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52 relations: Adaptive immune system, Apoptosis, Cell (biology), Cell biology, Cell cycle, DNA, Drug, Electroporation, Eukaryote, Fibroblast, Five-prime cap, Helicase, Immunogenicity, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Infection, Inflammation, Innate immune system, Interferon type I, Liposome, Long non-coding RNA, Lysis, Macromolecule, Mammal, Microinjection, MicroRNA, N6-Methyladenosine, Nucleic acid secondary structure, Nucleotide, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern, Pattern recognition receptor, Phosphorylation, Plasmid, Protein, Protein kinase R, RARRES3, RNA, RNA interference, RNA polymerase, Small interfering RNA, STAT2, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, Toll-like receptor, Transcription (biology), Translation (biology), Virus, ..., 2'-O-methylation, 5-Methylcytidine. Expand index (2 more) »
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell biology
Cell biology (also called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, the basic unit of life.
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Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Drug
A drug is any substance (other than food that provides nutritional support) that, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes a temporary physiological (and often psychological) change in the body.
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Electroporation
Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a microbiology technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals, drugs, or DNA to be introduced into the cell.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.
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Five-prime cap
In molecular biology, the five-prime cap (5′ cap) is a specially altered nucleotide on the 5′ end of some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA.
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Helicase
Helicases are a class of enzymes vital to all living organisms.
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Immunogenicity
Immunogenicity is the ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human and other animal.
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Induced pluripotent stem cell
Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.
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Interferon type I
Human type I interferons (IFNs) are a large subgroup of interferon proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system.
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Liposome
A liposome is a spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer.
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Long non-coding RNA
Long non-coding RNAs (long ncRNAs, lncRNA) are defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein.
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Lysis
Lysis (Greek λύσις lýsis, "a loosing" from λύειν lýein, "to unbind") refers to the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic") mechanisms that compromise its integrity.
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Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as protein, commonly created by the polymerization of smaller subunits (monomers).
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Microinjection
Microinjection is the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level.
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MicroRNA
A microRNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
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N6-Methyladenosine
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant modification in mRNA and is found within some viruses, and most eukaryotes including mammals, insects, plants and yeast.
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Nucleic acid secondary structure
Nucleic acid secondary structure is the basepairing interactions within a single nucleic acid polymer or between two polymers.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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OAS1
2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OAS1 gene.
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OAS2
2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OAS2 gene.
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OAS3
2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OAS3 gene.
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Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.
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Pattern recognition receptor
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system.
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Phosphorylation
In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.
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Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein kinase R
Protein kinase RNA-activated also known as protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, or eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK2 gene.
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RARRES3
Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RARRES3 gene.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.
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RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms (-species) and many viruses.
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Small interfering RNA
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating within the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway.
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STAT2
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT2 gene.
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TLR3
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) also known as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR3 gene.
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TLR7
Toll-like receptor 7, also known as TLR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR7 gene.
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TLR8
Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR8 gene.
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Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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2'-O-methylation
2'-O-methylation is a common nucleoside modification of RNA, where a methyl group is added to the 2' hydroxyl of the ribose moiety of a nucleoside, producing a methoxy group.
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5-Methylcytidine
5-Methylcytidine is a modified nucleoside derived from 5-methylcytosine.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_transfection
