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Refrigeration

Index Refrigeration

Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a low-temperature reservoir and transferring it to a high-temperature reservoir. [1]

184 relations: Absorption heat pump, Absorption refrigerator, Air conditioning, Air cycle machine, Aircraft, Alexander Catlin Twining, Alkylation, Ammonia, Argentina, ASHRAE Handbook, Atmosphere of Earth, Austenite, Australasia, Australia, Auto-defrost, Beef, Beef ring, Benjamin Franklin, Boiling point, Brayton cycle, British Isles, Butane, Butene, Canterbury, Carl von Linde, Carnot heat engine, Cerium, Chemical plant, Chloromethane, Classic of Poetry, Coefficient of performance, Cold chain, Compressor, Condensation, Condenser (heat transfer), Coolgardie safe, Cryocooler, Cryogenics, Darcy friction factor formulae, Dartford, Deformation (mechanics), Diethyl ether, Dilution refrigerator, Dipole, Dominion, Dry ice, Dunedin, Dunedin (ship), Einstein refrigerator, Elasticity (physics), ..., Electricity, Electrification, Electron shell, Endothermic process, Energy, Energy conversion efficiency, England, Enthalpy of vaporization, Entropy, Exothermic process, Falkland Islands, Federal Meat Inspection Act, Ferdinand Carré, Flash evaporation, Flux, Food distribution, Food safety, Food systems, Freon, Gas turbine, Geelong, Great Depression, Heat exchanger, Heat pump, Heat pump and refrigeration cycle, Houston, HVAC, Hysteresis, Ice cutting, Ice trade, Icebox, Icyball, Ideal gas, Intrinsic and extrinsic properties, J & E Hall, Jacob Perkins, James Burke (science historian), James Harrison (engineer), Joel Garreau, John Gorrie, John Hadley (chemist), Lager, Lamb and mutton, Las Vegas, Laser, Laser cooling, Lewis Mumford, Liquefied petroleum gas, London, Magnesium, Magnetic field, Magnetic refrigeration, Magnetism, Marlborough (1876 ship), Martensite, Methane, Michael Faraday, Natural rubber, New Zealand, Nickel titanium, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, Nitrate, Nitrogen, Octane rating, Oil refinery, Oliver Evans, Oxygen, Paramagnetism, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Petrochemical, Phase transition, Port Chalmers, Pot-in-pot refrigerator, Power (physics), Propane, Pseudoelasticity, Pulse tube refrigerator, Pumpable ice technology, Quantum heat engines and refrigerators, Rankine cycle, Recreational vehicle, Reefer ship, Refrigerant, Refrigerated container, Refrigerated van, Refrigerator, Refrigerator car, Refrigerator truck, Reversible process (thermodynamics), Rural electrification, Salt, Sashimi, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, Second law of thermodynamics, Shape-memory alloy, Short ton, South Island, Steam jet cooling, Steam locomotive, Stirling cycle, Stress (mechanics), Stress–strain curve, Sulfur dioxide, Sushi, Technical University of Munich, Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, The Jungle, The Times, Theodore Roosevelt, Thermal expansion valve, Thermal insulation, Thermoacoustic heat engine, Thermoacoustics, Thermodynamic cycle, Thermodynamics, Thermoelectric cooling, Thermoelectric effect, Ton of refrigeration, United Kingdom, United States, University of Cambridge, Upton Sinclair, Vacuum, Vapor pressure, Vapor-compression refrigeration, Victoria (Australia), Vortex tube, William Cullen, William Soltau Davidson, Wool, Work (physics), Working fluids, Yakhchāl, Zojirushi Corporation. Expand index (134 more) »

Absorption heat pump

An absorption heat pump is an air-source heat pump driven not by electricity, but by a heat source such as solar-heated water, or geothermal-heated water.

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Absorption refrigerator

An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fueled flame, waste heat from factories, or district heating systems) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling process.

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Air conditioning

Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A/C, or air con) is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants.

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Air cycle machine

An air cycle machine (ACM) is the refrigeration unit of the environmental control system (ECS) used in pressurized gas turbine-powered aircraft.

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Aircraft

An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air.

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Alexander Catlin Twining

Alexander Catlin Twining (July 5, 1801 – November 22, 1884) was an American scientist and inventor.

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Alkylation

Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another.

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Ammonia

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (República Argentina), is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America.

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ASHRAE Handbook

The ASHRAE Handbook is the four-volume flagship publication of the nonprofit technical organization ASHRAE (formerly American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers).

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Atmosphere of Earth

The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity.

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Austenite

Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron, with an alloying element.

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Australasia

Australasia, a region of Oceania, comprises Australia, New Zealand, neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean and, sometimes, the island of New Guinea (which is usually considered to be part of Melanesia).

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Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.

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Auto-defrost

Auto-defrost, automatic defrost or self-defrosting is a technique which regularly defrosts the evaporator in a refrigerator or freezer.

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Beef

Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle.

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Beef ring

Beef rings are cooperative groups of six to twenty-four farms, with each member of the cooperative being required to supply one animal over the course of the summer to the cooperative for slaughter they are either done locally on the farm or at a slaughterhouse at the member's expense.

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Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Boiling point

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.

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Brayton cycle

The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle named after George Brayton who describes the workings of a constant-pressure heat engine.

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British Isles

The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and over six thousand smaller isles.

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Butane

Butane is an organic compound with the formula C4H10 that is an alkane with four carbon atoms.

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Butene

Butene, also known as butylene, is a series of alkenes with the general formula C4H8.

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Canterbury

Canterbury is a historic English cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, England.

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Carl von Linde

Carl Paul Gottfried Linde (11 June 1842 – 16 November 1934) was a German scientist, engineer, and businessman.

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Carnot heat engine

A Carnot heat engine is a theoretical engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle.

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Cerium

Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58.

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Chemical plant

A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that manufactures (or otherwise processes) chemicals, usually on a large scale.

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Chloromethane

Chloromethane, also called methyl chloride, Refrigerant-40, R-40 or HCC 40, is a chemical compound of the group of organic compounds called haloalkanes.

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Classic of Poetry

The Classic of Poetry, also Shijing or Shih-ching, translated variously as the Book of Songs, Book of Odes, or simply known as the Odes or Poetry is the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry, comprising 305 works dating from the 11th to 7th centuries BC.

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Coefficient of performance

The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or CoP) of a heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work required.

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Cold chain

A cold chain or cool chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain.

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Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.

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Condensation

Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase, and is the reverse of vapourisation.

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Condenser (heat transfer)

In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it.

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Coolgardie safe

The Coolgardie safe is a low-tech food storage unit for cooling and prolonging the life of whatever edibles were kept in it.

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Cryocooler

A Cryocooler is a substration cooler, usually of table-top size.

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Cryogenics

In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.

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Darcy friction factor formulae

In fluid dynamics, the Darcy friction factor formulae are equations that allow the calculation of the Darcy friction factor, a dimensionless quantity used in the Darcy–Weisbach equation, for the description of friction losses in pipe flow as well as open-channel flow.

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Dartford

Dartford is the principal town in the Borough of Dartford, Kent, England.

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Deformation (mechanics)

Deformation in continuum mechanics is the transformation of a body from a reference configuration to a current configuration.

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Diethyl ether

Diethyl ether, or simply ether, is an organic compound in the ether class with the formula, sometimes abbreviated as (see Pseudoelement symbols).

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Dilution refrigerator

A 3He/4He dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic device that provides continuous cooling to temperatures as low as 2 mK, with no moving parts in the low-temperature region.

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Dipole

In electromagnetism, there are two kinds of dipoles.

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Dominion

Dominions were semi-independent polities under the British Crown, constituting the British Empire, beginning with Canadian Confederation in 1867.

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Dry ice

Dry ice, sometimes referred to as "cardice" (chiefly by British chemists), is the solid form of carbon dioxide.

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Dunedin

Dunedin (Ōtepoti) is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the Otago region.

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Dunedin (ship)

The Dunedin (1876–82) was the first ship to successfully transport a full cargo of refrigerated meat from New Zealand to England.

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Einstein refrigerator

The Einstein–Szilard or Einstein refrigerator is an absorption refrigerator which has no moving parts, operates at constant pressure, and requires only a heat source to operate.

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Elasticity (physics)

In physics, elasticity (from Greek ἐλαστός "ductible") is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed.

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Electricity

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric charge.

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Electrification

Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source.

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Electron shell

In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.

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Endothermic process

The term endothermic process describes the process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat.

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Energy

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

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Energy conversion efficiency

Energy conversion efficiency (η) is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Enthalpy of vaporization

The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol ∆Hvap) also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy (enthalpy) that must be added to a liquid substance, to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas.

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Entropy

In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system.

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Exothermic process

In thermodynamics, the term exothermic process (exo-: "outside") describes a process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen).

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Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf.

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Federal Meat Inspection Act

The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (FMIA) is an American law that makes it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food, and ensures that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.

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Ferdinand Carré

Ferdinand Philippe Edouard Carré (11 March 1824 – 11 January 1900) was a French engineer, born at Moislains (Somme) on 11 March 1824.

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Flash evaporation

Flash (or partial) evaporation is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device.

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Flux

Flux describes the quantity which passes through a surface or substance.

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Food distribution

Food distribution is a process in which a general population is supplied with food.

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Food safety

Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness.

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Food systems

The term food system is used frequently in discussions about nutrition, food, health, community economic development and agriculture.

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Freon

Freon is a registered trademark of The Chemours Company, which uses it for a number of halocarbon products.

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Gas turbine

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous combustion, internal combustion engine.

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Geelong

Geelong is a port city located on Corio Bay and the Barwon River, in the state of Victoria, Australia.Geelong is south-west of the state capital, Melbourne.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

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Heat exchanger

A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids.

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Heat pump

A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to what is called a "heat sink".

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Heat pump and refrigeration cycle

Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pumps and refrigerators.

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Houston

Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, with a census-estimated 2017 population of 2.312 million within a land area of.

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HVAC

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort.

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Hysteresis

Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history.

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Ice cutting

Ice cutting is a winter task of collecting surface ice from lakes and rivers for storage in ice houses and use or sale as a cooling method.

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Ice trade

The ice trade, also known as the frozen water trade, was a 19th-century and early-20th-century industry, centering on the east coast of the United States and Norway, involving the large-scale harvesting, transport and sale of natural ice, and later the making and sale of artificial ice, for domestic consumption and commercial purposes.

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Icebox

An icebox (also called a cold closet) is a compact non-mechanical refrigerator which was a common early-twentieth century kitchen appliance before the development of safe powered refrigeration devices.

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Icyball

IcyBall was a name given to two early refrigerators, one made by Australian Sir Edward Hallstrom in 1923, and the other design patented by David Forbes Keith of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (filed 1927, granted 1929), and manufactured by American Powel Crosley Jr., who bought the rights to the device.

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Ideal gas

An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions.

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Intrinsic and extrinsic properties

An intrinsic property is a property of a system or of a material itself or within.

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J & E Hall

J & E Hall is an English manufacturer of refrigeration equipment (today part of the Daikin group).

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Jacob Perkins

Jacob Perkins (9 July 1766 – 30 July 1849) was an American inventor, mechanical engineer and physicist.

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James Burke (science historian)

James Burke (born 22 December 1936) is a British broadcaster, science historian, author, and television producer, who is known, among other things, for his documentary television series Connections (1978), and for its more philosophically oriented companion series, The Day the Universe Changed (1985), which is about the history of science and technology.

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James Harrison (engineer)

James Harrison (17 April 1816 – 3 September 1893) was a Scottish-Australian newspaper printer, journalist, politician, and pioneer in the field of mechanical refrigeration.

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Joel Garreau

Joel Garreau (born 1948) is an American journalist, scholar, and author.

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John Gorrie

John Gorrie (October 3, 1803 – June 29, 1855) was a physician, scientist, inventor, and humanitarian, inventor of mechanical cooling.

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John Hadley (chemist)

John Hadley (1731 – 5 November 1764) was a British chemist and physician.

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Lager

Lager is a type of beer conditioned at low temperatures.

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Lamb and mutton

Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of domestic sheep (species Ovis aries) at different ages.

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Las Vegas

Las Vegas (Spanish for "The Meadows"), officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas, is the 28th-most populated city in the United States, the most populated city in the state of Nevada, and the county seat of Clark County.

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Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

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Laser cooling

Laser cooling refers to a number of techniques in which atomic and molecular samples are cooled down to near absolute zero.

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Lewis Mumford

Lewis Mumford (October 19, 1895 – January 26, 1990) was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic.

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Liquefied petroleum gas

Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.

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Magnetic field

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.

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Magnetic refrigeration

Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect.

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Magnetism

Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields.

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Marlborough (1876 ship)

Marlborough was an iron-built two-decked merchant sailing ship which disappeared in 1890.

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Martensite

Martensite, named after the German metallurgist Adolf Martens (1850–1914), most commonly refers to a very hard form of steel crystalline structure, but it can also refer to any crystal structure that is formed by diffusionless transformation.

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Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).

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Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

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Natural rubber

Natural rubber, also called India rubber or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water.

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New Zealand

New Zealand (Aotearoa) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.

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Nickel titanium

Nickel titanium, also known as Nitinol (part of shape memory alloy), is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium, where the two elements are present in roughly equal atomic percentages e.g. Nitinol 55, Nitinol 60.

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Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1 June 1796 – 24 August 1832) was a French military engineer and physicist, often described as the "father of thermodynamics".

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Nitrate

Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula and a molecular mass of 62.0049 u.

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Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.

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Octane rating

An octane rating, or octane number, is a standard measure of the performance of an engine or aviation fuel.

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Oil refinery

Oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils.

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Oliver Evans

Oliver Evans (September 13, 1755 – April 15, 1819) was an American inventor, engineer and businessman born in rural Delaware and later rooted commercially in Philadelphia.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby certain materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field.

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Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook

Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (also known as Perry's Handbook, Perry's, or The Chemical Engineer's Bible) was first published in 1934 and the most current eighth edition was published in October 2007.

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Petrochemical

Petrochemicals (also known as petroleum distillates) are chemical products derived from petroleum.

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Phase transition

The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.

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Port Chalmers

Port Chalmers is a suburb and the main port of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand, with a population of 3,000.

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Pot-in-pot refrigerator

A pot-in-pot refrigerator, clay pot cooler or zeer (زير) is an evaporative cooling refrigeration device which does not use electricity.

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Power (physics)

In physics, power is the rate of doing work, the amount of energy transferred per unit time.

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Propane

Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C3H8.

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Pseudoelasticity

Pseudoelasticity, sometimes called superelasticity, is an elastic (reversible) response to an applied stress, caused by a phase transformation between the austenitic and martensitic phases of a crystal.

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Pulse tube refrigerator

The pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) or pulse tube cryocooler is a developing technology that emerged largely in the early 1980s with a series of other innovations in the broader field of thermoacoustics.

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Pumpable ice technology

Pumpable ice (PI) technology is a technology to produce and use fluids or secondary refrigerants, also called coolants, with the viscosity of water or jelly and the cooling capacity of ice.

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Quantum heat engines and refrigerators

A quantum heat engine is a device that generates power from the heat flow between hot and cold reservoirs.

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Rankine cycle

The Rankine cycle is a model used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems.

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Recreational vehicle

The term recreational vehicle (RV) is often used as a broad category of motor vehicles and trailers which include living quarters designed for temporary accommodation.

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Reefer ship

A reefer ship is a refrigerated cargo ship, typically used to transport perishable commodities which require temperature-controlled transportation, such as fruit, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products and other foods.

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Refrigerant

A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle.

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Refrigerated container

A refrigerated container or reefer is an intermodal container (shipping container) used in intermodal freight transport that is refrigerated for the transportation of temperature sensitive cargo.

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Refrigerated van

A refrigerated van (also called a refrigerated wagon) is a railway goods wagon with cooling equipment.

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Refrigerator

A refrigerator (colloquially fridge, or fridgefreezer in the UK) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room.

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Refrigerator car

A refrigerator car (or "reefer") is a refrigerated boxcar (U.S.), a piece of railroad rolling stock designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures.

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Refrigerator truck

A refrigerator truck is a van or truck designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures.

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Reversible process (thermodynamics)

In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process whose direction can be "reversed" by inducing infinitesimal changes to some property of the system via its surroundings, with no increase in entropy.

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Rural electrification

Rural electrification is the process of bringing electrical power to rural and remote areas.

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Salt

Salt, table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite.

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Sashimi

Sashimi (刺身) is a Japanese delicacy consisting of very fresh raw meat or fish sliced into thin pieces.

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Seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency Ratio (SEER) which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.

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Second law of thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.

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Shape-memory alloy

A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle wire, smart alloy) is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and that when deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated.

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Short ton

The short ton is a unit of weight equal to.

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South Island

The South Island (Māori: Te Waipounamu) is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island.

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Steam jet cooling

Steam jet cooling uses a high-pressure jet of steam to cool water or other fluid media.

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Steam locomotive

A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine.

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Stirling cycle

The Stirling cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the general class of Stirling devices.

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Stress (mechanics)

In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material.

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Stress–strain curve

The relationship between the stress and strain that a particular material displays is known as that particular material's stress–strain curve.

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Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula.

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Sushi

is a Japanese dish of specially prepared, usually with some sugar and salt, combined with a variety of, such as seafood, vegetables, and occasionally tropical fruits.

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Technical University of Munich

Technical University of Munich (TUM) (Technische Universität München) is a research university with campuses in Munich, Garching and Freising-Weihenstephan.

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Thaddeus S. C. Lowe

Thaddeus Sobieski Constantine Lowe (August 20, 1832 – January 16, 1913), also known as Professor T. S. C. Lowe, was an American Civil War aeronaut, scientist and inventor, mostly self-educated in the fields of chemistry, meteorology, and aeronautics, and the father of military aerial reconnaissance in the United States.

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The Jungle

The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by the American journalist and novelist Upton Sinclair (1878–1968).

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The Times

The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England.

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Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman and writer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

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Thermal expansion valve

A thermal expansion valve (often abbreviated as TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into the evaporator thereby controlling superheat.

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Thermal insulation

Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e. the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence.

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Thermoacoustic heat engine

Thermoacoustic engines (sometimes called "TA engines") are thermoacoustic devices which use high-amplitude sound waves to pump heat from one place to another, or conversely use a heat difference to induce high-amplitude sound waves.

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Thermoacoustics

Thermoacoustics is the interaction between temperature, density and pressure variations of acoustic waves.

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Thermodynamic cycle

A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

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Thermoelectric cooling

Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junction of two different types of materials.

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Thermoelectric effect

The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple.

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Ton of refrigeration

A ton of refrigeration (TR), also called a refrigeration ton (RT), is a unit of power used in some countries (especially in North America) to describe the heat-extraction capacity of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.

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Upton Sinclair

Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres.

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Vacuum

Vacuum is space devoid of matter.

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Vapor pressure

Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.

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Vapor-compression refrigeration

Vapor-compression refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS), in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles.

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Victoria (Australia)

Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in south-eastern Australia.

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Vortex tube

The vortex tube, also known as the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, is a mechanical device that separates a compressed gas into hot and cold streams.

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William Cullen

William Cullen FRS FRSE FRCPE FPSG (15 April 1710 – 5 February 1790) was a Scottish physician, chemist and agriculturalist, and one of the most important professors at the Edinburgh Medical School, during its heyday as the leading centre of medical education in the English-speaking world.

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William Soltau Davidson

William Soltau Davidson (15 June 1846 – 17 July 1924) was the New Zealand pioneer of refrigerated shipping.

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Wool

Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals, including cashmere and mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, angora from rabbits, and other types of wool from camelids.

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Work (physics)

In physics, a force is said to do work if, when acting, there is a displacement of the point of application in the direction of the force.

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Working fluids

Heat engines, refrigeration cycles and heat pumps usually involve a fluid to and from which heat is transferred while undergoing a thermodynamic cycle.

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Yakhchāl

Yakhchāl (یخچال "ice pit"; yakh meaning "ice" and chāl meaning "pit") is an ancient type of evaporative cooler.

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Zojirushi Corporation

The is a Japanese multinational manufacturer and marketer of vacuum flasks, AIR POT Beverage Dispensers, GRAVITY POT Beverage Dispensers and consumer electronics including bread machines, electric kettles, hot water dispensers, electric water boilers and rice cookers.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration

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