known for having written STOS BASIC on the Atari ST and AMOS BASIC on the Amiga (along with Constantin Sotiropoulos).

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Frank Ostrowski

Frank Ostrowski was a German programmer best known for his implementations of the BASIC programming language.

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Freddy II

Freddy (1969–1971) and Freddy II (1973–1976) were experimental robots built in the Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception (later Department of Artificial Intelligence, now part of the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh).

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FreeBASIC

FreeBASIC is a multiplatform, free/open source (GPL) BASIC compiler for Microsoft Windows, protected-mode MS-DOS (DOS extender), Linux, FreeBSD and Xbox.

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French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation

The French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique) is a French national research institution focusing on computer science and applied mathematics.

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Friedrich L. Bauer

Friedrich Ludwig "Fritz" Bauer (10 June 1924 – 26 March 2015) was a German computer scientist and professor at the Technical University of Munich.

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GameMaker Studio

GameMaker Studio (formerly Animo until 1999, Game Maker until 2011, GameMaker until 2012, and GameMaker: Studio until 2017) is a cross-platform game engine developed by YoYo Games.

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Gary Grossman

Gary Grossman was the primary developer of ActionScript programming language used by thousands of developers today to add interactivity to Flash content and applications.

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Gary Kildall

Gary Arlen Kildall (May 19, 1942 – July 11, 1994) was an American computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur who created the CP/M operating system and founded Digital Research, Inc. (DRI).

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Genie (programming language)

Genie is a modern, general-purpose high-level programming language in active development since 2008.

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GEORGE (programming language)

GEORGE is a programming language invented by Charles Leonard Hamblin in 1957.

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Gerald Jay Sussman

Gerald Jay Sussman (born February 8, 1947) is the Panasonic Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

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GFA BASIC

GFA BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language, by Frank Ostrowski.

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GNAT

GNAT is a free-software compiler for the Ada programming language which forms part of the GNU Compiler Collection.

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GNOME

GNOME is a desktop environment composed of free and open-source software that runs on Linux and most BSD derivatives.

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GNU E

GNU E is an extension of C++ designed for writing software systems to support persistent applications.

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GNU Octave

GNU Octave is software featuring a high-level programming language, primarily intended for numerical computations.

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Go (programming language)

Go (often referred to as Golang) is a programming language created at Google in 2009 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson.

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Godot (game engine)

Godot is a 2D and 3D cross-platform compatible game engine released as open source software under the MIT license.

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Google

Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware.

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Gordon Eubanks

Gordon Eubanks (born November 7, 1946) is an American microcomputer industry pioneer who worked with Gary Kildall in the early days of Digital Research (DRI).

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Gosu (programming language)

Gosu is a statically-typed programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine released under the Apache 2 license.

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Grace Hopper

Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral.

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GRASS (programming language)

GRASS (GRAphics Symbiosis System) is a programming language created to script 2D vector graphics animations.

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Gregor Kiczales

Gregor Kiczales is a professor of computer science at the University of British Columbia in Canada.

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Groupe Bull

Bull SAS (also known as Groupe Bull, Bull Information Systems, or simply Bull) is a French-owned computer company headquartered in Les Clayes-sous-Bois, in the western suburbs of Paris.

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Guido van Rossum

Guido van Rossum (born 31 January 1956) is a Dutch programmer best known as the author of the Python programming language, for which he is the "Benevolent Dictator For Life" (BDFL), which means he continues to oversee Python development, making decisions when necessary.

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Guy L. Steele Jr.

Guy Lewis Steele Jr. (born October 2, 1954) is an American computer scientist who has played an important role in designing and documenting several computer programming languages.

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GW-BASIC

GW-BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language developed by Microsoft from BASICA, originally for Compaq.

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Hack (programming language)

Hack is a programming language for the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM), created by Facebook as a dialect of PHP.

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HAL/S

HAL/S (High-order Assembly Language/Shuttle) is a real-time aerospace programming language compiler and cross-compiler for avionics applications used by NASA and associated agencies (JPL, etc.). It has been used in many U.S. space projects since 1973 and its most significant use was in the Space Shuttle program (approximately 85% of the Shuttle software is coded in HAL/S).

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Hamilton C shell

Hamilton C shell is a clone of the Unix C shell and utilities Early for Microsoft Windows created by Nicole Hamilton at Hamilton Laboratories as a completely original work, not based on any prior code.

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Harbour (software)

Harbour is a modern computer programming language, primarily used to create database/business programs.

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Harvard Medical School

Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the graduate medical school of Harvard University.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Haskell (programming language)

Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose compiled purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing.

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Haskell Curry

Haskell Brooks Curry (September 12, 1900 – September 1, 1982) was an American mathematician and logician.

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Haxe

Haxe is a high-level cross-platform multi-paradigm programming language and compiler that can produce applications and source code, for many different computing platforms, from one code-base.

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Heinz Rutishauser

Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918 – 10 November 1970) was a Swiss mathematician and a pioneer of modern numerical mathematics and computer science.

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Herbert A. Simon

Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American economist and political scientist whose primary interest was decision-making within organizations and is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing".

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Herman Goldstine

Herman Heine Goldstine (September 13, 1913 – June 16, 2004) was a mathematician and computer scientist, who was one of the original developers of ENIAC, the first of the modern electronic digital computers.

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Hermes (programming language)

Hermes is a language for distributed programming that was developed at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center from 1986 through 1992, with an open-source compiler and run-time system.

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Hewlett-Packard

The Hewlett-Packard Company (commonly referred to as HP) or shortened to Hewlett-Packard was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California.

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High Performance Fortran

High Performance Fortran (HPF) is an extension of Fortran 90 with constructs that support parallel computing, published by the High Performance Fortran Forum (HPFF).

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History of computing hardware

The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers.

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History of programming languages

The first high-level programming language was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945.

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Howard H. Aiken

Howard Hathaway Aiken (March 8, 1900 – March 14, 1973) was an American physicist and a pioneer in computing, being the original conceptual designer behind IBM's Harvard Mark I computer.

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HyperCard

HyperCard is application software and a programming tool for Apple Macintosh and Apple IIGS computers.

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HyperTalk

HyperTalk was a high-level, procedural programming language created in 1987 by Dan Winkler and used in conjunction with Apple Computer's HyperCard hypermedia program by Bill Atkinson.

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IBM

The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries.

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IBM BASIC

The IBM Personal Computer Basic, commonly shortened to IBM BASIC, is a programming language first released by IBM with the IBM Personal Computer (model 5150) in 1981.

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IBM i Control Language

The IBM i Control Language (CL) is a scripting language for the IBM's IBM i platform (previously called OS/400 when running on AS/400 systems) bearing a resemblance to the IBM Job Control Language and consisting of an ever-expanding set of command objects (*CMD) used to invoke traditional AS/400 programs and/or get help on what those programs do.

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IBM Informix

IBM Informix is a product family within IBM's Information Management division that is centered on several relational database management system (RDBMS) offerings.

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IBM Informix-4GL

Informix-4GL is a 4GL programming language developed by Informix during the mid-1980s.

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IBM RPG

RPG is a high-level programming language (HLL) for business applications.

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IBM RPG II

RPG II is a very early and popular version of the IBM RPG programming language.

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IBM RPG III

RPG III is a dialect of the RPG programming language that was first announced with the IBM System/38 in 1978.

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Icon (programming language)

Icon is a very high-level programming language featuring goal-directed execution and many facilities for managing strings and textual patterns.

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Id (programming language)

Irvine Dataflow (Id) is a general-purpose parallel programming language, started at the University of California at Irvine in 1975 by Arvind and K. P. Gostelow.

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IDL (programming language)

IDL, short for Interactive Data Language, is a programming language used for data analysis.

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Idris (programming language)

Idris is a general-purpose purely functional programming language with dependent types, strict or optional lazy evaluation and features such as a totality checker.

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IITRAN

IITRAN is a discontinued programming language created in the mid-1960s.

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Information Processing Language

Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language created by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert A. Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology at about 1956.

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Inmos

Inmos International plc (Trademark INMOS) and two operating subsidiaries, Inmos Limited (UK) and Inmos Corporation (US), was a British semiconductor company founded by Iann Barron, Richard Petritz, and Paul Schroeder in July 1978.

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Integer BASIC

Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, is the BASIC interpreter of the Apple I and original Apple II computers.

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INTERCAL

The Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym, abbreviated INTERCAL, is an esoteric programming language that was created as a parody by Don Woods and James M. Lyon, two Princeton University students, in 1972.

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Interlisp

Interlisp (also seen with a variety of capitalizations) is a programming environment built around a version of the Lisp programming language.

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Intermetrics

Intermetrics, Inc. was a software company founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1969 by several veterans of M.I.T.'s Instrumentation Laboratory who had worked on the software for NASA's Apollo Program including the Apollo Guidance Computer.

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International Federation for Information Processing

The International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) is a global organisation for researchers and professionals working in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT) to conduct research, develop standards and promote information sharing.

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Interpress

Interpress is a page description language developed at Xerox PARC, based on the Forth programming language and an earlier graphics language called JaM.

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Io (programming language)

Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript.

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ISLISP

ISLISP (also capitalized as ISLisp) is a programming language in the LISP family standardized by ISO working group ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 16 (commonly referred to simply as SC22/WG16 or WG16).

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ISWIM

ISWIM is an abstract computer programming language (or a family of programming languages) devised by Peter J. Landin and first described in his article The Next 700 Programming Languages, published in the Communications of the ACM in 1966.

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J (programming language)

The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL function-level languages created by John Backus.

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J. Presper Eckert

John Adam Presper "Pres" Eckert Jr. (April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995) was an American electrical engineer and computer pioneer.

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Jack Tramiel

Jack Tramiel (born Idek Trzmiel; December 13, 1928 – April 8, 2012) was a Polish American businessman, best known for founding Commodore International.

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Jacob T. Schwartz

Jacob Theodore "Jack" Schwartz (January 9, 1930 – March 2, 2009) was an American mathematician, computer scientist, and professor of computer science at the New York University Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.

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James Clark (programmer)

James Clark (23 February 1964) is the author of groff and expat, and has done much work with open-source software and XML.

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James Cordy

James Reginald Cordy (born January 2, 1950) is a Canadian computer scientist and educator who is a Professor in the School of Computing at Queen's University.

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James Gosling

James Arthur Gosling, OC (born May 19, 1955) is a Canadian computer scientist, best known as the founder and lead designer behind the Java programming language.

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James Strachan (programmer)

James Strachan is a software engineer who created the Apache Groovy programming language in 2003.

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Java (programming language)

Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

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JavaScript

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, interpreted programming language.

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Jean Ichbiah

Jean David Ichbiah (25 March 1940 – 26 January 2007) was a French computer scientist and the initial chief designer (1977–1983) of Ada, a general-purpose, strongly typed programming language with certified validated compilers.

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Jeremy Ashkenas

Jeremy Ashkenas is a computer programmer known for the creation and co-creation of the CoffeeScript and LiveScript programming languages respectively, the Backbone.js JavaScript framework and the Underscore.js JavaScript library.

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JetBrains

JetBrains s.r.o. (formerly IntelliJ Software s.r.o.) is a software development company whose tools are targeted towards software developers and project managers.

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Jim Horning

James Jay Horning (24 August 1942 – 18 January 2013) was an American computer scientist and ACM Fellow.

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John Amsden Starkweather

John Amsden Starkweather (August 30, 1925 – March 10, 2001) was a Professor of Medical Psychology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).

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John B. Goodenough

John Bannister Goodenough (born 25 July 1922 in Jena, Germany) is a German-born American professor and solid-state physicist.

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John Backus

John Warner Backus (December 3, 1924 – March 17, 2007) was an American computer scientist.

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John Chambers (statistician)

John McKinley Chambers is the creator of the S programming language, and core member of the R programming language project.

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John E. L. Peck

John Edward Lancelot Peck (August 14, 1918 – November 6, 2013) was the first permanent Head of Department of Computer Science at the University of British Columbia.

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John G. Kemeny

John George Kemeny; May 31, 1926 – December 26, 1992) was a Jewish-American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator best known for co-developing the BASIC programming language in 1964 with Thomas E. Kurtz. Kemeny served as the 13th President of Dartmouth College from 1970 to 1981 and pioneered the use of computers in college education. Kemeny chaired the presidential commission that investigated the Three Mile Island accident in 1979. According to György Marx he was one of The Martians.

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John Mauchly

John William Mauchly (August 30, 1907 – January 8, 1980) was an American physicist who, along with J. Presper Eckert, designed ENIAC, the first general purpose electronic digital computer, as well as EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer made in the United States.

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John McCarthy (computer scientist)

John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist.

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John Ousterhout

John Kenneth Ousterhout (born October 15, 1954) is the chairman of Electric Cloud, Inc. and a professor of computer science at Stanford University.

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John von Neumann

John von Neumann (Neumann János Lajos,; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath.

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John Warnock

John Edward Warnock (born October 6, 1940) is an American computer scientist and businessman best known as the co-founder with Charles Geschke of Adobe Systems Inc., the graphics and publishing software company.

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Join Java

Join Java is a programming language based on the join-pattern that extends the standard Java programming language with the join semantics of the join-calculus.

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JOSS

JOSS (an acronym for JOHNNIAC Open Shop System) was one of the very first interactive, time-sharing programming languages.

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JOVIAL

JOVIAL is a high-level computer programming language similar to ALGOL, specialized for the development of embedded systems (specialized computer systems designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, usually embedded as part of a complete device including mechanical parts).

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Joy (programming language)

The Joy programming language in computer science is a purely functional programming language that was produced by Manfred von Thun of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.

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Jules Schwartz

Jules I. Schwartz (June 26, 1927 – June 6, 2013) was an American computer scientist chiefly known for his creation of the JOVIAL programming language.

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Julia (programming language)

Julia is a high-level dynamic programming language designed to address the needs of high-performance numerical analysis and computational science, without the typical need of separate compilation to be fast, while also being effective for general-purpose programming, web use or as a specification language.

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K (programming language)

K is a proprietary array processing programming language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems.

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Karl Glazebrook

Karl Glazebrook (born 1965) is a British astronomer, known for his work on galaxy formation, for playing a key role in developing the "nod and shuffle" technique for doing redshift surveys with large telescopes, and for originating the Perl Data Language (PDL).

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Kathleen Booth

Kathleen Booth née BrittenJohnson, Roger.

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Ken Thompson

Kenneth Lane "Ken" Thompson (born February 4, 1943), commonly referred to as ken in hacker circles, is an American pioneer of computer science.

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Kenneth E. Iverson

Kenneth Eugene Iverson (17 December 1920 – 19 October 2004) was a Canadian computer scientist noted for the development of the programming language APL.

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Konrad Zuse

Konrad Zuse (22 June 1910 – 18 December 1995) was a German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer.

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KornShell

KornShell (ksh) is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn at Bell Labs in the early 1980s and announced at USENIX on July 14, 1983.

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Kotlin (programming language)

Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that runs on the Java virtual machine and also can be compiled to JavaScript source code or use the LLVM compiler infrastructure.

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Kristen Nygaard

Kristen Nygaard (27 August 1926 – 10 August 2002) was a Norwegian computer scientist, programming language pioneer and politician.

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KRL (programming language)

KRL is a knowledge representation language, developed by Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd while at Xerox PARC and Stanford University, respectively.

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LabVIEW

Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) is a system-design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments.

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Lambert Meertens

Lambert Guillaume Louis Théodore Meertens or L.G.L.T. Meertens (born 10 May 1944, Amsterdam) is a Dutch computer scientist and professor.

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Laning and Zierler system

The Laning and Zierler system (sometimes called "George" by its users) was one of the first operating algebraic compilers, that is, a system capable of accepting mathematical formulae in algebraic notation and producing equivalent machine code (the term compiler had not yet been invented and the system was referred to as "an interpretive program").

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Larry Wall

Larry Wall (born September 27, 1954) is a computer programmer and author.

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Lars Pensjö

Lars Pensjö of Sweden is the original author of the LPMud MUD engine and the LPC programming language, and is one of the founders of Genesis LPMud, notable for their part in the history of MMORPGs as well as the Pike programming language.

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Lasso (programming language)

Lasso is an application server and server management interface used to develop internet applications and is a general-purpose, high-level programming language.

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Limbo (programming language)

Limbo is a programming language for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write applications for the Inferno operating system.

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Linköping University

Linköping University (in Swedish: Linköpings universitet, LiU) is a state university in Linköping, Sweden.

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LIS (programming language)

LIS (Language d'Implementation de Systèmes) was a system implementation programming language designed by Jean Ichbiah, who later designed Ada.

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Lisp (programming language)

Lisp (historically, LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation.

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Little b (programming language)

Little b is a domain-specific programming language, more specifically, a modeling language, designed to build modular mathematical models of biological systems.

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LiveCode

LiveCode (formerly Revolution and MetaCard) is a cross-platform rapid application development runtime environment inspired by HyperCard.

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Logo (programming language)

Logo is an educational programming language, designed in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon.

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Logtalk

Logtalk is an object-oriented logic programming language that extends and leverages the Prolog language with a feature set suitable for programming in the large.

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LOLCODE

LOLCODE is an esoteric programming language inspired by lolspeak, the language expressed in examples of the lolcat Internet meme.

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LPC (programming language)

LPC (short for Lars Pensjö C) is an object-oriented programming language derived from C and developed originally by Lars Pensjö to facilitate MUD building on LPMuds.

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Lua (programming language)

Lua (from meaning moon) is a lightweight, multi-paradigm programming language designed primarily for embedded use in applications.

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M2001

M2001 is a modular educational mathematical programming language for developing and presenting mathematical algorithms, from the modern discrete to the classical continuous mathematics.

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MAD (programming language)

MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) is a programming language and compiler for the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7040, UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC 1108, Philco 210-211, and eventually the IBM S/370 mainframe computers.

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Magik (programming language)

Magik is an object-oriented programming language that supports multiple inheritance and polymorphism, and it is dynamically typed.

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MAI Basic Four

MAI Basic Four (sometimes written as Basic/Four Corporation or Basic 4) refers to a variety of Business Basic, the computers that ran it, and the company that sold them (its name at various times given as MAI Basic Four Inc., MAI Basic Four Information Systems, and MAI Systems Corporation).

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MAPPER

MAPPER (MAintain, Prepare, and Produce Executive Reports) is a database management and processing system.

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Marc McDonald

Marc B. McDonald is an American who was Microsoft's first salaried employee (not counting Monte Davidoff, who wrote the math package for BASIC for a flat fee).

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MARK IV (software)

MARK IV is a Fourth-generation programming language that was created by Informatics, Inc. in the 1960s.

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Mark Overmars

Markus Hendrik "Mark" Overmars (born 29 September 1958 in Zeist, Netherlands) is a Dutch computer scientist and teacher of game programming known for his game development application Game Maker.

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Mark S. Miller

Mark S. Miller is an American computer scientist.

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Martin Odersky

Martin Odersky (born 5 September 1958) is a German computer scientist and professor of programming methods at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland.

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Martin Richards (computer scientist)

Martin Richards (born 21 July 1940) is a British computer scientist known for his development of the BCPL programming language which is both part of early research into portable software, and the ancestor of the B programming language invented by Ken Thompson in early versions of Unix and which Dennis Ritchie in turn used as the basis of his widely used C programming language.

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Massachusetts General Hospital

Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General or MGH) is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School and a biomedical research facility located in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

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MATH-MATIC

MATH-MATIC is the marketing name for the AT-3 (Algebraic Translator 3) compiler, an early programming language for the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II.

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MATLAB

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks.

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Matthew Flatt

Matthew Flatt is an American computer scientist and professor at the University of Utah School of Computing in Salt Lake City.

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Maurice Wilkes

Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes (26 June 1913 – 29 November 2010) was a British computer scientist who designed and helped build the electronic delay storage automatic calculator (EDSAC), one of the earliest stored program computers and invented microprogramming, a method for using stored-program logic to operate the control unit of a central processing unit's circuits.

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Mercury (programming language)

Mercury is a functional logic programming language made for real-world uses.

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Mesa (programming language)

Mesa is a programming language developed in the late 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in Palo Alto, California, United States.

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Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation (abbreviated as MS) is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington.

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Microsoft Research

Microsoft Research is the research subsidiary of Microsoft.

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Mike Cowlishaw

Mike F. Cowlishaw is a Visiting Professor at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Warwick, and a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

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MIMIC

MIMIC, known in capitalized form only, is a former simulation computer language developed 1964 by H. E. Petersen, F. J. Sansom and L. M. Warshawsky of Systems Engineering Group within the Air Force Materiel Command at the Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio, United States.

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Miranda (programming language)

Miranda is a lazy, purely functional programming language designed by David Turner as a successor to his earlier programming languages SASL and KRC, using some concepts from ML and Hope.

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Mitchel Resnick

Mitchel Resnick (born June 12, 1956) is LEGO Papert Professor of Learning Research, Director of the Okawa Center, and Director of the Lifelong Kindergarten group at the MIT Media Lab.

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ML (programming language)

ML (Meta Language) is a general-purpose functional programming language.

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Modula

The Modula programming language is a descendant of the Pascal programming language.

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Modula-2

Modula-2 is a computer programming language designed and developed between 1977 and 1985 by Niklaus Wirth at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich) as a revision of Pascal to serve as the sole programming language for the operating system and application software for the personal workstation Lilith.

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Modula-3

Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+.

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Mozilla

Mozilla (stylized as moz://a) is a free software community founded in 1998 by members of Netscape.

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MUMPS

MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System), or M, is a general-purpose computer programming language that provides ACID (Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, and Durable) transaction processing.

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Nantucket

Nantucket is an island about by ferry south from Cape Cod, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.

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Napier88

Napier88 is an orthogonally persistent programming language that was designed and implemented at the University of St Andrews, Scotland.

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Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)

Nathaniel Rochester (January 14, 1919 – June 8, 2001) designed the IBM 701, wrote the first assembler and participated in the founding of the field of artificial intelligence.

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National Instruments

National Instruments Corporation, or NI, is an American multinational company with international operation.

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Nemerle

Nemerle is a general-purpose high-level statically typed programming language designed for platforms using the Common Language Infrastructure (.NET/Mono).

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NetRexx

NetRexx is an open source, originally IBM's, variant of the REXX programming language to run on the Java virtual machine.

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Netscape

Netscape is a brand name associated with the development of the Netscape web browser.

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Newsqueak

Newsqueak is a concurrent programming language for writing application software with interactive graphical user interfaces.

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NewtonScript

NewtonScript is a prototype-based programming language created to write programs for the Newton platform.

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Niklaus Wirth

Niklaus Emil Wirth (born 15 February 1934) is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering.

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Nim (programming language)

Nim (formerly named Nimrod) is an imperative, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language designed and developed by Andreas Rumpf.

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Norwegian Computing Center

Norwegian Computing Center (NR, in Norwegian: Norsk Regnesentral) is a private, independent, non-profit research foundation founded in 1952.

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Oberon (programming language)

Oberon is a general-purpose programming language created in 1986 by Niklaus Wirth and the latest member of the Wirthian family of ALGOL-like languages (Euler, Algol-W, Pascal, Modula, and Modula-2).

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Oberon-2

Oberon-2 is an extension of the original Oberon programming language that adds limited reflection and object-oriented programming facilities, open arrays as pointer base types, read-only field export and reintroduces the FOR loop from Modula-2.

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Object Oberon

Object Oberon is a programming language which is based on the Oberon programming language with features for object-oriented programming.

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Object Pascal

Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Delphi.

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Object REXX

The Object REXX programming language is an object-oriented scripting language initially produced by IBM for OS/2.

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Objective-C

Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language.

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OCaml

OCaml, originally named Objective Caml, is the main implementation of the programming language Caml, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez and others in 1996.

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Occam (programming language)

occam is a programming language which is concurrent and builds on the communicating sequential processes (CSP) process algebra, Inmos document 72 occ 45 03 and shares many of its features.

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Ole-Johan Dahl

Ole-Johan Dahl (12 October 1931 – 29 June 2002) was a Norwegian computer scientist.

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Olivetti

Olivetti S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of typewriters, computers, tablets, smartphones, printers and other such business products as calculators and fax machines.

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Opa (programming language)

Opa is an open-source programming language for developing scalable web applications.

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Open Programming Language

Open Programming Language (OPL) is an embedded programming language for portable devices that run the Symbian Operating System.

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OptimJ

OptimJ is an extension of the Java with language support for writing optimization models and abstractions for bulk data processing.

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Oxygene (programming language)

Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome) is a programming language developed by RemObjects Software for Microsoft's Common Language Infrastructure, the Java Platform and Cocoa.

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Oz (programming language)

Oz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Université catholique de Louvain, for programming language education.

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P (programming language)

P is a programming language that was developed by Microsoft.

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P4 (programming language)

P4 is a programming language designed to allow programming of packet forwarding planes.

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PACT (compiler)

PACT was a series of compilers for the IBM 701 and IBM 704 scientific computers.

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Paradox (database)

Paradox is a relational database management system currently published by Corel Corporation.

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ParaSail (programming language)

Parallel Specification and Implementation Language (ParaSail) is an object-oriented parallel programming language.

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PARC (company)

PARC (Palo Alto Research Center; formerly Xerox PARC) is a research and development company in Palo Alto, California, with a distinguished reputation for its contributions to information technology and hardware systems.

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Pascal (programming language)

Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69 and published in 1970, as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. It is named in honor of the French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal. Pascal was developed on the pattern of the ALGOL 60 language. Wirth had already developed several improvements to this language as part of the ALGOL X proposals, but these were not accepted and Pascal was developed separately and released in 1970. A derivative known as Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985; this was used by Apple Computer and Borland in the late 1980s and later developed into Delphi on the Microsoft Windows platform. Extensions to the Pascal concepts led to the Pascal-like languages Modula-2 and Oberon.

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Paul Allen

Paul Gardner Allen (born January 21, 1953) is an American business magnate, investor and philanthropist.

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P′′

P′′ is a primitive computer programming language created by Corrado BöhmBöhm, C.: "On a family of Turing machines and the related programming language", ICC Bull.

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Perl

Perl is a family of two high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages, Perl 5 and Perl 6.

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Perl 6

Perl 6 is a member of the Perl family of programming languages.

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Perl Data Language

Perl Data Language (abbreviated PDL) is a set of free software array programming extensions to the Perl programming language.

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Peter J. Weinberger

Peter Jay Weinberger (born August 6, 1942) is a computer scientist best known for his early work at Bell Labs.

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Peter Landin

Peter John Landin (5 June 1930, Sheffield – 3 June 2009) was a British computer scientist.

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Philip Wadler

Philip Lee Wadler (born April 8, 1956) is an American computer scientist known for his contributions to programming language design and type theory.

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PHP

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (or simply PHP) is a server-side scripting language designed for Web development, but also used as a general-purpose programming language.

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Pico (programming language)

Pico is a programming language developed at the Software Languages Lab at Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

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Pike (programming language)

Pike is an interpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic programming language, with a syntax similar to that of C. Unlike many other dynamic languages, Pike is both statically and dynamically typed, and requires explicit type definitions.

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PIKT

PIKT is cross-categorical, multi-purpose software for global-view, site-at-a-time system and network administration.

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PILOT

Programmed Instruction, Learning, or Teaching (PILOT) is a simple programming language developed in the 1960s.

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PL/I

PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and system programming uses.

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PL/M

The PL/M programming language (an acronym of Programming Language for Microcomputers) is a high-level language conceived and developed by Gary Kildall in 1973 for Hank Smith at Intel for its microprocessors.

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Plankalkül

Plankalkül ("Plan Calculus") is a programming language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945.

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Plus (programming language)

Plus is a "Pascal-like" system implementation language from the University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada, based on the SUE, B. L. Clark and J. J. Horning of the Computer Systems Research Group and Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Proceedings of the SIGPLAN symposium on Languages for system implementation, 1971, pages 79-88 system language developed at the University of Toronto, c. 1971.

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Polymorphic Programming Language

The Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) was developed in 1969 at Harvard University by Thomas A. Standish.

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POP-2

POP-2, often referred to as POP2 is a discontinued programming language developed around 1970 from the earlier language POP-1 (developed by Robin Popplestone in 1968, originally named COWSEL) by Robin Popplestone and Rod Burstall at the University of Edinburgh.

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PostScript

PostScript (PS) is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business.

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PowerBASIC

PowerBASIC, formerly Turbo Basic, is the brand of several commercial compilers by PowerBASIC Inc.

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PowerShell

PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management framework from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language.

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Princeton University

Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.

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Processing (programming language)

Processing is an open-source computer programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching non-programmers the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context.

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Programming language

A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can be used to produce various kinds of output.

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Prolog

Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.

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PROMAL

PROMAL (PROgrammer's Microapplication Language) is a structured programming language from Systems Management Associates for MS-DOS, Commodore 64, and Apple II.

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PROSE modeling language

PROSE was the mathematical 4GL virtual machine which established the holistic modeling paradigm known as Synthetic Calculus (AKA MetaCalculus).

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Pure (programming language)

Pure, successor to the equational language Q, is a dynamically typed, functional programming language based on term rewriting.

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PureBasic

PureBasic is a commercially distributed procedural computer programming language and integrated development environment based on BASIC and developed by Fantaisie Software for Windows 32/64-bit, Linux 32/64-bit, and macOS.

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Python (programming language)

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

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QML

QML (Qt Modeling Language) is a user interface markup language.

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QuickBASIC

Microsoft QuickBASIC (also QB) is an Integrated Development Environment (or IDE) and compiler for the BASIC programming language that was developed by Microsoft.

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R (programming language)

R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

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Racket (programming language)

Racket (formerly PLT Scheme) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language in the Lisp-Scheme family.

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Radboud University Nijmegen

Radboud University Nijmegen (abbreviated as RU, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, formerly Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen) is a public university with a strong focus on research located in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

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Ralph Griswold

Ralph E. Griswold (May 19, 1934, Modesto, CA – October 4, 2006, Tucson, AZ) was a computer scientist known for his research into high-level programming languages and symbolic computation.

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RAND Corporation

RAND Corporation ("Research ANd Development") is an American nonprofit global policy think tank created in 1948 by Douglas Aircraft Company to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces.

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RAPID

RAPID is a high-level programming language used to control ABB industrial robots.

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Rasmus Lerdorf

Rasmus Lerdorf (born 22 November 1968) is a Danish-Canadian programmer.

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Ratfor

Ratfor (short for Rational Fortran) is a programming language implemented as a preprocessor for Fortran 66.

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Rebol

Rebol (historically REBOL) is a cross-platform data exchange language and a multi-paradigm dynamic programming language designed by Carl Sassenrath for network communications and distributed computing.

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Red (programming language)

Red is a computer programming language.

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Red Hat

Red Hat, Inc. is an American multinational software company providing open-source software products to the enterprise community.

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Refal

Refal (" Recursive functions' algorithmic language") "is functional programming language oriented toward symbolic computations", including "string processing, language translation, artificial intelligence".

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RemObjects Software

RemObjects Software is an American software company founded in 2002 by Alessandro Federici and Marc Hoffman.

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Rexx

Rexx (Restructured Extended Executor) is an interpreted programming language developed at IBM by Mike Cowlishaw.

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Ric Holt

Richard C. "Ric" Holt is a Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science of the University of Waterloo.

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Ric Weiland

Richard W. "Ric" Weiland (April 21, 1953 – June 24, 2006) was a computer software pioneer, programmer and philanthropist.

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Rice University

William Marsh Rice University, commonly known as Rice University, is a private research university located on a 300-acre (121 ha) campus in Houston, Texas, United States.

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Ring (programming language)

Ring is a dynamic and general-purpose programming language.

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Robert Fourer

Robert Fourer (born September 2, 1950) is a scientist working in the area of operational research and management science.

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Robert Gentleman (statistician)

Robert Clifford Gentleman (born 1959) is a Canadian statistician and bioinformatician currently vice president of computational biology at 23andMe.

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Robert M. Graham

Robert M. Graham (born 1929 in the U.S. state of Michigan) is a computer scientist and Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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Roberto Ierusalimschy

Roberto Ierusalimschy (born May 21, 1960) is a Brazilian computer scientist, known for creating Lua programming language.

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Robin Milner

Arthur John Robin Gorell Milner (13 January 1934 – 20 March 2010), known as Robin Milner or A. J. R. G. Milner, was a British computer scientist, and a Turing Award winner.

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Robin Popplestone

Robin John Popplestone (9 December 1938 – 14 April 2004) was a pioneer in the fields of machine intelligence and robotics.

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Rod Burstall

Rodney Martineau "Rod" Burstall FRSE (born 1934) is a British computer scientist and one of four founders of the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science at the University of Edinburgh.

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Roger Hui

Roger Hui (born 1953) is a computer scientist and codeveloper of the programming language J. In 1953, he was born in Hong Kong.

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Ross Ihaka

George Ross Ihaka is an associate professor of statistics at the University of Auckland who is recognized, along with Robert Gentleman, as one of the originators of the R programming language.

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Roy Nutt

Roy Nutt (October 20, 1930 – June 14, 1990) was an American businessman and computer pioneer.

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RPL (programming language)

http://www.calculatrices-hp.com/index.php?page.

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Ruby (programming language)

Ruby is a dynamic, interpreted, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language.

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Rust (programming language)

Rust is a systems programming language sponsored by Mozilla which describes it as a "safe, concurrent, practical language," supporting functional and imperative-procedural paradigms.

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RWTH Aachen University

RWTH Aachen University or Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule AachenRWTH is the abbreviation of Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, which translates into "Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University".

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S (programming language)

S is a statistical programming language developed primarily by John Chambers and (in earlier versions) Rick Becker and Allan Wilks of Bell Laboratories.

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S-Lang

The S-Lang programming library is a software library for Unix, Windows, VMS, OS/2, and Mac OS X. It provides routines for embedding an interpreter for the S-Lang scripting language, and components to facilitate the creation of text-based applications.

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SAM76

SAM76 is a macro programming language used from the late 1970s to the present 2007 initially ran on CP/M.

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Santa Cruz, California

Santa Cruz (Holy Cross) is the county seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County, California.

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SAP SE

SAP SE (Systeme, Anwendungen und Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung, "Systems, Applications & Products in Data Processing") is a German-based European multinational software corporation that makes enterprise software to manage business operations and customer relations.

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SAS Institute

SAS Institute (or SAS, pronounced "sass") is an American multinational developer of analytics software based in Cary, North Carolina.

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SAS language

The SAS language is a computer programming language used for statistical analysis, created by Anthony James Barr at North Carolina State University.

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Sather

Sather is an object-oriented programming language.

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Scala (programming language)

Scala is a general-purpose programming language providing support for functional programming and a strong static type system.

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Scheme (programming language)

Scheme is a programming language that supports multiple paradigms, including functional programming and imperative programming, and is one of the two main dialects of Lisp.

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Scratch (programming language)

Scratch is a visual programming language and online community targeted primarily at children.

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Seed7

Seed7 is an extensible general-purpose programming language designed by Thomas Mertes.

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Self (programming language)

Self is an object-oriented programming language based on the concept of prototypes.

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SETL

SETL (SET Language) is a very high-level programming language based on the mathematical theory of sets.

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Seymour Papert

Seymour Aubrey Papert (February 29, 1928 – July 31, 2016) was a South African-born American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator, who spent most of his career teaching and researching at MIT.

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SHARE (computing)

SHARE Inc. is a volunteer-run user group for IBM mainframe computers that was founded in 1955 by Los Angeles-area users of the IBM 701 computer system.

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Short Code (computer language)

Short Code was one of the first higher-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer.

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Simula

Simula is the name of two simulation programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard.

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SMALL

SMALL, Small Machine Algol Like Language, is a programming language developed by Dr.

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Smalltalk

Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language.

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Smallworld

Smallworld is the brand name of a portfolio of GIS software provided by GE Energy Connections, a division of General Electric.

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Snap! (programming language)

Snap! is a free, blocks- and browser-based educational graphical programming language that allows students to create interactive animations, games, stories, and more, while learning about mathematical and computational ideas.

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SNOBOL

SNOBOL (StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language) is a series of computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4.

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Sophie Wilson

Sophie Wilson FRS FREng (born Roger Wilson in 1957) is a British computer scientist and software engineer.

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Sort Merge Generator

The Sort Merge Generator was an application developed by Betty Holberton in 1951 for the Univac I and is one of the first examples of using a computer to create a computer program.

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SPARK (programming language)

SPARK is a formally defined computer programming language based on the Ada programming language, intended for the development of high integrity software used in systems where predictable and highly reliable operation is essential.

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Speakeasy (computational environment)

Speakeasy is a numerical computing interactive environment also featuring an interpreted programming language.

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Speedcoding

Speedcoding or Speedcode was the first high-level programming language created for an IBM computer.

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SQL

SQL (S-Q-L, "sequel"; Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS).

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Squeak

The Squeak programming language is a dialect of Smalltalk.

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Squirrel (programming language)

Squirrel is a high level imperative, object-oriented programming language, designed to be a lightweight scripting language that fits in the size, memory bandwidth, and real-time requirements of applications like video games and hardware such as Electric Imp.

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SRI International

SRI International (SRI) is an American nonprofit research institute headquartered in Menlo Park, California.

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Standard ML

Standard ML (SML; "Standard Meta Language") is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference.

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Stanford University

Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University, colloquially the Farm) is a private research university in Stanford, California.

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Stefan Karpinski

Stefan Karpinski is an American computer scientist known for being a co-creator of the Julia programming language.

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Stephen R. Bourne

Stephen Richard "Steve" Bourne (born 7 January 1944) is a computer scientist, originally from the United Kingdom and based in the United States for most of his career.

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Sterling Software

Sterling Software was an American software company founded in Dallas, Texas in 1981 by Sterling Williams and brothers Sam and Charles Wyly.

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Steve Wozniak

Stephen Gary Wozniak (born on August 11, 1950), often referred to by the nickname Woz, is an American inventor, electronics engineer, programmer, philanthropist, and technology entrepreneur who co-founded Apple Computer, Inc.

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STOS BASIC

STOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language implemented on the Atari ST computer.

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Subtext (programming language)

Subtext is a moderately visual programming language and environment, for writing application software.

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Sun Microsystems

Sun Microsystems, Inc. was an American company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services and created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, ZFS, the Network File System (NFS), and SPARC.

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Swift (parallel scripting language)

Swift is an implicitly parallel programming language that allows writing scripts that distribute program execution across distributed computing resources, including clusters, clouds, grids, and supercomputers.

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Swift (programming language)

Swift is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language developed by Apple Inc. for iOS, macOS, watchOS, tvOS, and Linux.

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System Development Corporation

System Development Corporation (SDC) was a computer software company based in Santa Monica, California.

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Tcl

Tcl (pronounced "tickle" or tee cee ell) is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.

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Tea (programming language)

## i will try and save this article.

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Technical University of Berlin

The Technical University of Berlin (official name Technische Universität Berlin, known as TU Berlin) is a research university located in Berlin, Germany.

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TELCOMP

TELCOMP was a programming language developed at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) in about 1964 and in use until at least 1974.

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Terry Winograd

Terry Allen Winograd (born February 24, 1946) is an American professor of computer science at Stanford University, and co-director of the Stanford Human-Computer Interaction Group.

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Thomas A. DeFanti

Tom DeFanti (born Sept. 18, 1948) is a computer graphics researcher and pioneer.

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Thomas E. Kurtz

Thomas Eugene Kurtz (born February 22, 1928) is a retired Dartmouth professor of mathematics and computer scientist, who along with his colleague John G. Kemeny set in motion the then revolutionary concept of making computers as freely available to college students as library books were, by implementing the concept of time-sharing at Dartmouth College.

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Tim Sweeney (game developer)

Timothy D. "Tim" Sweeney (born December 1970) is an American computer game programmer and the founder of Epic Games, being best known for his work on ZZT and the Unreal Engine.

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Timeline of computing

Timeline of computing presents events in the history of computing organized by year and grouped into six topic areas: predictions and concepts, first use and inventions, hardware systems and processors, operating systems, programming languages, and new application areas.

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Tony Brooker

Ralph Anthony "Tony" Brooker (born 1925, England) is a British academic who was a computer scientist known for developing the Mark 1 Autocode.

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Tony Hoare

Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare (born 11 January 1934), is a British computer scientist.

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TRAC (programming language)

TRAC (for Text Reckoning And Compiling) Language is a programming language developed between 1959-1964 by Calvin Mooers and implemented on a PDP-10 in 1964 by L. Peter Deutsch.

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Trinity University (Texas)

Trinity University is a private liberal arts college in San Antonio, Texas.

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True BASIC

True BASIC is a variant of the BASIC programming language descended from Dartmouth BASIC — the original BASIC — invented by college professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz.

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TTM (programming language)

TTM is a string oriented, general purpose macro processing programming language developed in 1968 by Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon at the California Institute of Technology.

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Turbo Pascal

Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a compiler and an integrated development environment (IDE) for the Pascal programming language running on CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS.

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Turing (programming language)

Turing is a Pascal-like programming language developed in 1982 by Ric Holt and James Cordy, then of University of Toronto, Canada.

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TUTOR (programming language)

TUTOR (also known as PLATO Author Language) is a programming language developed for use on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign around 1965.

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TypeScript

TypeScript is an open-source programming language developed and maintained by Microsoft.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.

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Unisys

No description.

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United States Department of Defense

The Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces.

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University of Auckland

The University of Auckland (Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau) is the largest university in New Zealand, located in the country's largest city, Auckland.

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University of British Columbia

The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public research university with campuses in Vancouver and Kelowna, British Columbia.

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University of California

The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the US state of California.

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University of California, San Francisco

The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), is a research university located in San Francisco, California and part of the University of California system.

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University of Chicago

The University of Chicago (UChicago, U of C, or Chicago) is a private, non-profit research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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University of Coimbra

The University of Coimbra (UC; Universidade de Coimbra) is a Portuguese public university in Coimbra, Portugal.

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University of Edinburgh

The University of Edinburgh (abbreviated as Edin. in post-nominals), founded in 1582, is the sixth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotland's ancient universities.

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University of Freiburg

The University of Freiburg (colloquially Uni Freiburg), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), is a public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

The University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign (also known as U of I, Illinois, or colloquially as the University of Illinois or UIUC) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Illinois and the flagship institution of the University of Illinois System.

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University of Kent

The University of Kent (formerly the University of Kent at Canterbury), abbreviated as UKC, is a semi-collegiate public research university based in Kent, United Kingdom.

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University of Manchester

The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester, England, formed in 2004 by the merger of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and the Victoria University of Manchester.

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University of Melbourne

The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia.

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University of Michigan

The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, or UMich), often simply referred to as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

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University of New Mexico

The University of New Mexico (also referred to as UNM) is a public research university in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

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University of Toronto

The University of Toronto (U of T, UToronto, or Toronto) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queen's Park.

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University of Washington

The University of Washington (commonly referred to as UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington.

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Unreal Engine

The Unreal Engine is a game engine developed by Epic Games, first showcased in the 1998 first-person shooter game Unreal.

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Vala (programming language)

Vala is an object-oriented programming language with a self-hosting compiler that generates C code and uses the GObject system.

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Valentin Turchin

Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin (Валенти́н Фёдорович Турчи́н, 14 February 1931 in Podolsk – 7 April 2010 in Oakland, New Jersey) was a Soviet and American cybernetician and computer scientist.

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VBScript

VBScript ("Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition") is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft that is modeled on Visual Basic.

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VisiCalc

VisiCalc (for "visible calculator") was the first spreadsheet computer program for personal computers, originally released for the Apple II by VisiCorp.

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VisiCorp

VisiCorp was an early personal computer software publisher.

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VisSim

VisSim is a visual block diagram language for simulation of dynamical systems and model based design of embedded systems.

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Visual Basic

Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its Component Object Model (COM) programming model first released in 1991 and declared legacy during 2008.

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Visual Basic .NET

Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET) is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on the.NET Framework.

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Wally Feurzeig

Wallace "Wally" Feurzeig (June 10, 1927 – January 4, 2013) was co-inventor, with Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon, of the Logo programming language, and a well-known researcher in artificial intelligence.

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Walter Bright

Walter Bright is an American computer programmer and the creator of the D programming language.

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Wayne Ratliff

Cecil Wayne Ratliff (born 1946) wrote the database program Vulcan.

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Whiley (programming language)

Whiley is a general purpose multi-paradigm, compiled language developed by David Pearce.

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Whirlwind I

Whirlwind I was a Cold War-era vacuum tube computer developed by the MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory for the U.S. Navy.

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Wolfram Language

The Wolfram Language is a general multi-paradigm programming language developed by Wolfram Research and is the programming language of the mathematical symbolic computation program Mathematica and the Wolfram Programming Cloud.

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Wolfram Mathematica

Wolfram Mathematica (usually termed Mathematica) is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing — including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others.

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Wolfram Research

Wolfram Research is a private company that creates computational technology.

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World Wide Web Consortium

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or W3).

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Wrocław

Wrocław (Breslau; Vratislav; Vratislavia) is the largest city in western Poland.

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WSO2

WSO2 is an open source technology provider.

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XBase

xBase is the generic term for all programming languages that derive from the original dBASE (Ashton-Tate) programming language and database formats.

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XPath

XPath (XML Path Language) is a query language for selecting nodes from an XML document.

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XPL

XPL is a programming language based on PL/I, a portable one-pass compiler written in its own language, and a parser generator tool for easily implementing similar compilers for other languages.

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XSLT

XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents, or other formats such as HTML for web pages, plain text or XSL Formatting Objects, which may subsequently be converted to other formats, such as PDF, PostScript and PNG.

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Yukihiro Matsumoto

is a Japanese computer scientist and software programmer best known as the chief designer of the Ruby programming language and its reference implementation, Matz's Ruby Interpreter (MRI).

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Z shell

The Z shell (Zsh) is a Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell and as a command interpreter for shell scripting.

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ZPL (programming language)

ZPL (short for Z-level Programming Language) is an array programming language designed to replace C and C++ programming languages in engineering and scientific applications.

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Redirects here:

Programming language timeline, Programming language/Timeline.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages

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