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Protein targeting

Index Protein targeting

Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to the appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. [1]

74 relations: Adrenoleukodystrophy, Amino acid, Archaea, Biological membrane, Biomolecular structure, Carboxypeptidase E, Cell membrane, Cell surface receptor, Chaperone (protein), Chloroplast, Clathrin, COPI, COPII, Cytosol, Diameter, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endosome, ER retention, Eukaryote, Exosortase, Extracellular polymeric substance, Günter Blobel, Glycosylation, Golgi apparatus, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Hydrophobe, Inner mitochondrial membrane, Intermembrane space, Ion, Leucine, LocDB, Lysine, Mass flow, Matrix (biology), Messenger RNA, Minimotif Miner, Mitochondrial matrix, Mitochondrion, Molecular mass, N-terminus, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nuclear envelope, Nuclear pore, Opsin, Organelle, Periplasm, Peroxisomal targeting signal, Peroxisome, Post-translational modification, ..., Postal code, Prokaryote, Protein, Protein folding, Protein precursor, Receptor (biochemistry), Ribosome, S-layer, Sec61, SecA, Secretion, Serine, Signal patch, Signal peptidase, Signal peptide, Signal recognition particle, Signal recognition particle receptor, Sortase, Thylakoid, TOMM40, Translation (biology), Transmembrane protein, Unified atomic mass unit, Zellweger syndrome. Expand index (24 more) »

Adrenoleukodystrophy

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a disease linked to the X chromosome.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Archaea

Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.

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Biological membrane

A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things.

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Biomolecular structure

Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA, and that is important to its function.

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Carboxypeptidase E

Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and enkephalin convertase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPE gene.

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

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Cell surface receptor

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the membranes of cells.

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Chaperone (protein)

In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.

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Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.

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Clathrin

Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles.

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COPI

COPI is a coatomer, a protein complex that coats vesicles transporting proteins from the cis end of the Golgi complex back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they were originally synthesized, and between Golgi compartments.

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COPII

COPII is a coatomer, a type of vesicle coat protein that transports proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

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Cytosol

The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.

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Diameter

In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.

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Endosome

In cell biology, an endosome is a membrane-bound compartment inside eukaryotic cells.

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ER retention

ER retention refers to proteins that are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER, after folding; these are known as ER resident proteins.

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Eukaryote

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).

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Exosortase

Exosortase refers to a family of integral membrane proteins that occur in Gram-negative bacteria and that recognize and cleave the carboxyl-terminal sorting signal PEP-CTERM.

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Extracellular polymeric substance

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment.

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Günter Blobel

Günter Blobel (May 21, 1936 – February 18, 2018) was a Silesian German and American biologist and 1999 Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.

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Glycosylation

Glycosylation (see also chemical glycosylation) is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor).

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Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

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Gram-negative bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation.

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Gram-positive bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their cell wall.

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Hydrophobe

In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water.

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Inner mitochondrial membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the mitochondrial membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space.

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Intermembrane space

The intermembrane space (IMS) is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).

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Leucine

Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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LocDB

LocDB is an expert-curated database that collects experimental annotations for the subcellular localization of proteins in Homo sapiens (human) and Arabidopsis thaliana (Weed).

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Lysine

Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Mass flow

This article is about the flow of fluids in biological systems.

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Matrix (biology)

In biology, matrix (plural: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are embedded, and a specific part of the mitochondrion.

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Messenger RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

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Minimotif Miner

Minimotif Miner is a program and database designed to identify minimotifs in any protein.

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Mitochondrial matrix

In the mitochondrion, the matrix is the space within the inner membrane.

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Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

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Molecular mass

Relative Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule.

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N-terminus

The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide.

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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.

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Nuclear envelope

The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes which surrounds the nucleus, and in eukaryotic cells it encases the genetic material.

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Nuclear pore

Nuclear pore complexes are large protein complexes that span the nuclear envelope, which is the double membrane surrounding the eukaryotic cell nucleus.

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Opsin

Opsins are a group of proteins, made light-sensitive, via the chromophore retinal found in photoreceptor cells of the retina.

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Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.

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Periplasm

The periplasm is a concentrated gel-like matrix in the space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the bacterial outer membrane called the periplasmic space in gram-negative bacteria.

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Peroxisomal targeting signal

In biochemical protein targeting, a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) is a region of the peroxisomal protein that receptors recognize and bind to.

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Peroxisome

A peroxisome is a type of organelle known as a microbody, found in virtually all eukaryotic cells.

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Post-translational modification

Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis.

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Postal code

A postal code (also known locally in various English-speaking countries throughout the world as a postcode, post code, Eircode, PIN Code or ZIP Code) is a series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces or punctuation, included in a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.

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Prokaryote

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein folding

Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.

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Protein precursor

A protein precursor, also called a pro-protein or pro-peptide, is an inactive protein (or peptide) that can be turned into an active form by post-translational modification, such as breaking off a piece of the molecule or adding on another molecule.

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Receptor (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.

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Ribosome

The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).

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S-layer

An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria.

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Sec61

Sec61 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein translocator (aka translocon).

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SecA

The SecA protein is a cell membrane associated subunit of the eubacterial Sec or Type II secretory pathway, a system which is responsible for the secretion of proteins through the cell membrane.

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Secretion

Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.

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Serine

Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Signal patch

A protein signal patch contains information to send a given protein to the indicated location in the cell.

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Signal peptidase

Signal peptidases are enzymes that convert secretory and some membrane proteins to their mature forms by cleaving their signal peptides from their N-terminals.

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Signal peptide

A signal peptide (sometimes referred to as signal sequence, targeting signal, localization signal, localization sequence, transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N-terminus of the majority of newly synthesized proteins that are destined towards the secretory pathway.

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Signal recognition particle

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic, universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.

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Signal recognition particle receptor

Signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor, also called docking protein, is a dimer composed of 2 different subunits that are associated exclusively with the rough ER in mammalian cells.

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Sortase

Sortase refers to a group of prokaryotic enzymes that modify surface proteins by recognizing and cleaving a carboxyl-terminal sorting signal.

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Thylakoid

A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.

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TOMM40

Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast), also known as TOMM40, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TOMM40 gene.

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Translation (biology)

In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.

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Transmembrane protein

A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the biological membrane to which it is permanently attached.

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Unified atomic mass unit

The unified atomic mass unit or dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).

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Zellweger syndrome

Zellweger syndrome, also called cerebrohepatorenal syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder characterized by the reduction or absence of functional peroxisomes in the cells of an individual.

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Cotranslational translocation, Organelle trafficking, Protein localization, Protein sorting, Protein sorting signals, Protein targeting system, Protein targetting, Protein trafficking, Protein translocation, Protein transport, Targeting (biology), Trafficking protein.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting

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