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Psychopathy

Index Psychopathy

Psychopathy, sometimes considered synonymous with sociopathy, is traditionally defined as a personality disorder characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited, and egotistical traits. [1]

254 relations: Absenteeism, Abusive power and control, Adolf Hitler, Affect (psychology), Aggression, Altruism, American Psychiatric Association, Amorality, Amygdala, Ancient Greek, Anguish, Anterior cingulate cortex, Anti-social behaviour, Antidepressant, Antihero, Antipsychotic, Antisocial personality disorder, Anxiety, Anxiety disorder, Archetype, Assertiveness, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Autonomic nervous system, Behavior, Behavior modification, Behavioural genetics, Blame, Bogeyman, Boldness, Bond University, Book of Deuteronomy, Borderline personality disorder, California Psychological Inventory, Callous and unemotional traits, Cerebral cortex, Characterization, Child sexual abuse, Cingulate cortex, Classical conditioning, Clinical psychology, Clozapine, Cognition, Conduct disorder, Confidence trick, Conscientiousness, Construct (philosophy), Cortisol, Crime, Criminal justice, Criminology, ..., Critic, Dark triad, David Henderson (psychiatrist), Delusion, Depression (mood), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Diffusion MRI, Digit ratio, Disease, Disinhibition, Domestic violence, Dopamine, Dorothy Otnow Lewis, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DSM-5, Effect size, Egosyntonic and egodystonic, Egotism, Electrodermal activity, Emotional security, Empathy, England, Envy, Estrogen, Evil, Evolutionary psychology, Exaggeration, Executive functions, Extrastriate cortex, Factor analysis, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Fertility, Fictional portrayals of psychopaths, Financial crime, Food and Drug Administration, Frontal lobe, Fusiform gyrus, Genetic load, George E. Partridge, Germany, Glenn D. Walters, Guilt (emotion), Hallucination, Head injury, Hervey M. Cleckley, Hippocampus, History of psychopathy, Histrionic personality disorder, Homovanillic acid, Ideology, Impulsivity, Insanity, Insular cortex, Intellectual disability, Intelligence, Intelligence quotient, Internalizing disorder, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, James Cowles Prichard, Joan McCord, Julius Ludwig August Koch, Juvenile delinquency, Karl Birnbaum, Kevin Dutton, Laity, Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, Limbic system, Macdonald triad, Machiavellianism, Magnetic resonance imaging, Major depressive disorder, Malignant narcissism, Mass murder, Meanness, MedlinePlus, Mental disorder, Mental Health Act 1983, Mental Health Act 2007, Meta-analysis, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Monoamine oxidase A, Mood stabilizer, Moral insanity, Moral psychology, Narcissism, Narcissistic personality disorder, Negative relationship, Neuroimaging, Neurosis, North America, NPR, Obsessive–compulsive disorder, Occupational stress, Office of Strategic Services, Oliver James (psychologist), Openness to experience, Orbitofrontal cortex, Organizational conflict, Organizational culture, Organized crime, Otto F. Kernberg, Panic disorder, Parahippocampal gyrus, Paranoid personality disorder, Parasitism, Pathological lying, Pathology, Personality disorder, Personality test, Pharmacology, Philippe Pinel, Predictive validity, Prefrontal cortex, Prenatal development, Prison, Productivity, Prolactin, Propaganda, Psyche (psychology), Psychiatric hospital, Psychiatric medication, Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, Psychological manipulation, Psychology, Psychopathic Personality Inventory, Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler, Psychopathology, Psychopathy Checklist, Psychosis, Psychosocial, Psychotherapy, Psychoticism, Punishment, Randomized controlled trial, Reality, Recidivism, Reinforcement, Reliability (statistics), Remorse, Reproductive success, Response modulation hypothesis, Reward system, Risk assessment, Robert D. Hare, Robert Maxwell, Sadistic personality disorder, Sadness, Schizoid personality disorder, Schizophrenia, Scientific American, Selection bias, Self-confidence, Self-report study, Serial killer, Serial rapist, Serotonergic, Serotonin, Sex and the law, Sex offender, Sexual sadism disorder, Sexually violent predator laws, Slang, Snakes in Suits, Social norm, Socialization, Spandrel (biology), Startle response, Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Striatum, Substance use disorder, Superficial charm, Taxon, Temporal lobe, Terrie Moffitt's developmental theory of crime, Terrorism, Testosterone, The Mask of Sanity, The Mind of Adolf Hitler, The New Zealand Herald, Theophrastus, Traumatic brain injury, Trust (emotion), Turnover (employment), Uncinate fasciculus, United Kingdom, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, United States National Library of Medicine, Utilitarianism, Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, Villain, Violence, Wales, Walter Charles Langer, War crime, White matter, White-collar crime, Will Black, Workplace bullying, World Health Organization, 5-HTTLPR, 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Expand index (204 more) »

Absenteeism

Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation without good reason.

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Abusive power and control

Abusive power and control (also controlling behavior, coercive control and sharp power) is the way that an abusive person gains and maintains power and control over another person, as a victim, in order to subject that person to psychological, physical, sexual, or financial abuse.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

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Affect (psychology)

Affect is a concept used in psychology to describe the experience of feeling or emotion.

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Aggression

Aggression is overt, often harmful, social interaction with the intention of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual.

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Altruism

Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern for happiness of other human beings, resulting in a quality of life both material and spiritual.

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American Psychiatric Association

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world.

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Amorality

Amorality is an absence of, indifference towards, or disregard for morality.

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Amygdala

The amygdala (plural: amygdalae; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'Almond', 'tonsil') is one of two almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep and medially within the temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans.

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Ancient Greek

The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.

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Anguish

Anguish is a term used in philosophy, often as a translation from the Latin for angst.

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Anterior cingulate cortex

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum.

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Anti-social behaviour

Anti-social behaviours are actions that harm or lack consideration for the well-being of others.

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Antidepressant

Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions, including dysthymia, anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, neuropathic pain and, in some cases, dysmenorrhoea, snoring, migraine, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction, dependence, and sleep disorders.

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Antihero

An antihero, or antiheroine, is a protagonist in a story who lacks conventional heroic qualities and attributes such as idealism, courage, and morality.

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Antipsychotic

Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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Antisocial personality disorder

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD or APD) is a personality disorder characterized by a long term pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others.

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Anxiety

Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.

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Anxiety disorder

Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by significant feelings of anxiety and fear.

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Archetype

The concept of an archetype appears in areas relating to behavior, modern psychological theory, and literary analysis.

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Assertiveness

Assertiveness is the quality of being self-assured and confident without being aggressive.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type.

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Autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs.

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Behavior

Behavior (American English) or behaviour (Commonwealth English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment.

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Behavior modification

Behavior modification refers to behavior-change procedures that were employed during the 1970s and early 1980s.

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Behavioural genetics

Behavioural genetics also referred to as behaviour genetics, is a field of scientific research that uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behaviour.

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Blame

Blame is the act of censuring, holding responsible, making negative statements about an individual or group that their action or actions are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of praise.

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Bogeyman

Bogeyman (usually spelled boogeyman in the U.S.; also spelled bogieman or boogie man; see American and British English spelling differences) is a common allusion to a mythical creature in many cultures used by adults to frighten children into good behaviour.

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Boldness

Boldness is the opposite of fearfulness.

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Bond University

Bond University is Australia's first private not-for-profit university and is located in Robina, Gold Coast, Queensland.

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Book of Deuteronomy

The Book of Deuteronomy (literally "second law," from Greek deuteros + nomos) is the fifth book of the Torah (a section of the Hebrew Bible) and the Christian Old Testament.

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Borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a long-term pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by unstable relationships with other people, unstable sense of self, and unstable emotions.

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California Psychological Inventory

The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is a self-report inventory created by Harrison G. Gough and currently published by Consulting Psychologists Press.

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Callous and unemotional traits

Callous and unemotional traits (CU) are distinguished by a persistent pattern of behavior that reflects a disregard for others, and also a lack of empathy and generally deficient affect.

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Cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the cerebrum in the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.

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Characterization

Characterization or characterisation is the representation of persons (or other beings or creatures) in narrative and dramatic works of art.

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Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse, also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation.

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Cingulate cortex

The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex.

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Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).

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Clinical psychology

Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.

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Clozapine

Clozapine, sold under the brand name Clozaril among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication.

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Cognition

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

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Conduct disorder

Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated.

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Confidence trick

A confidence trick (synonyms include con, confidence game, confidence scheme, ripoff, scam and stratagem) is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their confidence, used in the classical sense of trust.

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Conscientiousness

Conscientiousness is the personality trait of being careful, or vigilant.

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Construct (philosophy)

A construct in the philosophy of science is an ideal object, where the existence of the thing may be said to depend upon a subject's mind.

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Cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.

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Crime

In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.

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Criminal justice

Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have committed crimes.

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Criminology

Criminology (from Latin crīmen, "accusation" originally derived from the Ancient Greek verb "krino" "κρίνω", and Ancient Greek -λογία, -logy|-logia, from "logos" meaning: “word,” “reason,” or “plan”) is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social levels.

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Critic

A critic is a professional who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as art, literature, music, cinema, theater, fashion, architecture, and food.

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Dark triad

The dark triad is a subject in psychology that focuses on three personality traits: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.

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David Henderson (psychiatrist)

David Kennedy Henderson FRSE FRCPE (24 April 1884 – 20 April 1965) was a Scottish physician and psychiatrist and served as president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 1949 to 1951.

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Delusion

A delusion is a mistaken belief that is held with strong conviction even in the presence of superior evidence to the contrary.

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Depression (mood)

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.

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Diffusion MRI

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI or DW-MRI) is the use of specific MRI sequences as well as software that generates images from the resulting data, that uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MR images.

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Digit ratio

The digit ratio is the ratio of the lengths of different digits or fingers typically measured from the midpoint of bottom crease (where the finger joins the hand) to the tip of the finger.

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Disease

A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.

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Disinhibition

In psychology, disinhibition is a lack of restraint manifested in disregard for social conventions, impulsivity, and poor risk assessment.

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Domestic violence

Domestic violence (also named domestic abuse or family violence) is violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation.

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Dopamine

Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.

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Dorothy Otnow Lewis

Dorothy Otnow Lewis is an American psychiatrist and author who has been an expert witness at a number of high-profile cases.

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the brain of humans and non-human primates.

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DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

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Effect size

In statistics, an effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon.

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Egosyntonic and egodystonic

In psychoanalysis, egosyntonic refers to the behaviors, values, and feelings that are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and goals of the ego, or consistent with one's ideal self-image.

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Egotism

Egotism is the drive to maintain and enhance favorable views of oneself, and generally features an inflated opinion of one's personal features and importance.

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Electrodermal activity

Electrodermal activity (EDA) is the property of the human body that causes continuous variation in the electrical characteristics of the skin.

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Emotional security

Emotional security is the measure of the stability of an individual's emotional state.

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Empathy

Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, i.e., the capacity to place oneself in another's position.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Envy

Envy (from Latin invidia) is an emotion which "occurs when a person lacks another's superior quality, achievement, or possession and either desires it or wishes that the other lacked it".

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Estrogen

Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone.

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Evil

Evil, in a colloquial sense, is the opposite of good, the word being an efficient substitute for the more precise but religion-associated word "wickedness." As defined in philosophy it is the name for the psychology and instinct of individuals which selfishly but often necessarily defends the personal boundary against deadly attacks and serious threats.

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Evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective.

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Exaggeration

Exaggeration is a representation of something in an excessive manner.

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Executive functions

Executive functions (collectively referred to as executive function and cognitive control) are a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior: selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen goals.

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Extrastriate cortex

The extrastriate cortex is the region of the occipital cortex of the mammalian brain located next to the primary visual cortex, which is also named striate cortex because of its striped appearance in the microscope.

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Factor analysis

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), formerly the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Fertility

Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring.

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Fictional portrayals of psychopaths

Fictional portrayals of psychopaths, or sociopaths, are some of the most notorious in film and literature but may only vaguely or partly relate to the concept of psychopathy, which is itself used with varying definitions by mental health professionals, criminologists and others.

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Financial crime

Financial crime is crime committed against property, involving the unlawful conversion of the ownership of property (belonging to one person) to one's own personal use and benefit.

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Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.

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Frontal lobe

The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, is the largest of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the mammalian brain.

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Fusiform gyrus

The fusiform gyrus, also known as the (discontinuous) occipitotemporal gyrus, is part of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe in Brodmann area 37.

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Genetic load

Genetic load is the difference between the fitness of an average genotype in a population and the fitness of some reference genotype, which may be either the best present in a population, or may be the theoretically optimal genotype.

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George E. Partridge

George Everett Partridge (31 May 1870, Worcester, Massachusetts – November 1953, Baltimore) was an American psychologist credited with popularizing the term sociopath.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Glenn D. Walters

Glenn Walters is an American forensic psychologist and Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at Kutztown University in Pennsylvania.

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Guilt (emotion)

Guilt is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person believes or realizes—accurately or not—that he or she has compromised his or her own standards of conduct or has violated a universal moral standard and bears significant responsibility for that violation.

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Hallucination

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception.

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Head injury

A head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain.

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Hervey M. Cleckley

Hervey Milton Cleckley (1903 – January 28, 1984) was an American psychiatrist and pioneer in the field of psychopathy.

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Hippocampus

The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates.

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History of psychopathy

Psychopathy, from psych (soul or mind) and pathy (suffering or disease), was coined by German psychiatrists in the 19th century and originally just meant what would today be called mental disorder, the study of which is still known as psychopathology.

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Histrionic personality disorder

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval.

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Homovanillic acid

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase on dopamine.

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Ideology

An Ideology is a collection of normative beliefs and values that an individual or group holds for other than purely epistemic reasons.

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Impulsivity

In psychology, impulsivity (or impulsiveness) is a tendency to act on a whim, displaying behavior characterized by little or no forethought, reflection, or consideration of the consequences.

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Insanity

Insanity, craziness, or madness is a spectrum of both group and individual behaviors characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns.

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Insular cortex

In each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes).

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Intellectual disability

Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability, and mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning.

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Intelligence

Intelligence has been defined in many different ways to include the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, and problem solving.

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Intelligence quotient

An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.

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Internalizing disorder

An internalizing disorder (or internalising disorder) is one type of emotional and behavioral disorder, along with externalizing disorders, and low incidence disorders.

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International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the international "standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes." Its full official name is International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The ICD is maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO), the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations System.

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James Cowles Prichard

James Cowles Prichard, MD FRS (11 February 1786 – 23 December 1848) was a British physician and ethnologist with broad interests in physical anthropology and psychiatry.

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Joan McCord

Joan Fish McCord (4 August 1930, Manhattan, New York, United States - 2004, Narberth, Pensilvania, United States) was an American criminologist.

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Julius Ludwig August Koch

Julius Ludwig August Koch (4 December 1841, Laichingen, Württemberg – 25 June 1908, Zwiefalten) was a German psychiatrist whose work influenced later concepts of personality disorders.

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Juvenile delinquency

Juvenile delinquency, also known as "juvenile offending", is participation in illegal behavior by minors (juveniles, i.e. individuals younger than the statutory age of majority).

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Karl Birnbaum

Karl Birnbaum (August 20, 1878, Schweidnitz/Świdnica – March 31, 1950, Philadelphia) was a German-American psychiatrist and neurologist.

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Kevin Dutton

Kevin Dutton (born 1967) is a British psychologist and writer, specialising in the study of psychopathy.

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Laity

A layperson (also layman or laywoman) is a person who is not qualified in a given profession and/or does not have specific knowledge of a certain subject.

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Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale

The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale is a test of psychopathy for research situations.

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Limbic system

The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the cerebrum.

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Macdonald triad

The Macdonald triad (also known as the triad of sociopathy or the homicidal triad) is a set of three factors that has been suggested (Macdonald 1963), if all three or any combination of two, are present together, to be predictive of or associated with later violent tendencies, particularly with relation to serial offenses.

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Machiavellianism

Machiavellianism is "the employment of cunning and duplicity in statecraft or in general conduct".

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Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

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Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations.

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Malignant narcissism

Malignant narcissism is a psychological syndrome comprising an extreme mix of narcissism, antisocial behavior, aggression, and sadism.

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Mass murder

Mass murder is the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.

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Meanness

Meanness is a personal quality whose classical form, discussed by many from Aristotle to Thomas Aquinas, characterizes it as a vice of "lowness", but whose modern form deals more with cruelty.

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MedlinePlus

MedlinePlus is an online information service produced by the United States National Library of Medicine.

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Mental disorder

A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.

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Mental Health Act 1983

The Mental Health Act 1983 (c.20) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which applies to people in England and Wales.

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Mental Health Act 2007

The Mental Health Act 2007 (c 12) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Meta-analysis

A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.

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Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - Fourth Edition (MCMI-IV) is the most recent edition of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology.

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Monoamine oxidase A

Monoamine oxidase A, also known as MAO-A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOA gene.

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Mood stabilizer

A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric pharmaceutical drug used to treat mood disorders characterized by intense and sustained mood shifts, typically bipolar disorder type I or type II, borderline personality disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia.

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Moral insanity

Moral insanity referred to a type of mental disorder consisting of abnormal emotions and behaviours in the apparent absence of intellectual impairments, delusions, or hallucinations.

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Moral psychology

Moral psychology is a field of study in both philosophy and psychology.

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Narcissism

Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's own attributes.

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Narcissistic personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder with a long-term pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.

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Negative relationship

In statistics, there is a negative relationship or inverse relationship between two variables if higher values of one variable tend to be associated with lower values of the other.

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Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the nervous system.

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Neurosis

Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving chronic distress but neither delusions nor hallucinations.

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North America

North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.

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NPR

National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly, perform certain routines repeatedly (called "rituals"), or have certain thoughts repeatedly (called "obsessions").

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Occupational stress

Occupational stress is stress related to one's job.

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Office of Strategic Services

The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a wartime intelligence agency of the United States during World War II, and a predecessor of the modern Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

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Oliver James (psychologist)

Oliver James (born 1953) is a chartered psychologist, registered with the British Psychological Society.

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Openness to experience

Openness to experience is one of the domains which are used to describe human personality in the Five Factor Model.

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Orbitofrontal cortex

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making.

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Organizational conflict

Organizational conflict, or workplace conflict, is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests between people working together.

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Organizational culture

Organizational culture encompasses values and behaviours that "contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization".

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Organized crime

Organized crime is a category of transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals who intend to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for money and profit.

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Otto F. Kernberg

Otto Friedmann Kernberg (born 10 September 1928) is a psychoanalyst and professor of psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College.

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Panic disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks.

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Parahippocampal gyrus

The parahippocampal gyrus (Syn. hippocampal gyrus) is a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus and is part of the limbic system.

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Paranoid personality disorder

Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is a mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.

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Parasitism

In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Pathological lying

Pathological lying (also called pseudologia fantastica and mythomania) is a behavior of habitual or compulsive lying.

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Pathology

Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.

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Personality disorder

Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's culture.

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Personality test

A personality test is a method of assessing human personality constructs.

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Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species).

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Philippe Pinel

Philippe Pinel (20 April 1745 – 25 October 1826) was a French physician who was instrumental in the development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients, referred to today as moral therapy.

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Predictive validity

In psychometrics, predictive validity is the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure.

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Prefrontal cortex

In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the cerebral cortex which covers the front part of the frontal lobe.

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Prenatal development

Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation.

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Prison

A prison, also known as a correctional facility, jail, gaol (dated, British English), penitentiary (American English), detention center (American English), or remand center is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state.

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Productivity

Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production.

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Prolactin

Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin, is a protein that is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk.

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Propaganda

Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.

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Psyche (psychology)

In psychology, the psyche is the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious.

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Psychiatric hospital

Psychiatric hospitals, also known as mental hospitals, mental health units, mental asylums or simply asylums, are hospitals or wards specializing in the treatment of serious mental disorders, such as clinical depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.

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Psychiatric medication

A psychiatric medication is a licensed psychoactive drug taken to exert an effect on the chemical makeup of the brain and nervous system.

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Psychiatry

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders.

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Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders.

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Psychological manipulation

Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through abusive, deceptive, or underhanded tactics.

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Psychology

Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.

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Psychopathic Personality Inventory

The Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI-Revised) is a personality test for traits associated with psychopathy in adults.

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Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler

The Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler is an umbrella term for psychiatric (pathographic, psychobiographic) literature that deals with the hypothesis that the German Führer and Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) suffered from mental illness.

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Psychopathology

Psychopathology is the scientific study of mental disorders, including efforts to understand their genetic, biological, psychological, and social causes; effective classification schemes (nosology); course across all stages of development; manifestations; and treatment.

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Psychopathy Checklist

The Psychopathy Checklist or Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, now the Psychopathy Checklist—revised (PCL-R), is a psychological assessment tool most commonly used to assess the presence of psychopathy in individuals.

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Psychosis

Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that results in difficulties telling what is real and what is not.

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Psychosocial

The psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function.

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Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior and overcome problems in desired ways.

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Psychoticism

Psychoticism is one of the three traits used by the psychologist Hans Eysenck in his P–E–N model (psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism) model of personality.

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Punishment

A punishment is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authority—in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law—as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behaviour that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable.

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Randomized controlled trial

A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a type of scientific (often medical) experiment which aims to reduce bias when testing a new treatment.

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Reality

Reality is all of physical existence, as opposed to that which is merely imaginary.

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Recidivism

Recidivism (from recidive and ism, from Latin recidīvus "recurring", from re- "back" and cadō "I fall") is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been trained to extinguish that behavior.

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Reinforcement

In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus.

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Reliability (statistics)

Reliability in statistics and psychometrics is the overall consistency of a measure.

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Remorse

Remorse is a distressing emotion experienced by a person who regrets actions which they deem to be shameful, hurtful, or violent.

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Reproductive success

Reproductive success is defined as the passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass on those genes.

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Response modulation hypothesis

The response modulation hypothesis (sometimes abbreviated RMH or RM) is an etiological theory which argues that psychopathy is an attention disorder, and is not caused by an inherent lack of empathy or fear.

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Reward system

The reward system is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positive emotions, particularly ones which involve pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).

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Risk assessment

Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative estimate of risk related to a well-defined situation and a recognized threat (also called hazard).

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Robert D. Hare

Robert D. Hare, C.M. (born 1934 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada) is a researcher in the field of criminal psychology.

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Robert Maxwell

Ian Robert Maxwell (10 June 1923 – 5 November 1991), born Ján Ludvík Hyman Binyamin Hoch, was a British media proprietor and Member of Parliament (MP).

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Sadistic personality disorder

Sadistic personality disorder is a personality disorder involving sadism which appeared in an appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R).

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Sadness

Sadness is an emotional pain associated with, or characterized by, feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, grief, helplessness, disappointment and sorrow.

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Schizoid personality disorder

Schizoid personality disorder (often abbreviated as SPD or SzPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment, and apathy.

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Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand reality.

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Scientific American

Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.

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Selection bias

Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed.

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Self-confidence

The concept of self-confidence is commonly used as self-assurance in one's personal judgment, ability, power, etc.

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Self-report study

A self-report study is a type of survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and select a response by themselves without researcher interference.

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Serial killer

A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people,A serial killer is most commonly defined as a person who kills three or more people for psychological gratification; reliable sources over the years agree.

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Serial rapist

A serial rapist is a rapist who rapes more than one person over a period of time.

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Serotonergic

Serotonergic or serotoninergic means "pertaining to or affecting serotonin".

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Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.

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Sex and the law

Sex and the law deals with the regulation by law of human sexual activity.

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Sex offender

A sex offender (sexual offender, sex abuser, or sexual abuser) is a person who has committed a sex crime.

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Sexual sadism disorder

Sexual sadism disorder is the condition of experiencing sexual arousal in response to the extreme pain, suffering or humiliation of others.

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Sexually violent predator laws

In some jurisdictions may commit certain types of dangerous sex offenders to state-run detention facilities following the completion of their sentence if that person has a "mental abnormality" or personality disorder that makes the person likely to engage in sexual offenses if not confined in a secure facility.

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Slang

Slang is language (words, phrases, and usages) of an informal register that members of special groups like teenagers, musicians, or criminals favor (over a standard language) in order to establish group identity, exclude outsiders, or both.

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Snakes in Suits

Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work is a 2006 non-fiction book by industrial psychologist Paul Babiak and criminal psychologist Robert D. Hare.

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Social norm

From a sociological perspective, social norms are informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society.

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Socialization

In sociology, socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society.

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Spandrel (biology)

In evolutionary biology, a spandrel is a phenotypic characteristic that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection.

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Startle response

In animals, including humans, the startle response is a largely unconscious defensive response to sudden or threatening stimuli, such as sudden noise or sharp movement, and is associated with negative affect.

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Stedman's Medical Dictionary

Stedman's Medical Dictionary is designed in a dictionary format to provide the language of medicine, nursing and the allied health profession.

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Striatum

The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the neostriatum and the striate nucleus) is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.

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Substance use disorder

A substance use disorder (SUD), also known as a drug use disorder, is a condition in which the use of one or more substances leads to a clinically significant impairment or distress.

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Superficial charm

Superficial charm (or insincere charm or glib charm) is the tendency to be smooth, engaging, charming, slick and verbally facile.

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Taxon

In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from taxonomy) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.

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Temporal lobe

The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.

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Terrie Moffitt's developmental theory of crime

Terrie Moffitt, an American psychologist, described, in 1993, a dual taxonomy of offending behavior in an attempt to explain the developmental processes that lead to the distinctive shape of the age crime curve.

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Terrorism

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.

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Testosterone

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

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The Mask of Sanity

The Mask of Sanity: An Attempt to Clarify Some Issues About the So-Called Psychopathic Personality is a book written by American psychiatrist Hervey M. Cleckley, first published in 1941, describing Cleckley's clinical interviews with patients in a locked institution.

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The Mind of Adolf Hitler

The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report, published in 1972 by Basic Books, is based on a World War II report by psychoanalyst Walter C. Langer which probed the psychology of Adolf Hitler from the available information.

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The New Zealand Herald

The New Zealand Herald is a daily newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand, owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment.

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Theophrastus

Theophrastus (Θεόφραστος Theόphrastos; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos,Gavin Hardy and Laurence Totelin, Ancient Botany, 2015, p. 8.

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Traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as intracranial injury, occurs when an external force injures the brain.

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Trust (emotion)

In a social context, trust has several connotations.

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Turnover (employment)

In human resources context, turnover is the act of replacing an employee with a new employee.

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Uncinate fasciculus

The uncinate fasciculus is a white matter association tract in the human brain that connects parts of the limbic system such as the hippocampus and amygdala in the temporal lobe with frontal ones such as the orbitofrontal cortex.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Department of Veterans Affairs

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a federal Cabinet-level agency that provides near-comprehensive healthcare services to eligible military veterans at VA medical centers and outpatient clinics located throughout the country; several non-healthcare benefits including disability compensation, vocational rehabilitation, education assistance, home loans, and life insurance; and provides burial and memorial benefits to eligible veterans and family members at 135 national cemeteries.

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United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library.

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Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility.

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Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a part of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain.

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Villain

A villain (also known as, "baddie", "bad guy", "evil guy", "heavy" or "black hat") is an "evil" character in a story, whether a historical narrative or, especially, a work of fiction.

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Violence

Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation," although the group acknowledges that the inclusion of "the use of power" in its definition expands on the conventional understanding of the word.

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Wales

Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain.

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Walter Charles Langer

Walter Charles Langer (February 5, 1899 – July 4, 1981) was a psychoanalyst from Cambridge, Massachusetts who prepared a psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler in 1943 for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), that predicted his suicide as the "most plausible outcome" among several possibilities identified.

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War crime

A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility.

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White matter

White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts.

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White-collar crime

White-collar crime refers to financially motivated, nonviolent crime committed by business and government professionals.

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Will Black

Will Black is an English writer and journalist with a background in anthropology and mental health care.

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Workplace bullying

Workplace bullying is a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes either physical or emotional harm.

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World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.

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5-HTTLPR

5-HTTLPR (serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region) is a degenerate repeat polymorphic region in SLC6A4, the gene that codes for the serotonin transporter.

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5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is the main metabolite of serotonin.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy

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