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102 relations: Alveolar consonant, Alveolo-palatal consonant, Anguthimri language, Apical consonant, Arandic languages, Australia, Australian Aboriginal languages, Back vowel, Barranbinja language, Bass Strait, Bilabial consonant, Bungandidj language, Cape York Peninsula, Central New South Wales languages, Close vowel, Comparative method, Computational phylogenetics, Culture, Dental consonant, Dependent-marking language, Durubalic languages, Dyirbalic languages, Front vowel, Garawan languages, Gippsland languages, Gumbaynggiric languages, Gunai language, Indigenous Australians, Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Kalkatungic languages, Kanyara–Mantharta languages, Karnic languages, Kartu languages, Kenneth L. Hale, Kulin languages, Kulinic languages, Laminal consonant, Language family, Lateral consonant, Liquid consonant, Lower Burdekin languages, Lower Murray languages, Macro-Gunwinyguan languages, Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages, Maric languages, Marrngu languages, Mayabic languages, Mirning languages, Muruwari language, Nasal consonant, ..., Nganyaywana language, Ngarna languages, Ngayarda languages, Ngumpin–Yapa languages, Nicholas Evans (linguist), North Germanic languages, Northeast Pama–Nyungan languages, Northern Territory, Nyungar language, Nyungic languages, Open vowel, Paakantyi (Darling language), Palatal consonant, Pallanganmiddang language, Paman languages, Papuan languages, Peripheral consonant, Phonology, Postalveolar consonant, Proto-Indo-European language, Retroflex consonant, Rhotic consonant, Ritual, Robert M. W. Dixon, Semivowel, Sound change, Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages, Sprachbund, Stop consonant, Tangkic languages, Tasmanian languages, Thura-Yura languages, Velar consonant, Victoria (Australia), Vowel length, Wagaya language, Waka–Kabic languages, Warluwarra language, Warumungu language, Wati languages, Western Australia, Wiradhuric languages, Yanyuwa language, Yarli language, Yidiny language, Yidinyic languages, Yinggarda language, Yolŋu languages, Yorta Yorta language, Yotayotic languages, Yugambeh-Bundjalung languages, Yuin–Kuric languages. Expand index (52 more) »
Alveolar consonant
Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth.
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Alveolo-palatal consonant
In phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) consonants, sometimes synonymous with pre-palatal consonants, are intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants, or which have simultaneous alveolar and palatal articulation.
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Anguthimri language
Anguthimri is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Anguthimri people.
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Apical consonant
An apical consonant is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the tip of the tongue.
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Arandic languages
Arandic is a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages, consisting of two dialect clusters, Arrernte and Kaytetye.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
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Australian Aboriginal languages
The Australian Aboriginal languages consist of around 290–363 languages belonging to an estimated twenty-eight language families and isolates, spoken by Aboriginal Australians of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands.
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Back vowel
A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages.
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Barranbinja language
Barranbinja is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of New South Wales.
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Bass Strait
Bass Strait is a sea strait separating Tasmania from the Australian mainland, specifically the state of Victoria.
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Bilabial consonant
In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips.
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Bungandidj language
Bungandidj is a language of Australia, spoken by the Bungandidj people, Indigenous Australians who lived in an area which is now in south-eastern South Australia and in south-western Victoria.
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Cape York Peninsula
Cape York Peninsula is a large remote peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia.
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Central New South Wales languages
The Central New South Wales languages (Central NSW) are a geographic grouping of Australian Aboriginal languages within the traditional Pama–Nyungan family, partially overlapping the Kuri subgroup of the Yuin–Kuric languages.
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Close vowel
A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in American terminology), is any in a class of vowel sound used in many spoken languages.
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Comparative method
In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, in order to extrapolate back to infer the properties of that ancestor.
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Computational phylogenetics
Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic analyses.
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Culture
Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies.
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Dental consonant
A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as,,, and in some languages.
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Dependent-marking language
A dependent-marking language has grammatical markers of agreement and case government between the words of phrases that tend to appear more on dependents than on heads.
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Durubalic languages
Durubalic is a small family of extinct Australian Aboriginal languages of Queensland.
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Dyirbalic languages
The Dyirbalic languages are a group of languages forming a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family.
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Front vowel
A front vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively in front in the mouth without creating a constriction that would make it a consonant.
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Garawan languages
The Garawan languages (Garrwan), or Yanyi, are a small language family of Australian Aboriginal languages currently spoken in northern Australia.
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Gippsland languages
The Gippsland languages are a family of Pama–Nyungan languages of Australia.
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Gumbaynggiric languages
Gumbaynggiric is a pair of related Australian Aboriginal languages, Kumbainggar and Yaygir.
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Gunai language
The Gunai language (also spelt Gunnai, Ganai, Gaanay, Kurnai, Kurnay) is an Australian aboriginal dialect cluster of the Gunai people in Gippsland in south-east Victoria.
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Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to British colonisation.
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Kalaw Lagaw Ya
Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Kala Lagaw Ya, Kalau Lagau Ya, or the Western Torres Strait language (also several other names, see below), is the language indigenous to the central and western Torres Strait Islands, Queensland, Australia.
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Kalkatungic languages
Kalkatungic is a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family,.
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Kanyara–Mantharta languages
The Kanyara and Mantharta languages form a western branch of the Pama–Nyungan family.
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Karnic languages
The Karnic languages are a group of languages of the Pama–Nyungan family.
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Kartu languages
The Kartu languages is a group of Indigenous Australian languages spoken in the Murchison and Gascoyne regions of Western Australia.
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Kenneth L. Hale
Kenneth Locke Hale (August 15, 1934 – October 8, 2001) was a linguist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who studied a huge variety of previously unstudied and often endangered languages—especially indigenous languages of North America, Central America and Australia.
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Kulin languages
The Kulin languages are a group of closely related languages of the Kulin people, part of the Kulinic branch of Pama–Nyungan.
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Kulinic languages
The Kulinic languages form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family in Victoria (Australia).
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Laminal consonant
A laminal consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue on the top.
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Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.
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Lateral consonant
A lateral is an l-like consonant in which the airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.
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Liquid consonant
In phonetics, liquids or liquid consonants are a class of consonants consisting of lateral consonants like 'l' together with rhotics like 'r'.
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Lower Burdekin languages
The Lower Burdekin languages were probably three distinct Australian Aboriginal languages spoken around the mouth of the Burdekin River in north Queensland.
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Lower Murray languages
The Lower Murray languages form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family.
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Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
The Macro-Gunwinyguan languages, also called Arnhem or Gunwinyguan, are a family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken across eastern Arnhem Land in northern Australia.
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Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages
Macro-Pama–Nyungan is an Australian language family proposed in 1997 that links the two largest language families in Australia, the Pama–Nyungan family, which covers seven-eighths of the continent, and Macro-Gunwinyguan, the principal family of Arnhem Land in northern Australia.
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Maric languages
Maran or Maric is a extinct branch of the Pama–Nyungan family of Australian languages formerly spoken throughout much of Queensland.
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Marrngu languages
The Marrngu languages are a branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family of Australia.
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Mayabic languages
Mayabic, or Mayi, is a small family of extinct Australian Aboriginal languages of Queensland.
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Mirning languages
The Mirning or Mirniny languages are a pair of Pama–Nyungan languages of the Nullarbor Coast of Australia.
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Muruwari language
Muruwari (also Muruwarri, Murawari, Murawarri) is an Australian Aboriginal language, an isolate within the Pama–Nyungan family.
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Nasal consonant
In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive, nasal stop in contrast with a nasal fricative, or nasal continuant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.
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Nganyaywana language
Nganyaywana is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of New South Wales.
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Ngarna languages
The Ngarna or Warluwaric languages are a discontinuous primary branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family of Australia.
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Ngayarda languages
The Ngayarda (Ngayarta /ŋajaʈa/) languages are a group of closely related languages in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.
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Ngumpin–Yapa languages
The Ngumpin–Yapa a.k.a. Ngarrka–Ngumpin languages are a family of Pama–Nyungan languages of the Pilbara region of Australia.
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Nicholas Evans (linguist)
Nicholas Evans (born 1956 in Los Angeles, USA) is an Australian linguist and a leading expert on endangered languages.
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North Germanic languages
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.
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Northeast Pama–Nyungan languages
Northeast Pama–Nyungan, or Pama–Maric, is a hypothetical language family consisting of the following neighboring branches of the Pama–Nyungan family of Australian languages.
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Northern Territory
The Northern Territory (abbreviated as NT) is a federal Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia.
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Nyungar language
Nyungar (also Noongar) is an Australian Aboriginal language, or dialect continuum, still spoken by members of the Noongar community, who live in the southwest corner of Western Australia.
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Nyungic languages
The Nyungic languages are the south-westernmost of the Australian Aboriginal languages.
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Open vowel
An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.
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Paakantyi (Darling language)
The Darling language, or Paakantyi (Baagandji), is a nearly extinct Australian Aboriginal language spoken along the Darling River in New South Wales from present-day Bourke to Wentworth and including much of the back country around the Paroo River and Broken Hill.
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Palatal consonant
Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).
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Pallanganmiddang language
Pallanganmiddang (Balangamida) is an extinct aboriginal language of the Upper Murray region of the north east of Victoria (Australia).
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Paman languages
The Paman languages are an Australian language family spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland.
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Papuan languages
The Papuan languages are the non-Austronesian and non-Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people.
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Peripheral consonant
In Australian linguistics, the peripheral consonants are a natural class encompassing consonants articulated at the extremes of the mouth: labials and velars.
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Phonology
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.
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Postalveolar consonant
Postalveolar consonants (sometimes spelled post-alveolar) are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge, farther back in the mouth than the alveolar consonants, which are at the ridge itself but not as far back as the hard palate, the place of articulation for palatal consonants.
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Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.
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Retroflex consonant
A retroflex consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.
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Rhotic consonant
In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek letter rho, including r in the Latin script and p in the Cyrillic script.
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Ritual
A ritual "is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and performed according to set sequence".
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Robert M. W. Dixon
Robert Malcolm Ward Dixon (Gloucester, England, 25 January 1939) is a Professor of Linguistics in the College of Arts, Society, and Education and The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Queensland.
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Semivowel
In phonetics and phonology, a semivowel or glide, also known as a non-syllabic vocoid, is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable.
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Sound change
Sound change includes any processes of language change that affect pronunciation (phonetic change) or sound system structures (phonological change).
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Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages
The Southwest Pama–Nyungan or Nyungic language group is the most diverse and widespread, though hypothetical, subfamily of the Pama–Nyungan language family of Australia.
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Sprachbund
A sprachbund ("federation of languages") – also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, diffusion area or language crossroads – is a group of languages that have common features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact.
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Stop consonant
In phonetics, a stop, also known as a plosive or oral occlusive, is a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.
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Tangkic languages
The Tangkic languages form a small language family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia.
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Tasmanian languages
The Tasmanian or Palawa languages were the languages indigenous to the island of Tasmania, used by Aboriginal Tasmanians.
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Thura-Yura languages
The Yura or Thura-Yura languages are a group of Australian Aboriginal languages surrounding Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, that comprise a genetic language family of the Pama–Nyungan family.
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Velar consonant
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).
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Victoria (Australia)
Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in south-eastern Australia.
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Vowel length
In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a vowel sound.
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Wagaya language
Wagaya (Wakaya) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of Queensland.
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Waka–Kabic languages
The Waka–Kabic (Waka-Gabi) languages form an extinct family of Pama–Nyungan languages of Australia.
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Warluwarra language
Warluwarra is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of Queensland.
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Warumungu language
The Warumungu (or Warramunga) language is spoken by the Warumungu people in Australia's Northern Territory.
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Wati languages
The Wati languages are the dominant Pama–Nyungan languages of central Australia.
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Western Australia
Western Australia (abbreviated as WA) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia.
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Wiradhuric languages
The Wiradhuric languages, or Central (Inland) New South Wales, are a family of Pama–Nyungan languages of Australia.
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Yanyuwa language
Yanyuwa is the language of the Yanyuwa people of the Sir Edward Pellew Group of Islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria outside Borroloola.
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Yarli language
Yarli (Yardli) was a dialect cluster of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northwestern New South Wales, individually Malyangapa (Maljangapa), Yardliyawara, and Wadikali (Wardikali, Wadigali).
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Yidiny language
Yidiny (also spelled Yidiɲ, Yidiñ, Jidinj, Jidinʲ, Yidinʸ, Yidiń) is a nearly extinct Australian Aboriginal language, spoken by the Yidinji people of north-east Queensland.
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Yidinyic languages
The Yidinyic languages are a pair of languages, previously classified as Paman, proposed to form a separate branch of the Pama–Nyungan family.
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Yinggarda language
Yinggarda (Yingkarta, Inggarda) is an Australian Aboriginal language.
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Yolŋu languages
Yolŋu Matha, meaning the "Yolŋu tongue", is a linguistic family that includes the languages of the Yolngu (Yolŋu, Yuulngu), the indigenous people of northeast Arnhem Land in northern Australia.
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Yorta Yorta language
Yorta Yorta (Yotayota) is a dialect cluster, or perhaps a group of closely related languages, spoken by the Yorta Yorta people, Indigenous Australians from the junction of the Goulburn and Murray Rivers in present-day northeast Victoria.
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Yotayotic languages
The Yotayotic languages are a pair of languages of the Pama–Nyungan family, Yotayota and Yabula-Yabula.
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Yugambeh-Bundjalung languages
Yugambeh-Bundjalung, (IPA:Yʊgɑmbəː-Bɑnjɑnlɑŋ) also known as Bandjalangic is a branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family, that is spoken in northeastern New South Wales and South-East Queensland.
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Yuin–Kuric languages
The Yuin–Kuric languages are a family of mainly extinct Australian Aboriginal languages that existed in the south east of Australia.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pama–Nyungan_languages
