Table of Contents
199 relations: A-DNA, Activation energy, Activator (genetics), Ada Yonath, Adenine, Adenosine, Allosteric regulation, Amino acid, Andrew Fire, Antisense RNA, Aptamer, Archaea, Arthur Kornberg, Astrobiology (journal), Bacteria, Bacterial small RNA, Bacteriophage MS2, Base pair, Biomolecular structure, Biopolymer, Caenorhabditis elegans, Cajal body, Carl Woese, Catalysis, Cell division, Cell nucleus, Cell potency, Chromatin, Circuit topology, Circular RNA, Cosmic dust, COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 vaccine, Craig Mello, CRISPR, Cytidine, Cytoplasm, Cytosine, David Baltimore, Deoxyribose, Developmental biology, DNA, Double-stranded RNA, Double-stranded RNA viruses, Drew Weissman, Early Earth, Enantiomer, Enhancer (genetics), Enhancer RNA, Enzyme, ... Expand index (149 more) »
A-DNA
A-DNA is one of the possible double helical structures which DNA can adopt.
See RNA and A-DNA
Activation energy
In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.
Activator (genetics)
A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes.
See RNA and Activator (genetics)
Ada Yonath
Ada E. Yonath (עדה יונת,; born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer and Nobel laureate in Chemistry, best known for her pioneering work on the structure of ribosomes.
Adenine
Adenine (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleobase.
See RNA and Adenine
Adenosine
Adenosine (symbol A) is an organic compound that occurs widely in nature in the form of diverse derivatives.
Allosteric regulation
In the fields of biochemistry and pharmacology an allosteric regulator (or allosteric modulator) is a substance that binds to a site on an enzyme or receptor distinct from the active site, resulting in a conformational change that alters the protein's activity, either enhancing or inhibiting its function.
See RNA and Allosteric regulation
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Andrew Fire
Andrew Zachary Fire (born April 27, 1959) is an American biologist and professor of pathology and of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine.
Antisense RNA
Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript, natural antisense transcript (NAT) or antisense oligonucleotide, is a single stranded RNA that is complementary to a protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) with which it hybridizes, and thereby blocks its translation into protein.
Aptamer
Aptamers are oligomers of artificial ssDNA, RNA, XNA, or peptide that bind a specific target molecule, or family of target molecules. RNA and Aptamer are Biotechnology and nucleic acids.
See RNA and Aptamer
Archaea
Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.
See RNA and Archaea
Arthur Kornberg
Arthur Kornberg (March 3, 1918 – October 26, 2007) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for the discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" together with Spanish biochemist and physician Severo Ochoa of New York University.
Astrobiology (journal)
Astrobiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life across the universe.
See RNA and Astrobiology (journal)
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
See RNA and Bacteria
Bacterial small RNA
Bacterial small RNAs are small RNAs produced by bacteria; they are 50- to 500-nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, highly structured and containing several stem-loops.
See RNA and Bacterial small RNA
Bacteriophage MS2
Bacteriophage MS2 (Emesvirus zinderi), commonly called MS2, is an icosahedral, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae.
Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. RNA and base pair are nucleic acids.
Biomolecular structure
Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA, and that is important to its function.
See RNA and Biomolecular structure
Biopolymer
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms. RNA and Biopolymer are molecular biology.
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments.
See RNA and Caenorhabditis elegans
Cajal body
Cajal bodies (CBs), also coiled bodies, are spherical nuclear bodies of 0.3–1.0 μm in diameter found in the nucleus of proliferative cells like embryonic cells and tumor cells, or metabolically active cells like neurons.
Carl Woese
Carl Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.
Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
Cell potency
Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types.
Chromatin
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells.
Circuit topology
The circuit topology of a folded linear polymer refers to the arrangement of its intra-molecular contacts.
Circular RNA
In molecular biology, circular RNA (or circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA which, unlike linear RNA, forms a covalently closed continuous loop.
Cosmic dust
Cosmic dustalso called extraterrestrial dust, space dust, or star dustis dust that occurs in outer space or has fallen onto Earth.
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.
COVID-19 vaccine
A COVID19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVIDnbhyph19).
Craig Mello
Craig Cameron Mello (born October 18, 1960) is an American biologist and professor of molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts.
CRISPR
CRISPR (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. RNA and CRISPR are Biotechnology and molecular biology.
See RNA and CRISPR
Cytidine
Cytidine (symbol C or Cyd) is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.
See RNA and Cytidine
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Cytosine
Cytosine (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleobases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
See RNA and Cytosine
David Baltimore
David Baltimore (born March 7, 1938) is an American biologist, university administrator, and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine.
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose, or more precisely 2-deoxyribose, is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H−(C.
Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
See RNA and Developmental biology
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. RNA and DNA are Biotechnology and nucleic acids.
See RNA and DNA
Double-stranded RNA
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is RNA with two complementary strands found in cells. RNA and Double-stranded RNA are nucleic acids.
See RNA and Double-stranded RNA
Double-stranded RNA viruses
Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA viruses) are a polyphyletic group of viruses that have double-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. RNA and double-stranded RNA viruses are molecular biology.
See RNA and Double-stranded RNA viruses
Drew Weissman
Drew Weissman (born September 7, 1959) is an American physician and immunologist known for his contributions to RNA biology.
Early Earth
Early Earth is loosely defined as encompassing Earth in its first one billion years, or gigayear (Ga, 109 y), from its initial formation in the young Solar System at about 4.55 Ga to some time in the Archean eon in approximately 3.5 Ga.
Enantiomer
In chemistry, an enantiomer (/ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''; from Ancient Greek ἐναντίος (enantíos) 'opposite', and μέρος (méros) 'part') – also called optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode – is one of two stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable onto their own mirror image.
Enhancer (genetics)
In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.
See RNA and Enhancer (genetics)
Enhancer RNA
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) represent a class of relatively long non-coding RNA molecules (50-2000 nucleotides) transcribed from the DNA sequence of enhancer regions. RNA and enhancer RNA are RNA splicing.
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
See RNA and Enzyme
Epigenetics
In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryotic chromosome structure
Eukaryotic chromosome structure refers to the levels of packaging from raw DNA molecules to the chromosomal structures seen during metaphase in mitosis or meiosis.
See RNA and Eukaryotic chromosome structure
Five-prime cap
In molecular biology, the five-prime cap (5′ cap) is a specially altered nucleotide on the 5′ end of some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA.
Friedrich Miescher
Johannes Friedrich Miescher (13 August 1844 – 26 August 1895) was a Swiss physician and biologist.
See RNA and Friedrich Miescher
Frontiers Media
Frontiers Media SA is a publisher of peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journals currently active in science, technology, and medicine.
Galactic Center
The Galactic Center is the barycenter of the Milky Way and a corresponding point on the rotational axis of the galaxy.
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype. RNA and gene expression are molecular biology.
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. RNA and genetic code are molecular biology.
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.
See RNA and Genome
Guanine
Guanine (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
See RNA and Guanine
Guanosine
Guanosine (symbol G or Guo) is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
Halococcus
Halococcus (common abbreviation: Hcc.) is a genus of the Halococcaceae.
Har Gobind Khorana
Har Gobind Khorana (9 January 1922 – 9 November 2011) was an Indian-American biochemist.
See RNA and Har Gobind Khorana
Helicase
Helicases are a class of enzymes thought to be vital to all organisms.
See RNA and Helicase
History of life
The history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and extinct organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present day.
History of RNA biology
Numerous key discoveries in biology have emerged from studies of RNA (ribonucleic acid), including seminal work in the fields of biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, molecular evolution, and structural biology.
See RNA and History of RNA biology
Howard Martin Temin
Howard Martin Temin (December 10, 1934 – February 9, 1994) was an American geneticist and virologist.
See RNA and Howard Martin Temin
Hydrogen bond
In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is primarily an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac).
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
Hydroxy group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom.
Hypoxanthine
Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative.
Innate immune system
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates.
See RNA and Innate immune system
Inosine
Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
See RNA and Inosine
Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses.
Internal loop
Internal-loops (also termed interior loops) in RNA are found where the double stranded RNA separates due to no Watson-Crick-Franklin base pairing between the nucleotides. RNA and Internal loop are RNA splicing.
Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. RNA and intron are RNA splicing.
See RNA and Intron
Jeannie T. Lee
Jeannie T. Lee is a Professor of Genetics (and Pathology) at Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts General Hospital, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.
Katalin Karikó
Katalin "Kati" Karikó (Karikó Katalin,; born 17 January 1955) is a Hungarian-American biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy.
Lability
Lability refers to something that is constantly undergoing change or is likely to undergo change.
See RNA and Lability
Life
Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not.
See RNA and Life
Ligase
In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining (ligation) of two molecules by forming a new chemical bond.
See RNA and Ligase
List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists in the various fields of physiology or medicine.
See RNA and List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
List of RNA biologists
For related information, see the articles on History of RNA Biology, History of Molecular Biology, and History of Genetics.
See RNA and List of RNA biologists
Long non-coding RNA
Long non-coding RNAs (long ncRNAs, lncRNA) are a type of RNA, generally defined as transcripts more than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein. RNA and Long non-coding RNA are Biotechnology.
See RNA and Long non-coding RNA
Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid.
Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Marshall Warren Nirenberg (April 10, 1927 – January 15, 2010) was an American biochemist and geneticist.
See RNA and Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Messenger RNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. RNA and messenger RNA are RNA splicing.
Metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
Meteorite
A meteorite is a rock that originated in outer space and has fallen to the surface of a planet or moon.
Methylation
Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.
MicroRNA
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides.
See RNA and MicroRNA
Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.
MRNA vaccine
An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response.
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
See RNA and NASA
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine.
See RNA and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.
Nuclease
In biochemistry, a nuclease (also archaically known as nucleodepolymerase or polynucleotidase) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides of nucleic acids.
See RNA and Nuclease
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses. RNA and Nucleic acid are nucleic acids.
Nucleic acid notation
The nucleic acid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1970. RNA and nucleic acid notation are nucleic acids.
See RNA and Nucleic acid notation
Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. RNA and nucleic acid sequence are molecular biology and nucleic acids.
See RNA and Nucleic acid sequence
Nucleic acid tertiary structure
Nucleic acid tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a nucleic acid polymer.
See RNA and Nucleic acid tertiary structure
Nucleolus
The nucleolus (nucleoli) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Nucleoside
Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group.
Nucleoside analogue
Nucleoside analogues are structural analogues of a nucleoside, which normally contain a nucleobase and a sugar.
See RNA and Nucleoside analogue
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. RNA and Nucleotide are molecular biology.
Nucleotide base
Nucleotide bases (also nucleobases, nitrogenous bases) are nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which, in turn, are components of nucleotides, with all of these monomers constituting the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.
Organic compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.
Orthornavirae
Orthornavirae is a kingdom of viruses that have genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA), including genes which encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp).
Outer space
Outer space (or simply space) is the expanse that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere and between celestial bodies.
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
See RNA and Peptide
Peptide bond
In organic chemistry, a peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.
Petunia
Petunia is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin.
See RNA and Petunia
Phillip Allen Sharp
Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an American geneticist and molecular biologist who co-discovered RNA splicing.
See RNA and Phillip Allen Sharp
Phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
Phys.org
Phys.org is an online science, research and technology news aggregator offering briefs from press releases and reports from news agencies.
See RNA and Phys.org
Piwi-interacting RNA
Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells.
See RNA and Piwi-interacting RNA
Plastid
A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.
See RNA and Plastid
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA).
Polycomb-group proteins
Polycomb-group proteins (PcG proteins) are a family of protein complexes first discovered in fruit flies that can remodel chromatin such that epigenetic silencing of genes takes place.
See RNA and Polycomb-group proteins
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is a class of organic compounds that is composed of multiple aromatic rings.
See RNA and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Polymer
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules linked together into chains of repeating subunits.
See RNA and Polymer
Polynucleotide phosphorylase
Polynucleotide Phosphorylase (PNPase) is a bifunctional enzyme with a phosphorolytic 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity and a 3'-terminal oligonucleotide polymerase activity.
See RNA and Polynucleotide phosphorylase
Post-transcriptional modification
Transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule that can then leave the nucleus and perform any of a variety of different functions in the cell. RNA and Post-transcriptional modification are molecular biology.
See RNA and Post-transcriptional modification
Post-transcriptional regulation
Post-transcriptional regulation is the control of gene expression at the RNA level. RNA and Post-transcriptional regulation are molecular biology.
See RNA and Post-transcriptional regulation
Primary transcript
A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.
See RNA and Primary transcript
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter.
See RNA and Promoter (genetics)
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. RNA and Protein are molecular biology.
See RNA and Protein
Protein biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins.
See RNA and Protein biosynthesis
Protein secondary structure
Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains.
See RNA and Protein secondary structure
Pseudouridine
Pseudouridine (5-ribosyluracil, abbreviated by the Greek letter psi- Ψ) is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine in which the uracil is attached via a carbon-carbon instead of a nitrogen-carbon glycosidic bond.
Purine
Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings (pyrimidine and imidazole) fused together.
See RNA and Purine
Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine is an aromatic, heterocyclic, organic compound similar to pyridine.
Red giant
A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses) in a late phase of stellar evolution.
Renato Dulbecco
Renato Dulbecco (February 22, 1914 – February 19, 2012) was an Italian–American virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on oncoviruses, which are viruses that can cause cancer when they infect animal cells.
Repressor
In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.
Retrotransposon
Retrotransposons (also called Class I transposable elements) are mobile elements which move in the host genome by converting their transcribed RNA into DNA through the reverse transcription. RNA and Retrotransposon are molecular biology.
Retrovirus
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. RNA and retrovirus are molecular biology.
Reverse transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to convert RNA genome to DNA, a process termed reverse transcription. RNA and reverse transcriptase are molecular biology.
See RNA and Reverse transcriptase
Ribonuclease
Ribonuclease (commonly abbreviated RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components.
Ribose
Ribose is a simple sugar and carbohydrate with molecular formula C5H10O5 and the linear-form composition H−(C.
See RNA and Ribose
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells.
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
See RNA and Ribosome
Riboswitch
In molecular biology, a riboswitch is a regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small molecule, resulting in a change in production of the proteins encoded by the mRNA.
Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes. RNA and Ribozyme are RNA splicing.
See RNA and Ribozyme
Richard J. Roberts
Sir Richard John Roberts (born 6 September 1943) is a British biochemist and molecular biologist.
See RNA and Richard J. Roberts
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules are involved in sequence-specific suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA, through translational or transcriptional repression.
RNA origami
RNA origami is the nanoscale folding of RNA, enabling the RNA to create particular shapes to organize these molecules.
RNA polymerase
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template.
RNA silencing
RNA silencing or RNA interference refers to a family of gene silencing effects by which gene expression is negatively regulated by non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs.
RNA Society
The RNA Society is a non-profit, international scientific society that serves to facilitate the dissemination of scientific results and concepts in ribonucleic acid (RNA) research.
RNA splicing
RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA).
RNA virus
An RNA virus is a virusother than a retrovirusthat has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material.
RNA world
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins.
RNA-based evolution
RNA-based evolution is a theory that posits that RNA is not merely an intermediate between Watson and Crick model of the DNA molecule and proteins, but rather a far more dynamic and independent role-player in determining phenotype.
See RNA and RNA-based evolution
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template.
See RNA and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Robert W. Holley
Robert William Holley (January 28, 1922 – February 11, 1993) was an American biochemist.
Roger D. Kornberg
Roger David Kornberg (born April 24, 1947) is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine.
ScienceAlert
ScienceAlert is an independently run online publication and news source that publishes articles featuring scientific research, discoveries, and outcomes.
Severo Ochoa
Severo Ochoa de Albornoz (24 September 1905 – 1 November 1993) was a Spanish physician and biochemist, and winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Arthur Kornberg for their discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)".
Sidney Altman
Sidney Altman (May 7, 1939 – April 5, 2022) was a Canadian-American molecular biologist, who was the Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University.
Small interfering RNA
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA at first non-coding RNA molecules, typically 20–24 (normally 21) base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating within the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. RNA and Small interfering RNA are molecular biology.
See RNA and Small interfering RNA
Small nuclear RNA
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
Small nucleolar RNA
In molecular biology, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules that primarily guide chemical modifications of other RNAs, mainly ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs and small nuclear RNAs.
See RNA and Small nucleolar RNA
Small RNA
Small RNA (sRNA) are polymeric RNA molecules that are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and are usually non-coding.
Spliceosome
A spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex found primarily within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. RNA and spliceosome are RNA splicing.
Stem cell
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. RNA and stem cell are Biotechnology.
Stem-loop
Stem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded RNA.
Telomerase
Telomerase, also called terminal transferase, is a ribonucleoprotein that adds a species-dependent telomere repeat sequence to the 3' end of telomeres.
Telomerase RNA component
| Name.
See RNA and Telomerase RNA component
Tetraloop
Tetraloops are a type of four-base hairpin loop motifs in RNA secondary structure that cap many double helices.
Thomas A. Steitz
Thomas Arthur Steitz (August 23, 1940 – October 9, 2018) was an American biochemist, a Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University, and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, best known for his pioneering work on the ribosome.
Thomas Cech
Thomas Robert Cech (born December 8, 1947) is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman, for their discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA.
Thymine
---> Thymine (symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T.
See RNA and Thymine
Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. RNA and Transcription (biology) are molecular biology.
See RNA and Transcription (biology)
Transcriptome
The transcriptome is the set of all RNA transcripts, including coding and non-coding, in an individual or a population of cells. RNA and transcriptome are RNA splicing.
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Transfer-messenger RNA
Transfer-messenger RNA (abbreviated tmRNA, also known as 10Sa RNA and by its genetic name SsrA) is a bacterial RNA molecule with dual tRNA-like and messenger RNA-like properties.
See RNA and Transfer-messenger RNA
Translation (biology)
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. RNA and translation (biology) are molecular biology.
See RNA and Translation (biology)
Universe
The universe is all of space and time and their contents.
See RNA and Universe
University of California, Los Angeles
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California, United States.
See RNA and University of California, Los Angeles
University of Utah
The University of Utah (the U, U of U, or simply Utah) is a public research university in Salt Lake City, Utah.
See RNA and University of Utah
Uracil
Uracil (symbol U or Ura) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid RNA.
See RNA and Uracil
Uridine
Uridine (symbol U or Urd) is a glycosylated pyrimidine analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.
See RNA and Uridine
Venki Ramakrishnan
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is a British-American structural biologist.
See RNA and Venki Ramakrishnan
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Viroid
Viroids are small single-stranded, circular RNAs that are infectious pathogens.
See RNA and Viroid
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
See RNA and Virus
Volcanic glass
Volcanic glass is the amorphous (uncrystallized) product of rapidly cooling magma.
Walter Fiers
Walter Fiers (31 January 1931 in Ypres, West Flanders – 28 July 2019 in Destelbergen) was a Belgian molecular biologist.
Wobble base pair
A wobble base pair is a pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules. RNA and wobble base pair are nucleic acids.
X-inactivation
X-inactivation (also called Lyonization, after English geneticist Mary Lyon) is a process by which one of the copies of the X chromosome is inactivated in therian female mammals.
XIST
Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) is a non-coding RNA transcribed from the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as a major effector of the X-inactivation process.
See RNA and XIST
2'-O-methylation
2'-O-methylation (2'-O-Me) is a common nucleotide epitranscriptomics modification of ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
5-Methyluridine
The chemical compound 5-methyluridine (symbol m5U or m5U), also called ribothymidine (rT), is a pyrimidine nucleoside.
5S ribosomal RNA
The 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) is an approximately 120 nucleotide-long ribosomal RNA molecule with a mass of 40 kDa.
References
Also known as DsRNA, RNA genome, RNAs, Ribo Nucleic Acid, Ribo-nucleic acid, RiboNucleic Acid, Ribose Nucleic Acid, Single-stranded RNA, SsRNA.