Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world. ^[1]

Ablative case

The ablative case (sometimes abbreviated) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns and adjectives in the grammar of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Ablative case · See more »

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres is a French learned society devoted to the humanities, founded in February 1663 as one of the five academies of the Institut de France.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres · See more »

Accusative case

The accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Accusative case · See more »

Active voice

Active voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Active voice · See more »

Adverb

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, noun phrase, clause, or sentence.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Adverb · See more »

Affirmation and negation

In linguistics and grammar, affirmation and negation (abbreviated respectively and) are the ways that grammar encode negative and positive polarity in verb phrases, clauses, or other utterances.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Affirmation and negation · See more »

Affix

In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Affix · See more »

Afrikaans

Afrikaans is a West Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia and, to a lesser extent, Botswana and Zimbabwe.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Afrikaans · See more »

Agent (grammar)

In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the thematic relation of the cause or initiator to an event.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Agent (grammar) · See more »

Albanian language

Albanian (shqip, or gjuha shqipe) is a language of the Indo-European family, in which it occupies an independent branch.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Albanian language · See more »

Allative case

Allative case (abbreviated; from Latin allāt-, afferre "to bring to") is a type of locative case.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Allative case · See more »

Altaic languages

Altaic is a proposed language family of central Eurasia and Siberia, now widely seen as discredited.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Altaic languages · See more »

Anatolian hypothesis

The Anatolian hypothesis, also known as the Anatolian theory or the sedentary farmer theory, first developed by British archaeologist Colin Renfrew in 1987, proposes that the dispersal of Proto-Indo-Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Anatolian hypothesis · See more »

Anatolian languages

The Anatolian languages are an extinct family of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia), the best attested of them being the Hittite language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Anatolian languages · See more »

Ancient Greek

The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Ancient Greek · See more »

Armenian hypothesis

The Armenian hypothesis of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, proposed by Georgian Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze and Russian linguist Vyacheslav Ivanov in 1985, suggests that Proto-Indo-European was spoken during the 4th millennium BC in the Armenian Highlands.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Armenian hypothesis · See more »

Aromanian language

Aromanian (rrãmãneshti, armãneashti, armãneshce., "Aromanian", or limba rrãmãniascã/ armãneascã/ armãneshce, "Aromanian language"), also known as Macedo-Romanian or Vlach, is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Meglenoromanian, or a dialect of the Romanian language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Aromanian language · See more »

August Schleicher

August Schleicher (19 February 1821 – 6 December 1868) was a German linguist.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and August Schleicher · See more »

Avestan

Avestan, also known historically as Zend, is a language known only from its use as the language of Zoroastrian scripture (the Avesta), from which it derives its name.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Avestan · See more »

Balkans

The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Balkans · See more »

Balochi language

Balochi (بلؤچی, transliteration: balòči) is the principal language of the Baloch people spoken primarily in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Balochi language · See more »

Baltic languages

The Baltic languages belong to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Baltic languages · See more »

Belarusian language

Belarusian (беларуская мова) is an official language of Belarus, along with Russian, and is spoken abroad, mainly in Ukraine and Russia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Belarusian language · See more »

Bengal

Bengal (Bānglā/Bôngô /) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in Asia, which is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Bengal · See more »

Bengali language

Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Bengali language · See more »

Berthold Delbrück

Berthold Gustav Gottlieb Delbrück (26 July 1842 – 3 January 1922) was a German linguist who devoted himself to the study of the comparative syntax of the Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Berthold Delbrück · See more »

Breton language

Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Brittany.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Breton language · See more »

Bulgarian language

No description.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Bulgarian language · See more »

Catalan language

Catalan (autonym: català) is a Western Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin and named after the medieval Principality of Catalonia, in northeastern modern Spain.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Catalan language · See more »

Celtic languages

The Celtic languages are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic"; a branch of the greater Indo-European language family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Celtic languages · See more »

Chinese language

Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Chinese language · See more »

Classification of Thracian

The linguistic classification of the ancient Thracian language has long been a matter of contention and uncertainty, and there are widely varying hypotheses regarding its position among other Paleo-Balkan languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Classification of Thracian · See more »

Clitic

A clitic (from Greek κλιτικός klitikos, "inflexional") is a morpheme in morphology and syntax that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Clitic · See more »

Comparative method

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, in order to extrapolate back to infer the properties of that ancestor.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Comparative method · See more »

Conjunction (grammar)

In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated or) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjoining construction.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Conjunction (grammar) · See more »

Content word

In linguistics content words are words that name objects of reality and their qualities.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Content word · See more »

Cornish language

Cornish (Kernowek) is a revived language that became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Cornish language · See more »

Czech language

Czech (čeština), historically also Bohemian (lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Czech language · See more »

Danish language

Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people, principally in Denmark and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany, where it has minority language status.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Danish language · See more »

Dardic languages

The Dardic languages (also Dardu or Pisaca) are a sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages natively spoken in northern Pakistan's Gilgit Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern India's Jammu and Kashmir, and eastern Afghanistan.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Dardic languages · See more »

Dative case

The dative case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate, among other uses, the noun to which something is given, as in "Maria Jacobī potum dedit", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink".

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Dative case · See more »

Demonstrative

Demonstratives (abbreviated) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Demonstrative · See more »

Dialect

The term dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word,, "discourse", from,, "through" and,, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Dialect · See more »

Dog

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the gray wolf or Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species) is a member of the genus Canis (canines), which forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Dog · See more »

Domestication of the horse

A number of hypotheses exist on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Domestication of the horse · See more »

Dual (grammatical number)

Dual (abbreviated) is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Dual (grammatical number) · See more »

Dutch language

The Dutch language is a West Germanic language, spoken by around 23 million people as a first language (including the population of the Netherlands where it is the official language, and about sixty percent of Belgium where it is one of the three official languages) and by another 5 million as a second language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Dutch language · See more »

East Germanic languages

The East Germanic languages are a group of extinct Germanic languages of the Indo-European language family spoken by East Germanic peoples.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and East Germanic languages · See more »

Eastern Armenian

Eastern Armenian (arevelahayeren) is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Western Armenian.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Eastern Armenian · See more »

Egyptian language

The Egyptian language was spoken in ancient Egypt and was a branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Egyptian language · See more »

Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture

The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (abbreviation: EIEC) is an encyclopedia of Indo-European studies and the Proto-Indo-Europeans.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture · See more »

English language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and English language · See more »

Eurasian nomads

The Eurasian nomads were a large group of nomadic peoples from the Eurasian Steppe, who often appear in history as invaders of Europe, the Middle East and China.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Eurasian nomads · See more »

Eurasiatic languages

Eurasiatic is a proposed language macrofamily that would include many language families historically spoken in northern, western, and southern Eurasia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Eurasiatic languages · See more »

Faroese language

Faroese (føroyskt mál,; færøsk) is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 66,000 people, 45,000 of whom reside on the Faroe Islands and 21,000 in other areas, mainly Denmark.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Faroese language · See more »

Franz Bopp

Franz Bopp (14 September 1791 – 23 October 1867) was a German linguist known for extensive and pioneering comparative work on Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Franz Bopp · See more »

French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and French language · See more »

Fricative consonant

Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Fricative consonant · See more »

Frisian languages

The Frisian languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Frisian languages · See more »

Fusional language

Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic languages, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Fusional language · See more »

Galician language

Galician (galego) is an Indo-European language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Galician language · See more »

Gallo-Italic languages

The Gallo-Italian, Gallo-Italic, Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Gallo-Italic languages · See more »

Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux

Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux or more accurately spelled Cœurdoux (18 December 1691, Bourges, France – 15 June 1779, Pondicherry, French India) was a French Jesuit missionary in South India and a noteworthy Indologist.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Gaston-Laurent Coeurdoux · See more »

Genitive case

In grammar, the genitive (abbreviated); also called the second case, is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Genitive case · See more »

German language

German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and German language · See more »

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania, and Southern Africa.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Germanic languages · See more »

Gilaki language

The Gilaki language (گیلکی Giləki) is a Caspian language, and a member of the northwestern Iranian language branch, spoken in Iran's Gīlān Province.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Gilaki language · See more »

Glottochronology

Glottochronology (from Attic Greek γλῶττα "tongue, language" and χρóνος "time") is the part of lexicostatistics dealing with the chronological relationship between languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Glottochronology · See more »

Graeco-Armenian

Graeco-Armenian (or Helleno-Armenian) is the hypothetical common ancestor of Greek and Armenian that postdates Proto-Indo-European.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Graeco-Armenian · See more »

Graeco-Aryan

Graeco-Aryan, or Graeco-Armeno-Aryan, is a hypothetical clade within the Indo-European family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Graeco-Aryan · See more »

Graeco-Phrygian

Graeco-Phrygian is a hypothetical branch of the Indo-European language family with two branches in turn: Greek and Phrygian.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Graeco-Phrygian · See more »

Grammatical aspect

Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over time.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Grammatical aspect · See more »

Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical gender is a specific form of noun class system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the language, such as adjectives, articles, pronouns, or verbs.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Grammatical gender · See more »

Grammatical mood

In linguistics, grammatical mood (also mode) is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Grammatical mood · See more »

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two", or "three or more").

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Grammatical number · See more »

Grammatical person

Grammatical person, in linguistics, is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Grammatical person · See more »

Greek language

Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Greek language · See more »

Grimm's law

Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or Rask's rule) is a set of statements named after Jacob Grimm and Rasmus Rask describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic (the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Grimm's law · See more »

Hellenic languages

Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Hellenic languages · See more »

Herding

Herding is the act of bringing individual animals together into a group (herd), maintaining the group, and moving the group from place to place—or any combination of those.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Herding · See more »

Hermann Hirt

Hermann Hirt (19 December 1865 in Magdeburg – 12 September 1936 in Gießen) was German philologist and Indo-Europeanist.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Hermann Hirt · See more »

Hindi

Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, IAST: Mānak Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Hindi · See more »

Hindustani language

Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी, ہندوستانی, ||lit.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Hindustani language · See more »

Hittite language

Hittite (natively " of Neša"), also known as Nesite and Neshite, is an Indo-European-language that was spoken by the Hittites, a people of Bronze Age Anatolia who created an empire, centred on Hattusa.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Hittite language · See more »

Hortative

In linguistics, hortative modalities (abbreviated) are verbal expressions used by the speaker to encourage or discourage an action.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Hortative · See more »

Hypothesis

A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Hypothesis · See more »

Icelandic language

Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language, and the language of Iceland.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Icelandic language · See more »

IGN

IGN (formerly Imagine Games Network) is an American video game and entertainment media company operated by IGN Entertainment Inc., a subsidiary of Ziff Davis wholly owned by j2 Global.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and IGN · See more »

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Imperative mood · See more »

Imperfective aspect

The imperfective (abbreviated or more ambiguously) is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed with interior composition.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Imperfective aspect · See more »

Indigenous Aryans

The Indigenous Aryans theory, also known as the Out of India Theory, proposes that the Indo-European languages, or at least the Indo-Aryan languages, originated within the Indian subcontinent, as an alternative to the established migration model which proposes the Pontic steppe as the area of origin of the Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indigenous Aryans · See more »

Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan or Indic languages are the dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indo-Aryan languages · See more »

Indo-European ablaut

In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (pronounced) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indo-European ablaut · See more »

Indo-European copula

A feature common to all Indo-European languages is the presence of a verb corresponding to the English verb to be.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indo-European copula · See more »

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indo-European languages · See more »

Indo-European migrations

Indo-European migrations were the migrations of pastoral peoples speaking the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), who departed from the Yamnaya and related cultures in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, starting at.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indo-European migrations · See more »

Indo-European sound laws

As the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) broke up, its sound system diverged as well, as evidenced in various sound laws associated with the daughter Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indo-European sound laws · See more »

Indo-European studies

Indo-European studies is a field of linguistics and an interdisciplinary field of study dealing with Indo-European languages, both current and extinct.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indo-European studies · See more »

Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-Iranian languages or Indo-Iranic languages, or Aryan languages, constitute the largest and easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indo-Iranian languages · See more »

Indo-Uralic languages

Indo-Uralic is a proposed language family consisting of Indo-European and Uralic.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indo-Uralic languages · See more »

Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch

The Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (IEW; "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch · See more »

Inflection

In grammar, inflection or inflexion – sometimes called accidence – is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, and mood.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Inflection · See more »

Instrumental case

The instrumental case (abbreviated or) is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Instrumental case · See more »

Insular Celtic languages

Insular Celtic languages are a group of Celtic languages that originated in Britain and Ireland, in contrast to the Continental Celtic languages of mainland Europe and Anatolia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Insular Celtic languages · See more »

Interjection

In linguistics, an interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Interjection · See more »

Iranian languages

The Iranian or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Iranian languages · See more »

Irish language

The Irish language (Gaeilge), also referred to as the Gaelic or the Irish Gaelic language, is a Goidelic language (Gaelic) of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Irish language · See more »

Italian language

Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Italian language · See more »

Italo-Celtic

In historical linguistics, Italo-Celtic is a grouping of the Italic and Celtic branches of the Indo-European language family on the basis of features shared by these two branches and no others.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Italo-Celtic · See more »

Jacob Grimm

Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863) also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German philologist, jurist, and mythologist.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Jacob Grimm · See more »

Jacob Wackernagel

Jacob Wackernagel (also Jakob;His ex libris in 1897 and owner's name in his own hand has "Jakob" (cf. illustrations). 11 December 1853 – 22 May 1938) was a Swiss linguist, Indo-Europeanist and scholar of Sanskrit.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Jacob Wackernagel · See more »

Japanese language

is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Japanese language · See more »

Julius Pokorny

Julius Pokorny (12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was an Austrian-Czech linguist and scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter of Irish nationalism.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Julius Pokorny · See more »

Kʷetwóres rule

The so-called rule of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) has been observed by earlier scholars, but has only since the 1980s attracted enough attention to be named, probably first by Helmut Rix in 1985.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Kʷetwóres rule · See more »

Kurdish languages

Kurdish (Kurdî) is a continuum of Northwestern Iranian languages spoken by the Kurds in Western Asia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Kurdish languages · See more »

Kurgan

In English, the archaeological term kurgan is a loanword from East Slavic languages (and, indirectly, from Turkic languages), equivalent to the archaic English term barrow, also known by the Latin loanword tumulus and terms such as burial mound.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Kurgan · See more »

Kurgan hypothesis

The Kurgan hypothesis (also known as the Kurgan theory or Kurgan model) or steppe theory is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and parts of Asia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Kurgan hypothesis · See more »

Language

Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Language · See more »

Language contact

Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Language contact · See more »

Laryngeal theory

The laryngeal theory aims to produce greater regularity in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) phonology than from the reconstruction that is produced by the comparative method.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Laryngeal theory · See more »

Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Latin · See more »

Latvian language

Latvian (latviešu valoda) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Latvian language · See more »

Linguistic reconstruction

Linguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of an unattested ancestor language of one or more given languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Linguistic reconstruction · See more »

List of Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages include some 439 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and List of Indo-European languages · See more »

Lithuanian language

Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Lithuanian language · See more »

Locative case

Locative (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates a location.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Locative case · See more »

Luri language

Luri or Lurish (Luri: لۊری) is a Western Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lurs in Western Asia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Luri language · See more »

Lusitanian language

Lusitanian (so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians) was an Indo-European Paleohispanic language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Lusitanian language · See more »

Macedonian language

Macedonian (македонски, tr. makedonski) is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by around two million people, principally in the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian diaspora, with a smaller number of speakers throughout the transnational region of Macedonia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Macedonian language · See more »

Manx language

No description.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Manx language · See more »

Marathi language

Marathi (मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by the Marathi people of Maharashtra, India.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Marathi language · See more »

Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn

Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn (August 28, 1612 – October 3, 1653) was a Dutch scholar (his Latinized name was Marcus Zuerius Boxhornius).

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn · See more »

Marija Gimbutas

Marija Gimbutas (Marija Gimbutienė; January 23, 1921 – February 2, 1994) was a Lithuanian-American archaeologist and anthropologist known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of "Old Europe" and for her Kurgan hypothesis, which located the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic Steppe.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Marija Gimbutas · See more »

Markedness

In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as unusual or divergent in comparison to a more common or regular form.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Markedness · See more »

Mazanderani language

Mazanderani (مازندرانی), also Tabari (تبری), is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch, spoken mainly in Iran's Mazandaran, Tehran, Alborz, Semnan and Golestan provinces.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Mazanderani language · See more »

Mediopassive voice

The mediopassive voice is a grammatical voice that subsumes the meanings of both the middle voice and the passive voice.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Mediopassive voice · See more »

Michael Fassbender

Michael Fassbender (born 2 April 1977) is a German-born Irish actor.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Michael Fassbender · See more »

Modern Greek

Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα "Neo-Hellenic", historically and colloquially also known as Ρωμαίικα "Romaic" or "Roman", and Γραικικά "Greek") refers to the dialects and varieties of the Greek language spoken in the modern era.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Modern Greek · See more »

Morpheme

A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Morpheme · See more »

Morphological derivation

Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix, such as For example, happiness and unhappy derive from the root word happy.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Morphological derivation · See more »

Morphology (linguistics)

In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Morphology (linguistics) · See more »

Murmured voice

Murmur (also called breathy voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like sound.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Murmured voice · See more »

Neogrammarian

The Neogrammarians (also Young Grammarians; German: Junggrammatiker) were a German school of linguists, originally at the University of Leipzig, in the late 19th century who proposed the Neogrammarian hypothesis of the regularity of sound change.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Neogrammarian · See more »

Neolithic

The Neolithic was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, according to the ASPRO chronology, in some parts of Western Asia, and later in other parts of the world and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Neolithic · See more »

Nepali language

Nepali known by endonym Khas-kura (खस कुरा) is an Indo-Aryan language of the sub-branch of Eastern Pahari.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Nepali language · See more »

New Zealand

New Zealand (Aotearoa) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and New Zealand · See more »

Nominative case

The nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Nominative case · See more »

North Germanic languages

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and North Germanic languages · See more »

Northwest Caucasian languages

The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic (as opposed to Caspian for the Northeast Caucasian languages), are a group of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region,Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) chiefly in three Russian republics (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia), the disputed territory of Abkhazia (whose sovereignty is claimed by Georgia), and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Northwest Caucasian languages · See more »

Norwegian language

Norwegian (norsk) is a North Germanic language spoken mainly in Norway, where it is the official language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Norwegian language · See more »

Noun

A noun (from Latin nōmen, literally meaning "name") is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Noun · See more »

Nuristani languages

The Nuristani languages (نورستاني) are one of the three groups within the Indo-Iranian language family, alongside the much larger Indo-Aryan and Iranian groups.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Nuristani languages · See more »

Object (grammar)

Traditional grammar defines the object in a sentence as the entity that is acted upon by the subject.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Object (grammar) · See more »

Old Azeri language

Old Azeri, also known as Azeri or Azari (آذری Āḏarī), is the extinct Iranian language that was once spoken in Azerbaijan (historic Azerbaijan, also known as Iranian Azerbaijan), and in what constitutes the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan (historically known as Arran and Shirvan).

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Old Azeri language · See more »

Old Latin

Old Latin, also known as Early Latin or Archaic Latin, refers to the Latin language in the period before 75 BC: before the age of Classical Latin.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Old Latin · See more »

Optative mood

The optative mood or (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Optative mood · See more »

Ossetian language

Ossetian, also known as Ossete and Ossetic, is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in Ossetia, a region on the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Ossetian language · See more »

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Oxford University Press · See more »

Paleo-Balkan languages

The Paleo-Balkan languages are the various extinct Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans in ancient times.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Paleo-Balkan languages · See more »

Paleolithic Continuity Theory

The Paleolithic Continuity Theory (or PCT, Italian La teoria della continuità), since 2010 relabelled as a "paradigm", as in Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm or PCP), is a hypothesis suggesting that the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) can be traced back to the Upper Paleolithic, several millennia earlier than the Chalcolithic or at the most Neolithic estimates in other scenarios of Proto-Indo-European origins. As advanced by Mario Alinei in his Origini delle Lingue d’Europa (Origins of the Languages of Europe), published in two volumes in 1996 and 2000, the PCT posits that the advent of Indo-European languages should be linked to the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe and Asia from Africa in the Upper Paleolithic. Employing "lexical periodisation", Alinei arrives at a timeline deeper than even that of Colin Renfrew's Anatolian hypothesis, previously the mainstream linguistic theory proposing the earliest origin for Indo-European. Since 2004, an informal workgroup of scholars who support the Paleolithic Continuity Theory has been held online. Members of the group (referred to as "Scientific Committee" in the website) include linguists Xaverio Ballester (University of Valencia) and Francesco Benozzo (University of Bologna), prehistorian Marcel Otte (Université de Liège) and anthropologist Henry Harpending (University of Utah). The Paleolithic Continuity Theory is distinctly a minority view as it enjoys very little academic support, serious discussion being limited to a small circle of scholars. It is not listed by Mallory among the proposals for the origins of the Indo-European languages that are widely discussed and considered credible within academia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Paleolithic Continuity Theory · See more »

Participle

A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Participle · See more »

Pashto

Pashto (پښتو Pax̌tō), sometimes spelled Pukhto, is the language of the Pashtuns.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Pashto · See more »

Passive voice

Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Passive voice · See more »

Perfective aspect

The perfective aspect (abbreviated), sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect used to describe an action viewed as a simple whole—a unit without interior composition.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Perfective aspect · See more »

Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Persian language · See more »

Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Philology · See more »

Phonology

Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Phonology · See more »

Pitch-accent language

A pitch-accent language is a language that has word-accents—that is, where one syllable in a word or morpheme is more prominent than the others, but the accentuated syllable is indicated by a particular pitch contour (linguistic tones) rather than by stress.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Pitch-accent language · See more »

Plural

The plural (sometimes abbreviated), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Plural · See more »

Polish language

Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Polish language · See more »

Pontic Greek

Pontic Greek (ποντιακά, pontiaká) is a Greek language originally spoken in the Pontus area on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, the Eastern Turkish/Caucasus province of Kars, southern Georgia and today mainly in northern Greece.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Pontic Greek · See more »

Pontic languages

Pontic is a proposed language family or macrofamily, comprising the Indo-European and Northwest Caucasian language families, with Proto-Pontic being its reconstructed proto-language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Pontic languages · See more »

Pontic–Caspian steppe

The Pontic–Caspian steppe, Pontic steppe or Ukrainian steppe is the vast steppeland stretching from the northern shores of the Black Sea (called Euxeinos Pontos in antiquity) as far east as the Caspian Sea, from Moldova and eastern Ukraine across the Southern Federal District and the Volga Federal District of Russia to western Kazakhstan, forming part of the larger Eurasian steppe, adjacent to the Kazakh steppe to the east.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Pontic–Caspian steppe · See more »

Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Portugal · See more »

Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language originating from the regions of Galicia and northern Portugal in the 9th century.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Portuguese language · See more »

Preposition and postposition

Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in English, simply prepositions), are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Preposition and postposition · See more »

Prometheus (2012 film)

Prometheus is a 2012 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, written by Jon Spaihts and Damon Lindelof and starring Noomi Rapace, Michael Fassbender, Guy Pearce, Idris Elba, Logan Marshall-Green, and Charlize Theron.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Prometheus (2012 film) · See more »

Pronoun

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated) is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Pronoun · See more »

Proto-Albanian language

The Proto-Albanian language is the unattested language from which Albanian later developed.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Albanian language · See more »

Proto-Anatolian language

Proto-Anatolian is the proto-language from which Anatolian languages emerged.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Anatolian language · See more »

Proto-Armenian language

Proto-Armenian is the earlier, unattested stage of the Armenian that has been reconstructed by linguists.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Armenian language · See more »

Proto-Balto-Slavic language

Proto-Balto-Slavic is a reconstructed proto-language descending from Proto-Indo-European (PIE).

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Balto-Slavic language · See more »

Proto-Celtic language

The Proto-Celtic language, also called Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestor language of all the known Celtic languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Celtic language · See more »

Proto-Germanic language

Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; German: Urgermanisch; also called Common Germanic, German: Gemeingermanisch) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Germanic language · See more »

Proto-Greek language

The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean Greek, the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic, Ionic, Aeolic, Doric, Ancient Macedonian and Arcadocypriot) and, ultimately, Koine, Byzantine and Modern Greek.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Greek language · See more »

Proto-Human language

The Proto-Human language (also Proto-Sapiens, Proto-World) is the hypothetical direct genetic predecessor of the world's languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Human language · See more »

Proto-Indo-European accent

Proto-Indo-European accent refers to the accentual system of Proto-Indo-European language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European accent · See more »

Proto-Indo-European homeland

The Proto-Indo-European homeland (or Indo-European homeland) was the prehistoric urheimat of the Indo-European languages – the region where their reconstructed common ancestor, the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), was originally spoken.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European homeland · See more »

Proto-Indo-European nominals

Proto-Indo-European nominals include nouns, adjectives and pronouns.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European nominals · See more »

Proto-Indo-European numerals

The numerals and derived numbers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European numerals · See more »

Proto-Indo-European particles

The particles of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European particles · See more »

Proto-Indo-European phonology

The phonology of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) has been reconstructed by linguists, based on the similarities and differences among current and extinct Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European phonology · See more »

Proto-Indo-European pronouns

Proto-Indo-European pronouns have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European pronouns · See more »

Proto-Indo-European religion

Proto-Indo-European religion is the belief system adhered to by the Proto-Indo-Europeans.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European religion · See more »

Proto-Indo-European root

The roots of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic parts of words that carry a lexical meaning, so-called morphemes.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European root · See more »

Proto-Indo-European society

Proto-Indo-European society is the hypothesized culture of the ancient speakers of Proto-Indo-European, ancestors of all modern Indo–European ethnic groups who are speakers of Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European society · See more »

Proto-Indo-European verbs

Proto-Indo-European verbs had a complex system, with verbs categorized according to their aspect: stative, imperfective, or perfective.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-European verbs · See more »

Proto-Indo-Europeans

The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the prehistoric people of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-Europeans · See more »

Proto-Indo-Iranian language

Proto-Indo-Iranian or Proto-Indo-Iranic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian/Indo-Iranic branch of Indo-European.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Indo-Iranian language · See more »

Proto-Italic language

The Proto-Italic language is the ancestor of the Italic languages, including notably Latin and thus its descendants, the Romance languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Italic language · See more »

Proto-Kartvelian language

The Proto-Kartvelian language, or Common Kartvelian (წინარექართველური ენა, ts'inarekartveluri ena), is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Kartvelian languages, which was spoken by the ancestors of the modern Kartvelian peoples.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-Kartvelian language · See more »

Proto-language

A proto-language, in the tree model of historical linguistics, is a language, usually hypothetical or reconstructed, and usually unattested, from which a number of attested known languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Proto-language · See more »

Puisne judge

A puisne judge or puisne justice (French: puisné or puîné, "since-born" i.e. "junior") is a dated term for an ordinary judge of a particular court.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Puisne judge · See more »

Punjabi language

Punjabi (Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ; Shahmukhi: پنجابی) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, ranking as the 10th most widely spoken language (2015) in the world.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Punjabi language · See more »

Rasmus Rask

Rasmus Kristian Rask (born Rasmus Christian Nielsen Rasch; 22 November 1787 – 14 November 1832) was a Danish linguist and philologist.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Rasmus Rask · See more »

Realis mood

A realis mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentences.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Realis mood · See more »

Rhaeto-Romance languages

Rhaeto-Romance, or Rhaetian, is a traditional subfamily of the Romance languages that is spoken in north and north-eastern Italy and in Switzerland.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Rhaeto-Romance languages · See more »

Ridley Scott

Sir Ridley Scott (born 30 November 1937) is an English film director and producer.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Ridley Scott · See more »

Roger Blench

Roger Marsh Blench (born 1953) is a British linguist, ethnomusicologist and development anthropologist.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Roger Blench · See more »

Romance languages

The Romance languages (also called Romanic languages or Neo-Latin languages) are the modern languages that began evolving from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries and that form a branch of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Romance languages · See more »

Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; autonym: limba română, "the Romanian language", or românește, lit. "in Romanian") is an East Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Romanian language · See more »

Russian language

Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Russian language · See more »

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Sanskrit · See more »

Schleicher's fable

Schleicher's fable is a text composed in a reconstructed version of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language, published by August Schleicher in 1868.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Schleicher's fable · See more »

Scottish Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to simply as Gaelic (Gàidhlig) or the Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to the Gaels of Scotland.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Scottish Gaelic · See more »

Semnani language

Semnani (Semnani: Pe) is one of the local languages of the Semnan Province of Iran.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Semnani language · See more »

Sentence (linguistics)

In non-functional linguistics, a sentence is a textual unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Sentence (linguistics) · See more »

Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian, also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), or Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS), is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Serbo-Croatian · See more »

Sinhalese language

Sinhalese, known natively as Sinhala (සිංහල; siṁhala), is the native language of the Sinhalese people, who make up the largest ethnic group in Sri Lanka, numbering about 16 million.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Sinhalese language · See more »

Slavic languages

The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the Indo-European languages spoken by the Slavic peoples.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Slavic languages · See more »

Slovak language

Slovak is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Slavic languages (together with Czech, Polish, and Sorbian).

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Slovak language · See more »

Slovene language

Slovene or Slovenian (slovenski jezik or slovenščina) belongs to the group of South Slavic languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Slovene language · See more »

Sonorant

In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Sonorant · See more »

Spanish language

Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Spanish language · See more »

Stative verb

In linguistics, a stative verb is one that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Stative verb · See more »

Stop consonant

In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Stop consonant · See more »

Subject (grammar)

The subject in a simple English sentence such as John runs, John is a teacher, or John was hit by a car is the person or thing about whom the statement is made, in this case 'John'.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Subject (grammar) · See more »

Subject–object–verb

In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Subject–object–verb · See more »

Subject–verb–object

In linguistic typology, subject–verb–object (SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Subject–verb–object · See more »

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive is a grammatical mood (that is, a way of speaking that allows people to express their attitude toward what they are saying) found in many languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Subjunctive mood · See more »

Suffix

In linguistics, a suffix (sometimes termed postfix) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Suffix · See more »

Suppletion

In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Suppletion · See more »

Swedish language

Swedish is a North Germanic language spoken natively by 9.6 million people, predominantly in Sweden (as the sole official language), and in parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Swedish language · See more »

Syllabic consonant

A syllabic consonant or vocalic consonant is a consonant that forms a syllable on its own, like the m, n and l in the English words rhythm, button and bottle, or is the nucleus of a syllable, like the r sound in the American pronunciation of work.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Syllabic consonant · See more »

Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Syntax · See more »

Talysh language

The Talysh language (Talışi / Толыши / تالشه زَوُن) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Talysh language · See more »

Tati language (Iran)

The Tati language (Tati: تاتی زبون, Tâti Zobun) is a Northwestern Iranian language which is closely related to the Talysh language, Mazandarani and Gilaki languages spoken by the Tat people of Iran.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Tati language (Iran) · See more »

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World is a 2007 book by David W. Anthony, in which the author describes his "Revised Steppe Theory." He explores the origins and spread of the Indo-European languages from the Pontic-Caspian steppes throughout Western Europe, and Central and South Asia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and The Horse, the Wheel, and Language · See more »

Thematic vowel

In Indo-European studies, a thematic vowel or theme vowel is the vowel or from ablaut placed before the ending of a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Thematic vowel · See more »

Thraco-Illyrian

Thraco-Illyrian is a hypothesis that the Thraco-Dacian and Illyrian languages comprise a distinct branch of Indo-European.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Thraco-Illyrian · See more »

Tocharian languages

Tocharian, also spelled Tokharian, is an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Tocharian languages · See more »

Tone (linguistics)

Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning – that is, to distinguish or to inflect words.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Tone (linguistics) · See more »

Townsquare Media

Townsquare Media, Inc. (formerly Regent Communications until 2010) is an American radio network and media company based in Greenwich, Connecticut.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Townsquare Media · See more »

Transitive verb

A transitive verb is a verb that requires one or more objects.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Transitive verb · See more »

Tsakonian language

Tsakonian (also Tsaconian, Tzakonian or Tsakonic; Tsakonian: τσακώνικα, α τσακώνικα γρούσσα; Greek: τσακώνικα) is a modern Hellenic language which is both highly divergent from other spoken varieties of Modern Greek and, from a philological standpoint, is also linguistically classified separately from them.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Tsakonian language · See more »

Ukrainian language

No description.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Ukrainian language · See more »

Uralic languages

The Uralic languages (sometimes called Uralian languages) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Uralic languages · See more »

Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Urdu · See more »

Vedic Sanskrit

Vedic Sanskrit is an Indo-European language, more specifically one branch of the Indo-Iranian group.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Vedic Sanskrit · See more »

Vedic Sanskrit grammar

Vedic Sanskrit is the Indo-Aryan language used in the religious hymns known as the Vedas, composed from the early-to-mid 2nd millennium through to the mid 1st millennium, BCE.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Vedic Sanskrit grammar · See more »

Verbal noun

A verbal noun is a noun formed from or otherwise corresponding to a verb.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Verbal noun · See more »

Verb–subject–object

In linguistic typology, a verb–subject–object (VSO) language is one in which the most typical sentences arrange their elements in that order, as in Ate Sam oranges (Sam ate oranges).

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Verb–subject–object · See more »

Verner's law

Verner's law, stated by Karl Verner in 1875, describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby voiceless fricatives *f, *þ, *s, *h, *hʷ, when immediately following an unstressed syllable in the same word, underwent voicing and became the fricatives *β, *ð, *z, *ɣ, *ɣʷ respectively.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Verner's law · See more »

Vocative case

The vocative case (abbreviated) is the case used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object etc.) being addressed or occasionally the determiners of that noun.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Vocative case · See more »

Voice (grammar)

In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Voice (grammar) · See more »

Voice (phonetics)

Voice is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Voice (phonetics) · See more »

Voicelessness

In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Voicelessness · See more »

Vowel

A vowel is one of the two principal classes of speech sound, the other being a consonant.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Vowel · See more »

Water

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Water · See more »

Welsh language

Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a member of the Brittonic branch of the Celtic languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Welsh language · See more »

Welsh literature in English

Anglo-Welsh literature and Welsh writing in English are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Welsh literature in English · See more »

West Germanic languages

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages).

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and West Germanic languages · See more »

Western Armenian

Western Armenian (Classical spelling:, arevmdahayerên) is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Eastern Armenian.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Western Armenian · See more »

William Jones (philologist)

Sir William Jones FRS FRSE (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was an Anglo-Welsh philologist, a puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, and a scholar of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among European and Indian languages, which would later be known as Indo-European languages.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and William Jones (philologist) · See more »

Word order

In linguistics, word order typology is the study of the order of the syntactic constituents of a language, and how different languages can employ different orders.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Word order · See more »

Word stem

In linguistics, a stem is a part of a word.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Word stem · See more »

Yamna culture

The Yamna people or Yamnaya culture (traditionally known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture) was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BC.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Yamna culture · See more »

Yiddish

Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish/idish, "Jewish",; in older sources ייִדיש-טײַטש Yidish-Taitsh, Judaeo-German) is the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Yiddish · See more »

Zaza language

Zaza language, also called Zazaki, Kirmanjki and Dimli, is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zazas.

New!!: Proto-Indo-European language and Zaza language · See more »

Redirects here:

Common Indo-European, Origin of Indoeuropeans, PIE, PIE language, PIE morphology, PIE notation, Proto Indo European, Proto Indo-European, Proto Indo-European Language, Proto Indo-European language, Proto indo european, Proto-IE, Proto-Indo European, Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Indo-European (language), Proto-Indo-European Morphology, Proto-Indo-European morphology, Proto-Indo-European notation, Proto-IndoEuropean, Proto-IndoEuropean language, Proto-Indoeuropean, Proto-indo-european, Proto-indo-european language, Proto-indoeuropean, Protoindoeuropean, Proto–Indo-European, Proto–Indo-European language.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language

Unionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia – dictionary. It gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships.

This is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams. It's free to use and each article or document can be downloaded. It's a tool, resource or reference for study, research, education, learning or teaching, that can be used by teachers, educators, pupils or students; for the academic world: for school, primary, secondary, high school, middle, technical degree, college, university, undergraduate, master's or doctoral degrees; for papers, reports, projects, ideas, documentation, surveys, summaries, or thesis. Here is the definition, explanation, description, or the meaning of each significant on which you need information, and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Catalan, Czech, Hebrew, Danish, Finnish, Indonesian, Norwegian, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Greek, Bulgarian, Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Filipino, Latvian, Estonian and Slovenian. More languages soon.

All the information was extracted from Wikipedia, and it's available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

Unionpedia is not endorsed by or affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation.

Google Play, Android and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.