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266 relations: Abolition of feudalism in France, Absolute monarchy, Affair of the Diamond Necklace, Alessandro Cagliostro, American Revolution, American Revolutionary War, Anne of Austria, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Antoine Barnave, Antoine Simon, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738–1789), Archduchy of Austria, Archduke, Aristocracy, Assembly of Notables, Auguste Marie Raymond d'Arenberg, Augustinian Church, Vienna, Autun, Axel von Fersen the Younger, Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, Étienne François, duc de Choiseul, Évelyne Lever, Basilica of St Denis, Bavaria, Bourbon Restoration, Brioche, British North America, Brunswick Manifesto, Cardinal de Rohan, Carmagnole, Catholic Church, Catholic Encyclopedia, Champ de Mars, Champ de Mars Massacre, Chapelle expiatoire, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, Charles César de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg, Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix, Charles François Dumouriez, Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles X of France, Charles-Henri Sanson, Charlotte, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel, ..., Château de la Muette, Château de Saint-Cloud, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Circumcision, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution, Civil Constitution of the Clergy, Class conflict, Claude Françoise de Lorraine, Committee of Public Safety, Conciergerie, Confessions (Rousseau), Conservatism, Controller-General of Finances, Dauphine of France, Death mask, Declaration of Pillnitz, Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789, Deposition (politics), Diplomatic Revolution, Divine right of kings, Duke of Normandy, Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland, Elena Maria Vidal, Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, Eleonora Gonzaga (1630–1686), Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine, Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon, Empress Joséphine, Ernestine Lambriquet, Estates General (France), Estates General of 1789, Esterházy, Exoneration, Fashion, Fête de la Fédération, Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand of Austria-Este, Flight to Varennes, Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, Flour War, Flute, Forest of Compiègne, François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, French First Republic, French Revolution, French Revolutionary Wars, George Washington, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, Girondins, Guillotine, Habsburg Monarchy, Hameau de la Reine, Harp, Harpsichord, Heir apparent, Henriette Campan, Henry II of France, High treason, History of the United Kingdom, Hofburg, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Hot air balloon, House of Capet, House of Lorraine, House of Valois, Hubert Robert, Ian Dunlop, Incest, Indienne, Insurrection of 10 August 1792, 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Abolition of feudalism in France
One of the central events of the French Revolution was to abolish feudalism, and the old rules, taxes and privileges left over from the age of feudalism.
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Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.
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Affair of the Diamond Necklace
The Affair of the Diamond Necklace was an incident in 1785 at the court of King Louis XVI of France involving his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette.
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Alessandro Cagliostro
Count Alessandro di Cagliostro (2 June 1743 – 26 August 1795) was the alias of the occultist Giuseppe Balsamo (in French usually referred to as Joseph Balsamo). Cagliostro was an Italian adventurer and self-styled magician.
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American Revolution
The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783.
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American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775 led to open combat. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne's defeat had drastic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a "Southern strategy" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive,Brooks, Richard (editor). Atlas of World Military History. HarperCollins, 2000, p. 101 "Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war." but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes.
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Anne of Austria
Anne of Austria (22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666), a Spanish princess of the House of Habsburg, was queen of France as the wife of Louis XIII, and regent of France during the minority of her son, Louis XIV, from 1643 to 1651.
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Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de l'Aulne (10 May 172718 March 1781), commonly known as Turgot, was a French economist and statesman.
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Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Anthony Ulrich (German: Anton Ulrich; 4 October 1633 – 27 March 1714), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1685 until 1702 jointly with his elder brother Rudolph Augustus, and solely from 1704 until his death.
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Antoine Barnave
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave (22 October 176129 November 1793) was a French politician, and, together with Honoré Mirabeau, one of the most influential orators of the early part of the French Revolution.
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Antoine Simon
Antoine Simon (1736 – 28 July 1794) was born in Troyes, France, the son of François Simon and Marie-Jeanne Adenet.
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Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738–1789)
Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha Antonia of Austria (6 October 1738 – 19 November 1789) was the second child of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia.
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Archduchy of Austria
The Archduchy of Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire and the nucleus of the Habsburg Monarchy.
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Archduke
Archduke (feminine: Archduchess; German: Erzherzog, feminine form: Erzherzogin) was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the Archduchy of Austria, and later by all senior members of that dynasty.
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Aristocracy
Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos "excellent", and κράτος kratos "power") is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class.
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Assembly of Notables
An Assembly of Notables (French: Assemblée des notables) was a group of high-ranking nobles, ecclesiastics, and state functionaries convened by the King of France on extraordinary occasions to consult on matters of state.
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Auguste Marie Raymond d'Arenberg
Prince Auguste Marie Raymond d'Arenberg, Count of La Marck Grandee of Spain (30 August 1753 – 26 September 1833),Eliakim Littell, Robert S. Littell (editors 1851).Littell's living age, T. H. Carter & Co., 1851 was the second son and fourth child of Charles, 5th Duke of Arenberg, the head of the House of Arenberg (and who still held the rank of sovereign princes).
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Augustinian Church, Vienna
The Augustinian Church (Augustinerkirche) in Vienna is a parish church located on Josefsplatz, next to the Hofburg, the winter palace of the Habsburg dynasty in Vienna.
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Autun
Autun is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department, France.
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Axel von Fersen the Younger
Hans Axel von Fersen (known as Axel de Fersen in France; 4 September 175520 June 1810) was a Swedish count, Marshal of the Realm of Sweden, a General of Horse in the Royal Swedish Army, one of the Lords of the Realm, aide-de-camp to Rochambeau in the American Revolutionary War, diplomat and statesman, and a friend of Queen Marie-Antoinette of France's.
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Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 23 December 1744) was a French ''petite-fille de France'', and duchess of Lorraine and Bar by marriage to Leopold, Duke of Lorraine.
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Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun
Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun (16 April 1755 – 30 March 1842), also known as Madame Lebrun or Madame Le Brun, was a prominent French portrait painter of the late eighteenth century.
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Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne
Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne (9 October 1727 – 19 February 1794) was a French churchman, politician and finance minister of Louis XVI.
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Étienne François, duc de Choiseul
Étienne-François, Marquis de Stainville, 1er Duc de Choiseul (28 June 1719 – 8 May 1785) was a French military officer, diplomat and statesman.
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Évelyne Lever
Évelyne Lever (known simply in English as Evelyne Lever) is a contemporary French historian and writer.
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Basilica of St Denis
The Basilica of Saint Denis (Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris.
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Bavaria
Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.
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Bourbon Restoration
The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830.
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Brioche
Brioche is a pastry of French origin that is similar to a highly enriched bread, and whose high egg and butter content (400 grams for each kilogram of flour) give it a rich and tender crumb.
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British North America
The term "British North America" refers to the former territories of the British Empire on the mainland of North America.
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Brunswick Manifesto
The Brunswick Manifesto was a proclamation issued by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commander of the Allied Army (principally Austrian and Prussian), on 25 July 1792 to the population of Paris, France during the War of the First Coalition.
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Cardinal de Rohan
Louis René Édouard de Rohan known as Cardinal de Rohan (25 September 1734 – 16 February 1803), prince de Rohan-Guéméné, was a French bishop of Strasbourg, politician, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, and cadet of the Rohan family (which traced its origin to the kings of Brittany).
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Carmagnole
"La Carmagnole" is the title of a French song created and made popular during the French Revolution, based on a tune and a wild dance that accompanied it of the same name that may have also been brought into France by the Piedmontese.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Catholic Encyclopedia
The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and the Original Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States and designed to serve the Roman Catholic Church.
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Champ de Mars
The Champ de Mars (Field of Mars) is a large public greenspace in Paris, France, located in the seventh ''arrondissement'', between the Eiffel Tower to the northwest and the École Militaire to the southeast.
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Champ de Mars Massacre
The Champ de Mars Massacre took place on 17 July 1791 in Paris in the midst of the French Revolution.
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Chapelle expiatoire
The Chapelle expiatoire ("Expiatory Chapel") is a chapel located in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France.
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Charles Alexandre de Calonne
Charles Alexandre de Calonne (20 January 173430 October 1802), titled Count of Hannonville in 1759, was a French statesman, best known for his involvement in the French Revolution.
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Charles César de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg
Marie-Charles-César de Faÿ, comte de la Tour-Maubourg (born 11 February 1757 at La Motte-de-Galaure, Drôme - died 28 April 1831 in Paris) was a French soldier and politician during the French Revolution and the First French Empire.
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Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix
Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix de Castries, marquis de Castries, baron des États de Languedoc, comte de Charlus, baron de Castelnau et de Montjouvent, seigneur de Puylaurens et de Lézignan (25 February 1727, Paris – 11 January 1801, Wolfenbüttel) was a French marshal.
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Charles François Dumouriez
Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars.
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Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes
Charles Gravier, Count of Vergennes (29 December 1719 – 13 February 1787) was a French statesman and diplomat.
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Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine
Charles Louis, (Karl I. Ludwig), Elector Palatine KG (22 December 1617 – 28 August 1680) was the second son of German elector Frederick V of the Palatinate, the "Winter King" of Bohemia, and his wife, Elizabeth of England.
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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), 1st Prince of Benevento, then 1st Prince of Talleyrand, was a laicized French bishop, politician, and diplomat.
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Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
Charles V (Charles Léopold Nicolas Sixte; 3 April 1643 – 18 April 1690) was an Austrian statesman who was the Duke of Lorraine.
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Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI (1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740; Karl VI.) succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I, as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia (as Charles II), King of Hungary and Croatia, Serbia and Archduke of Austria (as Charles III) in 1711.
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Charles X of France
Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.
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Charles-Henri Sanson
Charles-Henri Sanson, full title Chevalier Charles-Henri Sanson de Longval (15 February 1739 – 4 July 1806), was the royal executioner of France during the reign of King Louis XVI, and High Executioner of the First French Republic.
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Charlotte, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (Kassel, 20 November 1627 – Heidelberg, 26 March 1686) was the consort of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine and mother of Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.
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Château de la Muette
The Château de la Muette is a château located on the edge of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, France, near the Porte de la Muette.
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Château de Saint-Cloud
The Château de Saint-Cloud was a palace in France, built on a site overlooking the Seine at Saint-Cloud in Hauts-de-Seine, about west of Paris.
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Christoph Willibald Gluck
Christoph Willibald (Ritter von) Gluck (born on 2 July, baptized 4 July 1714As there is only a documentary record with Gluck's date of baptism, 4 July. According to his widow, he was born on 3 July, but nobody in the 18th century paid attention to the birthdate until Napoleon introduced it. A birth date was only known if the parents kept a diary. The authenticity of the 1785 document (published in the Allgemeinen Wiener Musik-Zeitung vom 6. April 1844) is disputed, by Robl. (Robl 2015, pp. 141–147).--> – 15 November 1787) was a composer of Italian and French opera in the early classical period.
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Circumcision
Male circumcision is the removal of the foreskin from the human penis.
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Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution
Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution is a book by the historian Simon Schama, published in 1989, the bicentenary of the French Revolution.
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ("Constitution civile du clergé") was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French government.
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Class conflict
Class conflict, frequently referred to as class warfare or class struggle, is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes.
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Claude Françoise de Lorraine
Claude of Lorraine (6 October 1612 – 2 August 1648) was a daughter of Henry II, Duke of Lorraine, and Margerita Gonzaga, her sister was Nicole, Duchess of Lorraine.
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Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public)—created in April 1793 by the National Convention and then restructured in July 1793—formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror (1793–94), a stage of the French Revolution.
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Conciergerie
The Conciergerie is a building in Paris, France, located on the west of the Île de la Cité (literally "Island of the City"), formerly a prison but presently used mostly for law courts.
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Confessions (Rousseau)
The Confessions is an autobiographical book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
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Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
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Controller-General of Finances
The Controller-General or Comptroller-General of Finances (Contrôleur général des finances) was the name of the minister in charge of finances in France from 1661 to 1791.
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Dauphine of France
The Dauphine of France was the wife of the Dauphin of France (the heir apparent to the French throne).
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Death mask
A death mask is an image, typically in wax or plaster cast made of a person's face following death, often by taking a cast or impression directly from the corpse.
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Declaration of Pillnitz
The Declaration of Pilnite, more commonly referred to as the Declaration of Pillnitz, was a statement issued on 27 August 1791 at Pillnitz Castle near Dresden (Saxony) by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II who was Marie Antoinette's brother.
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Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789
The Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789 (Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.
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Deposition (politics)
Deposition by political means concerns the removal of a politician or monarch.
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Diplomatic Revolution
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.
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Divine right of kings
The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.
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Duke of Normandy
In the Middle Ages, the Duke of Normandy was the ruler of the Duchy of Normandy in north-western France.
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Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland
Eleanor Maria Josefa of Austria (Eleonora; 21 May 1653 – 17 December 1697) was Queen of Poland by marriage to king Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki and Duchess of Lorraine by marriage to Charles V, Duke of Lorraine.
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Elena Maria Vidal
Elena Maria Vidal (born 1962) is a historical novelist and noted blogger living in Easton, Maryland.
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Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg
Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg (Eleonore Magdalene Therese; 6 January 1655 – 19 January 1720) was a Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Archduchess consort of Austria, Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia as the third and last wife of Leopold I.Wheatcroft 1995, p. 201.
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Eleonora Gonzaga (1630–1686)
Eleonora Gonzaga (18 November 1630 – 6 December 1686), was by birth Princess of Mantua, Nevers and Rethel from the Nevers branch of the House of Gonzaga and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia.
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Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (28 August 1691 – 21 December 1750) was Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary; and Archduchess of Austria by her marriage to Emperor Charles VI.
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Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine
Princess Elisabeth Charlotte (Pfalzprinzessin Elisabeth Charlotte; nicknamed "Lieselotte", 27 May 1652 – 8 December 1722) was a German princess and, as Madame, the second wife of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger brother of Louis XIV of France, and mother of France's ruler during the Regency.
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Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon
Emmanuel-Armand de Vignerot du Plessis-Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon (31 July 17201 September 1788), was a French soldier and statesman, and a nephew of Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, 3rd Duke of Richelieu.
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Empress Joséphine
Joséphine de Beauharnais (born Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoleon I, and thus the first Empress of the French as Joséphine.
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Ernestine Lambriquet
Ernestine de Lambriquet born Marie-Philippine Lambriquet (31 July 1778- 31 December 1813), was the adopted daughter of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette.
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Estates General (France)
In France under the Old Regime, the Estates General (French: États généraux) or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly (see The Estates) of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects.
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Estates General of 1789
The estates general was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate).
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Esterházy
Esterházy (also spelled Eszterházy) is a Hungarian noble family with origins in the Middle Ages.
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Exoneration
Exoneration occurs when the conviction for a crime is reversed, either through demonstration of innocence, a flaw in the conviction, or otherwise.
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Fashion
Fashion is a popular style, especially in clothing, footwear, lifestyle products, accessories, makeup, hairstyle and body.
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Fête de la Fédération
The Fête de la Fédération (Festival of the Federation) was a massive holiday festival held throughout France in honour of the French Revolution.
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Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand III (13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Holy Roman Emperor from 15 February 1637 until his death, as well as King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria.
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Ferdinand of Austria-Este
Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria-Este (1 June 1754 – 24 December 1806) was a son of Holy Roman Emperor Franz I and Maria Theresa of Austria.
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Flight to Varennes
The royal Flight to Varennes (Fuite à Varennes) during the night of 20–21 June 1791 was a significant episode in the French Revolution in which King Louis XVI of France, his queen Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family unsuccessfully attempted to escape from Paris in order to initiate a counter-revolution at the head of loyal troops under royalist officers concentrated at Montmédy near the frontier.
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Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau
Florimond Claude, comte de Mercy-Argenteau (20 April 1727 – 25 August 1794) was an Austrian diplomat.
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Flour War
The Flour War refers to a wave of riots arising from April to May 1775, in the northern, eastern, and western parts of the Kingdom of France.
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Flute
The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group.
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Forest of Compiègne
The Forest of Compiègne (French: Forêt de Compiègne) is a large forest in the region of Picardy, France, near the city of Compiègne and approximately north of Paris.
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François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny
François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny, 1er duc de Coigny (1737 – May 19, 1821) was a Marshal of France.
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Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Francis I (Franz Stefan, François Étienne; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions.
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Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Francis II (Franz; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.
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French First Republic
In the history of France, the First Republic (French: Première République), officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution.
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George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 –, 1799), known as the "Father of His Country," was an American soldier and statesman who served from 1789 to 1797 as the first President of the United States.
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Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), in the United States often known simply as Lafayette, was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War.
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Girondins
The Girondins, Girondists or Gironde were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution.
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Guillotine
A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.
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Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.
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Hameau de la Reine
The Hameau de la Reine (The Queen's Hamlet) is a rustic retreat in the park of the Château de Versailles built for Marie Antoinette in 1783 near the Petit Trianon in Yvelines, France.
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Harp
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has a number of individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers.
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Harpsichord
A harpsichord is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard which activates a row of levers that in turn trigger a mechanism that plucks one or more strings with a small plectrum.
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Heir apparent
An heir apparent is a person who is first in a line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person.
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Henriette Campan
Jeanne Louise Henriette Campan (née Genet; 6 October 1752, Paris16 March 1822, Mantes) was a French educator, writer and lady-in-waiting.
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Henry II of France
Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.
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High treason
Treason is criminal disloyalty.
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History of the United Kingdom
The history of the United Kingdom as a unified state can be treated as beginning in 1707 with the political union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, into a united kingdom called Great Britain.
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Hofburg
The Hofburg is the former principal imperial palace in the center of Vienna, Austria.
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Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Count of Mirabeau (9 March 17492 April 1791) was a leader of the early stages of the French Revolution.
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Hot air balloon
A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air.
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House of Capet
The House of Capet or the Direct Capetians (Capétiens directs, Maison capétienne), also called the House of France (la maison de France), or simply the Capets, ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328.
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House of Lorraine
The House of Lorraine (Haus Lothringen) originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz.
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House of Valois
The House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.
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Hubert Robert
Hubert Robert (22 May 1733 – 15 April 1808) was a French painter, noted for his landscape paintings and capriccio, or semi-fictitious picturesque depictions of ruins in Italy and of France.
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Ian Dunlop
Ian Dunlop (born 1940) is a writer and former art critic for the Evening Standard.
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Incest
Incest is sexual activity between family members or close relatives.
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Indienne
Indienne ("that which comes from Eastern India"), was a type of printed or painted textile manufactured in Europe between the 17th and the 19th centuries and resembling similar textile originally made in India (hence the name).
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Insurrection of 10 August 1792
The Insurrection of 10 August 1792 was a defining event of the French Revolution.
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Jacobin (politics)
A Jacobin was a member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that was the most famous political club during the French Revolution (1789–99).
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Jacques Hébert
Jacques René Hébert (15 November 1757 – 24 March 1794) was a French journalist, and the founder and editor of the extreme radical newspaper Le Père Duchesne during the French Revolution.
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Jacques Necker
Jacques Necker (30 September 1732 – 9 April 1804) was a banker of Genevan origin who became a French statesman and finance minister for Louis XVI.
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Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (3 January 1756 in Chartres, France – 18 June 1794 in Saint-Magne-de-Castillon (near Saint-Émilion)) was a French writer and politician who served as the second mayor of Paris, from 1791 to 1792.
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Jean Sylvain Bailly
Jean Sylvain Bailly (15 September 1736 – 12 November 1793) was a French astronomer, mathematician, freemason, and political leader of the early part of the French Revolution.
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Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas
Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, 1st Count of Maurepas (9 July 1701 – 21 November 1781) was a French statesman and Count of Maurepas.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer.
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Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière
Jean-Marie Roland, de la Platière (18 February 1734 – 15 November 1793) was a French manufacturer in Lyon and became a leader of the Girondist faction in the French Revolution, largely influenced in this direction by his wife, Marie-Jeanne "Manon" Roland de la Platiere.
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Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy
Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy, "Comtesse de la Motte" (22 July 1756 – 23 August 1791) was a notorious French adventuress and thief; she was married to Nicholas de la Motte whose family's claim to nobility is dubious.
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Joseph I of Portugal
Joseph I (José I,, 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777), "The Reformer" ("o Reformador"), was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 31 July 1750 until his death.
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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to his death.
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July 14
No description.
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Kettle War
The Kettle War (or Marmietenoorlog) was a military confrontation between the troops of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of the Seven Netherlands on 8 October 1784.
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Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.
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Kingdom of France (1791–92)
The Kingdom of France as remnant of the preceding absolute Kingdom of France, was a constitutional monarchy that governed France from 3 September 1791 until 21 September 1792, when this constitutional monarchy was succeeded by the First Republic.
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Kingdom of Great Britain
The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called simply Great Britain,Parliament of the Kingdom of England.
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Kingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre (Nafarroako Erresuma, Reino de Navarra, Royaume de Navarre, Regnum Navarrae), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona (Iruñeko Erresuma), was a Basque-based kingdom that occupied lands on either side of the western Pyrenees, alongside the Atlantic Ocean between present-day Spain and France.
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La Force Prison
La Force Prison was a French prison located in the Rue du Roi de Sicile, in what is now the 4th arrondissement of Paris.
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Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (Elisabeth Amalie Magdalene; 20 March 1635 – 4 August 1709) was a princess of Hesse-Darmstadt and wife of the Prince-elector of the Palatinate.
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Le Marais
Entrance of the Hôtel d'Albret Le Marais ("The Marsh") is a historic district in Paris, France.
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Legislative assembly
Legislative assembly is the name given in some countries to either a legislature, or to one of its branch.
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Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Leopold I (name in full: Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Felician; I.; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia.
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Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
Leopold II (Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 1 March 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia from 1790 to 1792, Archduke of Austria and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790.
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Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
Leopold (11 September 1679 – 27 March 1729), surnamed the Good, was Duke of Lorraine and Bar from 1690 to his death.
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Lesbian
A lesbian is a homosexual woman.
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Let them eat cake
"Let them eat cake" is the traditional translation of the French phrase "Qu'ils mangent de la brioche", supposedly spoken by "a great princess" upon learning that the peasants had no bread.
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Libelle (literary genre)
A libelle is a political pamphlet or book which slanders a public figure.
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LibraryThing
LibraryThing is a social cataloging web application for storing and sharing book catalogs and various types of book metadata.
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List of French consorts
This is a list of the women who have been queens consort or empresses consort of the French monarchy.
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List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War
Many military leaders played a role in the American Revolutionary War.
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Lit de justice
In France under the Ancien Régime, the lit de justice ("bed of justice") was a particular formal session of the Parlement of Paris, under the presidency of the king, for the compulsory registration of the royal edicts.
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Livre tournois
The livre tournois (Tours pound) was.
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Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the eldest son of Charles X of France and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830.
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Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil
Louis Charles Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de Breteuil, Baron de Preuilly (7 March 1730 – 2 November 1807) was a French aristocrat, diplomat and statesman.
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Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre
Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon (16 November 1725 – 4 March 1793) was the son of Louis Alexandre de Bourbon and his wife Marie Victoire de Noailles.
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Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France
Louis Joseph de France (Louis Joseph Xavier François; 22 October 1781 – 4 June 1789) was the second child and elder son of King Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette.
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Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
Louis Philippe d'Orléans known as le Gros (the Fat) (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785), was a French prince, a member of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the dynasty then ruling France.
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Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans (13 April 17476 November 1793), most commonly known as Philippe, was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud.
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Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Louis Rudolph (Ludwig Rudolf; 22 July 1671 – 1 March 1735), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1731 until his death.
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Louis XIII of France
Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.
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Louis XV of France
Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774.
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Louis XVI of France
Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793), born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.
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Louis XVII of France
Louis XVII (27 March 1785 – 8 June 1795), born Louis-Charles, was the younger son of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette.
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Louis XVIII of France
Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.
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Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel
Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel (Louise Élisabeth Félicité Françoise Armande Anne Marie Jeanne Joséphine de Croÿ de Tourzel) 11 June 1749 – 15 May 1832), the Marquise de Tourzel (later Duchess) was a French noble and courtier. She was the Governess of the Children of France from 1789 until 1792. Decades after the French Revolution, de Tourzel published widely read memoirs, which presented a unique perspective on the royal family.
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Madame du Barry
Jeanne Bécu, Comtesse du Barry (19 August 1743 – 8 December 1793) was the last Maîtresse-en-titre of Louis XV of France and one of the victims of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.
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Madame Roland
Madame Roland née Marie-Jeanne Phlippon, also known as Jeanne Manon Roland (17 March 1754 – 8 November 1793), was, together with her husband Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière, a supporter of the French Revolution and influential member of the Girondist faction.
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Maria Anna of Spain
Infanta Maria Anna of Spain (18 August 1606 – 13 May 1646),.
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Maria Carolina of Austria
Maria Carolina of Austria (Maria Karolina Luise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicily as the wife of King Ferdinand IV & III.
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Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.
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Mariana Victoria of Spain
Mariana Victoria of Spain (Mariana Vitória; 31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. The eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese, she was engaged to the young Louis XV of France at the age of seven.
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Marie Antoinette (2006 film)
Marie Antoinette is a 2006 historical drama film written and directed by Sofia Coppola and starring Kirsten Dunst.
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Marie de' Medici
Marie de' Medici (Marie de Médicis, Maria de' Medici; 26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642) was Queen of France as the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon.
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Marie Joséphine of Savoy
Marie Joséphine Louise of Savoy (Maria Giuseppina Luigia; 2 September 1753 – 13 November 1810) was a Princess of France and Countess of Provence by marriage to the future King Louis XVIII of France.
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Marie Leszczyńska
Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska (23 June 1703 – 24 June 1768) also known as Marie Leczinska, was a Polish noblewoman and French Queen consort.
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Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe
Princess Marie-Louise Thérèse of Savoy-Carignan (8 September 1749 – 3 September 1792) was a member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy.
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Marie Thérèse of France
Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), Madame Royale, was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11).
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Marie Tussaud
Anna Maria "Marie" Tussaud (née Grosholtz; 1 December 1761 – 16 April 1850) was a French artist known for her wax sculptures and Madame Tussauds, the wax museum she founded in London.
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Marietta, Ohio
Marietta is a city in and the county seat of Washington County, Ohio, United States.
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Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, as well as one of the best known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.
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Meaux
Meaux is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in the metropolitan area of Paris, France.
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Minister for the Maison du Roi
The Minister for the Maison du Roi was a cabinet role under the French monarchy, conferring leadership of the Maison du Roi.
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Miscarriage
Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently.
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Monarchism
Monarchism is the advocacy of a monarch or monarchical rule.
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Montmédy
Montmédy is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
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Muslin
Muslin, also mousseline, is a cotton fabric of plain weave.
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National Assembly (French Revolution)
During the French Revolution, the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale), which existed from 13 June 1789 to 9 July 1789, was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General; thereafter (until replaced by the Legislative Assembly on 30 Sept 1791) it was known as the National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante), though popularly the shorter form persisted.
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National Constituent Assembly (France)
The National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante) was formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789 during the first stages of the French Revolution.
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National Convention
The National Convention (Convention nationale) was the first government of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly.
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National Guard (France)
The National Guard (la Garde nationale) is a French gendarmerie that existed from 1789 to 1872, including a period of official dissolution from 1827 to 1830, re-founded in 2016.
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National Legislative Assembly (France)
The Legislative Assembly (Assemblée législative) was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to 20 September 1792 during the years of the French Revolution.
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Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine
Nicholas Francis (French: Nicolas François de Lorraine; 6 December 1609 – 25 January 1670), also known as Nicholas II, was briefly Duke of Lorraine and Duke of Bar for a few months in 1634, spanning the time between the abdication of his older brother and his own resignation.
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Ohio Company of Associates
The Ohio Company of Associates, also known as the Ohio Company, was a land company whose members are today credited with becoming the first non-Native American group to settle in the present-day state of Ohio.
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Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles;, or) was the principal residence of the Kings of France from Louis XIV in 1682 until the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789.
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Panache
Panache is a word of French origin that carries the connotation of flamboyant manner and reckless courage.
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Pannier (clothing)
Panniers or side hoops are women's undergarments worn in the 17th and 18th centuries to extend the width of the skirts at the side while leaving the front and back relatively flat.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Paris Commune (French Revolution)
The Paris Commune during the French Revolution was the government of Paris from 1792 until 1795.
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Parlement
A parlement, in the Ancien Régime of France, was a provincial appellate court.
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Percale
Percale is a closely woven plain-weave fabric often used for bed covers.
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Petit Luxembourg
The Petit Luxembourg ("Little Luxembourg") is a French hôtel particulier, currently the residence of the president of the French Senate.
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Petit Trianon
The Petit Trianon (French for "small Trianon"), built between 1762 and 1768 during the reign of Louis XV of France, is a small château located on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles in Versailles, France.
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Philip William, Elector Palatine
Philip William of Neuburg, Elector Palatine (Philipp Wilhelm) (24 November 1615 – 2 September 1690) was Count Palatine of Neuburg from 1653 to 1690, Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1653 to 1679 and Elector of the Palatinate from 1685 to 1690.
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Philippe Delorme
Philippe Delorme (born January 22, 1960, in Pantin, Seine-Saint-Denis) is a French historian and journalist, whose articles have appeared in Point de Vue, Point de Vue Histoire, and Valeurs actuelles, among others.
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Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur
Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur (20 January 1724 – 3 October 1801) was a marshal of France.
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Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
Philippe, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife, Anne of Austria.
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Phimosis
Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin of the penis cannot be pulled back past the glans.
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Phrygian cap
The Phrygian cap or liberty cap is a soft conical cap with the top pulled forward, associated in antiquity with several peoples in Eastern Europe and Anatolia, including Phrygia, Dacia, and the Balkans.
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Pierre Beaumarchais
Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (24 January 1732 – 18 May 1799) was a French polymath.
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Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brünstatt
Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brünstatt (1722–1794) was the last commander of the Swiss Guards in France.
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Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital
The Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière is a celebrated teaching hospital in the 13th arrondissement of Paris.
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Place de la Concorde
The Place de la Concorde is one of the major public squares in Paris, France.
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Polonaise (clothing)
The robe à la polonaise or polonaise is a woman's garment of the later 1770s and 1780s or a similar revival style of the 1870s inspired by Polish national costume, consisting of a gown with a cutaway, draped and swagged overskirt, worn over an underskirt or petticoat.
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Pope Pius VI
Pope Pius VI (25 December 1717 – 29 August 1799), born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in 1799.
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Pouf
The pouf or pouffe also "toque" (literally a thick cushion) is a hairstyle and a hairstyling support deriving from 18th century France.
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Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen
Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen (20 March 1671 in Oettingen – 3 September 1747 in Blankenberg) was Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
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Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy
During the French Revolution, the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy (French: Proclamation de l'abolition de la royauté) was a proclamation by the National Convention of France announcing that it had abolished the French monarchy on 21 September 1792.
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Promiscuity
Promiscuity is the practice of having casual sex frequently with different partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners.
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Proxy marriage
A proxy wedding or proxy marriage is a wedding in which one or both of the individuals being united are not physically present, usually being represented instead by other persons.
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Quartering (heraldry)
Quartering in is a method of joining several different coats of arms together in one shield by dividing the shield into equal parts and placing different coats of arms in each division.
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Rétaux de Villette
Armand Gabriel Rétaux de Villette (1759-) was a French procurer, forger, blackmailer and prostitute. He was one of the participators in the famous Affair of the diamond necklace.
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Refractory clergy
During the French Revolution, the National Assembly abolished the traditional structure of the French Catholic Church and reorganized it as an institution within the structure of the new French government.
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Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror, or The Terror (la Terreur), is the label given by some historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established.
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Revolutionary Tribunal
The Revolutionary Tribunal (Tribunal révolutionnaire; unofficially Popular Tribunal) was a court instituted by the National Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders.
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Richard Mique
Richard Mique (18 September 1728 – 8 July 1794) was a neoclassical French architect born in Lorraine.
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toulouse
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toulouse (–Saint Bertrand de Comminges–Rieux) (Archidioecesis Tolosana (–Convenarum–Rivensis); French: Archidiocèse de Toulouse (–Saint-Bertrand de Comminges–Rieux-Volvestre); Occitan: Archidiocèsi de Tolosa (–Sent Bertran de Comenge–Rius (Volvèstre))) is an archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in France.
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Rosalie Lamorlière
Rosalie Lamorlière (Rosalie Lamorliere in English; March 3, 1768 - February 2, 1848) was the last servant of Marie Antoinette, while the queen was in the Conciergerie, awaiting her trial and execution.
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Rose Bertin
Marie-Jeanne Rose Bertin (2 July 1747, Abbeville, Picardy, France – 22 September 1813, Épinay-sur-Seine) was a French milliner (Marchandes de modes) and dressmaker to Queen Marie Antoinette.
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Rue Saint-Honoré
The rue Saint-Honoré is a street in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France.
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Salon (Paris)
The Salon (Salon), or rarely Paris Salon (French: Salon de Paris), beginning in 1667 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
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Schönbrunn Palace
Schönbrunn Palace (Schloss Schönbrunn) is a former imperial summer residence located in Vienna, Austria.
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Scheldt
The Scheldt (l'Escaut, Escô, Schelde) is a long river in northern France, western Belgium and the southwestern part of the Netherlands.
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Senegal
Senegal (Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa.
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September Massacres
The September Massacres were a wave of killings in Paris and other cities from 2–7 September 1792, during the French Revolution.
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Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.
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Slavery
Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.
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Sophie Hélène Beatrix of France
Sophie Hélène Béatrix of France (9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787) was a French princess, the daughter of Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette.
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Spendthrift
A spendthrift (also profligate or prodigal) is someone who spends money prodigiously and who is extravagant and recklessly wasteful, often to a point where the spending climbs well beyond his or her means.
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Stanislas de Boufflers
Stanislas Jean, chevalier de Boufflers (May 31, 1738, Nancy – January 18, 1815) was a French statesman and writer.
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Storming of the Bastille
The Storming of the Bastille (Prise de la Bastille) occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789.
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Swiss Guards
Swiss Guards (Gardes Suisses; Schweizergarde) are the Swiss soldiers who have served as guards at foreign European courts since the late 15th century.
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Temple (Paris)
The Square du Temple is a garden in Paris, France in the 3rd arrondissement, established in 1857.
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Tennis Court Oath
On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Estates-General or the Third Estate, who had begun to call themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath (Serment du Jeu de Paume), vowing "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established".
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The Marriage of Figaro
The Marriage of Figaro (Le nozze di Figaro), K. 492, is an opera buffa (comic opera) in four acts composed in 1786 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with an Italian libretto written by Lorenzo Da Ponte.
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The Marriage of Figaro (play)
The Marriage of Figaro (La Folle Journée, ou Le Mariage de Figaro ("The Mad Day, or The Marriage of Figaro")) is a comedy in five acts, written in 1778 by Pierre Beaumarchais.
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The Times
The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England.
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Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, [O.S. April 2] 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.
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Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In the old calendar, the new year began on March 25, not January 1. Paine's birth date, therefore, would have been before New Year, 1737. In the new style, his birth date advances by eleven days and his year increases by one to February 9, 1737. The O.S. link gives more detail if needed. – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist and revolutionary.
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Treaty of Teschen
The Treaty of Teschen (Frieden von Teschen, i.e., "Peace of Teschen"; Traité de Teschen) was signed on 13 May 1779 in Teschen, Austrian Silesia, between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia, which officially ended the War of the Bavarian Succession.
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Troyes
Troyes is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in north-central France.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Tuileries Palace
The Tuileries Palace (Palais des Tuileries) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine.
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Unmarked grave
An unmarked grave is one that lacks a marker, headstone, or nameplate indicating that a body is buried there.
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Varennes-en-Argonne
Varennes-en-Argonne or simply Varennes is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
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Vendée
The Vendée is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west-central France, on the Atlantic Ocean.
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Victoire de Rohan
Victoire Armande Josèphe de Rohan, Princess of Guéméné (Victoire Armande Josèphe; 28 December 1743 – 20 September 1807) was a French noblewoman and court official.
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Vienna
Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.
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Villers-Cotterêts
Villers-Cotterêts is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
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War of the First Coalition
The War of the First Coalition (Guerre de la Première Coalition) is the traditional name of the wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against the French First Republic.
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Wealth
Wealth is the abundance of valuable resources or valuable material possessions.
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the classical era.
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Women's March on Versailles
The Women's March on Versailles, also known as The October March, The October Days, or simply The March on Versailles, was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution.
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Yolande de Polastron
Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchess of Polignac (8 September 17499 December 1793) was the favourite of Marie Antoinette, whom she first met when she was presented at the Palace of Versailles in 1775, the year after Marie Antoinette became the Queen of France.
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Redirects here:
Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, Excecution of Marie Antoinette, Execution of Marie Antoinette, L'Autrichienne (person), Madam Deficit, Madame Deficit, Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen, Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna, Maria Antonia, Archduchess of Austria, Marie Antionette, Marie Antoinette de Lorraine, Marie Antoinette of Austria, Marie Antoinette of France, Marie Antoinette of Habsburg-Lorraine, Marie Antoinette, Archduchess of Austria, Marie of Antoinette, Marie-Antoinette, Marie-Antoinette d'Autriche, Marie-Antoinette de Habsbourg-Lorraine, Marie-Antoinette de Lorraine d'Autriche, Marie-Antoinette of Austria, Marie-Antoinette of France, Miss Antoinette, Queen Marie Antoinette, Queen Marie Antoinette of France, The Widow Capet, Widow capet.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette
