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117 relations: /dev/random, Accuracy and precision, Achillea millefolium, Algorithm, Amortization, Angband (video game), Applications of randomness, Atmospheric noise, Australian National University, Backdoor (computing), Blocking (computing), Box–Muller transform, Brady Haran, Bullrun (decryption program), Chi-squared distribution, Coin flipping, Completely randomized design, Computer simulation, CryptGenRandom, Cryptographic hash function, Cryptographic nonce, Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator, Cryptography, Cumulative distribution function, Debugging, Dice, Divination, Dual EC DRBG, End user, Entropy (information theory), Exclusive or, Flipism, Floating-point arithmetic, Fortuna (PRNG), FreeBSD, Gambling, Game, Geiger–Müller tube, Hard disk drive, Hardware random number generator, Hash function, Hot Lotto fraud scandal, I Ching, IBM AIX, Independence (probability theory), Inverse transform sampling, Jesus, John von Neumann, Johnson–Nyquist noise, Key (cryptography), ..., Lava lamp, Lavarand, Linear congruential generator, Linux distribution, List of random number generators, Lottery, Low-discrepancy sequence, LWN.net, Malware, Matthew D. Green, Mersenne Twister, Middle-square method, Modulus (algebraic number theory), Monte Carlo method, Multi-State Lottery Association, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NetBSD, NetHack, Noise (radio), Normal distribution, Number, Observational error, OpenBSD, Playing card, Polar coordinate system, Portmanteau, PP (complexity), Probability density function, Procedural generation, Pseudorandom number generator, Pseudorandomness, Psychological Bulletin, Quantile function, Quantum mechanics, Radioactive decay, Random number generator attack, Random number table, Random password generator, Random seed, Random variable, Random.org, Randomization, Randomized algorithm, Randomness, Randomness extractor, RdRand, Real-time clock, Rejection sampling, Roguelike, Roulette, RSA Security, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Salsa20, Sampling (statistics), Search algorithm, Shot noise, Shuffling, Slot machine, Sorting algorithm, Statistical randomness, Statistics Online Computational Resource, Strategy (game theory), The Art of Computer Programming, Uniform distribution (continuous), Weyl sequence, Yarrow algorithm, Zener diode. Expand index (67 more) »
/dev/random
In Unix-like operating systems,, and are special files that serve as pseudorandom number generators.
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Accuracy and precision
Precision is a description of random errors, a measure of statistical variability.
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Achillea millefolium
Achillea millefolium, commonly known as yarrow or common yarrow, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.
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Algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems.
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Amortization
Amortization (or amortisation) is paying off an amount owed over time by making planned, incremental payments of principal and interest.
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Angband (video game)
Angband is a dungeon-crawling roguelike computer game derived from Umoria.
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Applications of randomness
Randomness has many uses in science, art, statistics, cryptography, gaming, gambling, and other fields.
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Atmospheric noise
Atmospheric noise is radio noise caused by natural atmospheric processes, primarily lightning discharges in thunderstorms.
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Australian National University
The Australian National University (ANU) is a national research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia.
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Backdoor (computing)
A backdoor is a method, often secret, of bypassing normal authentication or encryption in a computer system, a product, or an embedded device (e.g. a home router), or its embodiment, e.g. as part of a cryptosystem, an algorithm, a chipset, or a "homunculus computer" (such as that as found in Intel's AMT technology).
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Blocking (computing)
In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed.
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Box–Muller transform
The Box–Muller transform, by George Edward Pelham Box and Mervin Edgar Muller, is a pseudo-random number sampling method for generating pairs of independent, standard, normally distributed (zero expectation, unit variance) random numbers, given a source of uniformly distributed random numbers.
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Brady Haran
Brady John Haran (born 18 June 1976) is an Australian-born British independent filmmaker and video journalist who is known for his educational videos and documentary films produced for BBC News and his YouTube channels, the most notable being Periodic Videos and Numberphile.
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Bullrun (decryption program)
Bullrun (stylized BULLRUN) is a clandestine, highly classified program to crack encryption of online communications and data, which is run by the United States National Security Agency (NSA).
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Chi-squared distribution
No description.
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Coin flipping
Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands to choose between two alternatives, sometimes to resolve a dispute between two parties.
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Completely randomized design
In the design of experiments, completely randomized designs are for studying the effects of one primary factor without the need to take other nuisance variables into account.
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Computer simulation
Computer simulation is the reproduction of the behavior of a system using a computer to simulate the outcomes of a mathematical model associated with said system.
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CryptGenRandom
CryptGenRandom is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator function that is included in Microsoft CryptoAPI.
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Cryptographic hash function
A cryptographic hash function is a special class of hash function that has certain properties which make it suitable for use in cryptography.
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Cryptographic nonce
In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once.
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Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
A cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudo-random number generator (CPRNG) is a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography.
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Cryptography
Cryptography or cryptology (from κρυπτός|translit.
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Cumulative distribution function
In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF, also cumulative density function) of a real-valued random variable X, or just distribution function of X, evaluated at x, is the probability that X will take a value less than or equal to x. In the case of a continuous distribution, it gives the area under the probability density function from minus infinity to x. Cumulative distribution functions are also used to specify the distribution of multivariate random variables.
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Debugging
Debugging is the process of finding and resolving defects or problems within a computer program that prevent correct operation of computer software or a system.
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Dice
Dice (singular die or dice; from Old French dé; from Latin datum "something which is given or played") are small throwable objects with multiple resting positions, used for generating random numbers.
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Divination
Divination (from Latin divinare "to foresee, to be inspired by a god", related to divinus, divine) is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual.
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Dual EC DRBG
Dual_EC_DRBG (Dual Elliptic Curve Deterministic Random Bit Generator) is an algorithm that was presented as a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) using methods in elliptic curve cryptography.
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End user
In product development, an end user (sometimes end-user) is a person who ultimately uses or is intended to ultimately use a product.
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Entropy (information theory)
Information entropy is the average rate at which information is produced by a stochastic source of data.
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Exclusive or
Exclusive or or exclusive disjunction is a logical operation that outputs true only when inputs differ (one is true, the other is false).
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Flipism
Flipism, sometimes written as "Flippism," is a pseudophilosophy under which all decisions are made by flipping a coin.
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Floating-point arithmetic
In computing, floating-point arithmetic is arithmetic using formulaic representation of real numbers as an approximation so as to support a trade-off between range and precision.
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Fortuna (PRNG)
Fortuna is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) devised by Bruce Schneier and Niels Ferguson and published in 2003.
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FreeBSD
FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from Research Unix via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD).
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Gambling
Gambling is the wagering of money or something of value (referred to as "the stakes") on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning money or material goods.
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Game
A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool.
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Geiger–Müller tube
The Geiger–Müller tube or G–M tube is the sensing element of the Geiger counter instrument used for the detection of ionizing radiation.
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Hard disk drive
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is an electromechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material.
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Hardware random number generator
In computing, a hardware random number generator (true random number generator, TRNG) is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process, rather than a computer program.
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Hash function
A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of a fixed size.
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Hot Lotto fraud scandal
In 2017, Eddie Raymond Tipton, former information security director of the American Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL), confessed to rigging a random number generator that he and two others used in multiple cases of fraud against state lotteries.
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I Ching
The I Ching,.
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IBM AIX
AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, pronounced) is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms.
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Independence (probability theory)
In probability theory, two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other.
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Inverse transform sampling
Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, Smirnov transform, golden ruleAalto University, N. Hyvönen, Computational methods in inverse problems. Twelfth lecture https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/mat-1.3626/luennot/Mat-1_3626_lecture12.pdf) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e. for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative distribution function.
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Jesus
Jesus, also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.
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John von Neumann
John von Neumann (Neumann János Lajos,; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath.
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Johnson–Nyquist noise
Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise, Johnson noise, or Nyquist noise) is the electronic noise generated by the thermal agitation of the charge carriers (usually the electrons) inside an electrical conductor at equilibrium, which happens regardless of any applied voltage.
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Key (cryptography)
In cryptography, a key is a piece of information (a parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm.
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Lava lamp
A lava lamp (or Astro lamp) is a decorative novelty item, invented in 1963 by British accountant Edward Craven Walker, the founder of the British lighting company Mathmos.
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Lavarand
Lavarand was a hardware random number generator designed by Silicon Graphics that worked by taking pictures of the patterns made by the floating material in lava lamps, extracting random data from the pictures, and using the result to seed a pseudorandom number generator.
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Linear congruential generator
A linear congruential generator (LCG) is an algorithm that yields a sequence of pseudo-randomized numbers calculated with a discontinuous piecewise linear equation.
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Linux distribution
A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection, which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system.
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List of random number generators
Computer random number generators are important in mathematics, cryptography and gambling (on game servers).
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Lottery
A lottery is a form of gambling that involves the drawing of numbers for a prize.
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Low-discrepancy sequence
In mathematics, a low-discrepancy sequence is a sequence with the property that for all values of N, its subsequence x1,..., xN has a low discrepancy.
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LWN.net
LWN.net is a computing webzine with an emphasis on free software and software for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems.
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Malware
Malware (a portmanteau for malicious software) is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server or computer network.
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Matthew D. Green
Matthew Daniel Green (born 1976) is a cryptographer and security technologist.
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Mersenne Twister
The Mersenne Twister is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG).
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Middle-square method
In mathematics, the middle-square method is a method of generating pseudorandom numbers.
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Modulus (algebraic number theory)
In mathematics, in the field of algebraic number theory, a modulus (plural moduli) (or cycle, or extended ideal) is a formal product of places of a global field (i.e. an algebraic number field or a global function field).
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Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods (or Monte Carlo experiments) are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results.
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Multi-State Lottery Association
The Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL) is an American non-profit, government-benefit association owned and operated by agreement of its 34-member lotteries.
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National Institute of Standards and Technology
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is one of the oldest physical science laboratories in the United States.
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NetBSD
NetBSD is a free and open source Unix-like operating system that descends from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Research Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley.
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NetHack
NetHack is a single-player roguelike video game originally released in 1987 with ASCII graphics.
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Noise (radio)
In radio reception, noise is the superposition of white noise and other disturbing influences on the signal, caused either by thermal noise and other electronic noise from receiver input circuits or by interference from radiated electromagnetic noise picked up by the receiver's antenna.
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Normal distribution
In probability theory, the normal (or Gaussian or Gauss or Laplace–Gauss) distribution is a very common continuous probability distribution.
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Number
A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure and also label.
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Observational error
Observational error (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value.
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OpenBSD
OpenBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Research Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Playing card
A playing card is a piece of specially prepared heavy paper, thin cardboard, plastic-coated paper, cotton-paper blend, or thin plastic, marked with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing card games.
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Polar coordinate system
In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction.
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Portmanteau
A portmanteau or portmanteau word is a linguistic blend of words,, p. 644 in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word, as in smog, coined by blending smoke and fog, or motel, from motor and hotel.
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PP (complexity)
In complexity theory, PP is the class of decision problems solvable by a probabilistic Turing machine in polynomial time, with an error probability of less than 1/2 for all instances.
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Probability density function
In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), or density of a continuous random variable, is a function, whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the value of the random variable would equal that sample.
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Procedural generation
In computing, procedural generation is a method of creating data algorithmically as opposed to manually.
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Pseudorandom number generator
A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), also known as a deterministic random bit generator (DRBG), is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers whose properties approximate the properties of sequences of random numbers.
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Pseudorandomness
A pseudorandom process is a process that appears to be random but is not.
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Psychological Bulletin
The Psychological Bulletin is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes evaluative and integrative research reviews and interpretations of issues in psychology, including both qualitative (narrative) and/or quantitative (meta-analytic) aspects.
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Quantile function
In probability and statistics, the quantile function specifies, for a given probability in the probability distribution of a random variable, the value at which the probability of the random variable is less than or equal to the given probability.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Random number generator attack
The security of cryptographic systems depends on some secret data that is known to authorized persons but unknown and unpredictable to others.
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Random number table
Random number tables have been in statistics for tasks such as selected random samples.
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Random password generator
A random password generator is software program or hardware device that takes input from a random or pseudo-random number generator and automatically generates a password.
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Random seed
A random seed (or seed state, or just seed) is a number (or vector) used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator.
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Random variable
In probability and statistics, a random variable, random quantity, aleatory variable, or stochastic variable is a variable whose possible values are outcomes of a random phenomenon.
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Random.org
Random.org is a website that produces random numbers based on atmospheric noise.
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Randomization
Randomization is the process of making something random; in various contexts this involves, for example.
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Randomized algorithm
A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic.
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Randomness
Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events.
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Randomness extractor
A randomness extractor, often simply called an "extractor", is a function, which being applied to output from a weakly random entropy source, together with a short, uniformly random seed, generates a highly random output that appears independent from the source and uniformly distributed.
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RdRand
RDRAND (previously known as Bull Mountain) is an instruction for returning random numbers from an Intel on-chip hardware random number generator which has been seeded by an on-chip entropy source.
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Real-time clock
A real-time clock (RTC) is a computer clock (most often in the form of an integrated circuit) that keeps track of the current time.
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Rejection sampling
In numerical analysis, rejection sampling is a basic technique used to generate observations from a distribution.
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Roguelike
Roguelike is a subgenre of role-playing video game characterized by a dungeon crawl through procedurally generated levels, turn-based gameplay, tile-based graphics, and permanent death of the player character.
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Roulette
Roulette is a casino game named after the French word meaning little wheel.
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RSA Security
RSA Security LLC, formerly RSA Security, Inc. and doing business as RSA, is an American computer and network security company.
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Ruđer Bošković Institute
The Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI; Institut Ruđer Bošković,, IRB) is a research institute located in the Šalata neighborhood of Zagreb, Croatia, founded in 1950, which studies the sciences.
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Salsa20
Salsa20 and the closely related ChaCha are stream ciphers developed by Daniel J. Bernstein.
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Sampling (statistics)
In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
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Search algorithm
In computer science, a search algorithm is any algorithm which solves the search problem, namely, to retrieve information stored within some data structure, or calculated in the search space of a problem domain.
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Shot noise
Shot noise or Poisson noise is a type of electronic noise which can be modeled by a Poisson process.
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Shuffling
Shuffling is a procedure used to randomize a deck of playing cards to provide an element of chance in card games.
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Slot machine
A slot machine (American English), known variously as a fruit machine (British English), puggy (Scottish English), the slots (Canadian and American English), poker machine/pokies (Australian English and New Zealand English), or simply slot (American English), is a casino gambling machine with three or more reels which spin when a button is pushed.
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Sorting algorithm
In computer science, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order.
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Statistical randomness
A numeric sequence is said to be statistically random when it contains no recognizable patterns or regularities; sequences such as the results of an ideal dice roll or the digits of π exhibit statistical randomness.
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Statistics Online Computational Resource
The Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR) is an online multi-institutional research and education organization.
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Strategy (game theory)
In game theory, a player's strategy is any of the options he or she can choose in a setting where the outcome depends not only on his own actions but on the action of others.
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The Art of Computer Programming
The Art of Computer Programming (sometimes known by its initials TAOCP) is a comprehensive monograph written by Donald Knuth that covers many kinds of programming algorithms and their analysis.
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Uniform distribution (continuous)
In probability theory and statistics, the continuous uniform distribution or rectangular distribution is a family of symmetric probability distributions such that for each member of the family, all intervals of the same length on the distribution's support are equally probable.
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Weyl sequence
In mathematics, a Weyl sequence is a sequence from the equidistribution theorem proven by Hermann Weyl: The sequence of all multiples of an irrational α, In other words, the sequence of the fractional parts of each term will be uniformly distributed in the interval.
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Yarrow algorithm
The Yarrow algorithm is a family of cryptographic pseudorandom number generators (PRNG) devised by John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier, and Niels Ferguson.
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Zener diode
A Zener diode is a particular type of diode that, unlike a normal one, allows current to flow not only from its anode to its cathode, but also in the reverse direction, when the Zener voltage is reached.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation
