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197 relations: Adam Johann von Krusenstern, Air gun, Alessandro Volta, Amalgam (chemistry), Anesthesia, Antoine Lavoisier, Arai Hakuseki, Asada Goryu, Ateji, Athanasius Kircher, Attraction, Automaton, Ōkuma Shigenobu, Ōshima Takatō, Ōtori Keisuke, Balance spring, Bansha no goku, Benjamin Franklin, Bombyx mori, Brass, Cabbage, Capital punishment, Cartography, Caspar Schamberger, Centrifugal force, Chemical element, Chloroform, Clock, Convention of Kanagawa, Crawford Long, Dejima, Diethyl ether, Dissection, Dutch language, Dutch missions to Edo, Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels, Edo, Edo period, Electric battery, Electrostatic generator, Elekiter, Encyclopédistes, Engelbert Kaempfer, England, English language, Enomoto Takeaki, Entomology, Escapement, Europe, Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan, ..., Frederick the Great, Free state (government), Fukuzawa Yukichi, General anaesthesia, Geography, Globe, Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin, Gold plating, Goryōkaku, Gravity, Gregorian telescope, Grigory Langsdorff, Hanaoka Seishū, Hans Lippershey, Heredity, Hirado, Nagasaki, Hiraga Gennai, History of Japan, Horace Wells, Hot air balloon, Inō Tadataka, Industrial Revolution, Insect, Intaglio (printmaking), Iron, Japan, Japan–Netherlands relations, Japanese barque Kankō Maru, Japanese clock, Japanese tea ceremony, Japanese warship Asahi Maru, Japanese warship Hōō Maru, Japanese warship Shōhei Maru, Johann Caspar Horner, John Saris, Kaitai Shinsho, Karakuri puppet, Katsu Kaishū, Kawamoto Kōmin, Keio University, Keisuke Ito, Kunitomo Ikkansai, Kyūdō, Kyoto, Lantern clock, Latin, Leyden jar, Lightning, Magnification, Mastectomy, Matteo Ricci, Matthew C. Perry, Mechanism (philosophy), Medicine, Meiji period, Meiji Restoration, Microscope, Miniature wargaming, Missionary, Montgolfier brothers, Morishima Chūryō, Morrison incident, Myriad year clock, Nadezhda (1802 Russian ship), Nagasaki, Nagasaki Naval Training Center, Nakatsu, Ōita, Netherlands, Neva (1802 Russian ship), Newton (unit), Nikolai Rezanov, Ogata Kōan, Oil lamp, Ono Ranzan, Organism, Osaka, Outline of physical science, Ox, Painting, Pathology, Pendulum, Perry Expedition, Philipp Franz von Siebold, Prussia, Prussian Army, Puppet, Redox, Reflecting telescope, Reformation, Refracting telescope, René Descartes, Robert Boyle, Sairan Igen, Sakamoto Ryōma, Sakoku, Sakuma Shōzan, Sankin-kōtai, Satsuma Domain, Saturation (chemistry), Scientific Revolution, Seiyō Kibun, Sericulture, Shōgun, Shiba Kōkan, Shibukawa Shunkai, Shinjitai, Ship, Silk, Society of Jesus, Spring (device), Static electricity, Steam engine, Steam locomotive, Sugita Genpaku, Sunspot, Surgery, Surveying, Switzerland, Takano Chōei, Takeda Ayasaburō, Tanaka Hisashige, Technology, Tekijuku, Telescope, Terakoya, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa Yoshimune, Tokyo, Tomato, Toshiba, Tsukiji, Udagawa Yōan, Uki-e, University of Cambridge, Vacuum pump, Verge escapement, Washi, Western world, Willem Huyssen van Kattendijke, William Adams (sailor), William Henry (chemist), William T. G. Morton, Wolfgang Michel-Zaitsu, Yevfimiy Putyatin, Yoshida Shōin, Yoshio Kōsaku. Expand index (147 more) »
Adam Johann von Krusenstern
Baron Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern (Ива́н Фёдорович Крузенште́рн; 10 October 177012 August 1846), born as Adam Johann Ritter von Krusenstern, was a Russian admiral and explorer of Baltic German descent, who led the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe.
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Air gun
An air gun (or airgun) is any kind of gun that launches projectiles pneumatically with compressed air or other gases that are pressurized mechanically without involving any chemical reactions, in contrast to a firearm, which relies on an exothermic chemical oxidation (deflagration) of combustible propellants to generate propulsive energy.
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Alessandro Volta
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist, and a pioneer of electricity and power,Giuliano Pancaldi, "Volta: Science and culture in the age of enlightenment", Princeton University Press, 2003.
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Amalgam (chemistry)
An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with another metal, which may be a liquid, a soft paste or a solid, depending upon the proportion of mercury.
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Anesthesia
In the practice of medicine (especially surgery and dentistry), anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness.
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Antoine Lavoisier
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution;; 26 August 17438 May 1794) CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
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Arai Hakuseki
was a Confucianist, scholar-bureaucrat, academic, administrator, writer and politician in Japan during the middle of the Edo period, who advised the shōgun Tokugawa Ienobu.
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Asada Goryu
was a Japanese astronomer who helped to introduce modern astronomical instruments and methods into Japan.
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Ateji
In modern Japanese, principally refer to kanji used to phonetically represent native or borrowed words with less regard to the underlying meaning of the characters.
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Athanasius Kircher
Athanasius Kircher, S.J. (sometimes erroneously spelled Kirchner; Athanasius Kircherus, 2 May 1602 – 28 November 1680) was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works, most notably in the fields of comparative religion, geology, and medicine.
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Attraction
Attraction may refer to.
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Automaton
An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine, or a machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a predetermined sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.
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Ōkuma Shigenobu
Prince was a Japanese politician in the Empire of Japan and the 8th (June 30, 1898 – November 8, 1898) and 17th (April 16, 1914 – October 9, 1916) Prime Minister of Japan.
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Ōshima Takatō
Ōshima Takatō (大島 高任, May 11, 1826–March 29, 1901) was a Japanese engineer who created the first reverberation blast furnace and first Western-style gun in Japan.
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Ōtori Keisuke
was a Japanese military leader and diplomat.
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Balance spring
A balance spring, or hairspring, is a spring attached to the balance wheel in mechanical timepieces.
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Bansha no goku
The Bansha no goku (蛮社の獄, literally "Indictment of the society for western (or barbarian) study") refers to the 1839 suppression of scholars of Western Studies (rangaku) by the Edo Shogunate government of Japan.
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
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Bombyx mori
The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar or imago of the domestic silkmoth, Bombyx mori (Latin: "silkworm of the mulberry tree").
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Brass
Brass is a metallic alloy that is made of copper and zinc.
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Cabbage
Cabbage or headed cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads.
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Capital punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.
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Cartography
Cartography (from Greek χάρτης chartēs, "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and γράφειν graphein, "write") is the study and practice of making maps.
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Caspar Schamberger
Caspar Schamberger (1 September 1623 in Leipzig, Germany – 8 April 1706) was a German surgeon.
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Centrifugal force
In Newtonian mechanics, the centrifugal force is an inertial force (also called a "fictitious" or "pseudo" force) directed away from the axis of rotation that appears to act on all objects when viewed in a rotating frame of reference.
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Chemical element
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).
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Chloroform
Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl3.
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Clock
A clock is an instrument to measure, keep, and indicate time.
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Convention of Kanagawa
On March 31, 1854, the or was the first treaty between the United States and the Tokugawa shogunate.
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Crawford Long
Crawford Williamson Long (November 1, 1815 – June 16, 1878) was an American surgeon and pharmacist best known for his first use of inhaled sulfuric ether as an anesthetic.
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Dejima
, in old Western documents Latinised as Deshima, Decima, Desjima, Dezima, Disma, or Disima, was a Dutch trading post notable for being the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period. It was a small fan-shaped artificial island formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634 by local merchants. Dejima was built to constrain foreign traders. Originally built to house Portuguese traders, it was used by the Dutch as a trading post from 1641 until 1853. Covering an area of or, it was later integrated into the city through the process of land reclamation. In 1922, the "Dejima Dutch Trading Post" was designated a Japanese national historic site.
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Diethyl ether
Diethyl ether, or simply ether, is an organic compound in the ether class with the formula, sometimes abbreviated as (see Pseudoelement symbols).
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Dissection
Dissection (from Latin dissecare "to cut to pieces"; also called anatomization) is the dismembering of the body of a deceased animal or plant to study its anatomical structure.
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Dutch language
The Dutch language is a West Germanic language, spoken by around 23 million people as a first language (including the population of the Netherlands where it is the official language, and about sixty percent of Belgium where it is one of the three official languages) and by another 5 million as a second language.
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Dutch missions to Edo
The Dutch East India Company missions to Edo were regular tribute missions to the court of the Tokugawa shōgun in Edo (modern Tokyo) to reassure the ties between the Bakufu and the Opperhoofd.
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Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels
The was a law passed by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1825 to the effect that all foreign vessels should be driven away from Japanese waters.
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Edo
, also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo.
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Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when Japanese society was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional daimyō.
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Electric battery
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.
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Electrostatic generator
An electrostatic generator, or electrostatic machine, is an electromechanical generator that produces static electricity, or electricity at high voltage and low continuous current.
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Elekiter
The is the Japanese name for a type of generator of static electricity used for electric experiments in the 18th century.
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Encyclopédistes
The Encyclopédistes were members of the Société des gens de lettres, a French writer's society, who contributed to the development of the Encyclopédie from June 1751 to December 1765 under editors Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
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Engelbert Kaempfer
Engelbert Kaempfer (German Engelbert Kämpfer, Latin Engelbertus Kaempferus; September 16, 1651 – November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist, physician, and explorer writer known for his tour of Russia, Persia, India, South-East Asia, and Japan between 1683 and 1693.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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English language
English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.
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Enomoto Takeaki
Viscount was a Japanese samurai and admiral of the Tokugawa navy of Bakumatsu-period Japan, who remained faithful to the Tokugawa shogunate and fought against the new Meiji government until the end of the Boshin War.
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Entomology
Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology.
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Escapement
An escapement is a device in mechanical watches and clocks that transfers energy to the timekeeping element (the "impulse action") and allows the number of its oscillations to be counted (the "locking action").
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan
The foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan, known in Japanese as oyatoi gaikokujin (Kyūjitai: 御雇ひ外國人, Shinjitai: 御雇い外国人, "hired foreigners"), were those foreign advisors hired by the Japanese government for their specialized knowledge to assist in the modernization of Japan at the end of the Bakufu and during the Meiji period.
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Frederick the Great
Frederick II (Friedrich; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.
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Free state (government)
Free state is a term that has been occasionally used in the official titles of some states.
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Fukuzawa Yukichi
was a Japanese author, writer, teacher, translator, entrepreneur and journalist who founded Keio University, Jiji-Shinpō (a newspaper) and the Institute for Study of Infectious Diseases.
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General anaesthesia
General anaesthesia or general anesthesia (see spelling differences) is a medically induced coma with loss of protective reflexes, resulting from the administration of one or more general anaesthetic agents.
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Geography
Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth.
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Globe
A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere.
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Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin
Japanese words of Dutch origin started to develop when the Dutch East India Company initiated trading in Japan from the factory of Hirado in 1609.
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Gold plating
Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold onto the surface of another metal, most often copper or silver (to make silver-gilt), by chemical or electrochemical plating.
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Goryōkaku
is a star fort in the Japanese city of Hakodate on the island of Hokkaido.
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Gravity
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.
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Gregorian telescope
The Gregorian telescope is a type of reflecting telescope designed by Scottish mathematician and astronomer James Gregory in the 17th century, and first built in 1673 by Robert Hooke.
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Grigory Langsdorff
Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, Baron de Langsdorff (8 April 1774 – 9 June 1852) was a German-Russian naturalist and explorer, as well as a Russian diplomat, better known by his Russian first name, Grigori (Gregory) Ivanovitch.
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Hanaoka Seishū
was a Japanese surgeon of the Edo period with a knowledge of Chinese herbal medicine, as well as Western surgical techniques he had learned through Rangaku (literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning").
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Hans Lippershey
Hans Lippershey (1570 – buried 29 September 1619), also known as Johann Lippershey or Lipperhey, was a German-Dutch spectacle-maker.
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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Hirado, Nagasaki
, historically known as Firando is a city located in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.
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Hiraga Gennai
was an Edo period Japanese pharmacologist, student of Rangaku, physician, author, painter and inventor who is well known for his Erekiteru (electrostatic generator), Kandankei (thermometer) and Kakanpu (asbestos cloth).
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History of Japan
The first human habitation in the Japanese archipelago has been traced to prehistoric times.
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Horace Wells
Horace Wells (January 21, 1815 – January 24, 1848) was an American dentist who pioneered the use of anesthesia in dentistry, specifically nitrous oxide (or laughing gas).
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Hot air balloon
A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air.
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Inō Tadataka
Inō Tadataka (伊能 忠敬 February 11, 1745 - May 17, 1818) was a Japanese surveyor and cartographer.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Insect
Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum.
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Intaglio (printmaking)
Intaglio is the family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface and the incised line or sunken area holds the ink.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Japan
Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.
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Japan–Netherlands relations
Japanese–Dutch relations (Japans-Nederlandse betrekkingen, 日蘭関係) describes the foreign relations between Japan and the Netherlands.
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Japanese barque Kankō Maru
was Japan's first steam-powered warship.
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Japanese clock
A is a mechanical clock that has been made to tell traditional Japanese time.
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Japanese tea ceremony
The Japanese tea ceremony, also called the Way of Tea, is a Japanese cultural activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha (抹茶), powdered green tea.
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Japanese warship Asahi Maru
was a western-style sail frigate, constructed on orders the Tokugawa shogunate of Bakumatsu period Japan by Mito Domain in response to the Perry Expedition and increasing incursions of foreign warships into Japanese territorial waters.
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Japanese warship Hōō Maru
was a western-style sail frigate, constructed by the Tokugawa shogunate of Bakumatsu period Japan in response to the Perry Expedition and increasing incursions of foreign warships into Japanese territorial waters.
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Japanese warship Shōhei Maru
was a Western-style sailing frigate constructed on orders of the Tokugawa shogunate of Bakumatsu period Japan by Satsuma Domain in response to the Perry Expedition and increasing incursions of foreign warships into Japanese territorial waters.
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Johann Caspar Horner
Johann Caspar Horner (Zürich, 12 March 1774 – Zürich, 3 November 1834) was a Swiss physicist, mathematician and astronomer.
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John Saris
John Saris (c. 1580 – 1643) was the captain of the first English voyage to Japan, in 1613, on board the Clove.
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Kaitai Shinsho
is a medical text translated into Japanese during the Edo period.
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Karakuri puppet
are traditional Japanese mechanized puppets or automata, originally made from the 17th century to 19th century.
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Katsu Kaishū
Count was a Japanese statesman and naval engineer during the late Tokugawa shogunate and early Meiji period.
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Kawamoto Kōmin
was a 19th-century Japanese scholar of Rangaku and also a doctor.
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Keio University
, abbreviated as or, is a private university located in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.
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Keisuke Ito
was a Japanese physician and biologist.
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Kunitomo Ikkansai
was a Japanese gun manufacturer of the early 19th century, who, after having spent several months in Edo, where he could get accustomed with Dutch wares, built Japan's first reflective telescope in 1831.
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Kyūdō
Kyūdō is the Japanese martial art of archery.
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Kyoto
, officially, is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, located in the Kansai region of Japan.
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Lantern clock
A lantern clock is a type of antique weight-driven wall clock, shaped like a lantern.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Leyden jar
A Leyden jar (or Leiden jar) stores a high-voltage electric charge (from an external source) between electrical conductors on the inside and outside of a glass jar.
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Lightning
Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge that occurs typically during a thunderstorm.
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Magnification
Magnification is the process of enlarging the appearance, not physical size, of something.
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Mastectomy
Mastectomy (from Greek μαστός "breast" and ἐκτομή ektomia "cutting out") is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.
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Matteo Ricci
Matteo Ricci, S.J. (Mattheus Riccius Maceratensis; 6 October 1552 – 11 May 1610), was an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions.
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Matthew C. Perry
Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a Commodore of the United States Navy who commanded ships in several wars, including the War of 1812 and the Mexican–American War (1846–48).
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Mechanism (philosophy)
Mechanism is the belief that natural wholes (principally living things) are like complicated machines or artifacts, composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other.
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Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
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Meiji period
The, also known as the Meiji era, is a Japanese era which extended from October 23, 1868, to July 30, 1912.
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Meiji Restoration
The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event that restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.
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Microscope
A microscope (from the μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
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Miniature wargaming
Miniature wargaming is a form of wargaming which incorporates miniature figures, miniature armor and modeled terrain as the main components of play and which was first invented at the beginning of the 19th century in Prussia.
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Missionary
A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.
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Montgolfier brothers
Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) were paper manufacturers from Annonay, in Ardèche, France best known as inventors of the Montgolfière-style hot air balloon, globe aérostatique.
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Morishima Chūryō
was an Edo period Japanese author of popular fiction who also wrote a number of works in the field of rangaku (Western studies).
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Morrison incident
The of 1837 occurred when the American merchant ship, Morrison headed by Charles W. King, was driven away from "sakoku" (isolationist) Japan by cannon fire.
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Myriad year clock
The, was a universal clock designed by the Japanese inventor Hisashige Tanaka in 1851.
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Nadezhda (1802 Russian ship)
Nadezhda (or Nadeshda, or Nadeshada) was a three-masted sloop, the ex-British merchantman Leander, launched in 1799.
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Nagasaki
() is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan.
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Nagasaki Naval Training Center
The was a naval training institute, between 1855 when it was established by the government of the Tokugawa shogunate, until 1859, when it was transferred to Tsukiji in Edo.
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Nakatsu, Ōita
is a city on the northern border of Ōita Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.
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Neva (1802 Russian ship)
Neva was the British merchant ship Thames, launched in 1801, that the Russians bought in 1803, and renamed Neva.
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Newton (unit)
The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force.
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Nikolai Rezanov
Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov (Николай Петрович Резанов) (&ndash) was a Russian nobleman and statesman who promoted the project of Russian colonization of Alaska and California to three successive Tsars—Catherine the Great, Paul, and Aleksander I. Aleksander I commissioned him as Russian ambassador to Japan (1804) to conclude a commercial treaty.
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Ogata Kōan
was a Japanese physician and rangaku scholar in late Edo period Japan, noted for establishing an academy which later developed into Osaka University.
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Oil lamp
An oil lamp is an object used to produce light continuously for a period of time using an oil-based fuel source.
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Ono Ranzan
was a Japanese botanist and herbalist, known as the "Japanese Linnaeus".
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Organism
In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
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Osaka
() is a designated city in the Kansai region of Japan.
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Outline of physical science
Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.
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Ox
An ox (plural oxen), also known as a bullock in Australia and India, is a bovine trained as a draft animal or riding animal.
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Painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (support base).
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Pathology
Pathology (from the Ancient Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or "suffering" and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research, concerned mainly with the causal study of disease, whether caused by pathogens or non-infectious physiological disorder.
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Pendulum
A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.
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Perry Expedition
The Perry Expedition was a diplomatic and military expedition to Bakumatsu period Japan, involving two separate trips by warships of the United States Navy, which took place during 1853–54.
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Philipp Franz von Siebold
Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (17 February 1796 – 18 October 1866) was a German physician, botanist, and traveler.
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Prussia
Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.
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Prussian Army
The Royal Prussian Army (Königlich Preußische Armee) served as the army of the Kingdom of Prussia.
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Puppet
A puppet is an object, often resembling a human, animal or mythical figure, that is animated or manipulated by a person called a puppeteer.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Reflecting telescope
A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is a telescope that uses a single or a combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image.
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Reformation
The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.
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Refracting telescope
A refracting telescope (also called a refractor) is a type of optical telescope that uses a lens as its objective to form an image (also referred to a dioptric telescope).
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René Descartes
René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.
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Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor.
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Sairan Igen
The is a five-volume geography by Japanese Confucian philosopher, government official, and poet Arai Hakuseki (1657–1725).
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Sakamoto Ryōma
was a Japanese prominent figure in the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate.
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Sakoku
was the isolationist foreign policy of the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate under which relations and trade between Japan and other countries were severely limited, nearly all foreigners were barred from entering Japan, and common Japanese people were kept from leaving the country for a period of over 220 years.
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Sakuma Shōzan
sometimes called Sakuma Zōzan, was a Japanese politician and scholar of the Edo period.
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Sankin-kōtai
was a policy of the Tokugawa shogunate during most of the Edo period of Japanese history.
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Satsuma Domain
, also known as Kagoshima Domain, was a Japanese domain of the Edo period.
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Saturation (chemistry)
In chemistry, saturation (from the Latin word saturare, meaning 'to fill') has diverse meanings, all based on the idea of reaching a maximum capacity.
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Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
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Seiyō Kibun
The is a 3-volume study of the Occident by Japanese politician and scholar Arai Hakuseki based on conversations with Italian missionary Giovanni Battista Sidotti.
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Sericulture
Sericulture, or silk farming, is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk.
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Shōgun
The was the military dictator of Japan during the period from 1185 to 1868 (with exceptions).
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Shiba Kōkan
, born Andō Kichirō (安藤吉次郎) or Katsusaburō （勝三郎）, was a Japanese painter and printmaker of the Edo period, famous both for his Western-style yōga paintings, in imitation of Dutch oil painting styles, methods, and themes, which he painted as Kōkan, and his ukiyo-e prints, which he created under the name Harushige, but also producing forgeries of the works of Suzuki Harunobu.
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Shibukawa Shunkai
, also known as Shibukawa Harumi, Yasui Santetsu II 二世保井算哲, and Motoi Santetsu 保井 算晢, was a Japanese scholar, go player and the first official astronomer appointed of the Edo period.
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Shinjitai
are the simplified forms of kanji used in Japan since the promulgation of the Tōyō Kanji List in 1946.
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Ship
A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying passengers or goods, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing.
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Silk
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.
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Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.
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Spring (device)
A spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy.
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Static electricity
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.
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Steam engine
A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
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Steam locomotive
A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine.
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Sugita Genpaku
was a Japanese scholar known for his translation of Kaitai Shinsho (New Book of Anatomy).
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Sunspot
Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the Sun's photosphere that appear as spots darker than the surrounding areas.
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Surgery
Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.
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Surveying
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Takano Chōei
was a prominent scholar of Rangaku (western science) during Bakumatsu period Japan.
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Takeda Ayasaburō
, was a Japanese Rangaku scholar, and the architect of the fortress of Goryōkaku in Hokkaidō.
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Tanaka Hisashige
was a Japanese rangaku scholar, engineer and inventor during the Bakumatsu and early Meiji period in Japan.
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Technology
Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".
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Tekijuku
Tekijuku (適塾) was a school established consciously in, Osaka, the main trading route between Nagasaki and Edo in 1838 during the Tenpō era of the late Edo period.
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Telescope
A telescope is an optical instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light).
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Terakoya
were private educational institutions that taught writing and reading to the children of Japanese commoners during the Edo period.
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
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Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the and the, was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1600 and 1868.
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Tokugawa Yoshimune
was the eighth shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745.
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Tokyo
, officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and has been the capital since 1869.
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Tomato
The tomato (see pronunciation) is the edible, often red, fruit/berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as a tomato plant.
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Toshiba
, commonly known as Toshiba, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.
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Tsukiji
Tsukiji (築地) is a district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan, the site of the Tsukiji fish market.
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Udagawa Yōan
was a 19th-century Japanese scholar of Western studies, or "Rangaku".
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Uki-e
refers to a genre of ukiyo-e pictures that employs western conventions of linear perspective.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.
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Vacuum pump
A vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum.
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Verge escapement
The verge (or crown wheel) escapement is the earliest known type of mechanical escapement, the mechanism in a mechanical clock that controls its rate by allowing the gear train to advance at regular intervals or 'ticks'.
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Washi
is traditional Japanese paper.
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Western world
The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.
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Willem Huyssen van Kattendijke
Knight Willem Johan Cornelis Huijssen van Kattendijke (22 January 1816 – 6 February 1866) was a career officer of the Royal Dutch Navy and a politician.
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William Adams (sailor)
William Adams (24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), known in Japanese as Miura Anjin (三浦按針: "the pilot of Miura Rigianan Koru") was an English navigator who, in 1600, was the first of his nation to reach Japan during a five-ship expedition for the Dutch East India Company.
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William Henry (chemist)
William Henry (12 December 1774 – 2 September 1836) was an English chemist.
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William T. G. Morton
William Thomas Green Morton (August 9, 1819 – July 15, 1868) was an American dentist who first publicly demonstrated the use of inhaled ether as a surgical anesthetic in 1846.
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Wolfgang Michel-Zaitsu
Wolfgang Michel/Michel-Zaitsu (born 1946 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany) is a professor emeritus of Kyushu University in Fukuoka (Japan).
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Yevfimiy Putyatin
Count (since 1855) Yevfimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin (Евфи́мий Васи́льевич Путя́тин; November 8, 1803 – October 16, 1883) was an admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy noted for his diplomatic mission to Japan which resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855.
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Yoshida Shōin
, commonly named Torajirō (寅次郎), was one of Japan's most distinguished intellectuals in the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
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Yoshio Kōsaku
(1724 – October 4, 1800), also known as was a Japanese physician and scholar of "Dutch studies" (Rangaku), and the chief Dutch translator in Nagasaki, often accompanying Dutch East India Company officials on missions to Edo and other official business.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangaku
