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Red Summer

Index Red Summer

The Red Summer refers to the summer and early autumn of 1919, which was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the United States, as a result of racial riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities and one rural county. [1]

118 relations: A. Mitchell Palmer, A. Philip Randolph, Activism, African Americans, African Blood Brotherhood, All-white jury, Annapolis, Maryland, Austin, Texas, Baltimore, Bisbee Riot, Bisbee, Arizona, Bloomington, Illinois, Bolsheviks, Booker T. Washington, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Buffalo Soldier, Charles Henry Phillips, Charles Hillman Brough, Charleston, South Carolina, Chicago, Chicago Daily News, Chicago Police Department, Chicago race riot of 1919, Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, Claude McKay, Coatesville, Pennsylvania, Darby, Pennsylvania, Demobilization, Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era, Dublin, Georgia, East St. Louis, Illinois, Elaine race riot, Elaine, Arkansas, Ethnic group, Eugene V. Debs, Federal Bureau of Investigation, First Red Scare, Gary Krist (writer), George Edmund Haynes, Great Migration (African American), Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Helena, Arkansas, Hobson City, Alabama, Houston, If We Must Die, Industrial Workers of the World, J. Edgar Hoover, James Weldon Johnson, King assassination riots, Knoxville riot of 1919, ..., Knoxville, Tennessee, Labor rights, Leonard Wood, List of ethnic riots, List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States, Longview race riot, Longview, Texas, Lynching, Macon, Mississippi, Marcus Garvey, Martial law, Mass racial violence in the United States, Memphis, Tennessee, Midwestern United States, Monticello, Mississippi, NAACP, National Equal Rights League, National Guard of the United States, National Security League, Negro World, New London, Connecticut, New Orleans, New York City, Newberry, South Carolina, Nonviolent resistance, Norfolk, Virginia, Northeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, Northern United States, October Revolution, Omaha race riot of 1919, Omaha, Nebraska, Philadelphia, Port Arthur, Texas, Price controls, Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America, Putnam County, Georgia, Racial equality, Rebellion, Russian Revolution, Scranton, Pennsylvania, Self-defense, Sharecroppers' Union, Sharecropping, Southern United States, Strikebreaker, Supreme Court of the United States, Sylvester, Georgia, Syracuse, New York, Texarkana, Texas, The Crisis, The Dallas Morning News, The Messenger (magazine), The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Theodore Roosevelt, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States, United States Department of Justice, United States Department of Labor, United States Marine Corps, United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, W. E. B. Du Bois, Washington, D.C., White people, Woodrow Wilson, World War I, 10th Cavalry Regiment (United States). Expand index (68 more) »

A. Mitchell Palmer

Alexander Mitchell Palmer (May 4, 1872 – May 11, 1936), best known as A. Mitchell Palmer, was United States Attorney General from 1919 to 1921.

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A. Philip Randolph

Asa Philip Randolph (April 15, 1889 – May 16, 1979) was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement, the American labor movement, and socialist political parties.

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Activism

Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society.

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African Americans

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa.

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African Blood Brotherhood

The African Blood Brotherhood for African Liberation and Redemption (ABB) was a radical U.S. black liberation organization established in 1919 in New York City by journalist Cyril Briggs.

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All-white jury

An all-white jury is a sworn body composed only of white people convened to render an impartial verdict in a legal proceeding.

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Annapolis, Maryland

Annapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County.

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Austin, Texas

Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County, with portions extending into Hays and Williamson counties.

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Baltimore

Baltimore is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland, and the 30th-most populous city in the United States.

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Bisbee Riot

The Bisbee Riot, or the Battle of Brewery Gulch, refers to a conflict during the Red Summer on July 3, 1919, between Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry and members of local police forces in Bisbee, Arizona.

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Bisbee, Arizona

Bisbee is a U.S. city in Cochise County, Arizona, southeast of Tucson.

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Bloomington, Illinois

Bloomington is a city in and the county seat of McLean County, Illinois, United States.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Booker T. Washington

Booker Taliaferro Washington (– November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States.

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Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) was, in 1925, the first labor organization led by African Americans to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor (AFL).

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Buffalo Soldier

Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, formed on September 21, 1866, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

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Charles Henry Phillips

Charles Henry Phillips (1820 – 1882) was an English pharmacist who is universally known for his invention Phillips' Milk of Magnesia.

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Charles Hillman Brough

Charles Hillman Brough (July 9, 1876 – December 26, 1935) was the 25th Governor of the U.S. state of Arkansas from 1917 to 1921.

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Charleston, South Carolina

Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area.

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Chicago

Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third most populous city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.

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Chicago Daily News

The Chicago Daily News was an afternoon daily newspaper in the midwestern United States, published between 1876 and 1978 in Chicago,.

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Chicago Police Department

The Chicago Police Department (CPD) is the law enforcement agency of the U.S. city of Chicago, Illinois, under the jurisdiction of the City Council.

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Chicago race riot of 1919

The Chicago race riot of 1919 was a major racial conflict that began in Chicago, Illinois, on July 27, 1919, and ended on August 3.

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Christian Methodist Episcopal Church

The Christian Methodist Episcopal (C.M.E.) Church is a historically black denomination within the broader context of Methodism.

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Claude McKay

Festus Claudius "Claude" McKay (September 15, 1889 – May 22, 1948) was a Jamaican writer and poet, who was a seminal figure in the Harlem Renaissance.

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Coatesville, Pennsylvania

Coatesville is a city in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Darby, Pennsylvania

Darby is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States, along Darby Creek southwest of downtown Philadelphia.

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Demobilization

Demobilization or demobilisation (see spelling differences) is the process of standing down a nation's armed forces from combat-ready status.

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Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era in the United States of America was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting.

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Dublin, Georgia

Dublin is a city in Laurens County, Georgia, United States.

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East St. Louis, Illinois

East St.

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Elaine race riot

The Elaine race riot, also called the Elaine massacre, began on September 30–October 1, 1919 at Hoop Spur in the vicinity of Elaine in rural Phillips County, Arkansas.

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Elaine, Arkansas

Elaine (pronounced locally with the accent on the first syllable) is a very small city in Phillips County, Arkansas, United States, in the delta of the Mississippi River.

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Ethnic group

An ethnic group, or an ethnicity, is a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry, language, history, society, culture or nation.

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Eugene V. Debs

Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American democratic socialist political activist and trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), formerly the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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First Red Scare

The First Red Scare was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events; real events included those such as the Russian Revolution and anarchist bombings.

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Gary Krist (writer)

Gary Michael Krist (born 1957) is an American writer of fiction, nonfiction, travel journalism, and literary criticism.

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George Edmund Haynes

George Edmund Haynes (May 11, 1880 - January 8, 1960) was a sociology scholar and federal civil servant, a co-founder and first executive director of the National Urban League, serving 1911 to 1918.

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Great Migration (African American)

The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970.

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Hattiesburg, Mississippi

Hattiesburg is a city in the U.S. state of Mississippi, primarily in Forrest County (where it is the county seat) and extending west into Lamar County.

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Helena, Arkansas

Helena is the eastern portion of Helena-West Helena, Arkansas, a city in Phillips County, Arkansas.

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Hobson City, Alabama

Hobson City is a town in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States.

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Houston

Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, with a census-estimated 2017 population of 2.312 million within a land area of.

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If We Must Die

"If We Must Die" is a 1919 poem by Claude McKay published in the July issue of The Liberator.

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Industrial Workers of the World

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), members of which are commonly termed "Wobblies", is an international labor union that was founded in 1905 in Chicago, Illinois in the United States of America.

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J. Edgar Hoover

John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American law enforcement administrator and the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States.

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James Weldon Johnson

James Weldon Johnson (June 17, 1871June 26, 1938) was an American author, educator, lawyer, diplomat, songwriter, and civil rights activist.

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King assassination riots

The King assassination riots, also known as the Holy Week Uprising, was a wave of civil disturbance which swept the United States following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968.

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Knoxville riot of 1919

The Knoxville riot of 1919 was a race riot that took place in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, on August 30–31, 1919.

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Knoxville, Tennessee

Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Knox County.

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Labor rights

Labor rights or workers' rights are a group of legal rights and claimed human rights having to do with labor relations between workers and their employers, usually obtained under labor and employment law.

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Leonard Wood

Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927) was a United States Army major general, physician, and public official.

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List of ethnic riots

This is a list of ethnic riots, sectarian riots, and race riots, by country.

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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

Wikipedia has articles on most of the major episodes of civil unrest.

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Longview race riot

The Longview Race Riot refers to a series of violent incidents in Longview, Texas, between July 10 and July 12, 1919, when whites attacked black areas of town, killed one black man, and burned down several properties, including the houses of a black teacher and a doctor.

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Longview, Texas

Longview is a city in Gregg and Harrison counties in the U.S. state of Texas.

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Lynching

Lynching is a premeditated extrajudicial killing by a group.

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Macon, Mississippi

Macon is a city in Noxubee County, Mississippi along the Noxubee River.

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Marcus Garvey

Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. ONH (17 August 188710 June 1940) was a proponent of Black nationalism in the United States and most importantly Jamaica.

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Martial law

Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civilian functions of government, especially in response to a temporary emergency such as invasion or major disaster, or in an occupied territory. Martial law can be used by governments to enforce their rule over the public.

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Mass racial violence in the United States

Mass racial violence in the United States, also called race riots, can include such disparate events as.

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Memphis, Tennessee

Memphis is a city located along the Mississippi River in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee.

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Midwestern United States

The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the American Midwest, Middle West, or simply the Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau (also known as "Region 2").

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Monticello, Mississippi

Monticello is a town in and the county seat of Lawrence County, Mississippi, United States.

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NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial organization to advance justice for African Americans by a group, including, W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.

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National Equal Rights League

The National Equal Rights League (NERL) is the oldest nationwide human rights organization founded in Syracuse, New York in 1864 dedicated to the liberation of black people in the United States.

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National Guard of the United States

The National Guard of the United States, part of the reserve components of the United States Armed Forces, is a reserve military force, composed of National Guard military members or units of each state and the territories of Guam, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, for a total of 54 separate organizations.

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National Security League

The National Security League (NSL) was an American patriotic and nationalistic nonprofit, nonpartisan organization.

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Negro World

Negro World was a weekly newspaper, established in 1918 in New York City, that served as the voice of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA), an organization founded by Marcus Garvey and Amy Ashwood in 1914.

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New London, Connecticut

New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States.

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New Orleans

New Orleans (. Merriam-Webster.; La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Newberry, South Carolina

Newberry is a city in Newberry County, South Carolina, United States, in the Piedmont 43 miles (69 km) northwest of Columbia.

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Nonviolent resistance

Nonviolent resistance (NVR or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent.

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Norfolk, Virginia

Norfolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.

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Northeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs

The Northeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (NFCWC) is an umbrella organization representing black women's clubs in the northeastern United States.

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Northern United States

The Northern United States, commonly referred to as the American North or simply the North, can be a geographic or historical term and definition.

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October Revolution

The October Revolution (p), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Bolshevik Coup, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.

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Omaha race riot of 1919

The Omaha race riot occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, September 28–29, 1919.

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Omaha, Nebraska

Omaha is the largest city in the state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County.

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Philadelphia

Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.

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Port Arthur, Texas

Port Arthur is a city in Jefferson County within the Beaumont−Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area of the U.S. state of Texas.

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Price controls

Price controls are governmental restrictions on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market.

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Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America

The Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America was a union of African-American tenant farmers and sharecroppers, organized by Robert L. Hill.

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Putnam County, Georgia

Putnam County is a county located in the Piedmont region of the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Racial equality

Racial equality occurs when institutions give equal opportunity to people of all races.

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Rebellion

Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.

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Scranton, Pennsylvania

Scranton is the sixth-largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania behind Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie and Reading.

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Self-defense

Self-defence (self-defense in some varieties of English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm.

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Sharecroppers' Union

Founded in 1931 in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, the Sharecroppers’ Union (also known as SCU or Alabama Sharecroppers’ Union) had its origins in the Croppers’ and Farm Workers’ Union (CFWU).

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Sharecropping

Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.

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Southern United States

The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America.

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Strikebreaker

A strikebreaker (sometimes derogatorily called a scab, blackleg, or knobstick) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.

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Sylvester, Georgia

Sylvester is the county seat of Worth County, Georgia, United States.

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Syracuse, New York

Syracuse is a city in and the county seat of Onondaga County, New York, in the United States.

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Texarkana, Texas

Texarkana is a city in Bowie County, Texas, United States, located in the Ark-La-Tex region.

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The Crisis

The Crisis is the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

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The Dallas Morning News

The Dallas Morning News is a daily newspaper serving the Dallas–Fort Worth area of Texas, with an average of 271,900 daily subscribers.

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The Messenger (magazine)

The Messenger was an early 20th-century political and literary magazine by and for African-American people in the United States.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman and writer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

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Tuscaloosa, Alabama

Tuscaloosa is a city in and the seat of Tuscaloosa County in west central Alabama (in the southeastern United States).

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the U.S. government, responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice in the United States, equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries. The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. The Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The department is responsible for investigating instances of financial fraud, representing the United States government in legal matters (such as in cases before the Supreme Court), and running the federal prison system. The department is also responsible for reviewing the conduct of local law enforcement as directed by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions.

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United States Department of Labor

The United States Department of Labor (DOL) is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, reemployment services, and some economic statistics; many U.S. states also have such departments.

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United States Marine Corps

The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the United States Navy.

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United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary

The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, informally the Senate Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of 21 U.S. Senators whose role is to oversee the Department of Justice (DOJ), consider executive nominations, and review pending legislation.

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W. E. B. Du Bois

William Edward Burghardt "W.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.

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White people

White people is a racial classification specifier, used mostly for people of European descent; depending on context, nationality, and point of view, the term has at times been expanded to encompass certain persons of North African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian descent, persons who are often considered non-white in other contexts.

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Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)

The 10th Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army.

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Redirects here:

Red Summer (1919), Red Summer of 1919, Red summer, The Red Summer.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Summer

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