261 relations: Academician, Academy of Sciences Glacier, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Academy of Sciences Range, Airplane, Akademgorodok, Akademgorodok (Krasnoyarsk), Akademgorodok (Tomsk), Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Karpinsky, Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Prokhorov, Alexander Sergeev (physicist), Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist), Anders Johan Lexell, Andre Geim, Andrei Sakharov, Andrey Markov, Armenia, Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Astronomer, Astronomer Royal, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Élie Metchnikoff, Belarus, Blagoveshchensk, Bolsheviks, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Caspar Friedrich Wolff, Central Economic Mathematical Institute, Chelyabinsk, Christian Goldbach, Cold War, Constitutional Democratic Party, Constitutional economics, Daniel Bernoulli, David Mumford, Decree, Decree of the President of Russia, Degaussing, Demidov Prize, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Dmitry Bludov, Dmitry Tolstoy, ..., Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre, Economic history of the Russian Federation, Energy Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Estonia, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ethnography, Fyodor Litke, Geographer, Georg Bernhard Bilfinger, Georgia (country), Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, Gerhard Friedrich Müller, GOELRO plan, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Government of Russia, Government of the Soviet Union, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia, Gury Marchuk, Hermann Karl von Keyserling, Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Historian, Human capital flight, Igor Tamm, Ilya Frank, Industrialisation, Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for System Programming, Institute for US and Canadian Studies, Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics, Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Solid State Physics (Russia), Institute of State and Law, Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Ioffe Institute, Irkutsk, Ivan Bunin, Ivan Pavlov, Izhevsk, Johann Albrecht Korff, Johann Georg Gmelin, Joseph Stalin, Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, Kamchatka Peninsula, Karelian Research Centre of RAS, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Kemerovo, Khabarovsk, Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, Kirill Razumovski, Kola Peninsula, Komarov Botanical Institute, Krasnoyarsk, Kremlin.ru, Kurchatov Medal, Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, Kyrgyzstan, Landau Gold Medal, Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Latvia, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, Laurentius Blumentrost, Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering, Lebedev Physical Institute, Leonhard Euler, Leonid Kantorovich, Lev Davidovich Belkind, Lev Landau, Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, List of Russian explorers, List of Russian inventors, List of Russian scientists, Lithuania, Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lobachevsky Prize, Lomonosov Gold Medal, Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay, Magadan, MARS-500, Mathematician, Meduza, Medvedev modernisation programme, Michael Atiyah, Mikhail Kovalchuk, Mikhail Lavrentyev, Mikhail Sholokhov, Ministry of Education 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Sciences, Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory, Pushkin Prize, Pyotr Kapitsa, Russia, Russian Academy, Russian Empire, Russian language, Russian Language Institute, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian Space Research Institute, S.V. Lebedev Award, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg State University, Salyut 1, Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov, Sergey Oldenburg, Sergey Uvarov, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Siberia, Southern Scientific Center RAS, Soviet atomic bomb project, Soviet space program, Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science, Sputnik 1, St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, State Duma, Steklov Institute of Mathematics, Sukachev Institute of Forest, Superpower, Syktyvkar, T-34, Tajik Academy of Sciences, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, Tajikistan, Tank, Timeline of Russian innovation, Tomsk, Transit of Venus, Troitsk, Moscow, Turkmen Academy of Sciences, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmenistan, Tyumen, Ufa, Ukraine, Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ulan-Ude, Ural (region), USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Ussuriysk, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, Uzbekistan, VINITI Database RAS, Vitaly Ginzburg, Vitus Bering, Vladimir Fortov, Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov, Vladimir Putin, Vladivostok, World War II, Yakutsk, Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova, Yekaterinburg, Yuri Gagarin, Yury Kovalchuk, Yury Osipov, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Zhores Alferov. Expand index (211 more) »
Academician
An academician is a full member of an artistic, literary, or scientific academy.
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Academy of Sciences Glacier
The Academy of Sciences Glacier (ледник Академии наук; Lednik Akademii Nauk), is a large ice cap on Komsomolets Island, Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Federation.
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Academy of Sciences of Moldova
The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei), established in 1946, is the main scientific organization of the Republic of Moldova and coordinates research in all areas of science and technology.
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Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan
The Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar akademiyasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фанлар академияси) is the main scientific organization of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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Academy of Sciences Range
Academy of Sciences Range (Хребет Академии Наук, Khrebet Akademiy Nauk; Qatorkuhi Akademiyai Fanho) is a mountain range in the Western Pamirs of Tajikistan.
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Airplane
An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or rocket engine.
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Akademgorodok
Coordinates: Akademgorodok (p, "Academic Town" or "Academic City") is a part of the Sovetsky District of the city of Novosibirsk, Russia, located 30 km south of the city center and about 10 km west of the Science town Koltsovo.
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Akademgorodok (Krasnoyarsk)
Akademgorodok (Krasnoyarsk) is a major scientific center of Siberia; located in the west of the city Krasnoyarsk (Russia).
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Akademgorodok (Tomsk)
Tomsk Akademgorodok is an estate in the Soviet area of Tomsk, Siberian Federal District, in which are research institutes, and have employees of the Tomsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS).
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Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian novelist, historian, and short story writer.
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Alexander Karpinsky
Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky (Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Карпи́нский; 7 January 1847 (NS) – 15 July 1936) was a prominent Russian and Soviet geologist and mineralogist, and the president of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and later Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1917–1936.
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Alexander Nesmeyanov
Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov (Александр Николаевич Несмеянов;, Moscow – 17 January 1980, Moscow) was a prominent Soviet chemist and academician (1943) specializing in organometallic chemistry.
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Alexander Prokhorov
Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was an Australian born Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov.
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Alexander Sergeev (physicist)
Alexander Mikhaylovich Sergeev (Александр Михайлович Сергеев, born 2 August 1955) is a Russian physicist.
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Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (Алексе́й Алексе́евич Абрико́сов; 25 June 1928 – 29 March 2017) was a Soviet, Russian and AmericanAlexei A. Abrikosov.
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Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist)
Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov (Анатолий Петрович Александров, 13 February 1903, Tarascha – 3 February 1994, Moscow), also known as A.P Alaexandrov, was a Russian physicist, director of the Kurchatov Institute, academician (from 1953) and president of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1975–1986).
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Anders Johan Lexell
Anders Johan Lexell (24 December 1740 &ndash) was a Finnish-Swedish astronomer, mathematician, and physicist who spent most of his life in Imperial Russia, where he was known as Andrei Ivanovich Leksel (Андрей Иванович Лексель).
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Andre Geim
Sir Andre Konstantin Geim, FRS, HonFRSC, HonFInstP (born 21 October 1958) is a Soviet-born Dutch-British physicist working in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.
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Andrei Sakharov
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (p; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Russian nuclear physicist, dissident, and activist for disarmament, peace and human rights.
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Andrey Markov
Andrey (Andrei) Andreyevich Markov (Андре́й Андре́евич Ма́рков, in older works also spelled Markoff) (14 June 1856 N.S. – 20 July 1922) was a Russian mathematician.
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Armenia
Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Armenian National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia (NAS RA) (Հայաստանի Հանրապետության գիտությունների ազգային ակադեմիա, ՀՀ ԳԱԱ, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yan gitut’yunneri azgayin akademia) is the primary body that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Armenia.
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Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
Armenia (translit,; Армения; Armeniya), officially the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Armenian SSR; translit; translit), also commonly referred to as Soviet Armenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union in December 1922 located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth.
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Astronomer Royal
Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Households of the United Kingdom.
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Azerbaijan
No description.
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Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) (Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası (AMEA)), located in Baku, is the main state research organization and the primary body that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Azerbaijan.
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Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Azerbaijan (Азәрбајҹан; Azərbaycan), officially the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR; Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист Республикасы, Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası, Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Azerbajdžanskaja Sovetskaja Socialističeskaja Respublika) and the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası, Азәрбајҹан Республикасы), also referred to as Soviet Azerbaijan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991.
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Élie Metchnikoff
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Илья́ Ильи́ч Ме́чников, also written as Élie Metchnikoff; 15 July 1916) was a Russian zoologist best known for his pioneering research in immunology.
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Belarus
Belarus (Беларусь, Biełaruś,; Беларусь, Belarus'), officially the Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь; Республика Беларусь), formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia (Белоруссия, Byelorussiya), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest.
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Blagoveshchensk
Blagoveshchensk (p, lit. the city of the Annunciation) is a city and the administrative center of Amur Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Amur and Zeya Rivers, opposite to the Chinese city of Heihe.
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Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
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Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP) is one of the major centres of advanced study of nuclear physics in Russia.
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Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR, or Byelorussian SSR; Bielaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika; Belorusskaya SSR.), also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia, was a federal unit of the Soviet Union (USSR).
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Caspar Friedrich Wolff
Caspar Friedrich Wolff (18 January 1733 – 22 February 1794) was a German physiologist and one of the founders of embryology.
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Central Economic Mathematical Institute
The Central Economic Mathematical Institute (Центральный экономико-математический институт (ЦЭМИ)) of the Russian Academy of Sciences is an economic research institute located in Moscow.
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Chelyabinsk
Chelyabinsk (a) is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River, on the border of Europe and Asia.
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Christian Goldbach
Christian Goldbach (March 18, 1690 – November 20, 1764) was a German mathematician who also studied law.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Constitutional Democratic Party
The Constitutional Democratic Party (Конституционно-демократическая партия, Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya), also called Constitutional Democrats, formally Party of People's Freedom, was a liberal political party in the Russian Empire, encompassing constitutional monarchists and right-wing republicans.
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Constitutional economics
Constitutional economics is a research program in economics and constitutionalism that has been described as explaining the choice "of alternative sets of legal-institutional-constitutional rules that constrain the choices and activities of economic and political agents".
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Daniel Bernoulli
Daniel Bernoulli FRS (8 February 1700 – 17 March 1782) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.
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David Mumford
David Bryant Mumford (born 11 June 1937) is an American mathematician known for distinguished work in algebraic geometry, and then for research into vision and pattern theory.
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Decree
A decree is a rule of law usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution).
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Decree of the President of Russia
A Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (Указ Президента Российской Федерации; Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or Executive Order (Decree) of the President of Russia is a legal act (ukase) with the status of a by-law made by the Russian president.
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Degaussing
Degaussing is the process of decreasing or eliminating a remnant magnetic field.
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Demidov Prize
The Demidov Prize (Демидовская премия) is a national scientific prize in Russia awarded annually to the members of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union.
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Dmitry Bludov
Count Dmitry Nikolayevich Bludov (1785 – 1864) was a Russian imperial official who filled a variety of posts under Nicholas I - Deputy Education Minister (1826–28), Minister of Justice (1830–31, 1838–39), Minister of the Interior (1832–38), Chief of the Second Section (1839–62).
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Dmitry Tolstoy
Count Dmitry Andreyevich Tolstoy (Дми́трий Андре́евич Толсто́й;, Moscow –, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian statesman, a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia (1866).
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Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre
Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre (Вычислительный центр им.) was established in 1955 and became a leading research institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.
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Economic history of the Russian Federation
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and collapse of Russia's controlled economy, a new Russian Federation was created under Boris Yeltsin in 1991.
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Energy Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences
Founded in July 1985, the Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ERIRAS) was originally an outgrowth of the general energy department at Institute for High Temperatures RAS (IVTAN).
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Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology
The Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology (EIMB) is a research institute located in Moscow, Russia.
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Estonia
Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.
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Estonian Academy of Sciences
Founded in 1938, the Estonian Academy of Sciences (Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia) is Estonia's national academy of science in Tallinn.
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Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR or ESSR; Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik ENSV; Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика ЭССР, Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ESSR), also known as Soviet Estonia or Estonia was an unrecognized republic of the Soviet Union, administered by a subordinate of the Government of the Soviet Union.
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Ethnography
Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos "folk, people, nation" and γράφω grapho "I write") is the systematic study of people and cultures.
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Fyodor Litke
Count Fyodor Petrovich Litke (Граф Фёдор Петро́вич Ли́тке, born Friedrich Benjamin Lütke; –) was a Russian navigator, geographer, and Arctic explorer.
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Geographer
A geographer is a scholar whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society.
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Georg Bernhard Bilfinger
Georg Bernhard Bilfinger (23 January 1693 – 18 February 1750), German philosopher, mathematician and statesman, son of a Lutheran minister.
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Georgia (country)
Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Georgian National Academy of Sciences
The Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS) (tr) is a main learned society of the Georgia.
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Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
Georgia, formally the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR; tr; Gruzinskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991.
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Gerhard Friedrich Müller
Gerhard Friedrich Müller (Russian: Фёдор Ива́нович Ми́ллер, Fyodor Ivanovich Miller, 29 October 1705 – 22 October 1783) was a historian and pioneer ethnologist.
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GOELRO plan
GOELRO plan (план ГОЭЛРО) was the first-ever Soviet plan for national economic recovery and development.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Government of Russia
The Government of Russia exercises executive power in the Russian Federation.
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Government of the Soviet Union
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Правительство СССР, Pravitel'stvo SSSR) was the main body of the executive branch of government in the Soviet Union.
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Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia
Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia (a; 22 August 1858 in Strelna – 15 June 1915 in Pavlovsk) was a grandson of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, and a poet and playwright of some renown.
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Gury Marchuk
Gury Ivanovich Marchuk (Гурий Иванович Марчук; 8 June 1925 – 24 March 2013) was a prominent Soviet and Russian scientist in the fields of computational mathematics, and physics of atmosphere.
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Hermann Karl von Keyserling
Count Hermann Karl von Keyserling (1697–1764) was a Russian diplomat from the Keyserlingk family of Baltic German nobility based in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia.
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Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences (HCC RAS) is a department of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia.
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Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it.
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Human capital flight
Human capital flight refers to the emigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home.
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Igor Tamm
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (a; 8 July 1895 – 12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, for their 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation.
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Ilya Frank
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (Илья́ Миха́йлович Франк) (23 October 1908 – 22 June 1990) was a Soviet winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958 jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Igor Y. Tamm, also of the Soviet Union.
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Industrialisation
Industrialisation or industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.
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Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russian: Институт славяноведения РАН) is an integral part of the Historical and Philological Studies Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Institute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of Sciences
The Institute for Spectroscopy Russian Academy of Sciences (ISAN) (in some sources the abbreviation used is ISAS, IS RAS) is a Russian research institution located in Troitsk, Moscow ISAN educational activity includes a program for Diploma Students, Ph.D. and Doctorals for science, R&D and industry.
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Institute for System Programming
The Institute for System Programming (ISP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Институт системного программирования) was founded on January 25, 1994, on the base of the departments of System Programming and Numerical Software of the Institute for Cybernetics Problems of the RAS.
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Institute for US and Canadian Studies
Institute for US and Canadian Studies (Russian: Институт США и Канады РАН, Institut SShA i Kanadi RAN) is a Russian think tank which is part of the Russian Academy of Sciences, specializing on the comprehensive studies of the United States and Canada.
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Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography
The Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography or N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (Институт этнологии и антропологии им.; abbreviated as ИЭА in Russian and IEA in English) is a Russian institute of research, specializing in ethnographic studies of cultural and physical anthropology.
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Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Институт языкознания Российской академии наук) is a structural unit in the Language and Literature Section of History and Philology Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The Institute of Oriental Manuscripts (IOM) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Институт восточных рукописей Российской академии наук), formerly the St.
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Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Институт востоковедения Российской Академии Наук), formerly Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, is a Russian research institution for the study of the countries and cultures of Asia and North Africa.
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Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
The Institute of Philosophy was founded as the Institute of Scientific Philosophy in 1921 by Gustav Shpet, who was its first director until 1923.
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Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics
Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics (Институт радиотехники и электроники (ИРЭ)) by the Russian Academy of Science is an institute in Moscow, that conducts fundamental research in fields of radiophysics, radiotechnics, physical and quantum electronics, informatics.
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Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, INION RAN (Институт научной информации по общественным наукам РАН, ИНИОН) is a major center for research in social studies and humanities.
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Institute of Solid State Physics (Russia)
The Institute of Solid State Physics (ISSP; Институт физики твердого тела) of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a research institution, located in the small town of Chernogolovka near Moscow in Russia.
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Institute of State and Law
The Institute of State and Law (ISL) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) (Russian: Институт государства и права Российской академии наук (ИГП РАН)) is the largest scientific legal center in the Russian Federation.
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Institute of World Economy and International Relations
The Institute of World Economy and International Relations (Институт мировой экономики и международных отношений), or IMEMO, is a leading independent research institute based in Moscow, Russia.
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Ioffe Institute
The Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (for short, Ioffe Institute, Физико-технический институт им.) is one of Russia's largest research centers specialized in physics and technology.
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Irkutsk
Irkutsk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, and one of the largest cities in Siberia.
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Ivan Bunin
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (or; a; – 8 November 1953) was the first Russian writer awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
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Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (a; 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.
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Izhevsk
Izhevsk (p; Иж, Iž, or Ижкар, Ižkar) is the capital city of the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located along the Izh River in the Western Ural Mountains.
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Johann Albrecht Korff
Baron Johann Albrecht von Korff (November 30, 1697 – April 7, 1766) was a Russian diplomat, and was the president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1734–1740).
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Johann Georg Gmelin
Johann Georg Gmelin (8 August 1709 – 20 May 1755) was a German naturalist, botanist and geographer.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.
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Joseph-Nicolas Delisle
Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (4 April 1688 – 11 September 1768) was a French astronomer and cartographer.
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Kamchatka Peninsula
The Kamchatka Peninsula (полуо́стров Камча́тка, Poluostrov Kamchatka) is a 1,250-kilometre-long (780 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).
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Karelian Research Centre of RAS
Karelian Research Centre of RAS (KarRC RAS) — federal public budgetary institution Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences based in Petrozavodsk.
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Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1936-1991 in northern Central Asia.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.
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Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences
Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (official name National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) was founded in 1946 as a state institution that joins active members (academicians), corresponding members, and leading scientists of Kazakhstan.
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Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics
The Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics (Институт прикладной математики им.) is a research institute specializing in computational mathematics.
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Kemerovo
Kemerovo (p) is an industrial city and the administrative center of Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Iskitim and Tom Rivers, in the major coal mining region of the Kuznetsk Basin.
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Khabarovsk
Khabarovsk (p;; ᠪᠣᡥᠣᡵᡳ|v.
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Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
Kirghizia, officially the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kirghiz SSR; Кыргыз Советтик Социалисттик Республикасы Qığız Sovettik Soţialisttik Respublikası; Киргизская Советская Социалистическая Республика Kirgizskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika) and the Republic of Kirghizia, also referred to as Soviet Kirghizia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991.
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Kirill Razumovski
Count Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky (Кирилл Григорьевич Разумовский, Кирило Григорович Розумовський, Kyrylo Hryhorovych Rozumovsky, Polish: Kiriłł Grigorjewicz Razumowski) (March 18, 1728 – January 1, 1803) was a Ukrainian Cossack-born Russian state figure from the Kozelets county of Kiev Regiment in Russian Empire, who served as the last Hetman of Little Russia on both sides of Dnieper until 1764 and then as Field marshal of Russian Imperial Army.
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Kola Peninsula
The Kola Peninsula (Ко́льский полуо́стров, Kolsky poluostrov; from Куэлнэгк нёаррк, Kuelnegk njoarrk; Guoládatnjárga; Kuolan niemimaa; Kolahalvøya) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia.
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Komarov Botanical Institute
The Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ботанический институт им.) is a leading botanical institution in Russia, It is located on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg, and is named after the Russian botanist Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov (1869-1945).
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Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River.
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Kremlin.ru
Kremlin.ru is the official website of the President of Russia.
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Kurchatov Medal
The Kurchatov Medal, or the Gold Medal in honour of Igor Kurchatov is an award given for outstanding achievements in nuclear physics and in the field of nuclear energy.
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Kursk Magnetic Anomaly
Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (Курская магнитная аномалия) is a territory rich in iron ores located within the Kursk, Belgorod, and Voronezh oblasts in Russia, and constitutes a significant part of the Central Chernozyom Region.
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Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences
Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences (official name National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan), originally part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was established as an independent entity by government decree in December 1993.
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Kyrgyzstan
The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz Respublikasy; r; Қирғиз Республикаси.), or simply Kyrgyzstan, and also known as Kirghizia (Kyrgyzstan; r), is a sovereign state in Central Asia.
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Landau Gold Medal
The Landau Gold Medal (Премия имени Л. Д. Ландау) is the highest award in theoretical physics awarded by the Russian Academy of Sciences and its predecessor the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
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Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
The L. D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a research institution, located in the small town of Chernogolovka near Moscow (there is also a subdivision in Moscow).
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Latvia
Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
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Latvian Academy of Sciences
The Academy of Sciences (Zinātņu akadēmija) is the official science academy of Latvia and is an association of the country's foremost scientists.
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Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR; Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika; Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Latviyskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known as Soviet Latvia or Latvia, was a republic of the Soviet Union.
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Laurentius Blumentrost
Laurentius Blumentrost (Russian transcription Лаврентий Лаврентьевич Блюментрост; 1692-1755) was the personal physician to the Tsar, founder and first president of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, from December 7, 1725 to June 6, 1733.
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Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering
Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (IPMCE) is a Russian research institution.
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Lebedev Physical Institute
The Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LPI RAS) (in Физи́ческий институ́т имени П.Н.Ле́бедева Российской академии наук (ФИАН)), situated in Moscow, is one of the leading Russian research institutes specializing in physics.
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Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (Swiss Standard German:; German Standard German:; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer, who made important and influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics, such as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory, while also making pioneering contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory.
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Leonid Kantorovich
Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich (a) (19 January 19127 April 1986) was a Soviet mathematician and economist, known for his theory and development of techniques for the optimal allocation of resources.
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Lev Davidovich Belkind
Prof.
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Lev Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau (22 January 1908 - April 1968) was a Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics.
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Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Библиотека Российской академии наук (БАН)) is a large state-owned Russian library based in Saint Petersburg on Vasilievsky Island and open to employees of institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences and scholars with higher education.
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List of Russian explorers
The history of exploration by citizens or subjects of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the history of Russia as well as the history of the world.
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List of Russian inventors
This is a list of inventors from the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.
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List of Russian scientists
Alona Soschen.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.
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Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (Lietuvos mokslų akademija) or LAS, founded in 1941 as the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences (Lithuanian: Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademija), as an autonomous, state-subsidized establishment serving as a scientific advisory body to the government of Lithuanian SSR.
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Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lithuanian SSR; Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika; Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Litovskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), one of the USSR republics that existed in 1940–1941 and 1944–1990, was formed on the basis of the Soviet occupation rule.
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Lobachevsky Prize
The Lobachevsky Prize, awarded by the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Lobachevsky Medal, awarded by the Kazan State University, are mathematical awards in honor of Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky.
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Lomonosov Gold Medal
The Lomonosov Gold Medal, named after Russian scientist and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov, is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humanities by the USSR Academy of Sciences and later the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS).
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Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay
Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay (1737–1820) (after adopting Orthodoxy Андрей Львович) was a poet of the Enlightenment, librarian, secretary, academician and the President of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
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Magadan
Magadan (p) is a port town and the administrative center of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located on the Sea of Okhotsk in Nagayev Bay (within Taui Bay) and serving as a gateway to the Kolyma region.
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MARS-500
The Mars-500 mission was a psychosocial isolation experiment conducted between 2007 and 2011 by Russia, the European Space Agency and China, in preparation for an unspecified future manned spaceflight to the planet Mars.
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Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in his or her work, typically to solve mathematical problems.
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Meduza
Meduza is a Riga-based online newspaper and news aggregator in the Russian language, headed by Galina Timchenko, the former editor-in-chief of Russian news website Lenta.ru.
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Medvedev modernisation programme
The Medvedev modernisation programme is an initiative launched by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev in 2009, which aims at modernising Russia's economy and society, decreasing the country's dependency on oil and gas revenues and creating a diversified economy based on high technology and innovation.
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Michael Atiyah
Sir Michael Francis Atiyah (born 22 April 1929) is an English mathematician specialising in geometry.
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Mikhail Kovalchuk
Mikhail Valentinovich Kovalchuk (Михаил Валентинович Ковальчук; born September 21, 1946 in Leningrad, Soviet Union) is a Russian physicist and official.
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Mikhail Lavrentyev
Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentyev or Lavrentiev (Михаи́л Алексе́евич Лавре́нтьев) (November 19, 1900 – October 15, 1980) was a Soviet mathematician and hydrodynamicist.
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Mikhail Sholokhov
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (p; – February 21, 1984) was a Soviet/Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации or Minobrnauki of Russia) existed from March 2004 till May 2018.
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Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (shortly: Moldavian SSR, abbr.: MSSR; Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească, in Cyrillic alphabet: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ; Молда́вская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика Moldavskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known to as Soviet Moldavia or Soviet Moldova, was one of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union existed from 1940 to 1991.
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Monument to Yuri Gagarin
Monument to Yuri Gagarin is a 42.5-meter high pedestal and statue of Yuri Gagarin, the first person to travel in space.
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Moscow
Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.
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Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Московский Физико-Технический институт), known informally as PhysTech (Физтех), is a Russian university, originally established in Soviet Union.
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Moscow State University
Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ) is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia.
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Mstislav Keldysh
Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh (Мстисла́в Все́володович Ке́лдыш; – 24 June 1978) was a Soviet scientist in the field of mathematics and mechanics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946), President of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1961–1975), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961, 1971), fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1968).
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Named prizes and medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences
The prizes and gold medals named after prominent scientists (премии и золотые медали имени выдающихся ученых) are issued by the Russian Academy of Sciences for important scientific works, discoveries and inventions.
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National academy
A national academy is an organizational body, usually operating with state financial support and approval, that co-ordinates scholarly research activities and standards for academic disciplines, most frequently in the sciences but also the humanities.
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National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (NASB) (Нацыянальная акадэмія навук Беларусі, Национальная академия наук Беларуси, НАН Беларуси, НАНБ) is the national academy of Belarus.
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National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU; Національна академія наук України, Natsional’na akademiya nauk Ukrayiny, abbr: NAN Ukraine) is a self-governing state-funded organization in Ukraine that coordinates a system of research institutes in the country.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Nauka (publisher)
Nauka (Наука, lit. trans.: Science) is a Russian publisher of academic books and journals.
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Naval mine
A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Neuro-linguistic programming
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is an approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy created by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in California, United States in the 1970s.
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Nevil Maskelyne
The Rev Dr Nevil Maskelyne DD FRS FRSE (6 October 1732 – 9 February 1811) was the fifth British Astronomer Royal.
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Nicolaus II Bernoulli
Nicolaus II Bernoulli, a.k.a. Niklaus Bernoulli, Nikolaus Bernoulli, (6 February 1695, Basel, Switzerland – 31 July 1726, St. Petersburg, Russia) was a Swiss mathematician as were his father Johann Bernoulli and one of his brothers, Daniel Bernoulli.
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Nikolay Basov
Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov (Никола́й Генна́диевич Ба́сов; 14 December 1922 – 1 July 2001) was a Soviet physicist and educator.
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Nikolay Bogolyubov
Nikolay Nikolayevich Bogolyubov (Никола́й Никола́евич Боголю́бов; 21 August 1909 – 13 February 1992), also transliterated as Bogoliubov and Bogolubov, was a Soviet mathematician and theoretical physicist known for a significant contribution to quantum field theory, classical and quantum statistical mechanics, and the theory of dynamical systems; He was the recipient of the 1992 Dirac Prize.
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Nikolay Novosiltsev
Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev (Никола́й Никола́евич Новоси́льцев, Nikołaj Nowosilcow) (1761–1838) was a Russian statesman and a close aide to Alexander I of Russia.
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Nikolay Semyonov
Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov (or Semenov), (Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов; – 25 September 1986) was a Russian/Soviet physicist and chemist.
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Northeast Science Station (Russia)
The Northeast Science Station of the RAS (Северо-Восточная научная станция РАН) is an Arctic research station located in Chersky, Sakha Republic in Northeast Siberia.
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Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk (p) is the third-most populous city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg.
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Novosibirsk State University
Novosibirsk State University (NSU) is one of the leading Russian higher-education establishments, located in Novosibirsk, a cultural and industrial center of Siberia.
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October Revolution
The October Revolution (p), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Bolshevik Coup, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Omsk
Omsk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Omsk Oblast, Russia, located in southwestern Siberia from Moscow.
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Open access in Russia
In January 2008, Russian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian academics issued the "Belgorod Declaration" in support of open access to scientific and cultural knowledge.
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Orenburg
Orenburg (p) is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
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Orlov (family)
Orlov (Орлóв) is the name of a Russian noble family which produced several distinguished statesmen, diplomats and soldiers.
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Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences
The Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (PIN; Палеонтологический институт РАН) in Moscow is among the world's largest paleontological institutes.
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Pavel Cherenkov
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Па́вел Алексе́евич Черенко́в, July 28, 1904 – January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.
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People's Commissariat for Education
The People's Commissariat for Education (or Narkompros; Народный комиссариат просвещения, Наркомпрос) was the Soviet agency charged with the administration of public education and most other issues related to culture.
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Perm
Perm (p;Gramota.ru.) is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains.
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Peter Simon Pallas
Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia (1767–1810).
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Peter the Great
Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.
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Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Петропа́вловск-Камча́тский) is a city and the administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center of Kamchatka Krai, Russia.
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Pierre Deligne
Pierre René, Viscount Deligne (born 3 October 1944) is a Belgian mathematician.
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President of Russia
The President of the Russian Federation (Prezident Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the elected head of state of the Russian Federation, as well as holder of the highest office in Russia and commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces.
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Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences
The Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Доклады Академии Наук СССР, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (DAN SSSR), Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS) was a Soviet journal that was dedicated to publishing original, academic research papers in physics, mathematics, chemistry, geology, and biology.
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Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Professor of the RAS, or RAS Professor; Профе́ссор Росси́йской акаде́мии нау́к – Proféssor Rossíiskoj akadémii naúk) is an academic rank introduced in 2015 by the RAS to be conferred to distinguished Russian scientists from all fields, who are not yet members of the Academy.
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Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory is a Russian (former Soviet) radio astronomy observatory.
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Pushkin Prize
The Pushkin Prize (Пушкинская премия) was established in 1881 by the Russian Academy of Sciences to honor one of the greatest Russian poets Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837).
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Pyotr Kapitsa
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa or Peter Kapitza (Russian: Пётр Леони́дович Капи́ца, Romanian: Petre Capiţa (– 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate, best known for his work in low-temperature physics.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Russian Academy
The Russian Academy or Imperial Russian Academy (Академия Российская, Императорская Российская академия) was established in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1783 by Empress Catherine II of Russia and princess Dashkova as a research center for Russian language and Russian literature, following the example of the Académie française.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russian language
Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Russian Language Institute
The V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Институт русского языка имени В. В. Виноградова РАН) is the language regulator of the Russian language.
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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg), also unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I or Russia (rɐˈsʲijə; from the Ρωσία Rōsía — Rus'), was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous, and most economically developed union republic of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991.
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Russian Space Research Institute
The Russian Space Research Institute (Институт космических исследований Российской академии наук, Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian abbreviation: ИКИ РАН, IKI RAN) is the leading organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences on space exploration to benefit fundamental science.
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S.V. Lebedev Award
The S.V. Lebedev Award is an award, presented from 1943 to 1995 by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and since 1995 by Russian Academy of Sciences, for outstanding work in the field of chemistry and technology of synthetic rubber and other synthetic polymers.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Saint Petersburg State University
Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, СПбГУ) is a Russian federal state-owned higher education institution based in Saint Petersburg.
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Salyut 1
Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (Салют-1; English translation: Salute 1) was the first space station of any kind, launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971.
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Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov
Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov (Серге́й Ива́нович Вави́лов (– January 25, 1951) was a Soviet physicist, the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences from July 1945 until his death. His elder brother Nikolai Vavilov was a famous Russian geneticist.
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Sergey Oldenburg
Sergey Fyodorovich Oldenburg (Серге́й Фёдорович Ольденбу́рг; 26 September 1863, in Byankino, Transbaikal Oblast – 28 February 1934, in Leningrad) was a Russian orientalist who specialized in Buddhist studies.
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Sergey Uvarov
Count Sergey Semionovich Uvarov (Серге́й Семёнович Ува́ров) (25 August (5 September) 1786, Moscow – 4 (16) September 1855) was a Russian classical scholar best remembered as an influential imperial statesman under Nicholas I of Russia.
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Shirshov Institute of Oceanology
The Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (IO) RAS, Институт океанологии им.) is the premier research institution for ocean, climate, and earth science in Russia.
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Siberia
Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.
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Southern Scientific Center RAS
Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Science (SSC RAS) is a regional unit of the Russian Academy of Science, which includes research groups from a number of cities located in the Southern Federal District of Russia.
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Soviet atomic bomb project
The Soviet atomic bomb project (Russian: Советский проект атомной бомбы, Sovetskiy proyekt atomnoy bomby) was the classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during World War II.
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Soviet space program
The Soviet space program (Russian: Космическая программа СССР, Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) comprised several of the rocket and space exploration programs conducted by the Soviet Union (USSR) from the 1930s until its collapse in 1991.
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Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
The Special Astrophysical Observatory (Специальная Астрофизическая Обсерватория), or SAO RAS for short, is an astronomical observatory, set up in 1966 in the USSR, now operated by the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Sputnik 1
Sputnik 1 (or; "Satellite-1", or "PS-1", Простейший Спутник-1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1, "Elementary Satellite 1") was the first artificial Earth satellite.
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St. Petersburg Department of Steklov Institute of Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences
The St.
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State Duma
The State Duma (r), commonly abbreviated in Russian as Госду́ма (Gosduma), is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, while the upper house is the Council of the Federation.
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Steklov Institute of Mathematics
Steklov Institute of Mathematics or Steklov Mathematical Institute (Математический институт имени В.А.Стеклова) is a premier research institute based in Moscow, specialized in mathematics, and a part of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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Sukachev Institute of Forest
The Institute of Forest of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences is the first academic institution of a forest profile in Russia.
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Superpower
Superpower is a term used to describe a state with a dominant position, which is characterised by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale.
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Syktyvkar
Syktyvkar (p; Сыктывкар) is the capital city of the Komi Republic, Russia.
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T-34
The T-34 is a Soviet medium tank that had a profound and lasting effect on the field of tank design.
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Tajik Academy of Sciences
Tajik Academy of Sciences (official name Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan) incorporates 20 research institutes and three territorial groupings: the Pamir Branch in the eastern part of the country (with 2 institutes), the Khujand Scientific Center in the north, and the Khatlon Scientific Center in the south-west.
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Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, also commonly known as Soviet Tajikistan and Tajik SSR, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1929 to 1991 located in Central Asia.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (or; Тоҷикистон), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhuriyi Tojikiston), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated population of million people as of, and an area of.
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Tank
A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat, with heavy firepower, strong armour, tracks and a powerful engine providing good battlefield maneuverability.
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Timeline of Russian innovation
Timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, starting from the Early East Slavs and up to the Russian Federation.
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Tomsk
Tomsk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River.
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Transit of Venus
A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet, becoming visible against (and hence obscuring a small portion of) the solar disk.
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Troitsk, Moscow
Troitsk (Тро́ицк) is a town in Troitsky Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia, located on the Desna River southwest from the center of Moscow on the Kaluzhskoye Highway.
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Turkmen Academy of Sciences
The Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan is the state body responsible for the implementation of scientific and technical policy.
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Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы, Türkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy; Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also commonly known as Turkmenistan or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Central Asia existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991.
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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (or; Türkmenistan), (formerly known as Turkmenia) is a sovereign state in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west.
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Tyumen
Tyumen (a) is the largest city and the administrative center of Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located on the Tura River east of Moscow.
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Ufa
Ufa (p; Өфө) is the capital city of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, and the industrial, economic, scientific and cultural center of the republic.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.
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Ukrainian People's Republic
The Ukrainian People's Republic, or Ukrainian National Republic (abbreviated to УНР), was a predecessor of modern Ukraine declared on 10 June 1917 following the Russian Revolution.
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Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR or UkrSSR or UkSSR; Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, Украї́нська РСР, УРСР; Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика, Украи́нская ССР, УССР; see "Name" section below), also known as the Soviet Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from the Union's inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991. The republic was governed by the Communist Party of Ukraine as a unitary one-party socialist soviet republic. The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations, although it was legally represented by the All-Union state in its affairs with countries outside of the Soviet Union. Upon the Soviet Union's dissolution and perestroika, the Ukrainian SSR was transformed into the modern nation-state and renamed itself to Ukraine. Throughout its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times, with a significant portion of what is now Western Ukraine being annexed by Soviet forces in 1939 from the Republic of Poland, and the addition of Zakarpattia in 1946. From the start, the eastern city of Kharkiv served as the republic's capital. However, in 1934, the seat of government was subsequently moved to the city of Kiev, Ukraine's historic capital. Kiev remained the capital for the rest of the Ukrainian SSR's existence, and remained the capital of independent Ukraine after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Geographically, the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe to the north of the Black Sea, bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia, Byelorussia, and the Russian SFSR. The Ukrainian SSR's border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Union's western-most border point. According to the Soviet Census of 1989 the republic had a population of 51,706,746 inhabitants, which fell sharply after the breakup of the Soviet Union. For most of its existence, it ranked second only to the Russian SFSR in population, economic and political power.
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Ulan-Ude
Ulan-Ude (p; Улаан Үдэ, Ulaan Üde) is the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia; it is located about southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga.
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Ural (region)
The Urals (Ура́л) are a geographical region located around the Ural Mountains, between the East European and West Siberian plains.
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USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
The USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (Акаде́мия медици́нских нау́к СССР) was the highest scientific and medical organization founded in the Soviet Union founded in 1944.
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Ussuriysk
Ussuriysk (Уссури́йск) is a city in Primorsky Krai, Russia, located in the fertile valley of the Razdolnaya River, north of Vladivostok, the administrative center of the krai, and about from both the China–Russia border and the Pacific Ocean.
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Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Uzbekistan is the common English name for the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR; Ўзбекистон Совет Социалистик Республикаси, Oʻzbekiston Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi; Узбекская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Uzbekskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika) and later, the Republic of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси), that refers to the period of Uzbekistan from 1924 to 1991.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi), is a doubly landlocked Central Asian Sovereign state.
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VINITI Database RAS
VINITI Database RAS is a database provided by the All-Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI).
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Vitaly Ginzburg
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, ForMemRS (Вита́лий Ла́заревич Ги́нзбург; 4 October 1916 – 8 November 2009) was a Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences and one of the fathers of the Soviet hydrogen bomb.
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Vitus Bering
Vitus Jonassen Bering (baptised 5 August 1681, died 19 December 1741),All dates are here given in the Julian calendar, which was in use throughout Russia at the time.
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Vladimir Fortov
Vladimir Yevgenyevich Fortov (Владимир Евгеньевич Фортов, born 23 January 1946 in Noginsk, Moscow Oblast) is a Russian physicist and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; on 29 May 2013 he was elected its president.
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
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Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov
Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov (Влади́мир Лео́нтьевич Комаро́в; – 5 December 1945) was a Russian botanist.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (a; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian statesman and former intelligence officer serving as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008.
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Vladivostok
Vladivostok (p, literally ruler of the east) is a city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, located around the Golden Horn Bay, not far from Russia's borders with China and North Korea.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Yakutsk
Yakutsk (p; Дьокуускай, D'okuuskay) is the capital city of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located about south of the Arctic Circle.
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Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova
Princess Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova (Екатери́на Рома́новна Воронцо́ва-Да́шкова; 28 March 1743 – 15 January 1810) was the closest female friend of Empress Catherine the Great and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment.
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Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg (p), alternatively romanized Ekaterinburg, is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located on the Iset River east of the Ural Mountains, in the middle of the Eurasian continent, at the boundary between Asia and Europe.
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Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (p; 9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut.
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Yury Kovalchuk
Yury Valentinovich Kovalchuk (Юрий Валентинович Ковальчук, born 25 July 1951) is a Russian billionaire businessman and financier who is "reputed to be Vladimir Putin's personal banker".
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Yury Osipov
Yury Sergeyevich Osipov (Ю́рий Серге́евич О́сипов; born 7 July 1936) is a Soviet and Russian mathematician.
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Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Ю́жно-Сахали́нск, literally "Southern Sakhalin") is a city in Sakhalin island, and the administrative center of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia.
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Zhores Alferov
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (Жоре́с Ива́нович Алфёров,; Жарэс Іва́навіч Алфёраў; born 15 March 1930) is a Soviet and Russian physicist and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.
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AN SSSR, AN ZSSR, AS USSR, Academy of Sciences of USSR, Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Academy of Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Akademii Nauk, Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences, Imperial Academy of Sciences, Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, Imperial College of Sciences, Imperial College of Sciences St Petersburg, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Nauk, Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Science, Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg, Russian Imperial Academy of Science, Russian Science Academy, Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg of Academy of Sciences, Soviet Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Academy, St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, USSR Academy of Science, USSR Academy of Sciences, USSR Academy of sciences, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Российская Академия Наук.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences