Timeline of Russian innovation

Timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia, starting from the Early East Slavs and up to the Russian Federation. ^[1]

1214 relations: A cappella, Abacus, Abalakov thread, Abatis, Abstract state machines, Acoustic microscopy, Acronym, Active protection system, Admiral, Admiralty Shipyard, Adolphe Kégresse, Adolphe Pégoud, Aerial ramming, Aerial refueling, Aerobatics, Aerosani, Air ioniser, Air-augmented rocket, Aircraft carrier, Airliner, Airship, AK-47, AK-630, Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov, Alcohol, Alcohol proof, Aldol reaction, Aleksander Orłowski, Aleksandr Loran, Aleksandr Nadiradze, Aleksandr Porokhovschikov, Aleksandr Stoletov, Aleksei Isaev, Aleksey Krylov, Alexander A. Maximow, Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov, Alexander Borodin, Alexander Butlerov, Alexander Chizhevsky, Alexander Lodygin, Alexander Oparin, Alexander P. de Seversky, Alexander Prokhorov, Alexander Sablukov, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Alexandrov, Vladimir Oblast, Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov, Alexey Dushkin, Alexey Pajitnov, All-Russia Exhibition 1896, ..., Allegory, Aluminothermic reaction, Amber (color), Amber Room, Amphibious ATV, Amphibious helicopter, Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist), Anatoly Kharlampiyev, Ancient history, Andre Geim, Andrei Alexandrovich Popov, Andrei Famintsyn, Andrei Sychra, Andrey Chokhov, Andrey Nartov, Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov, Androgynous Peripheral Attach System, Anesthesia, Angular resolution, Anna of Russia, ANS synthesizer, Antarctica, Anthropometric cosmetology, Anti-ballistic missile, Anti-flash white, Antonov A-40, Antonov An-225 Mriya, Aperture, Apostles, APS underwater rifle, Arc lamp, Arch, Arctic, Arctic exploration, Arctic Ocean, Ard (plough), Arkhangelskoye Palace, Arktika (1972 icebreaker), Arktika-class icebreaker, Armored cruiser, Arrow, Artificial heart, Artificial leather, Artillery, Assault rifle, Astrakhan, Astronaut, Atlas V, Atmosphere of Venus, Auguste de Montferrand, AVL tree, Axe, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Baked milk, Baku, Balalaika, Ball game, Ballast cleaner, Ballistic missile submarine, Baltic Shipyard, Baltic states, Banya (sauna), Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development, Bardiche, Barents Sea, Bark (botany), BARS apparatus, Baseball, Baseball bat, Basil Fool for Christ, Bast fibre, Bast shoe, Bat, Batter (cooking), Battery tower, Battlefield medicine, Bay leaf, Bayan (accordion), Beam (structure), Bear hunting, Bear spear, Beef Stroganoff, Belarus, Bell, Bell tower, Bell-ringer, Bellona Foundation, Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, Benjamin Franklin, Beriev Be-200, Berkovich tip, Betula papyrifera, Biotechnology, Birch, Birch bark, Birch bark manuscript, Bird of Happiness (toy), Blagovest, Blind arch, Blini, Blood bank, Blood pressure, BN-350 reactor, Boat, Bochka roof, Bomber, Borehole, Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin, Boris Borisovich Golitsyn, Boris Cheranovsky, Boris Rosing, Boris Shavyrin, Bow (music), Bowling, Boxing, Boyan (bard), Boyar, Boyar hat, Brassicoraphanus, Bread, Brick, Broadaxe, Brocade, Bronze, Broth, Bryansk, Budenovka, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Buran (spacecraft), Burbot, Business magnate, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Revival architecture, Cabbage, Cable-stayed bridge, Cadaveric blood transfusion, Calculator, Calendar of saints, Cannon, Canter and gallop, Carbon arc welding, Carbon nanotube, Cargo spacecraft, Caspian Sea Monster, Cassegrain reflector, Cast iron, Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod, Catherine Palace, Catherine the Great, Cemented carbide, Central heating, Centrifugal fan, Chapel, Charles Adolphe Wurtz, Charles F. Goodeve, Charles H. Townes, Chatroulette, Chemical structure, Chemosynthesis, Cherenkov detector, Cherenkov radiation, Children's railway, China, Christian, Christianization of Kievan Rus', Chromatography, Chudov Monastery, Church (building), Church of the Savior on Blood, Church of the Tithes, Circassians, Circle of fifths, Circulatory system, Cithara, Clapping, Classical conditioning, Classicism, Clay, Clog, Close-in weapon system, Club (organization), Coaxial rotors, Cod, Cold War, Collider, Combat sport, Combustion, Combustion chamber, Comparison of orbital launch systems, Computer for operations with functions, Condensed milk, Cone, Conservation of mass, Constructivism (art), Constructivist architecture, Continuous track, Contract, Conventional weapon, Corbel, Corn starch, Corrosion, Corset, Cossacks, Cracking (chemistry), Crème fraîche, Crimean Tatars, Cubic zirconia, Cupola, Currency, Cylinder, Cytoskeleton, Decimal, Decimalisation, Deep column station, Degaussing, Denisovan, Desalination, Detonation nanodiamond, Diesel engine, Dill, Disk (mathematics), Distillation, Dmitri Ivanovsky, Dmitri Mendeleev, Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov, Dmitry Okhotsimsky, Docking and berthing of spacecraft, Dome, Domenico Trezzini, Don Misener, Donetsk, Dough, Dried fruit, Drift ice, Drifting ice station, Driving (horse), Drogue parachute, Droshky, Drozd, Drum machine, Druzhba pipeline, Dubna, Dubnium, Dumpling, Dymkovo toys, E. K. Gauzen, Early Middle Ages, Early Slavs, Earth, East, East Slavs, Eastern Europe, Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox church architecture, Economy of Russia, Eighth Wonder of the World, Ejection seat, Electric arc, Electric boat, Electric light, Electric power transmission, Electrical grid, Electrical telegraph, Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, Electron cooling, Electron paramagnetic resonance, Electronvolt, Electroplating, Electrotyping, Ell, Emil Lenz, England, Escalator, Escape velocity, Ethanol, Eucalyptus, Eugene Roshal, Europe, European bison, European Space Agency, Excimer laser, Expendable launch system, Explosively pumped flux compression generator, Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne, Exposition Universelle (1878), Extravehicular activity, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, Fashion, Fast-neutron reactor, Father of All Bombs, Feather, Fedoskino miniature, Feodor I of Russia, Fermentation in food processing, Fibula, Filimonovo toy, Film school, Finland, Finnish sauna, Fire-fighting sport, Firearm, Firefighting, Firefighting foam, Fixed-wing aircraft, Flag of Russia, Flame tank, Flange, Flerovium, Fletching, Flying wing, Foam, Folk art, Folk dance, Folklore, Foolishness for Christ, Formose reaction, Foundry, Fox, Fram, Franz San Galli, Frederick William I of Prussia, Fridtjof Nansen, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, Fruit preserves, Fur, Furnace, Fusion power, Fyodor Blinov, Fyodor Pirotsky, Gagarin's Start, Gas mask, Gas-operated reloading, Gavriil Ilizarov, Gene pool, Georgii Karpechenko, Georgy Babakin, Georgy Gause, Germany, Gersh Budker, Gilding, Gingerbread, Glass, Gleb Kotelnikov, Gold, Gold (color), Gold leaf, Gorodets painting, Gorodki, Gothic architecture, Gramicidin S, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Grapeshot, Graphene, Graphical sound, Gray wolf, Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Great Wall of China, Greeks, Gridshell, Ground (electricity), Ground effect vehicle, Grow light, Gudok, Gulyay-gorod, Gusli, Gymnastyorka, Gyrocar, Hadron, Halberd, Half-track, Hall-effect thruster, Handicraft, Hangover, Head transplant, Headlamp, Heart–lung transplant, Heat exchanger, Heavy bomber, Heavy-lift launch vehicle, Hectograph, Helicopter, Helium, Herbert Kroemer, Heterojunction, Hexamethylenetetramine, Hilt, History of submarines, History of technology, Hive frame, Holography, Honey, Horse, Horse gait, Horses in warfare, Hull (watercraft), Human spaceflight, Human voice, Hybrid airship, Hydroelectricity, Hyperbaric welding, Hyperboloid, Hyperboloid structure, Hypergolic propellant, Ice, Ice palace, Icebreaker, Icon, Iconoscope, Idiophone, Igor Kurchatov, Igor Sikorsky, Igor Spassky, Ilizarov apparatus, Ilyushin Il-2, Imperial Russian Army, Indigenous peoples of Siberia, Induction motor, Intercession of saints, Intercontinental ballistic missile, Interlaced video, International Electrotechnical Exhibition, Ion, Ireland, Iron, Isaac of Dalmatia, Isidore (inventor), ITER, Ivan Elmanov, Ivan Kulibin, Ivan Papanin, Ivan Pavlov, Ivan Plotnikov, Ivan the Great Bell Tower, Ivan the Terrible, Ivan Vyrodkov, Izba, James Bert Garner, Japan, Jerusalem in Christianity, Jesus, Jet pack, John Climacus, John F. Allen, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Jumper (dress), Kaissa, Kalina cycle, Kamov Ka-50, Kantele, Kara-class cruiser, Kardashev scale, Kargopol toys, Katyusha rocket launcher, Kégresse track, Königsberg, Khokhloma, Kholuy miniature, Kidney, Kidney transplantation, Kiev, Kievan Rus', Kinescope, Kirlian photography, Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Kirov-class battlecruiser, Kirza, Kissel, Kleemenko cycle, Klim Churyumov, Koch (boat), Kokoshnik, Kokoshnik (architecture), Kola Superdeep Borehole, Kolomenskoye, Komar-class missile boat, Komi language, Konstantin Khrenov, Konstantin Novoselov, Konstantin Thon, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Korabl-Sputnik 2, Korotkoff sounds, Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188, Kosovorotka, Kremlin stars, Kuleshov effect, Kvass, Lander (spacecraft), Lapta (game), Larch, Laser microphone, Last Judgment, Launch pad, Launch vehicle, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrencium, Léon Theremin, Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, Leather, Leek, Lenin (1957 icebreaker), Lenz's law, Leo Tolstoy, Lev Kuleshov, Licorne, Light-emitting diode, Lightning detection, Lightning rod, Lime (fruit), Limes, Liquid hydrogen, Liquid-propellant rocket, Liquor, Lisitsyn family, List of diamond mines, List of glassware, List of heaviest bells, List of metro systems, List of most-produced aircraft, List of root vegetables, List of Russian inventors, List of Russian scientists, List of spacecraft called Sputnik, List of tallest Eastern Orthodox church buildings, List of the largest cannon by caliber, Literacy, Liturgy, Live fire exercise, Livermorium, Log house, London, Looted art, Lucien Olivier, Ludvig Nobel, Luna 1, Luna 10, Luna 16, Luna 9, Lung transplantation, Lunokhod 1, Lydia Kavina, Mace (bludgeon), Magnet, Magnetic field, Magnetotellurics, Mail, Mainz Cathedral, Maksutov telescope, Mansi language, Marten, Maser, Maslenitsa, Masonry, Matryoshka doll, Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro), Mead, Meat, Medovukha, Melody, MESM, Metal, Metre, Metro station, Microtron, Mikhail Britnev, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Mikhail Golant, Mikhail Kalashnikov, Mikhail Koshkin, Mikhail Lazarev, Mikhail Lomonosov, Mikhail Pomortsev, Mikhail Tikhonravov, Mikhail Tsvet, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, Mil Mi-24, Mil Mi-8, Mil V-12, Military engineering, Military robot, Military uniform, Milk, Mir, Mir (submersible), Mir mine, Mirror, Missile boat, Modern synthesis (20th century), Molasses, Molniya (satellite), Molniya orbit, Mongol Empire, Mongol invasion of Rus', Mongol invasions and conquests, Monorail, Montage (filmmaking), Moon, Moritz von Jacobi, Mosaic, Moscovium, Moscow, Moscow Kremlin, Moscow Metro, Moscow Oblast, Mosin–Nagant, Moskva River, Motor ship, Motorin family, Mstyora miniature, Multiple rocket launcher, Multistage rocket, Murmansk, Mushroom, Music theory, Musical instrument, Naryshkin Baroque, National Smokejumper Association, Naval mine, Nazi Germany, NEC, Nephoscope, Nestor Makhno, Neva Yacht Club, Nicholas II of Russia, Nicolai A. Vasiliev, Nicolas Florine, Nihonium, Nikolai Korotkov, Nikolay Basov, Nikolay Beketov, Nikolay Benardos, Nikolay Brusentsov, Nikolay Devyatkov, Nikolay Diletsky, Nikolay Pirogov, Nikolay Slavyanov, Nikolay Zelinsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobelium, Nobility, Nomad, Non-classical logic, Nord Stream, North Caucasus, North Pole, North Pole-1, Northern Sea Route, Norway, Novgorod Republic, Nozzle, Nuclear marine propulsion, Nuclear power plant, Nuclear weapon, Nuclear-powered icebreaker, Nuclotron, Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, Oak, Oat, Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, Obsolete Russian units of measurement, Odhner Arithmometer, Odyssey (launch platform), Oganesson, Oil platform, Oil tanker, Oil terminal, Oil well, Okroshka, Old Believers, Old Permic alphabet, Old Testament, Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer), Oleg Losev, Olivier salad, Onion, Onion dome, Optophonic Piano, Oranienbaum, Russia, Orbit, Orbital module, Orbital spaceflight, Orbiter, Orbitrap, Orenburg shawl, Orient, Orlov Trotter, Osprey Publishing, Ostankino Tower, Ostrog (fortress), Outer space, Oven, Oxygen cocktail, Palekh miniature, Palm Sunday, Pancake, Paper, Parachute, Paratrooper, Parchment, Paris, Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro), Park Pobedy (Saint Petersburg Metro), Parsley, Particle accelerator, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', Patron saint, Pavel Cherenkov, Pavel Schilling, Pavel Yablochkov, Peaked cap, Pearl barley, Pechenegs, Pedestal, Pelmeni, Perch, Perfect fifth, Periodic table, Periodic trends, Pernach, Peter and Paul Fortress, Peter Grushin, Peter II of Russia, Peter the Great, Petergof, Petr Ufimtsev, Petro Prokopovych, Petroleum industry, Pickled cucumber, Pickling, Pilot (icebreaker), Pinafore, Pipeline transport, Plasma (physics), Plasma propulsion engine, Plate armour, Platform screen doors, Plough, Podstakannik, Pole weapon, Polikarpov Po-2, Polybutadiene, Polygon, Polyphony, Pomors, Portage, Postal code, Postconstructivism, Postnik Yakovlev, Potato, Potato starch, Powdered milk, Powered exoskeleton, Pressure suit, Primary Chronicle, Propaganda, Proton, Proton (rocket family), Prussia, Pugachev's Cobra, Pulsed plasma thruster, Pulsejet, Punched card, Purlin, Pylon station, Pyotr Kapitsa, Pyotr Lebedev, Pyotr Nesterov, Pyotr Shilovsky, Quantum dot, Quick-firing gun, R-11 Zemlya, R-29 Vysota, R-7 Semyorka, Radial keratotomy, Radiation pressure, Radiator, Radiator (heating), Radio jamming, Radio receiver, Radio telescope, Radio-controlled helicopter, Railway electrification system, Raketa (hydrofoil), Rapid transit, RAR (file format), Rassolnik, RD-170, RD-180, Reactive armour, Rebar, Red, Red Square, Red wine, Reentry capsule, Reflectron, Regional jet, Regular army, Reinforced concrete, Relief, Rhythm, Rhythmic gymnastics, Rhythmicon, Rock (geology), Rocket boots, Rocket engine, Rockwell scale, Roller coaster, Rostislav Alexeyev, Rover (space exploration), Royal Cork Yacht Club, RPG-7, RT-21 Temp 2S, RT-2PM Topol, Ruble, Rushnyk, Russia, Russian Airborne Troops, Russian architecture, Russian battlecruiser Admiral Lazarev, Russian boxing, Russian conquest of Siberia, Russian cruiser Azov, Russian cruiser General-Admiral, Russian cuisine, Russian culture, Russian Empire, Russian floating nuclear power station, Russian Ground Forces, Russian guitar, Russian lacquer art, Russian martial arts, Russian Navy, Russian Orthodox Church, Russian oven, Russian Railway Troops, Russian Revival architecture, Russian Revolution, Russian ruble, Russian submarine Novomoskovsk (K-407), Russian traditional music, Russians, Russky Bridge, Russo-Kazan Wars, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Rutherfordium, Ryazhenka, Rye, Sable, Sabre, Sailing, Sailing ship, Sailor cap, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg Metro, Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Salmon, Salyut 1, Sambo (martial art), Samovar, Sample-return mission, Sarafan, Sarov, Satellite, Sauerkraut, Scandinavia, Scramjet, Sculpture, Sea ice, Sea Launch, Seismometer, Selective fire, Semyon Davidovich Kirlian, Semyon Korsakov, Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, Sergei Korolev, Sergei Winogradsky, Sergei Yudin, Sergey Lebedev (chemist), Sergey Lebedev (scientist), Sergey Malyutin, Sergey Zagraevsky, Setun, Seven Sisters (Moscow), Shashka, Shchi, Shielded metal arc welding, Ship, Ship floodability, Shirt, Shtil', Shukhov cracking process, Shukhov Tower, Siberia, Siege of Kazan, Siege tower, Sikorsky Ilya Muromets, Sikorsky R-4, Sikorsky Russky Vityaz, Simmering, Skittles (sport), Skomorokh, Skull crucible, Slavic languages, Slavic paganism, Slavs, Sled, Smetana (dairy product), Smokejumper, Snowmobile, Socialist realism, Sokha, Solar cell, Sorrel soup, Sounding board, Soup, Souvenir, Soviet Army, Soviet space program, Soviet Union, Soyuz (rocket family), Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz TMA-13, Space capsule, Space food, Space probe, Space station, Space suit, Space toilet, Space tourism, Spaceflight, Spaceport, Spade, Spear, Spektr-R, Sphere, Sphygmomanometer, Spire, Sportivnaya (Saint Petersburg Metro), Spring-loaded camming device, Springer Science+Business Media, Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, SS Normandie, Staged combustion cycle, Stalinist architecture, Standard diving dress, Stanislavski's system, Stealth technology, Steambath, Steel, Stefan Drzewiecki, Stem cell, Stepan Makarov, Steppe, Stereo camera, Stethoscope, Still, Strategic bomber, Streltsy, String instrument, Struve Geodetic Arc, Submarine, Submarine-launched ballistic missile, Sugar beet, Sukhoi Su-27, Sumio Iijima, Sun, Sunflower oil, Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, Superconductivity, Superfluidity, Supermaneuverability, Supersonic speed, Supersonic transport, Svetlana Gerasimenko, Svyatoslav Fyodorov, Sword, Sympathetic string, Synchrophasotron, Synchrotron, Synthetic rubber, T-14 Armata, T-26 variants, T-34, T-54/T-55, Table-glass, Tachanka, Tail rotor, Tandem rotors, Tank, Tankette, Taste, Teletank, Television, Temple in Jerusalem, Tench, Tennessine, Tensile structure, Tented roof, Ternary computer, Terpsitone, Tetris, The Motherland Calls, The Russian Review, The St. Petersburg Times, The Thing (listening device), TheGuardian.com, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Theophylact Simocatta, Theremin, Theremin Center, Thermal energy, Thermobaric weapon, Thermonuclear fusion, Thermoplan, Thin-shell structure, Tholobate, Three-phase electric power, Tibia, Tilia, Tin whistle, Tokamak, Tokyo, Tokyo subway, Ton, Tonne, Torpedo boat tender, Tower, Toy, Tractor, Tram, Trans-Siberian Railway, Transformer, Transmission electron microscopy, Treatise, Treshchotka, Triangle, TRIZ, Troika (driving), Trot, TsAGI, Tsar, Tsar Bell, Tsar Bomba, Tsar Cannon, Tsar Tank, Tsardom of Russia, Tsarskoye Selo, Tula pryanik, Tula, Russia, Tupolev ANT-20, Tupolev Tu-144, Tupolev Tu-155, Tupolev Tu-160, Turkestan, Typhoon-class submarine, Udmurt language, Ukha, Ukraine, Ukrainians, Ulyanovsk, Underwater firearm, Unison, Unit record equipment, United States, Ushanka, Valenki, Valentin Glushko, Vandal (tanker), Variable-sweep wing, Vasily Andreyev, Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, Vasily Zvyozdochkin, Vault (architecture), Veliky Novgorod, Velvet, Venera, Venera 4, Vera Mukhina, Vertical launching system, Vezdekhod, Viktor Makeyev, Viktor Vasnetsov, Virus, Vitaly Abalakov, Vitamin, Vladimir Baranov-Rossine, Vladimir Barmin, Vladimir Chelomey, Vladimir Demikhov, Vladimir K. Zworykin, Vladimir Kotelnikov, Vladimir Oblast, Vladimir Shukhov, Vladimir Simonov, Vladimir Syromyatnikov, Vladimir the Great, Vladimir Yurkevich, Vodka, Voitenko compressor, Volga Finns, Volga River, Volume, Vostok (spacecraft), Vostok 1, Vostok programme, Vought-Sikorsky VS-300, Wagon, Wagon fort, Water, Water tower, Webcam, Welded sculpture, Welding, Wels catfish, Western Europe, Wheat, White Sea, Wiley-Blackwell, Willgodt Theophil Odhner, William Craft Brumfield, William Pokhlyobkin, Winged tank, Winogradsky column, Winter Palace, Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, World Computer Chess Championship, World War II, Yablochkov candle, Yacht club, Yachting, Yakovlev Yak-40, Yeast, Yefim Smolin, Yermak (1898 icebreaker), Yermak Timofeyevich, Yevgeny Chertovsky, Yevgeny Zavoisky, Yuri Gagarin, Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk, Yury Felten, Zasechnaya cherta, Zaum, Zenit (rocket family), Zenit-3SL, Zhores Alferov, Zhostovo painting, Znamya (satellite), Zulu-class submarine, Zvonnitsa, 10, 50 Let Pobedy, 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, 7-Zip, 7.62×39mm, 7z. 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A cappella

A cappella (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way.

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The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral system.

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Abalakov thread

Abseiling at an Abalakov thread The Abalakov thread, or V-Thread, is an ice protection device named after its innovator, Soviet climber Vitaly Abalakov.

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Abatis

An abatis, abattis, or abbattis is a field fortification consisting of an obstacle formed (in the modern era) of the branches of trees laid in a row, with the sharpened tops directed outwards, towards the enemy.

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Abstract state machines

In computer science, an abstract state machine (ASM) is a state machine operating on states that are arbitrary data structures (structure in the sense of mathematical logic, that is a nonempty set together with a number of functions (operations) and relations over the set).

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Acoustic microscopy

Acoustic microscopy is microscopy that employs very high or ultra high frequency ultrasound.

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Acronym

An acronym is a word or name formed as an abbreviation from the initial components in a phrase or a word, usually individual letters (as in NATO or laser) and sometimes syllables (as in Benelux).

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Active protection system

An active protection system is a system (usually for a military application) designed to prevent line-of-sight guided anti-tank missiles/projectiles from acquiring and/or destroying a target.

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Admiral

Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies, and in many navies is the highest rank.

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Admiralty Shipyard

The Admiralty Shipyard (Адмиралтейские верфи) (formerly Soviet Shipyard No. 194) is one of the oldest and largest shipyards in Russia, located in Saint Petersburg.

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Adolphe Kégresse

Adolphe Kégresse (1879, Héricourt, Haute-Saône - 1943) was a French military engineer, inventor of the half-track and dual clutch transmission.

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Adolphe Pégoud

Adolphe Célestin Pégoud (13 June 1889 – 31 August 1915) was a French aviator and flight instructor who became the first fighter ace in history during World War I.

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Aerial ramming

Aerial ramming or air ramming is the ramming of one aircraft with another.

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Aerial refueling

Aerial refueling, also referred to as air refueling, in-flight refueling (IFR), air-to-air refueling (AAR), and tanking, is the process of transferring aviation fuel from one military aircraft (the tanker) to another (the receiver) during flight.

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Aerobatics

Aerobatics (a portmanteau of aerial-acrobatics) is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in normal flight.

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Aerosani

An aerosani (aerosani, literally 'aerosled') is a type of propeller-driven snowmobile, running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation.

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Air ioniser

An air ioniser (or negative ion generator or Chizhevsky's chandelier) is a device that uses high voltage to ionise (electrically charge) air molecules.

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Air-augmented rocket

Air-augmented rockets (also known as rocket-ejector, ramrocket, ducted rocket, integral rocket/ramjets, or ejector ramjets) use the supersonic exhaust of some kind of rocket engine to further compress air collected by ram effect during flight to use as additional working mass, leading to greater effective thrust for any given amount of fuel than either the rocket or a ramjet alone.

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Aircraft carrier

An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft.

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Airliner

An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo.

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Airship

An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power.

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AK-47

The AK-47, or AK as it is officially known, also known as the Kalashnikov, is a gas-operated, 7.62×39mm assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov.

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AK-630

The AK-630 is a Soviet and Russian fully automatic naval close-in weapon system based on a six-barreled 30 mm rotary cannon.

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Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov

Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov (Акинфий Никитич Демидов) (1678 – 5 August 1745) was a Russian industrialist of the Demidov family.

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Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.

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Alcohol proof

Alcohol proof is a measure of the content of ethanol (alcohol) in an alcoholic beverage.

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Aldol reaction

The aldol reaction is a means of forming carbon–carbon bonds in organic chemistry.

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Aleksander Orłowski

Aleksander Orłowski (9 March 1777 – 13 March 1832) was a Polish painter and sketch artist, and a pioneer of lithography in the Russian Empire.

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Aleksandr Loran

Aleksandr Grigoryevich Loran (Александр Григорьевич Лоран) (1849 – after 1911), sometimes called Alexander Laurant or Aleksandr Lovan or Aleksandr Lavrentyev, was a Russian teacher and inventor of fire fighting foam and foam extinguisher.

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Aleksandr Nadiradze

Aleksandr Davidovich Nadiradze (ალექსანდრე ნადირაძე, Александр Давидович Надирадзе 20 August 1914 – 3 September 1987) was a Soviet inventor, designer and engineer in the fields of aircraft and missile technology.

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Aleksandr Porokhovschikov

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Porokhovschikov(Rus: Александр Александрович Пороховщиков) (1892–1941/43) was Russian military engineer, tank and aircraft inventor, known mostly for the development of Vezdekhod, the first tank (resembling modern tankette) in 1914-1915.

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Aleksandr Stoletov

Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov (Алекса́ндр Григо́рьевич Столе́тов; 10 August 1839 – 27 May 1896) was a Russian physicist, founder of electrical engineering, and professor in Moscow University.

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Aleksei Isaev

Aleksei Mikhailovich Isaev (October 24, 1908, Saint Petersburg–June 10, 1971, Moscow) was a Russian rocket engineer.

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Aleksey Krylov

Aleksey Nikolaevich Krylov (Алексе́й Никола́евич Крыло́в; – October 26, 1945) was a Russian naval engineer, applied mathematician and memoirist.

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Alexander A. Maximow

Alexander Alexandrowitsch Maximow (Александр Александрович Максимов; - December 4, 1928), was a Russian-American scientist in the fields of Histology and Embryology whose team developed the hypothesis about the existence of "polyblasts".

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Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov

Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov is a Russian physicist who led the team that developed the Orbitrap, a type of mass spectrometer, and received the 2008 American Society for Mass Spectrometry Distinguished Contribution in Mass Spectrometry Award for this development.

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Alexander Borodin

Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (a; 12 November 183327 February 1887) was a Russian Romantic composer of Georgian-Russian origin, as well as a doctor and chemist.

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Alexander Butlerov

Alexander Mikhaylovich Butlerov (Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Бу́тлеров; 15 September 1828 – 17 August 1886) was a Russian chemist, one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure (1857–1861), the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulas, the discoverer of hexamine (1859), the discoverer of formaldehyde (1859) and the discoverer of the formose reaction (1861).

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Alexander Chizhevsky

Alexander Chizhevsky Алекса́ндр Леони́дович Чиже́вский (also Aleksandr Leonidovich Tchijevsky) (7 February 1897 – 20 December 1964) was a Soviet-era interdisciplinary scientist, a biophysicist who founded "heliobiology" (study of the sun’s effect on biology) and "aero-ionization" (study of effect of ionization of air on biological entities).

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Alexander Lodygin

Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin (Александр Николаевич Лодыгин; 18 October 1847 – 16 March 1923) was a Russian electrical engineer and inventor, one of inventors of the incandescent light bulb.

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Alexander Oparin

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Опа́рин) (– April 21, 1980) was a Soviet biochemist notable for his theories about the origin of life, and for his book The Origin of Life.

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Alexander P. de Seversky

Alexander Nikolaievich Prokofiev de Seversky (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Проко́фьев-Се́верский) (June 7, 1894 – August 24, 1974) was a Russian-American aviation pioneer, inventor, and influential advocate of strategic air power.

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Alexander Prokhorov

Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (born Alexander Michael Prochoroff, Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was an Australian born Russian physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov.

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Alexander Sablukov

Alexander Alexandrovich Sablukov (Александр Александрович Саблуков; 1783–1857) was a Russian Lieutenant General, engineer and inventor.

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Alexander Stepanovich Popov

Alexander Stepanovich Popov (sometimes spelled Popoff; Алекса́ндр Степа́нович Попо́в; –) was a Russian physicist who is acclaimed in his homeland and some eastern European countries as the inventor of radio.

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Alexandrov, Vladimir Oblast

Alexandrov (p) is a town and the administrative center of Alexandrovsky District in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow.

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Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov

Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov (Алексей Григорьевич Орлов; –) was a Russian soldier and statesman, who rose to prominence during the reign of Catherine the Great.

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Alexey Dushkin

Alexey Nikolayevich Dushkin (24 December 1904 – 8 October 1977) was a Soviet architect, best known for his 1930s designs of Kropotkinskaya and Mayakovskaya stations of Moscow Metro.

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Alexey Pajitnov

Alexey Leonidovich Pajitnov (born 14 March 1956) is a Russian video game designer and computer engineer who developed Tetris while working for the Dorodnitsyn Computing Centre of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, a Soviet government-founded R&D center.

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All-Russia Exhibition 1896

The All-Russia industrial and art exhibition 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod was held from May 28 (June 9 N.S.) till October 1 (13 N.S.), 1896.

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Allegory

As a literary device, an allegory is a metaphor in which a character, place or event is used to deliver a broader message about real-world issues and occurrences.

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Aluminothermic reaction

Aluminothermic reactions are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature.

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Amber (color)

The color amber is a pure chroma color, located on the color wheel midway between the colors of gold and orange.

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Amber Room

The Amber Room (r, Bernsteinzimmer, Bursztynowa komnata) is a reconstructed chamber decorated in amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors, located in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg.

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Amphibious ATV

An amphibious all-terrain vehicle (AATV) is a small off-road, and typically six-wheel drive, amphibious vehicle.

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Amphibious helicopter

An amphibious helicopter is a helicopter that is intended to land in and take off from both land and water.

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Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist)

Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov (Анатолий Петрович Александров, 13 February 1903, Tarascha – 3 February 1994, Moscow), also known as A.P Alaexandrov, was a Russian physicist, director of the Kurchatov Institute, academician (from 1953) and president of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1975–1986).

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Anatoly Kharlampiyev

Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiyev (Анато́лий Арка́дьевич Харла́мпиев; 29 October 1906 – 16 April 1979) was the world famous researcher of various kinds of national wrestling and martial arts, Merited Master of Sports of the USSR, Honored Coach of the USSR.

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Ancient history

Ancient history is the aggregate of past events, "History" from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the post-classical history.

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Andre Geim

Sir Andre Konstantin Geim, FRS, HonFRSC, HonFInstP (born 21 October 1958) is a Soviet-born Dutch-British physicist working in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.

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Andrei Alexandrovich Popov

Andrei Alexandrovich Popov (Андрей Александрович Попов) (21 September 1821 - 6 March 1898) was an officer of the Imperial Russian Navy, who saw action during the Crimean War, and became a noted naval designer.

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Andrei Famintsyn

Andrei Sergeyevich Famintsyn (Андрей Серге́евич Фаминцын) (June 17 (O.S. June 29), 1835, Moscow – December 8, 1918, Petrograd) was a Russian botanist, public figure, and academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1884).

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Andrei Sychra

Andrei Osipovich Sychra (Sikhra, Sichra, in Russian Андрей Осипович Сихра Andrej Osipovič Sixra) (born 1773 (?1776) in Vilnius; died November 21/December 3, 1850, in St Petersburg) was a Russian guitarist, composer and teacher, of Czech ancestry.

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Andrey Chokhov

Andrey Chokhov, also spelled Chekhov (Андрей Чохов (Чехов) in Russian) (c. 1545 – 1629, allegedly 8 December, Moscow) was a highly prominent Russian cannon and bell caster.

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Andrey Nartov

Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov (Андрей Константинович Нартов) (1683—1756) was a Russian scientist, military engineer, inventor and sculptor.

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Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov

Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov (Андре́й Никола́евич Ти́хонов; October 30, 1906 – October 7, 1993) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician and geophysicist known for important contributions to topology, functional analysis, mathematical physics, and ill-posed problems.

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Androgynous Peripheral Attach System

The terms Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (APAS), Androgynous Peripheral Assembly System (APAS) and Androgynous Peripheral Docking System (APDS), are used interchangeably to describe a family of spacecraft docking mechanisms, and are also sometimes used as a generic name for any docking system in that family.

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Anesthesia

In the practice of medicine (especially surgery and dentistry), anesthesia or anaesthesia (from Greek "without sensation") is a state of temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness.

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Angular resolution

Angular resolution or spatial resolution describes the ability of any image-forming device such as an optical or radio telescope, a microscope, a camera, or an eye, to distinguish small details of an object, thereby making it a major determinant of image resolution.

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Anna of Russia

Anna Ioannovna (Анна Иоанновна; –), also spelled Anna Ivanovna and sometimes anglicized as Anne, was regent of the duchy of Courland from 1711 until 1730 and then ruled as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740.

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ANS synthesizer

The ANS synthesizer is a photoelectronic musical instrument created by Russian engineer Evgeny Murzin from 1937 to 1957.

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Antarctica

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent.

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Anthropometric cosmetology

Anthropometric cosmetology (Anthropometry from Greek Ανθρωπος, "man") is the medical practice science of correction and modification of deformities in the upper and lower extremities of the body.

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Anti-ballistic missile

An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a surface-to-air missile designed to counter ballistic missiles (see missile defense).

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Anti-flash white

Anti-flash white is a brilliant white color commonly seen on British, Soviet, and U.S. nuclear bombers.

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Antonov A-40

The Antonov A-40 Krylya Tanka (крылья танка, meaning "tank wings") was a Soviet attempt to allow a tank to glide onto a battlefield after being towed aloft by an airplane, to support airborne forces or partisans.

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Antonov An-225 Mriya

The Antonov An-225 Mriya (Антонов Ан-225, lit, NATO reporting name: "Cossack") is a strategic airlift cargo aircraft that was designed by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Ukrainian SSR within the Soviet Union during the 1980s.

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Aperture

In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels.

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Apostles

In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity.

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APS underwater rifle

The APS underwater assault rifle (APS stands for Avtomat Podvodny Spetsialnyy (Автомат Подводный Специальный) or "Special Underwater Assault Rifle") is an underwater firearm designed by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s.

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Arc lamp

An arc lamp or arc light is a lamp that produces light by an electric arc (also called a voltaic arc).

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Arch

An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not support the weight above it, or in case of a horizontal arch like an arch dam, the hydrostatic pressure against it.

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Arctic

The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth.

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Arctic exploration

Arctic exploration is the physical exploration of the Arctic region of the Earth.

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Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans.

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Ard (plough)

The ard, ard plough, or scratch plough is a simple light plough without a mouldboard.

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Arkhangelskoye Palace

Arkhangelskoye (Арха́нгельское) is a historical estate in Krasnogorsky District, Moscow Oblast, Russia, located around 20 km to the west of Moscow and 2 km southwest of Krasnogorsk.

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Arktika (1972 icebreaker)

NS Arktika (p) is a retired nuclear-powered icebreaker of the Soviet (now Russian) ''Arktika'' class.

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Arktika-class icebreaker

The Arktika class is a Russian (former Soviet) class of nuclear-powered icebreakers.

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Armored cruiser

The armored cruiser was a type of warship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Arrow

An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile that is launched via a bow, and usually consists of a long straight stiff shaft with stabilizers called fletchings, as well as a weighty (and usually sharp and pointed) arrowhead attached to the front end, and a slot at the rear end called nock for engaging bowstring.

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Artificial heart

An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart.

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Artificial leather

Artificial leather is a material intended to substitute for leather in fields such as upholstery, clothing, footwear and fabrics and other uses where a leather-like finish is desired but the actual material is cost-prohibitive or unsuitable.

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Artillery

Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry's small arms.

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Assault rifle

An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine.

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Astrakhan

Astrakhan (p) is a city in southern Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast.

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Astronaut

An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.

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Atlas V

Atlas V ("V" is pronounced "Five") is an expendable launch system in the Atlas rocket family.

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Atmosphere of Venus

The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus.

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Auguste de Montferrand

Auguste de Montferrand (January 23, 1786 – July 10, 1858) was a French Classicism architect who worked primarily in Russia.

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AVL tree

In computer science, an AVL tree (named after inventors Adelson-Velsky and Landis) is a self-balancing binary search tree.

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Axe

An axe (British English or ax (American English; see spelling differences) is an implement that has been used for millennia to shape, split and cut wood; to harvest timber; as a weapon; and as a ceremonial or heraldic symbol. The axe has many forms and specialised uses but generally consists of an axe head with a handle, or helve. Before the modern axe, the stone-age hand axe was used from 1.5 million years BP without a handle. It was later fastened to a wooden handle. The earliest examples of handled axes have heads of stone with some form of wooden handle attached (hafted) in a method to suit the available materials and use. Axes made of copper, bronze, iron and steel appeared as these technologies developed. Axes are usually composed of a head and a handle. The axe is an example of a simple machine, as it is a type of wedge, or dual inclined plane. This reduces the effort needed by the wood chopper. It splits the wood into two parts by the pressure concentration at the blade. The handle of the axe also acts as a lever allowing the user to increase the force at the cutting edge—not using the full length of the handle is known as choking the axe. For fine chopping using a side axe this sometimes is a positive effect, but for felling with a double bitted axe it reduces efficiency. Generally, cutting axes have a shallow wedge angle, whereas splitting axes have a deeper angle. Most axes are double bevelled, i.e. symmetrical about the axis of the blade, but some specialist broadaxes have a single bevel blade, and usually an offset handle that allows them to be used for finishing work without putting the user's knuckles at risk of injury. Less common today, they were once an integral part of a joiner and carpenter's tool kit, not just a tool for use in forestry. A tool of similar origin is the billhook. However, in France and Holland, the billhook often replaced the axe as a joiner's bench tool. Most modern axes have steel heads and wooden handles, typically hickory in the US and ash in Europe and Asia, although plastic or fibreglass handles are also common. Modern axes are specialised by use, size and form. Hafted axes with short handles designed for use with one hand are often called hand axes but the term hand axe refers to axes without handles as well. Hatchets tend to be small hafted axes often with a hammer on the back side (the poll). As easy-to-make weapons, axes have frequently been used in combat.

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Baikonur Cosmodrome

Baikonur Cosmodrome (translit; translit) is a spaceport located in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia.

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Baked milk

Baked milk (топлёное молоко, пряжене молоко, адтопленае малако) is a variety of boiled milk that has been particularly popular in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

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Baku

Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region, with a population of 2,374,000.

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Balalaika

The balalaika (балала́йка) is a Russian stringed musical instrument with a characteristic triangular wooden, hollow body and three strings.

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Ball game

Ball games (or ballgames), also ball sports, are any form of game or sport which feature a ball as part of play.

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Ballast cleaner

A ballast cleaner (also known as an undercutter) is a machine that specialises in cleaning the railway track ballast (gravel, blue stone or other aggregate) of impurities.

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Ballistic missile submarine

A ballistic missile submarine is a submarine capable of deploying submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with nuclear warheads.

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Baltic Shipyard

The Baltic Shipyard (Baltiysky Zavod, formerly Shipyard 189) (С.) is one of the oldest shipyards in Russia and is part of United Shipbuilding Corporation today.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Banya (sauna)

A banya or banja (баня) is a small room or building designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions or an establishment with one or more of these facilities.

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Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development

The P. I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development (also known as the "Central Institute for Aviation Motor Development named after P. I. Baranov" or simply "Central Institute of Aviation Motors", CIAM or TsIAM, Tsentralniy Institut Aviatsionnogo Motorostroeniya, Центральный Институт Авиационного Моторостроения) is the only specialized Russian research and engineering facility dealing with advanced aerospace propulsion research, aircraft engine certification and other gas dynamics-related issues.

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Bardiche

A bardiche, berdiche, bardische, bardeche,("long pollaxe") or berdish is a type of axe/pole weapon known in the 14th through 17th centuries in Europe.

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Barents Sea

The Barents Sea (Barentshavet; Баренцево море, Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters.

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Bark (botany)

Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants.

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BARS apparatus

BARS (or "split sphere", transliteration from abbreviation of, "press-free high-pressure setup «split sphere»") a high-pressure high-temperature apparatus usually used for growing or processing minerals, especially diamond and boron nitride.

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Baseball

Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding.

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Baseball bat

A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal club used in the sport of baseball to hit the ball after it is thrown by the pitcher.

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Basil Fool for Christ

Basil the Blessed (known also as Basil, fool for Christ; Basil, Wonderworker of Moscow; or Blessed Basil of Moscow, fool for Christ Василий Блаженный, Vasily Blazhenny) is a Russian Orthodox saint of the type known as yurodivy or "holy fool for Christ".

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Bast fibre

Bast fibre (also called phloem fibre or skin fibre) is plant fibre collected from the phloem (the "inner bark", sometimes called "skin") or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants.

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Bast shoe

Bast shoes are shoes made primarily from bast — fiber taken from the bark of trees such as linden or birch.

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Bat

Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera; with their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight.

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Batter (cooking)

Batter is thin dough that can be easily poured into a pan.

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Battery tower

A battery tower was a defensive tower built into the outermost defences of many castles, usually in the 16th century or later, after the advent of firearms.

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Battlefield medicine

Battlefield medicine, also called field surgery and later combat casualty care, is the treatment of wounded combatants and non-combatants in or near an area of combat.

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Bay leaf

Bay leaf (plural bay leaves) refers to the aromatic leaves of several plants used in cooking.

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Bayan (accordion)

The bayan (p) is a type of chromatic button accordion developed in Russia in the early 20th century and named after the 11th-century bard Boyan.

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Beam (structure)

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis.

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Bear hunting

Bear hunting is the act of hunting bears.

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Bear spear

A bear spear was a medieval type of spear used in hunting for bears and other large animals.

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Beef Stroganoff

Beef Stroganoff or Beef Stroganov (Russian: бефстроганов befstróganov) is a Russian dish of sautéed pieces of beef served in a sauce with smetana (sour cream).

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Belarus

Belarus (Беларусь, Biełaruś,; Беларусь, Belarus'), officially the Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь; Республика Беларусь), formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia (Белоруссия, Byelorussiya), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest.

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Bell

A bell is a directly struck idiophone percussion instrument.

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Bell tower

A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none.

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Bell-ringer

A bell-ringer is a person who rings a bell, usually a church bell, by means of a rope or other mechanism.

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Bellona Foundation

The Bellona Foundation is an international environmental NGO based in Oslo, Norway.

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Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

A Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator.

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Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Beriev Be-200

The Beriev Be-200 Altair (Бериев Бе-200) is a multipurpose amphibious aircraft designed by the Beriev Aircraft Company and manufactured by Irkut.

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Berkovich tip

A Berkovich tip is a type of nanoindenter tip used for testing the indentation hardness of a material.

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Betula papyrifera

Betula papyrifera (paper birch, also known as white birch and canoe birch) is a short-lived species of birch native to northern North America.

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Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).

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Birch

A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams.

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Birch bark

Birch bark or birchbark is the bark of several Eurasian and North American birch trees of the genus Betula.

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Birch bark manuscript

Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the inner layer of birch bark, which was commonly used for writing before the advent of mass production of paper.

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Bird of Happiness (toy)

Bird of Happiness (p) is the traditional North Russian wooden toy, carved in the shape of a bird.

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Blagovest

The blagovest is a type of peal in Russian Orthodox bell ringing.

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Blind arch

A blind arch is an arch found in the wall of a building that has been infilled with solid construction and so cannot serve as a passageway, door or window.

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Blini

A blini (sometimes spelled bliny) (Russian: блины pl., diminutive: блинчики, blinchiki) or, sometimes, blin (more accurate as a single form of the noun), is a Russian pancake traditionally made from wheat or (more rarely) buckwheat flour and served with sour cream, quark, butter, caviar and other garnishes.

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Blood bank

A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion.

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Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.

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BN-350 reactor

The BN-350 was a sodium-cooled fast reactor located at Aktau Nuclear Power Plant.

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Boat

A boat is a watercraft of a large range of type and size.

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Bochka roof

Bochka roof or simply bochka (бочка, barrel) is the type of roof in the traditional Russian architecture that has a form of half-cylinder with elevated and sharpened upper part, resembling the sharpened kokoshnik.

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Bomber

A bomber is a combat aircraft designed to attack ground and naval targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry (such as bombs), firing torpedoes and bullets or deploying air-launched cruise missiles.

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Borehole

A borehole is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or horizontally.

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Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin

Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin (Борис Александрович Мамырин, May 25, 1919 - March 5, 2007) was a Russian scientist best known for his invention of the electrostatic ion mirror mass spectrometer known as the reflectron.

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Boris Borisovich Golitsyn

Prince Boris Borisovich Golitsyn (in Saint Petersburg – near Petrograd) was a prominent Russian physicist who invented the first electromagnetic seismograph in 1906.

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Boris Cheranovsky

Boris Ivanovich Cheranovsky (Борис Иванович Черановский, alternatively romanized as Chyeranovskii; 1 (13) July 1896 – 17 December 1960) was a Russian aircraft designer, notable for creating aircraft with a characteristic tailless parabolic wing. — the BICh-1 and BICh-2 gliders from 1924, and the powered BICh-3 later.

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Boris Rosing

Boris Lvovich Rosing (Бори́с Льво́вич Ро́зинг; (April 23, 1869 (old style, May 5, 1869, new style). – April 20, 1933) was a Russian scientist and inventor in the field of television.

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Boris Shavyrin

Boris Ivanovich Shavyrin (Бори́с Ива́нович Шавы́рин) (1902, Yaroslavl – 1965) was a Russian artillery and rocket engineer who developed the first air-augmented rocket, Gnom, or Gnome (installable on mobile complexes or large tanks), as well as many other Soviet mortars and rockets.

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Bow (music)

In music, a bow is a tensioned stick with hair affixed to it that is moved across some part of a musical instrument to cause vibration, which the instrument emits as sound.

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Bowling

Bowling is a sport or leisure activity in which a player rolls or throws a bowling ball towards a target.

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Boxing

Boxing is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves, throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring.

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Boyan (bard)

Boyan is the name of a bard who was mentioned in the Rus' epic The Lay of Igor's Campaign as being active at the court of Yaroslav the Wise.

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Boyar

A boyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Kievan, Moscovian, Wallachian and Moldavian and later, Romanian aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes (in Bulgaria, tsars), from the 10th century to the 17th century.

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Boyar hat

The boyar hat (боярская шапка, more correct Russian name is горлатная шапка, gorlatnaya hat) was a fur hat worn by Russian nobility between the 15th and 17th centuries, most notably by boyars, for whom it was a sign of their social status.

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Brassicoraphanus

Brassicoraphanus is any intergeneric hybrid between the genera Brassica (cabbages, etc.) and Raphanus (radish).

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Bread

Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking.

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Brick

A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction.

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Broadaxe

A broadaxe is a large-(broad) headed axe.

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Brocade

Brocade is a class of richly decorative shuttle-woven fabrics, often made in colored silks and with or without gold and silver threads.

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Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.

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Broth

Broth is a savory liquid made of water in which bones, meat, fish, or vegetables have been simmered.

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Bryansk

Bryansk (p) is a city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, located southwest of Moscow.

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Budenovka

A budenovka (p) is a distinctive type of hat, an archetypal part of the Communist military uniforms of the Russian Civil War (1917-1922) and later conflicts.

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Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics

The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP) is one of the major centres of advanced study of nuclear physics in Russia.

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Buran (spacecraft)

Buran (Бура́н,, meaning "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"; GRAU index serial number: "11F35 K1") was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme.

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Burbot

The burbot (Lota lota) is the only gadiform (cod-like) freshwater fish.

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Business magnate

A business magnate (formally industrialist) refers to an entrepreneur of great influence, importance, or standing in a particular enterprise or field of business.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

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Byzantine Revival architecture

The Byzantine Revival (also referred to as Neo-Byzantine) was an architectural revival movement, most frequently seen in religious, institutional and public buildings.

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Cabbage

Cabbage or headed cabbage (comprising several cultivars of Brassica oleracea) is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads.

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Cable-stayed bridge

A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons), from which cables support the bridge deck.

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Cadaveric blood transfusion

Cadaveric blood transfusion is the transfusion of blood from a dead body to a living person.

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Calculator

An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.

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Calendar of saints

The calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint.

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Cannon

A cannon (plural: cannon or cannons) is a type of gun classified as artillery that launches a projectile using propellant.

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Canter and gallop

The canter and gallop are variations on the fastest gait that can be performed by a horse or other equine.

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Carbon arc welding

Carbon arc welding (CAW) is a process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a non-consumable carbon (graphite) electrode and the work-piece.

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Carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

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Cargo spacecraft

Cargo spacecraft are robotic spacecraft that are designed to support space stations operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies.

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Caspian Sea Monster

The KM (Korabi Maket) (Russian: Корабль-макет, literally "Ship-prototype"), known colloquially as the Caspian Sea Monster, was a Soviet experimental ground effect vehicle (ekranoplan) developed by the Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau in the 1960s.

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Cassegrain reflector

The Cassegrain reflector is a combination of a primary concave mirror and a secondary convex mirror, often used in optical telescopes and radio antennas.

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Cast iron

Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.

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Cathedral

A cathedral is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate.

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Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Храм Христа Спасителя, Khram Khrista Spasitelya) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral in Moscow, Russia, on the northern bank of the Moskva River, a few hundred metres southwest of the Kremlin.

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Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod

The Cathedral of St. Sophia (the Holy Wisdom of God) in Veliky Novgorod is the cathedral church of the Archbishop of Novgorod and the mother church of the Novgorodian Eparchy.

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Catherine Palace

The Catherine Palace (Екатерининский дворец) is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), 30 km south of St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; –), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader.

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Cemented carbide

Cemented carbide is a hard material used extensively as cutting tool material, as well as other industrial applications.

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Central heating

A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms.

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Centrifugal fan

A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases.

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Chapel

The term chapel usually refers to a Christian place of prayer and worship that is attached to a larger, often nonreligious institution or that is considered an extension of a primary religious institution.

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Charles Adolphe Wurtz

Charles Adolphe Wurtz (26 November 1817 – 10 May 1884) was an Alsatian French chemist.

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Charles F. Goodeve

Sir Charles Frederick Goodeve, OBE, FRS, (21 February 1904 – 7 April 1980) was a Canadian chemist and pioneer in operations research for the British.

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Charles H. Townes

Charles Hard Townes (July 28, 1915 – January 27, 2015) was an American physicist and inventor of the maser and laser.

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Chatroulette

Chatroulette is an online chat website that pairs random users for webcam-based conversations.

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Chemical structure

A chemical structure determination includes a chemist's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid.

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Chemosynthesis

In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis.

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Cherenkov detector

A Cherenkov (Черенко́в) detector is a particle detector using the speed threshold for light production, the speed-dependent light output or the velocity-dependent light direction of Cherenkov radiation.

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Cherenkov radiation

Cherenkov radiation (sometimes spelled "Cerenkov") is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium.

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Children's railway

A children's railway or pioneer railway is an extracurricular educational institution, where teenagers learn railway professions.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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Christian

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christianization of Kievan Rus'

The Christianization of Kievan Rus' took place in several stages.

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Chromatography

Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.

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Chudov Monastery

The Chudov Monastery (Чу́дов монасты́рь) (more formally known as Alexius’ Archangel Michael Monastery) was founded in the Moscow Kremlin in 1358 by Metropolitan Alexius of Moscow.

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Church (building)

A church building or church house, often simply called a church, is a building used for Christian religious activities, particularly for worship services.

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Church of the Savior on Blood

The Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood (Церковь Спаса на Крови, Tserkovʹ Spasa na Krovi) is one of the main sights of Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Church of the Tithes

The Church of the Tithes or Church of the Dormition of the Virgin (Десятинна Церква., Desiatynna Tserkva; Десятинная Церковь, Desyatinnaya Tserkov') was the first stone church in Kiev.

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Circassians

The Circassians (Черкесы Čerkesy), also known by their endonym Adyghe (Circassian: Адыгэхэр Adygekher, Ады́ги Adýgi), are a Northwest Caucasian nation native to Circassia, many of whom were displaced in the course of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the 19th century, especially after the Russian–Circassian War in 1864.

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Circle of fifths

In music theory, the circle of fifths (or circle of fourths) is the relationship among the 12 tones of the chromatic scale, their corresponding key signatures, and the associated major and minor keys.

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Circulatory system

The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.

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Cithara

The cithara or kithara (translit, cithara) was an ancient Greek musical instrument in the lyre or lyra family.

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Clapping

A clap is the percussive sound made by striking together two flat surfaces, as in the body parts of humans or animals.

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Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).

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Classicism

Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate.

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Clay

Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3, MgO etc.) and organic matter.

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Clog

Clogs are a type of footwear made in part or completely from wood.

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Close-in weapon system

A close-in weapon system (CIWS), is a point-defense weapon system for detecting and destroying short-range incoming missiles and enemy aircraft which have penetrated the outer defenses, typically mounted shipboard in a naval capacity.

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Club (organization)

A club is an association of two or more people united by a common interest or goal.

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Coaxial rotors

Coaxial rotors or "coax rotors" are a pair of helicopter rotors mounted one above the other on concentric shafts, with the same axis of rotation, but turning in opposite directions (contra-rotation).

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Cod

Cod is the common name for the demersal fish genus Gadus, belonging to the family Gadidae.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Collider

A collider is a type of particle accelerator involving directed beams of particles.

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Combat sport

A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a competitive contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat.

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Combustion

Combustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.

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Combustion chamber

A combustion chamber is that part of an internal combustion engine (ICE) in which the fuel/air mix is burned.

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Comparison of orbital launch systems

This is a comparison of orbital launch systems.

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Computer for operations with functions

A computer for operations with (mathematical) functions (unlike the usual computer) operates with functions at the hardware level (i.e. without programming these operations).

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Condensed milk

Condensed milk is cow's milk from which water has been removed.

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Cone

A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex.

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Conservation of mass

The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system's mass cannot change, so quantity cannot be added nor removed.

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Constructivism (art)

Constructivism was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia beginning in 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin.

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Constructivist architecture

Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s.

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Continuous track

Continuous track, also called tank tread or caterpillar track, is a system of vehicle propulsion in which a continuous band of treads or track plates is driven by two or more wheels.

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Contract

A contract is a promise or set of promises that are legally enforceable and, if violated, allow the injured party access to legal remedies.

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Conventional weapon

The terms conventional weapons or conventional arms generally refer to weapons that are in relatively wide use that are not weapons of mass destruction (e.g. nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons).

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Corbel

In architecture a corbel is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket.

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Corn starch

Corn starch, cornstarch, cornflour or maize starch or maize is the starch derived from the corn (maize) grain.

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Corrosion

Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide.

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Corset

A corset is a garment worn to hold and train the torso into a desired shape, traditionally a smaller waist or larger bottom, for aesthetic or medical purposes (either for the duration of wearing it or with a more lasting effect).

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Cossacks

Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.

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Cracking (chemistry)

In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors.

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Crème fraîche

Crème fraîche (English pronunciation:,, lit. "fresh cream") is a dairy product, a soured cream containing 10–45% butterfat, with a pH of around 4.5.

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Crimean Tatars

Crimean Tatars or Crimeans (Crimean Tatar: Qırımtatarlar, qırımlar, Kırım Tatarları, Крымские Татары, крымцы, Кримськi Татари, кримцi) are a Turkic ethnic group that formed in the Crimean Peninsula during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily from the Turkic tribes that moved to the land now known as Crimea in Eastern Europe from the Asian steppes beginning in the 10th century, with contributions from the pre-Cuman population of Crimea.

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Cubic zirconia

Cubic zirconia (CZ) is the cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).

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Cupola

In architecture, a cupola is a relatively small, most often dome-like, tall structure on top of a building.

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Currency

A currency (from curraunt, "in circulation", from currens, -entis), in the most specific use of the word, refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins.

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Cylinder

A cylinder (from Greek κύλινδρος – kulindros, "roller, tumbler"), has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes.

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Cytoskeleton

A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life (archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes).

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Decimal

The decimal numeral system (also called base-ten positional numeral system, and occasionally called denary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers.

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Decimalisation

Decimalisation is the process of converting a currency from its previous non-decimal denominations to a decimal system (i.e., a system based on one basic unit of currency and one or more sub-units, such that the number of sub-units in one basic unit is a power of 10, most commonly 100).

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Deep column station

The deep column station is a type of subway station, consisting of a central hall with two side halls, connected by ring-like passages between a row of columns.

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Degaussing

Degaussing is the process of decreasing or eliminating a remnant magnetic field.

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Denisovan

The Denisovans or Denisova hominins) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo.

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Desalination

Desalination is a process that extracts mineral components from saline water.

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Detonation nanodiamond

Detonation nanodiamond (DND), also known as ultradispersed diamond (UDD), is diamond that originates from a detonation.

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Diesel engine

The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel which is injected into the combustion chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression (adiabatic compression).

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Dill

Dill (Anethum graveolens) is an annual herb in the celery family Apiaceae.

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Disk (mathematics)

In geometry, a disk (also spelled disc).

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Distillation

Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by selective boiling and condensation.

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Dmitri Ivanovsky

Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky (alternative spelling Dmitrii or Dmitry Iwanowski; Дми́трий Ио́сифович Ивано́вский; 28 October 1864 – 20 June 1920) was a Russian botanist, the discoverer of viruses (1892) and one of the founders of virology.

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Dmitri Mendeleev

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (a; 8 February 18342 February 1907 O.S. 27 January 183420 January 1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor.

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Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov

Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov (Дми́трий Дми́триевич Максу́тов) (– 12 August 1964) was a Russian / Soviet optical engineer and amateur astronomer.

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Dmitry Okhotsimsky

Dmitry Yevgenyevich Okhotsimsky (Дми́трий Евге́ньевич Охоци́мский) was a Soviet Russian aerospace engineer and scientist who was the pioneer of space ballistics in the USSR.

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Docking and berthing of spacecraft

Docking and berthing of spacecraft is the joining of two space vehicles.

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Dome

Interior view upward to the Byzantine domes and semi-domes of Hagia Sophia. See Commons file for annotations. A dome (from Latin: domus) is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere.

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Domenico Trezzini

Domenico Trezzini (c. 1670 – 1734) was a Swiss Italian architect who elaborated the Petrine Baroque style of Russian architecture.

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Don Misener

Don Misener (A.D. Misener) was a physicist.

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Donetsk

Donetsk (Донецьк; Доне́цк; former names: Aleksandrovka, Hughesovka, Yuzovka, Stalino (see also: cities' alternative names)) is an industrial city in Ukraine on the Kalmius River.

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Dough

Dough is a thick, malleable, sometimes elastic, paste made out of any grains, leguminous or chestnut crops.

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Dried fruit

Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators.

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Drift ice

Drift ice is any sea ice other than fast ice, the latter being attached ("fastened") to the shoreline or other fixed objects (shoals, grounded icebergs, etc.).Leppäranta, M. 2011.

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Drifting ice station

Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations are research stations built on the ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.

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Driving (horse)

Driving, when applied to horses, ponies, mules, or donkeys, is a broad term for hitching equines to a wagon, carriage, cart, sleigh, or other horse-drawn vehicle by means of a harness and working them in this way.

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Drogue parachute

A drogue parachute is a parachute designed to be deployed from a rapidly moving object in order to slow the object, to provide control and stability, or as a pilot parachute to deploy a larger parachute.

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Droshky

A droshky or drosky (дрожки (plural); troska (singular)) is a term used for several types of carriage, including.

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Drozd

Drozd ("thrush" in Russian) is an active protection system developed in the Soviet Union, designed for increasing tanks' protection against anti-tank missiles and RPGs.

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Drum machine

A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument that creates percussion.

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Druzhba pipeline

The Druzhba pipeline (нефтепровод «Дружба»; also has been referred to as the Friendship Pipeline and the Comecon Pipeline) is the world's longest oil pipeline and one of the biggest oil pipeline networks in the world.

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Dubna

Dubna (p) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia.

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Dubnium

Dubnium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Db and atomic number 105.

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Dumpling

Dumpling is a broad classification for a dish that consists of pieces of dough (made from a variety of starch sources) wrapped around a filling or of dough with no filling.

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Dymkovo toys

Dymkovo toys, also known as the Vyatka toys or Kirov toys (Дымковская игрушка, вятская игрушка, кировская игрушка in Russian) are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals (sometimes in the form of a pennywhistle).

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E. K. Gauzen

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, typically regarded as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history.

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Early Slavs

The early Slavs were a diverse group of tribal societies who lived during the Migration Period and Early Middle Ages (approximately the 5th to the 10th centuries) in Eastern Europe and established the foundations for the Slavic nations through the Slavic states of the High Middle Ages.

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Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

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East

East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass.

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East Slavs

The East Slavs are Slavic peoples speaking the East Slavic languages.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.

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Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

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Eastern Orthodox church architecture

Eastern Orthodox church architecture constitutes a distinct, recognizable family of styles among church architectures.

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Economy of Russia

Russia has an upper-middle income, World Bank mixed economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy.

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Eighth Wonder of the World

Eighth Wonder of the World is an unofficial title sometimes given to new buildings, structures, projects, or even designs that are deemed to be comparable to the seven Wonders of the World.

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Ejection seat

In aircraft, an ejection seat or ejector seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft (usually military) in an emergency.

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Electric arc

An electric arc, or arc discharge, is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces an ongoing electrical discharge.

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Electric boat

While a significant majority of water vessels are powered by diesel engines, with sail power and gasoline engines also popular, boats powered by electricity have been used for over 120 years.

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Electric light

An electric light is a device that produces visible light from electric current.

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Electric power transmission

Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation.

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Electrical grid

An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers.

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Electrical telegraph

An electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electrical signals, usually conveyed via dedicated telecommunication circuit or radio.

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Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion

An electrically-powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electrical energy to change the velocity of a spacecraft.

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Electron cooling

Electron cooling is a method to shrink the emittance (size, divergence, and energy spread) of a charged particle beam without removing particles from the beam.

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Electron paramagnetic resonance

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons.

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Electronvolt

In physics, the electronvolt (symbol eV, also written electron-volt and electron volt) is a unit of energy equal to approximately joules (symbol J).

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Electroplating

Electroplating is a process that uses an electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin coherent metal coating on an electrode.

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Electrotyping

Electrotyping (also galvanoplasty) is a chemical method for forming metal parts that exactly reproduce a model.

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Ell

An ell (from Proto-Germanic *alinō, cognate with Latin ulna) is a unit of measurement, originally a cubit, i.e., approximating the length of a man's arm from the elbow (literally meant the bend (bow) of the arm (ell)) to the tip of the middle finger, or about 18 inches (457 mm); in later usage, any of several longer units.

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Emil Lenz

Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz (also Emil Khristianovich Lenz, Эмилий Христианович Ленц; 12 February 1804 – 10 February 1865), usually cited as Emil Lenz, was a Russian physicist of Baltic German ethnicity.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Escalator

An escalator is a type of vertical transportation in the form of a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building.

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Escape velocity

In physics, escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body.

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Ethanol

Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.

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Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus L'Héritier 1789 (plural eucalypti, eucalyptuses or eucalypts) is a diverse genus of flowering trees and shrubs (including a distinct group with a multiple-stem mallee growth habit) in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae.

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Eugene Roshal

Eugene Roshal (translit) is a Russian software engineer best known as the developer of.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European bison

The European bison (Bison bonasus), also known as wisent or the European wood bison, is a Eurasian species of bison.

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European Space Agency

The European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.

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Excimer laser

An excimer laser, sometimes more correctly called an exciplex laser, is a form of ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of microelectronic devices, semiconductor based integrated circuits or "chips", eye surgery, and micromachining.

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Expendable launch system

An expendable launch vehicle (ELV) is a launch system or launch vehicle stage that is used only once to carry a payload into space.

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Explosively pumped flux compression generator

An explosively pumped flux compression generator (EPFCG) is a device used to generate a high-power electromagnetic pulse by compressing magnetic flux using high explosive.

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Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne

The Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (International Exposition of Art and Technology in Modern Life) was held from 25 May to 25 November 1937 in Paris, France.

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Exposition Universelle (1878)

The third Paris World's Fair, called an Exposition Universelle in French, was held from 1 May through to 10 November 1878.

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Extravehicular activity

Extravehicular activity (EVA) is any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond the Earth's appreciable atmosphere.

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Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen

Fabian Gottlieb Thaddeus von Bellingshausen (–; Фаддей Фаддеевич Беллинсгаузен, Faddey Faddeyevich Bellinsgauzen), a Russian officer of Baltic German descent in the Imperial Russian Navy, cartographer and explorer, ultimately rose to the rank of Admiral.

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Fashion

Fashion is a popular style, especially in clothing, footwear, lifestyle products, accessories, makeup, hairstyle and body.

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Fast-neutron reactor

A fast-neutron reactor or simply a fast reactor is a category of nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons, as opposed to thermal neutrons used in thermal-neutron reactors.

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Father of All Bombs

Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (ATBIP) Авиационная вакуумная бомба повышенной мощности (АВБПМ), nicknamed "Father of All Bombs" (FOAB) "Папа всех бомб" ("Пвб"), is a Russian-designed, bomber-delivered thermobaric weapon.

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Feather

Feathers are epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds and other, extinct species' of dinosaurs.

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Fedoskino miniature

Fedoskino miniature (федоскинская миниатюра) is a traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting on papier-mache, named after its original center Fedoskino (Федоскино), an old village near Moscow widely known from the late 18th century.

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Feodor I of Russia

Fyodor (Theodore) I Ivanovich (Фёдор I Иванович) or Feodor I Ioannovich (Феодор I Иоаннович); 31 May 1557 – 16 or 17 January (NS) 1598), also known as Feodor the Bellringer, was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584–1598). Feodor's mother died when he was three, and he grew up in the shadow of his father, Ivan the Terrible. A pious man of retiring disposition, Feodor took little interest in politics, and the country was effectively administered in his name by Boris Godunov, the brother of his beloved wife Irina. His childless death left the Rurikid dynasty extinct, and spurred Russia's descent into the catastrophic Time of Troubles. In Russian documents, Feodor is sometimes called blessed (Блаженный). He is also listed in the "Great Synaxaristes" of the Orthodox Church, with his feast day on January 7 (OS).

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Fermentation in food processing

Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic conditions.

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Fibula

The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below.

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Filimonovo toy

Filimonovo toys (Филимо́новская игру́шка) are a type of Russian pottery craft produced in Odoyevsky District of Tula Oblast, Russia.

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Film school

A film school is any educational institution dedicated to teaching aspects of filmmaking, including such subjects as film production, film theory, digital media production, and screenwriting.

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Finland

Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.

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Finnish sauna

The Finnish sauna is a substantial part of Finnish culture.

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Fire-fighting sport

Fire-fighting sport (пожарно-прикладной спорт) is a sport discipline developed in the Soviet Union in 1937.

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Firearm

A firearm is a portable gun (a barreled ranged weapon) that inflicts damage on targets by launching one or more projectiles driven by rapidly expanding high-pressure gas produced by exothermic combustion (deflagration) of propellant within an ammunition cartridge.

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Firefighting

Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, woodlands, etc.

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Firefighting foam

Firefighting foam is a foam used for fire suppression.

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Fixed-wing aircraft

A fixed-wing aircraft is an aircraft, such as an airplane or aeroplane (note the two different spellings), which is capable of flight using wings that generate lift caused by the vehicle's forward airspeed and the shape of the wings.

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Flag of Russia

The flag of Russia (Флаг России) is a tricolor flag consisting of three equal horizontal fields: white on the top, blue in the middle and red on the bottom.

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Flame tank

A flame tank is a type of tank equipped with a flamethrower, most commonly used to supplement combined arms attacks against fortifications, confined spaces, or other obstacles.

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Flange

A flange is an external or internal ridge, or rim (lip), for strength, as the flange of an iron beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam; or for attachment to another object, as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a camera; or for a flange of a rail car or tram wheel.

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Flerovium

Flerovium is a superheavy artificial chemical element with symbol Fl and atomic number 114.

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Fletching

Fletching is the fin-shaped aerodynamic stabilization device attached on arrows, crossbow bolts or darts, typically made from light, semi-flexible materials such as feathers.

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Flying wing

A flying wing is a tailless fixed-wing aircraft that has no definite fuselage.

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Foam

Foam is a substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.

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Folk art

Folk art encompasses art produced from an indigenous culture or by peasants or other laboring tradespeople.

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Folk dance

A folk dance is developed by people that reflect the life of the people of a certain country or region.

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Folklore

Folklore is the expressive body of culture shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group.

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Foolishness for Christ

Foolishness for Christ (διά Χριστόν σαλό, оуродъ, юродъ) refers to behavior such as giving up all one's worldly possessions upon joining a monastic order, or to deliberate flouting of society's conventions to serve a religious purpose–particularly of Christianity.

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Formose reaction

The formose reaction, discovered by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1861 and hence, also known as the Butlerov reaction, involves the formation of sugars from formaldehyde.

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Foundry

A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings.

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Fox

Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae.

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Fram

Fram ("Forward") is a ship that was used in expeditions of the Arctic and Antarctic regions by the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen, Otto Sverdrup, Oscar Wisting, and Roald Amundsen between 1893 and 1912.

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Franz San Galli

Franz San Galli (Франц Карлович Сан Галли, Franz Karlovich San Galli; 10 March 1824 – 30 July 1908) was a prominent Russian public figure, entrepreneur and inventor.

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Frederick William I of Prussia

Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I) (14 August 1688 – 31 May 1740), known as the "Soldier King" (Soldatenkönig), was the King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg from 1713 until his death in 1740 as well as the father of Frederick the Great.

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Fridtjof Nansen

Fridtjof Nansen (10 October 1861 – 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

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Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (Василий Яковлевич Струве, trans. Vasily Yakovlevich Struve; 15 April 1793 –) was a German-Russian astronomer and geodesist from the famous Struve family.

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Fruit preserves

Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits, vegetables and sugar, often canned or sealed for long-term storage.

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Fur

Fur is the hair covering of non-human mammals, particularly those mammals with extensive body hair that is soft and thick.

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Furnace

A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating.

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Fusion power

Fusion power is a form of power generation in which energy is generated by using fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation.

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Fyodor Blinov

Fyodor Abramovich Blinov (1827–1902) was a Russian Jewish inventor who introduced on the first tracked vehicles (a wagon on continuous tracks) in 1877 (patented in 1879), and then developed his idea and built the first steam-powered continuous track tractor for farm usage (1881-1888).

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Fyodor Pirotsky

Fyodor Apollonovich Pirotsky (Фёдор Аполлонович Пироцкий; -) was a Russian engineer of Ukrainian origin and inventor of the world's first railway electrification system and electric tram.

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Gagarin's Start

Gagarin's Start (Гагаринский старт, Gagarinskiy start) is a launch site at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, used for the Soviet space program and now managed by Roscosmos State Corporation.

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Gas mask

The gas mask is a mask used to protect the user from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases.

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Gas-operated reloading

Gas-operation is a system of operation used to provide energy to operate autoloading firearms.

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Gavriil Ilizarov

Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov (Гавриил Абрамович Илизаров; 15 June 1921 – 24 July 1992) was a Soviet physician, known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the method of surgery named after him, the Ilizarov surgery.

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Gene pool

The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.

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Georgii Karpechenko

Georgii Dmitrievich Karpechenko (1899 in Velsk, Vologda Governorate – July 28, 1941) was a Russian and Soviet biologist.

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Georgy Babakin

Georgy Nikolayevich Babakin (Гео́ргий Никола́евич Баба́кин; 13 November 1914 – 3 August 1971) was a Soviet engineer working in the space program.

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Georgy Gause

Georgii Frantsevich Gause (Гео́ргий Фра́нцевич Га́узе; December 27, 1910 – May 4, 1986), was a Russian biologist who proposed the competitive exclusion principle, fundamental to the science of ecology.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Gersh Budker

Gersh Itskovich Budker (Герш Ицкович Будкер), also named Andrey Mikhailovich Budker, (1 May 1918 – 4 July 1977) was a Soviet physicist, specialized in nuclear physics and accelerator physics.

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Gilding

Gilding is any decorative technique for applying fine gold leaf or powder to solid surfaces such as wood, stone, or metal to give a thin coating of gold.

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Gingerbread

Gingerbread refers to a broad category of baked goods, typically flavored with ginger, cloves, nutmeg or cinnamon and sweetened with honey, sugar or molasses.

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Glass

Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.

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Gleb Kotelnikov

Gleb Yevgeniyevich Kotelnikov (Котельников, Глеб Евгеньевич in Russian, – November 22, 1944), was the Russian-Soviet inventor of the knapsack parachute (first in the hard casing and then in the soft pack), and braking parachute.

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Gold

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.

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Gold (color)

Gold, also called golden, is a color.

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Gold leaf

Gold leaf is gold that has been hammered into thin sheets by goldbeating and is often used for gilding.

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Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting (Городецкая роспись in Russian) is one of the folk arts and crafts of Russia, and a phenomenon of the so-called naive art.

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Gorodki

Gorodki (Городки, townlets; Poppi) is an ancient Russian folk sport whose popularity has spread to Karelia, Finland, Sweden, Ingria, Lithuania, and Estonia.

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Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.

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Gramicidin S

Gramicidin S or Gramicidin Soviet is an antibiotic that is effective against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as some fungi.

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Grand Duchy of Moscow

The Grand Duchy or Grand Principality of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское, Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye), also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Moscovia, was a late medieval Russian principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.

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Grapeshot

In artillery, grapeshot is a type of shot that is not one solid element, but a mass of small metal balls or slugs packed tightly into a canvas bag.

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Graphene

Graphene is a semi-metal with a small overlap between the valence and the conduction bands (zero bandgap material).

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Graphical sound

Graphical sound or drawn sound (Fr. son dessiné, Ger. graphische Tonerzeugung,; It. suono disegnato) is a sound recording created from images drawn directly onto film or paper that were then played back using a sound system.

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Gray wolf

The gray wolf (Canis lupus), also known as the timber wolf,Paquet, P. & Carbyn, L. W. (2003).

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Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GSE; Большая советская энциклопедия, БСЭ, Bolshaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya) is one of the largest Russian-language encyclopedias, published by the Soviet state from 1926 to 1990, and again since 2002 by Russia (under the name Bolshaya Rossiyskaya entsiklopediya or Great Russian Encyclopedia).

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Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion.

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Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.. Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods. Most ethnic Greeks live nowadays within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.CIA World Factbook on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, Greek Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%. Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, arts, exploration, literature, philosophy, politics, architecture, music, mathematics, science and technology, business, cuisine, and sports, both historically and contemporarily.

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Gridshell

A gridshell is a structure which derives its strength from its double curvature (in a similar way that a fabric structure derives strength from double curvature), but is constructed of a grid or lattice.

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Ground (electricity)

In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth.

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Ground effect vehicle

A ground-effect vehicle (GEV) is a vehicle that is designed to attain sustained flight over a level surface (usually over the sea) by making use of ground effect, the aerodynamic interaction between the wings and the surface.

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Grow light

A grow light or plant light is an artificial light source, generally an electric light, designed to stimulate plant growth by emitting a light appropriate for photosynthesis.

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Gudok

The gudok (гудок), gudochek (гудочек), or hudok (гудïк) is an ancient Eastern Slavic string musical instrument, played with a bow.

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Gulyay-gorod

Gulyay-gorod, also guliai-gorod, (Гуля́й-го́род, literally: "wandering town"), was a mobile fortification used by the Russian army between the 15th and the 17th centuries.

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Gusli

Gusli (p) is the oldest East Slavic multi-string plucked instrument.

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Gymnastyorka

Gymnastyorka (usually translated in English as Gimnasterka; also spelled Gymnastiorka; p) was a Russian military shirt-tunic comprising a pullover-style garment with a standing collar having double button closure.

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Gyrocar

A gyrocar is a two-wheeled automobile.

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Hadron

In particle physics, a hadron (ἁδρός, hadrós, "stout, thick") is a composite particle made of quarks held together by the strong force in a similar way as molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force.

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Halberd

A halberd (also called halbard, halbert or Swiss voulge) is a two-handed pole weapon that came to prominent use during the 14th and 15th centuries.

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Half-track

A half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with regular wheels at the front for steering and continuous tracks at the back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load.

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Hall-effect thruster

In spacecraft propulsion, a Hall-effect thruster (HET) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field.

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Handicraft

A handicraft, sometimes more precisely expressed as artisanal handicraft or handmade, is any of a wide variety of types of work where useful and decorative objects are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools.

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Hangover

A hangover is the experience of various unpleasant physiological and psychological effects following the consumption of alcohol, such as wine, beer and distilled spirits.

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Head transplant

A head transplant is an experimental surgical operation involving the grafting of one organism's head onto the body of another; in many experiments the recipient's head was not removed but in others it has been.

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Headlamp

A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to light the road ahead.

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Heart–lung transplant

A heart–lung transplant is a procedure carried out to replace both heart and lungs in a single operation.

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Heat exchanger

A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids.

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Heavy bomber

Heavy bombers are bomber aircraft capable of delivering the largest payload of air-to-ground weaponry (usually bombs) and longest range of their era.

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Heavy-lift launch vehicle

A heavy-lift launch vehicle, HLV or HLLV, is an orbital launch vehicle capable of lifting between 20,000 to 50,000 kg to low Earth orbit (LEO).

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Hectograph

The hectograph, gelatin duplicator or jellygraph is a printing process that involves transfer of an original, prepared with special inks, to a pan of gelatin or a gelatin pad pulled tight on a metal frame.

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Helicopter

A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors.

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Helium

Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.

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Herbert Kroemer

Herbert Kroemer (born August 25, 1928), a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1952 from the University of Göttingen, Germany, with a dissertation on hot electron effects in the then-new transistor, setting the stage for a career in research on the physics of semiconductor devices.

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Heterojunction

A heterojunction is the interface that occurs between two layers or regions of dissimilar crystalline semiconductors.

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Hexamethylenetetramine

Hexamethylenetetramine or methenamine is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH2)6N4.

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Hilt

The hilt (rarely called the haft) of a sword is its handle, consisting of a guard, grip and pommel.

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History of submarines

Beginning in ancient times, humans sought to operate under the water.

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History of technology

The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques and is similar to other sides of the history of humanity.

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Hive frame

A hive frame or honey frame is a structural element in a beehive that holds the honeycomb or brood comb within the hive enclosure or box.

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Holography

Holography is the science and practice of making holograms.

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Honey

Honey is a sweet, viscous food substance produced by bees and some related insects.

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Horse

The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''.

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Horse gait

Horse gaits are the various ways in which a horse can move, either naturally or as a result of specialized training by humans.

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Horses in warfare

The first use of horses in warfare occurred over 5,000 years ago.

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Hull (watercraft)

The hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat.

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Human spaceflight

Human spaceflight (also referred to as crewed spaceflight or manned spaceflight) is space travel with a crew or passengers aboard the spacecraft.

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Human voice

The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract, such as talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, etc.

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Hybrid airship

A hybrid airship is a powered aircraft that obtains some of its lift as a lighter-than-air (LTA) airship and some from aerodynamic lift as a heavier-than-air aerodyne.

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Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower.

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Hyperbaric welding

Hyperbaric welding is the process of welding at elevated pressures, normally underwater.

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Hyperboloid

In geometry, a hyperboloid of revolution, sometimes called circular hyperboloid, is a surface that may be generated by rotating a hyperbola around one of its principal axes.

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Hyperboloid structure

Hyperboloid structures are architectural structures designed using a hyperboloid in one sheet.

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Hypergolic propellant

A hypergolic propellant combination used in a rocket engine is one whose components spontaneously ignite when they come into contact with each other.

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Ice

Ice is water frozen into a solid state.

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Ice palace

An ice palace or ice castle is a castle-like structure made of blocks of ice.

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Icebreaker

An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships.

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Icon

An icon (from Greek εἰκών eikōn "image") is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and certain Eastern Catholic churches.

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Iconoscope

The Iconoscope (from the Greek: εἰκών "image" and σκοπεῖν "to look, to see") was the first practical video camera tube to be used in early television cameras.

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Idiophone

An idiophone is any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the instrument as a whole vibrating—without the use of strings or membranes.

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Igor Kurchatov

Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (И́горь Васи́льевич Курча́тов; 8(21) January 1903 – 7 February 1960), was a Soviet nuclear physicist who is widely known as the director of the Soviet atomic bomb project.

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Igor Sikorsky

Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (a, tr. Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972),Fortier, Rénald.

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Igor Spassky

Igor Dmitriyevich Spasskiy (Игорь Дмитриевич Спасский, born August 2, 1926) is a Russian (and former Soviet) scientist, engineer and entrepreneur, General Designer of nearly 200 Soviet and Russian nuclear submarines, and the head of the Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering Rubin.

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Ilizarov apparatus

The Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or reshape limb bones; as a limb-sparing technique to treat complex and/or open bone fractures; and in cases of infected nonunions of bones that are not amenable with other techniques.

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Ilyushin Il-2

The Ilyushin Il-2 (Cyrillic: Илью́шин Ил-2) Shturmovik (Cyrillic: Штурмови́к, Shturmovík) was a ground-attack aircraft produced by the Soviet Union in large numbers during the Second World War.

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Imperial Russian Army

The Imperial Russian Army (Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия) was the land armed force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

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Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Including the Russian Far East, the population of Siberia numbers just above 40 million people.

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Induction motor

An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding.

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Intercession of saints

Intercession of the saints is a doctrine held by the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches.

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Intercontinental ballistic missile

An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a guided ballistic missile with a minimum range of primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads).

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Interlaced video

Interlaced video is a technique for doubling the perceived frame rate of a video display without consuming extra bandwidth.

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International Electrotechnical Exhibition

The 1891 International Electrotechnical Exhibition was held between 16 May and 19 October on the disused site of the three former "Westbahnhöfe" (Western Railway Stations) in Frankfurt am Main.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).

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Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Isaac of Dalmatia

Saint Isaac the Confessor (died May 30, 383 or 396), founder of the Dalmatian Monastery in Constantinople, was a Christian monk who is honored as a saint and confessor.

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Isidore (inventor)

Isidore (Исидор) was a 15th-century Russian Orthodox monk from Chudov Monastery in Moscow, credited with producing the first genuine recipe of Russian vodka circa 1430, a fact later recognised by international arbitration in 1982.

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ITER

ITER (Latin for "the way") is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment.

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Ivan Elmanov

Ivan Kirillovich Elmanov (Иван Кириллович Эльманов) was a Russian inventor.

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Ivan Kulibin

Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (April 21, 1735 – August 11, 1818) was a Russian mechanic and inventor.

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Ivan Papanin

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin (Иван Дмитриевич Папанин, – January 30, 1986) was a Soviet polar explorer, scientist, Counter Admiral, and twice Hero of the Soviet Union, who was awarded nine Orders of Lenin.

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Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (a; 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.

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Ivan Plotnikov

Ivan Vasilyevich Plotnikov (Иван Васильевич Плотников) (1902–1995) was a Russian engineer and inventor of kirza, a type of artificial leather based on the multi-layer textile fabric, modified by membrana-like substances, a cheap and effective replacement for the natural leather.

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Ivan the Great Bell Tower

The Ivan the Great Bell Tower (Колокольня Ивана Великого, Kolokol'nya Ivana Velikogo) is a church tower inside the Moscow Kremlin complex.

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Ivan the Terrible

Ivan IV Vasilyevich (pron; 25 August 1530 –), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome (Ivan Grozny; a better translation into modern English would be Ivan the Formidable), was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then Tsar of All Rus' until his death in 1584.

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Ivan Vyrodkov

Ivan Grigoryevich Vyrodkov (Иван Григорьевич Выродков; not later than 1520 – 1568) was a diak, Russian military engineer and inventor.

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Izba

An izba (a) is a traditional Russian countryside dwelling.

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James Bert Garner

James Bert Garner (September 2, 1870 – November 28, 1960) was an American chemical engineer and professor at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research from 1914 until his retirement in 1957.

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Japan

Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.

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Jerusalem in Christianity

For Christians, Jerusalem's role in first-century Christianity, during the ministry of Jesus and the Apostolic Age, as recorded in the New Testament, gives it great importance, in addition to its role in the Old Testament, the Hebrew Bible.

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Jesus

Jesus, also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.

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Jet pack

A jet pack, rocket belt or rocket pack is a device, usually worn on the back, which uses jets of gas (or in some cases liquid) to propel the wearer through the air.

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John Climacus

Saint John Climacus (Ἰωάννης τῆς Κλίμακος; Ioannes Climacus), also known as John of the Ladder, John Scholasticus and John Sinaites, was a 6th-7th-century Christian monk at the monastery on Mount Sinai.

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John F. Allen

John Frank 'Jack' Allen, FRS FRSE (May 5, 1908 – April 22, 2001) was a Canadian-born physicist.

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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Объединённый институт ядерных исследований, ОИЯИ), in Dubna, Moscow Oblast (110 km north of Moscow), Russia, is an international research center for nuclear sciences, with 5500 staff members, 1200 researchers including 1000 Ph.Ds from eighteen member states (including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus and Kazakhstan).

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Jumper (dress)

A jumper or jumper dress (in American English), pinafore dress or informally pinafore (British English) is a sleeveless, collarless dress intended to be worn over a blouse, shirt or sweater.

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Kaissa

Kaissa (Каисса) was a chess program developed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s.

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Kalina cycle

The Kalina cycle, developed by Dr.

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Kamov Ka-50

The Kamov Ka-50 "Black Shark" (translit, NATO reporting name: Hokum A) is a single-seat Russian attack helicopter with the distinctive coaxial rotor system of the Kamov design bureau.

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Kantele

A kantele is a traditional Finnish and Karelian plucked string instrument (chordophone) belonging to the south east Baltic box zither family known as the Baltic psaltery along with Estonian kannel, Latvian kokles, Lithuanian kanklės and Russian gusli.

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Kara-class cruiser

The Kara class were Cold War era Soviet warships designated guided missile cruisers by NATO.

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Kardashev scale

The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring a civilization's level of technological advancement, based on the amount of energy a civilization is able to use for communication, proposed by Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev.

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Kargopol toys

Kargopol toys (Каргопольская игрушка) are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals.

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Katyusha rocket launcher

The Katyusha multiple rocket launcher (a) is a type of rocket artillery first built and fielded by the Soviet Union in World War II.

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Kégresse track

A Kégresse track is a kind of rubber or canvas continuous track which uses a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments.

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Königsberg

Königsberg is the name for a former German city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia.

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Khokhloma

Khokhloma or Khokhloma painting (хохлома or хохломская роспись in Russian, or Khokhlomskaya rospis') is the name of a Russian wood painting handicraft style and national ornament, known for its vivid flower patterns, red, green, and gold colors over a black background, and the effect it has when applied to wooden tableware or furniture, making it look heavier and metal-like.

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Kholuy miniature

A Kholuy miniature is a Russian folk handicraft of miniature painting, made with tempera on a varnished box of papier-mâché.

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Kidney

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.

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Kidney transplantation

Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease.

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Kiev

Kiev or Kyiv (Kyiv; Kiyev; Kyjev) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper.

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Kievan Rus'

Kievan Rus' (Рѹ́сь, Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ, Rus(s)ia, Ruscia, Ruzzia, Rut(h)enia) was a loose federationJohn Channon & Robert Hudson, Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia (Penguin, 1995), p.16.

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Kinescope

Kinescope, shortened to kine, also known as telerecording in Britain, is a recording of a television program on motion picture film, directly through a lens focused on the screen of a video monitor.

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Kirlian photography

Kirlian photography is a collection of photographic techniques used to capture the phenomenon of electrical coronal discharges.

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Kirov, Kirov Oblast

Kirov (p), formerly known as Vyatka (Вя́тка) and Khlynov (Хлы́нов), is a city and the administrative center of Kirov Oblast, Russia, located on the Vyatka River.

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Kirov-class battlecruiser

The Kirov-class battlecruiser is a class of nuclear-powered warship of the Russian Navy, the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships (i.e. not an aircraft carrier or amphibious assault ship) in operation in the world.

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Kirza

Kirza (кирза) is a type of artificial leather based on the multi-layer textile fabric, modified by membrane-like substances, produced mainly in the Soviet Union and Russia.

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Kissel

Kissel or kisel (kissell, kiisseli, keiseļs, ķīselis, kisielius, kisiel, кисель, kisél’, кисiль,, kisél') is a viscous fruit dish, popular as a dessert and as a drink.

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Kleemenko cycle

The Kleemenko cycle or one-flow cascade cycle is a single-stream mixed-refrigerant technique used to cool or liquefy gases.

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Klim Churyumov

Klim Ivanovich Churyumov (Клим Іва́нович Чурю́мов, Клим Ива́нович Чурю́мов) (19 February 1937 – 14 October 2016) was a Soviet and Ukrainian astronomer.

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Koch (boat)

The koch (a) was a special type of small one or two mast wooden sailing ships designed and used in Russia for transpolar voyages in ice conditions of the Arctic seas, popular among the Pomors.

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Kokoshnik

The kokoshnik (p) is a traditional Russian headdress worn by women and girls to accompany the sarafan, primarily worn in the northern regions of Russia in the 16th to 19th centuries.

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Kokoshnik (architecture)

Kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional Russian architecture, a type of corbel zakomara (that is an arch-like semicircular top of the church wall).

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Kola Superdeep Borehole

The Kola Superdeep Borehole (tr) is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, on the Kola Peninsula.

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Kolomenskoye

Kolomenskoye (Коло́менское) is a former royal estate situated several kilometers to the southeast of the city center of Moscow, Russia, on the ancient road leading to the town of Kolomna (hence the name).

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Komar-class missile boat

The Soviet Project 183R class, more commonly known as Komar (NATO reporting name, meaning mosquito), is a class of missile boats, the first of its kind, built in the 1950s and 1960s.

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Komi language

The Komi language (endonym: Коми кыв, tr. Komi kyv) is a Uralic macrolanguage spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European part of Russia.

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Konstantin Khrenov

Konstantin Konstantinovich Khrenov (Константин Константинович Хренов; 13 February 1894 – 12 October 1984) was a Soviet engineer and inventor who in 1932 introduced underwater welding and cutting of metals.

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Konstantin Novoselov

Sir Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov (born 1974) is a Russian-British physicist, and Langworthy Professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.

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Konstantin Thon

Konstantin Andreyevich Thon, also spelled Ton (Константи́н Андре́евич Тон; October 26, 1794 – January 25, 1881) was an official architect of Imperial Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. His major works include the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.

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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (a; Konstanty Ciołkowski; 19 September 1935) was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory of ethnic Polish descent.

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Korabl-Sputnik 2

Korabl-Sputnik 2 (Корабль-Спутник 2 meaning Ship-Satellite 2), also known incorrectly as Sputnik 5 in the West, was a Soviet artificial satellite, and the third test flight of the Vostok spacecraft.

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Korotkoff sounds

Korotkov sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure.

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Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188

Kosmos 186 (Космос-186 meaning Cosmos 186) and Kosmos 188 (respectively, Cosmos 188) were two unmanned Soviet Union spacecraft that incorporated a Soyuz programme descent module for landing scientific instruments and test objects.

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Kosovorotka

A kosovorotka (p) is a Russian, skewed-collared shirt.

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Kremlin stars

The Kremlin stars (Kremlyovskiye zvyozdyy) are the pentagonal luminescent ruby stars, installed in the 1930s on five towers of the Moscow Kremlin, replacing gilded eagles that had symbolized Imperial Russia.

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Kuleshov effect

The Kuleshov effect is a film editing (montage) effect demonstrated by Soviet filmmaker Lev Kuleshov in the 1910s and 1920s.

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Kvass

Kvass is a traditional Slavic and Baltic beverage commonly made from rye bread, known in many Eastern European countries and especially in Ukraine and Russia as black bread.

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Lander (spacecraft)

A lander is a spacecraft which descends toward and comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body.

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Lapta (game)

Lapta (лапта́) is a Russian bat and ball game first known to be played in the 14th century.

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Larch

Larches are conifers in the genus Larix, of the family Pinaceae (subfamily Laricoideae).

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Laser microphone

A laser microphone is a surveillance device that uses a laser beam to detect sound vibrations in a distant object.

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Last Judgment

The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, or The Day of the Lord (Hebrew Yom Ha Din) (יום הדין) or in Arabic Yawm al-Qiyāmah (یوم القيامة) or Yawm ad-Din (یوم الدین) is part of the eschatological world view of the Abrahamic religions and in the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism.

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Launch pad

A launch pad is an above-ground platform from which a rocket-powered missile or space vehicle is vertically launched.

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Launch vehicle

A launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry a payload from Earth's surface through outer space, either to another surface point (suborbital), or into space (Earth orbit or beyond).

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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab, is a United States national laboratory located in the Berkeley Hills near Berkeley, California that conducts scientific research on behalf of the United States Department of Energy (DOE).

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Lawrencium

Lawrencium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and atomic number 103.

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Léon Theremin

Lev Sergeyevich Termen (p; – 3 November 1993), or Léon Theremin in the United States, was a Russian and Soviet inventor, most famous for his invention of the theremin, one of the first electronic musical instruments and the first to be mass-produced.

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Leaning Tower of Nevyansk

The Leaning Tower of Nevyansk (Невья́нская ба́шня) is a tower in the town of Nevyansk in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, built in the 18th century.

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Leather

Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhides, mostly cattle hide.

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Leek

The leek is a vegetable, a cultivar of Allium ampeloprasum, the broadleaf wild leek.

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Lenin (1957 icebreaker)

Lenin (Ленин) is a Soviet nuclear-powered icebreaker.

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Lenz's law

Lenz's law (pronounced), named after the physicist Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz who formulated it in 1834, states that the direction of current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field due to induction is such that it creates a magnetic field that opposes the change that produced it.

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Leo Tolstoy

Count Lyov (also Lev) Nikolayevich Tolstoy (also Лев) Николаевич ТолстойIn Tolstoy's day, his name was written Левъ Николаевичъ Толстой.

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Lev Kuleshov

Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov (Лев Влади́мирович Кулешо́в; – 29 March 1970) was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School.

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Licorne

Licorne (Единорог, Yedinorog, 'unicorn') is the French name of an 18th- and 19th-century Russian cannon, a type of muzzle-loading howitzer, devised in 1757 by M.W. Danilov and S.A. Martynov and accepted by artillery commander, general Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov.

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Light-emitting diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.

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Lightning detection

A lightning detector is a device that detects lightning produced by thunderstorms.

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Lightning rod

A lightning rod (US, AUS) or lightning conductor (UK) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike.

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Lime (fruit)

A lime (from French lime, from Arabic līma, from Persian līmū, "lemon") is a hybrid citrus fruit, which is typically round, lime green, in diameter, and contains acidic juice vesicles.

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Limes

Originally the Latin noun līmes (Latin līmitēs) had a number of different meanings: a path or balk delimiting fields, a boundary line or marker, any road or path, any channel, such as a stream channel, or any distinction or difference.

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Liquid hydrogen

Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH2) is the liquid state of the element hydrogen.

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Liquid-propellant rocket

A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket is a rocket engine that uses liquid propellants.

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Liquor

Liquor (also hard liquor, hard alcohol, or spirits) is an alcoholic drink produced by distillation of grains, fruit, or vegetables that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation.

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Lisitsyn family

The Lisitsyn family (Лисицыны) was a Russian family of the first documented samovar-makers, metalworkers and businessmen, living in the city of Tula in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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List of diamond mines

There are a limited number of commercially aviable diamond mines currently operating in the world, with the 50 largest mines accounting for approximately 90% of global supply.

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List of glassware

This list of glassware includes drinking vessels (drinkware) and tableware used to set a table for eating a meal, general glass items such as vases, and glasses used in the catering industry.

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List of heaviest bells

Following is a list of the heaviest bells known to have been cast, and the period of time during which they held that title.

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List of metro systems

This list of metro systems includes electrified rapid transit train systems worldwide.

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List of most-produced aircraft

This is a list of the most-produced aircraft types whose numbers exceed or exceeded 5,000.

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List of root vegetables

Root vegetables are plant roots and tubers eaten by humans as food.

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List of Russian inventors

This is a list of inventors from the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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List of spacecraft called Sputnik

Sputnik (Спутник, Russian for "satellite" or "fellow traveler") is a spacecraft launched under the Soviet space program.

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List of tallest Eastern Orthodox church buildings

This is a list of tallest Orthodox church buildings in the world, all those higher than 70 metres.

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List of the largest cannon by caliber

The list of cannon by caliber contains all types of cannon through the ages listed in decreasing caliber size.

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Literacy

Literacy is traditionally meant as the ability to read and write.

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Liturgy

Liturgy is the customary public worship performed by a religious group, according to its beliefs, customs and traditions.

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Live fire exercise

A live-fire exercise or LFX is any military exercise in which a realistic scenario for the use of specific equipment is demonstrated.

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Livermorium

Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lv and atomic number 116.

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Log house

A log house, or log building, is a structure built with horizontal logs interlocked at the corners by notching.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Looted art

Looted art has been a consequence of looting during war, natural disaster and riot for centuries.

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Lucien Olivier

Lucien Olivier (Люсьен Оливье) (1838–14 November 1883) was a Russian chef of Belgian and French descent,П.

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Ludvig Nobel

Ludvig Immanuel Nobel (Russian: Лю́двиг Эммануи́лович Нобе́ль; Swedish: Ludvig Emmanuel Nobel; 27 July 1831, Stockholm – 12 April 1888, Cannes) was a Swedish-Russian engineer, a noted businessman and a humanitarian.

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Luna 1

Luna 1, also known as Mechta (Мечта, lit.: Dream), E-1 No.4 and First Lunar Rover, was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit.

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Luna 10

Luna 10 (E-6S series) was a 1966 Soviet Luna program, robotic spacecraft mission, also called Lunik 10.

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Luna 16

Luna 16, also known as Lunik 16, was an unmanned space mission, part of the Soviet Luna program.

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Luna 9

Luna 9 (Луна-9), internal designation Ye-6 No.13, was an unmanned space mission of the Soviet Union's Luna programme.

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Lung transplantation

Lung transplantation or pulmonary transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a patient's diseased lungs are partially or totally replaced by lungs which come from a donor.

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Lunokhod 1

Lunokhod 1 (Луноход, moon walker in Russian; Аппарат 8ЕЛ № 203, vehicle 8ЕЛ№203) was the first of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program.

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Lydia Kavina

Lydia Yevgenyevna Kavina (Лидия Евгеньевна Кавина; born 8 September 1967) is a Russian-British theremin player.

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Mace (bludgeon)

A mace is a blunt weapon, a type of club or virge that uses a heavy head on the end of a handle to deliver powerful blows.

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Magnet

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.

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Magnetic field

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.

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Magnetotellurics

Magnetotellurics (MT) is an electromagnetic geophysical method for inferring the earth's subsurface electrical conductivity from measurements of natural geomagnetic and geoelectric field variation at the Earth's surface.

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Mail

The mail or post is a system for physically transporting postcards, letters, and parcels.

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Mainz Cathedral

Mainz Cathedral or St.

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Maksutov telescope

The Maksutov (also called a "Mak") is a catadioptric telescope design that combines a spherical mirror with a weakly negative meniscus lens in a design that takes advantage of all the surfaces being nearly "spherically symmetrical".

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Mansi language

The Mansi language (previously, Vogul and also Maansi) is spoken by the Mansi people in Russia along the Ob River and its tributaries, in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Sverdlovsk Oblast.

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Marten

The martens constitute the genus Martes within the subfamily Mustelinae, in the family Mustelidae.

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Maser

A maser (an acronym for "microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation") is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification by stimulated emission.

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Maslenitsa

Maslenitsa (Мaсленица, Масниця, Масленіца; also known as Butter Week, Crepe week, or Cheesefare Week) is an Eastern Slavic religious and folk holiday, celebrated during the last week before Great Lent, that is, the eighth week before Eastern Orthodox Pascha (Easter).

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Masonry

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.

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Matryoshka doll

A matryoshka doll (a), also known as a Russian nesting doll, stacking dolls, or Russian doll, is a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside another.

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Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)

Mayakovskaya (Маяковская), is a Moscow Metro station on the Zamoskvoretskaya Line, in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow.

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Mead

Mead (archaic and dialectal meath or meathe, from Old English medu) is an alcoholic beverage created by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or hops.

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Meat

Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food.

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Medovukha

Medovukha (Медовуха, Медуха, мядуха, медавуха, mõdu, medus or midus) is a Slavic honey-based alcoholic beverage very similar to mead but cheaper and faster to make.

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Melody

A melody (from Greek μελῳδία, melōidía, "singing, chanting"), also tune, voice, or line, is a linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity.

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MESM

MESM (МЭСМ, Малая Электронно-Счетная Машина, Small Electronic Calculating Machine) was the first universally programmable electronic computer in the Soviet Union.

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Metal

A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.

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Metre

The metre (British spelling and BIPM spelling) or meter (American spelling) (from the French unit mètre, from the Greek noun μέτρον, "measure") is the base unit of length in some metric systems, including the International System of Units (SI).

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Metro station

A metro station or subway station is a railway station for a rapid transit system, which as a whole is usually called a "metro" or "subway".

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Microtron

A microtron is a type of particle accelerator concept originating from the cyclotron in which the accelerating field is not applied through large D-shaped electrodes, but through a linear accelerator structure.

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Mikhail Britnev

Mikhail Osipovich Britnev (Михаил Осипович Бритнев) (1822–1889) was a Russian shipowner and shipbuilder, who created the first metal-hull icebreaker called Pilot in 1864.

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Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky

Mikhail Osipovich Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (Михаи́л О́сипович Доли́во-Доброво́льский; Michail von Dolivo-Dobrowolsky or Michail Ossipowitsch Doliwo-Dobrowolski; Michał Doliwo-Dobrowolski; &ndash) was a Polish-Russian engineer, electrician, and inventor.

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Mikhail Golant

Mikhail Borisovich Golant (Михаи́л Бори́сович Го́лант; 3 February 1923 – 7 February 2001) was a Soviet and Russian scientist and engineer.

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Mikhail Kalashnikov

Lieutenant-General Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (p; 10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian general, inventor, military engineer and small arms designer.

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Mikhail Koshkin

Mikhail Ilyich Koshkin (Russian: Михаил Ильич Кошкин, Ukrainian: Михайло Ілліч Кошкін, Mykhaylo Illich Koshkin, 3 December 1898, Brynchagi, Yaroslavl Oblast – 26 September 1940) was a Soviet tank designer, chief designer of the famous T-34 medium tank.

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Mikhail Lazarev

Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (Михаил Петрович Лазарев, 3 November 1788 – 11 April 1851) was a Russian fleet commander and an explorer.

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Mikhail Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (ləmɐˈnosəf|a.

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Mikhail Pomortsev

Mikhail Mikhaylovich Pomortsev (July 24, 1851, Vasilyevshchina – July 2, 1916, all n.s.) was a Russian meteorologist and engineer.

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Mikhail Tikhonravov

Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov (July 29, 1900, Vladimir – March 3, 1974) was a Soviet aerospace engineer and scientist who was a pioneer of spacecraft design and rocketry.

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Mikhail Tsvet

Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet (Михаил Семёнович Цвет, also spelled Tsvett, Tswett, Tswet, Zwet, and Cvet) (Asti, 1872 – Voronezh, 1919) was a Russian-Italian botanist who invented adsorption chromatography.

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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-15; USAF/DoD designation: Type 14; NATO reporting name: Fagot) is a jet fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan-Gurevich for the Soviet Union.

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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21; NATO reporting name: Fishbed) is a supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau in the Soviet Union.

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Mil Mi-24

The Mil Mi-24 (Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers.

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Mil Mi-8

The Mil Mi-8 (Ми-8, NATO reporting name: Hip) is a medium twin-turbine helicopter, originally designed by the Soviet Union, and now produced by Russia.

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Mil V-12

The Mil V-12 (NATO reporting name: Homer), given the project number Izdeliye 65 ("Item 65"), is the largest helicopter ever built.

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Military engineering

Military engineering is loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military works and maintaining lines of military transport and communications.

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Military robot

Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled mobile robots designed for military applications, from transport to search & rescue and attack.

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Military uniform

A military uniform is the standardised dress worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of various nations.

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Milk

Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals.

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Mir

Mir (Мир,; lit. peace or world) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia.

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Mir (submersible)

Mir (Russian: "Мир", world or peace) is a self-propelled Deep Submergence Vehicle.

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Mir mine

The Mir mine (Кимберлитовая алмазная трубка «Мир» Kimberlitovaya Almaznaya Trubka "Mir"; English: kimberlite diamond pipe "Peace"), also called the Mirny mine, is an open pit diamond mine located in Mirny, Sakha Republic, in the Siberian region of eastern Russia.

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Mirror

A mirror is an object that reflects light in such a way that, for incident light in some range of wavelengths, the reflected light preserves many or most of the detailed physical characteristics of the original light, called specular reflection.

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Missile boat

A missile boat or missile cutter is a small fast warship armed with anti-ship missiles.

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Modern synthesis (20th century)

The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework.

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Molasses

Molasses, or black treacle (British, for human consumption; known as molasses otherwise), is a viscous product resulting from refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar.

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Molniya (satellite)

Molniya (a, "Lightning") were military communications satellites used by the Soviet Union.

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Molniya orbit

A Molniya orbit (a, "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit.

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Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn Ezent Güren; Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн;; also Орда ("Horde") in Russian chronicles) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.

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Mongol invasion of Rus'

As part of the Mongol invasion of Europe, the Mongol Empire invaded Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, destroying numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev.

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Mongol invasions and conquests

Mongol invasions and conquests took place throughout the 13th century, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire, which by 1300 covered much of Asia and Eastern Europe.

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Monorail

A monorail is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail.

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Montage (filmmaking)

Montage is a technique in film editing in which a series of short shots are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information.

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Moon

The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite.

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Moritz von Jacobi

Moritz Hermann (Boris Semyonovich) von Jacobi (Борис Семёнович (Морис-Герман) Якоби) (21 September 1801 – 10 March 1874) was a German and Russian engineer and physicist born in Potsdam.

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Mosaic

A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials.

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Moscovium

Moscovium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Mc and atomic number 115.

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Moscow

Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.

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Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin (p), usually referred to as the Kremlin, is a fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west.

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Moscow Metro

The Moscow Metro (p) is a rapid transit system serving Moscow, Russia and the neighbouring Moscow Oblast cities of Krasnogorsk, Reutov, Lyubertsy and Kotelniki.

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Moscow Oblast

Moscow Oblast (p), or Podmoskovye (p, literally "around/near Moscow"), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Mosin–Nagant

The 3-line rifle M1891 (трёхлинейная винтовка образца 1891 года, tryokhlineynaya vintovka obraztsa 1891 goda), colloquially known as Mosin–Nagant (винтовка Мосина, ISO 9) is a five-shot, bolt-action, internal magazine–fed, military rifle developed from 1882 to 1891, and used by the armed forces of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and various other nations.

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Moskva River

The Moskva River (река Москва, Москва-река, Moskva-reka) is a river of western Russia.

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Motor ship

A motor ship or motor vessel is a ship propelled by an internal combustion engine, usually a diesel engine.

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Motorin family

The Motorins, also spelled Matorins (Моторины, Маторины in Russian) were a famous Russian family of bellfounders.

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Mstyora miniature

Mstyora (or Mstera) miniature (Мстёрская миниатюра) is a Russian folk handicraft of miniature painting, which is done with tempera paints on varnished articles mostly made of papier-mâché.

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Multiple rocket launcher

A multiple rocket launcher (MRL) or multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) is a type of rocket artillery system.

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Multistage rocket

A multistage rocket, or step rocket is a launch vehicle that uses two or more rocket stages, each of which contains its own engines and propellant.

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Murmansk

Murmansk (p; Мурман ланнҍ; Murmánska; Muurman) is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far northwest part of Russia.

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Mushroom

A mushroom, or toadstool, is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source.

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Music theory

Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music.

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Musical instrument

A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds.

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Naryshkin Baroque

Naryshkin Baroque, also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of Baroque architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow from the turn of the 17th into the early 18th centuries.

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National Smokejumper Association

The National Smokejumper Association, or NSA, is a non-profit (501(c)(3)), American organization that preserves the history of aerial fire management, or smokejumping, through interviews, rosters, photographs, films, letters, reports and publications.

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Naval mine

A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

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NEC

is a Japanese multinational provider of information technology (IT) services and products, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

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Nephoscope

Nephoscope is an instrument for measuring the altitude, direction, and velocity of clouds.

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Nestor Makhno

Nestor Ivanovych Makhno or Bat'ko ("Father") Makhno (Не́стор Івáнович Махно́; October 26, 1888 (N.S. November 7) – July 25, 1934) was a Ukrainian anarcho-communist revolutionary and the commander of an independent anarchist army in Ukraine in 1917–22.

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Neva Yacht Club

The Neva Yacht Club (Yacht-club Neva or simply Club Neva) is a sailing club located in Saint Petersburg, Russia, close to the Neva River.

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Nicholas II of Russia

Nicholas II or Nikolai II (r; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas II of Russia in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.

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Nicolai A. Vasiliev

Nicolai Alexandrovich Vasiliev (Николай Александрович Васильев), also Vasil'ev, Vassilieff, Wassilieff (– December 31, 1940), was a Russian logician, philosopher, psychologist, poet.

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Nicolas Florine

Nicolas Florine, born Nikolay Florin (19 July 1891 – 21 January 1972), was an engineer who settled in Belgium.

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Nihonium

Nihonium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Nh and atomic number 113.

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Nikolai Korotkov

Nikolai Sergeyevich Korotkov (also romanized Korotkoff; Николай Серге́евич Коротков) (– 14 March 1920) was a Russian surgeon, a pioneer of 20th century vascular surgery, and the inventor of auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement.

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Nikolay Basov

Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov (Никола́й Генна́диевич Ба́сов; 14 December 1922 – 1 July 2001) was a Soviet physicist and educator.

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Nikolay Beketov

Nikolay Nikolayevich Beketov (Николай Николаевич Бекетов; Alferevka (now Novaya Beketovka, Penza Oblast) – St. Petersburg) was a Russian physical chemist and metallurgist.

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Nikolay Benardos

Nikolay Nikolayevich Benardos (Никола́й Никола́евич Бенардо́с) (1842–1905) was a Russian inventor of Greek origin who in 1881 introduced carbon arc welding, which was the first practical arc welding method.

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Nikolay Brusentsov

Nikolay Petrovich Brusentsov (Никола́й Петро́вич Брусенцо́в; 7 February 1925 in Kamenskoe, Ukrainian SSR – 4 December 2014) was a computer scientist, most famous for having built a (balanced) ternary computer, Setun, together with Sergei Sobolev in 1958.

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Nikolay Devyatkov

Nikolay Devyatkov (Никола́й Дми́триевич Девя́тков, Nikolaj Dmitrievič Devjatkov) — (Vologda — 1 February 2001, Moscow) was a Soviet/Russian scientist and inventor of microwave vacuum tubes and medical equipment.

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Nikolay Diletsky

Nikolay Diletsky (Микола Дилецький, Mykola Dyletsky, Николай Павлович Дилецкий, Nikolay Pavlovich Diletsky, Nikolai Diletskii, Mikołaj Dilecki, also Mikolaj Dylecki, Nikolai Dilezki, etc.; c. 1630, Kiev – after 1680, Moscow) was a music theorist and composer of Ukrainian nationality, active in Russia.

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Nikolay Pirogov

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (–) was a prominent Russian scientist, medical doctor, pedagogue, public figure, and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847).

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Nikolay Slavyanov

Nikolay Gavrilovich Slavyanov (Никола́й Гаври́лович Славя́нов; –) was a Russian inventor who in 1888 introduced arc welding with consumable metal electrodes, or shielded metal arc welding, the second historical arc welding method after carbon arc welding invented earlier by Nikolay Benardos.

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Nikolay Zelinsky

Nikolay Dimitrievich Zelinsky (Никола́й Дми́триевич Зели́нский in Russian) (6 February n.s., 1861 in Tiraspol, Russian Empire – 31 July 1953 in Moscow), Russian and Soviet chemist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of USSR (1929).

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Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod (p), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is a city in Russia and the administrative center (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.

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Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Нижегоро́дская о́бласть, Nizhegorodskaya oblast), also known as Nizhegorod Oblast, is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.

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Nobelium

Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102.

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Nobility

Nobility is a social class in aristocracy, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society and with membership thereof typically being hereditary.

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Nomad

A nomad (νομάς, nomas, plural tribe) is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another in search of grasslands for their animals.

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Non-classical logic

Non-classical logics (and sometimes alternative logics) are formal systems that differ in a significant way from standard logical systems such as propositional and predicate logic.

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Nord Stream

Nord Stream (former names: North Transgas and North European Gas Pipeline; Северный поток, Severny potok) is an offshore natural gas pipeline from Vyborg in the Russian Federation to Greifswald in Germany that is owned and operated by Nord Stream AG.

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North Caucasus

The North Caucasus (p) or Ciscaucasia is the northern part of the Caucasus region between the Sea of Azov and Black Sea on the west and the Caspian Sea on the east, within European Russia.

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North Pole

The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is (subject to the caveats explained below) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface.

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North Pole-1

North Pole-1 (Северный полюс-1) was the first Soviet manned drifting station in the Arctic Ocean, primarily used for research.

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Northern Sea Route

The Northern Sea Route (Се́верный морско́й путь, Severnyy morskoy put, shortened to Севморпуть, Sevmorput) is a shipping route officially defined by Russian legislation as lying east of Novaya Zemlya and specifically running along the Russian Arctic coast from the Kara Sea, along Siberia, to the Bering Strait.

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Norway

Norway (Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a unitary sovereign state whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard.

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Novgorod Republic

The Novgorod Republic (p; Новгородскаѧ землѧ / Novgorodskaję zemlę) was a medieval East Slavic state from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the northern Ural Mountains, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of modern Russia.

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Nozzle

A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.

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Nuclear marine propulsion

Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship or submarine with heat provided by a nuclear power plant.

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Nuclear power plant

A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).

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Nuclear-powered icebreaker

A nuclear-powered icebreaker is a nuclear-powered ship purpose-built for use in waters covered with ice.

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Nuclotron

Nuclotron is the world's first superconductive synchrotron, exploited by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia.

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Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem

In the field of digital signal processing, the sampling theorem is a fundamental bridge between continuous-time signals (often called "analog signals") and discrete-time signals (often called "digital signals").

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Oak

An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus (Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae.

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Oat

The oat (Avena sativa), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals).

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Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant

Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant (Обнинская АЭС, Obninskaja AES) was built in the "Science City" of Obninsk,, who was there at the time.

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Obsolete Russian units of measurement

A native system of weights and measures was used in Imperial Russia and after the Russian Revolution, but it was abandoned after July 21, 1925, when the Soviet Union adopted the metric system, per the order of the Council of People's Commissars.

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Odhner Arithmometer

The Odhner Arithmometer was a very successful pinwheel calculator invented in Russia in 1873 by W. T. Odhner, a Swedish immigrant.

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Odyssey (launch platform)

L/P Odyssey is a self-propelled semi-submersible mobile spacecraft launch platform converted from a mobile drilling rig in 1997.

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Oganesson

Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Og and atomic number 118.

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Oil platform

An oil platform, offshore platform, or offshore drilling rig is a large structure with facilities for well drilling to explore, extract, store, process petroleum and natural gas which lies in rock formations beneath the seabed.

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Oil tanker

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products.

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Oil terminal

An oil depot (sometimes called a tank farm, installation or oil terminal) is an industrial facility for the storage of oil and/or petrochemical products and from which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage facilities.

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Oil well

An oil well is a boring in the Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface.

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Okroshka

Okróshka (окрошка) is a cold soup of Russian origin.

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Old Believers

In Eastern Orthodox church history, the Old Believers, or Old Ritualists (старове́ры or старообря́дцы, starovéry or staroobryádtsy) are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church as they existed prior to the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666.

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Old Permic alphabet

The Old Permic script (Важ Перым гижӧм), sometimes called Abur or Anbur, is a "highly idiosyncratic adaptation" of the Cyrillic script once used to write medieval Komi (Permic).

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Old Testament

The Old Testament (abbreviated OT) is the first part of Christian Bibles, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God.

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Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer)

Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov (Оле́г Константи́нович Анто́нов,; 7 February 1906 – 4 April 1984) was a prominent Soviet aircraft designer, and the first chief of Antonov - a world-famous aircraft company in Ukraine, later named in his honour.

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Oleg Losev

Oleg Vladimirovich Losev (Оле́г Влади́мирович Ло́сев, sometimes spelled Lossev or Lossew in English) (10 May 1903 – 22 January 1942) was a Russian scientist and inventor, An English translation is on the Springer archive who made significant discoveries in the field of semiconductor junctions.

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Olivier salad

Olivier salad (салат Оливье Salat Olivye)It is called "Olivier salad" in Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, as well as in Iran and the United States.

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Onion

The onion (Allium cepa L., from Latin cepa "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium.

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Onion dome

An onion dome (луковичная глава, lúkovichnaya glavá; compare лук, luk, "onion") is a dome whose shape resembles an onion.

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Optophonic Piano

The Optophonic Piano is an electronic optical instrument created by the Russian Futurist painter Vladimir Baranoff Rossiné.

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Oranienbaum, Russia

Oranienbaum (Ораниенба́ум) is a Russian royal residence, located on the Gulf of Finland west of St. Petersburg.

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Orbit

In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved trajectory of an object, such as the trajectory of a planet around a star or a natural satellite around a planet.

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Orbital module

The orbital module is a portion of spacecraft used only in orbit.

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Orbital spaceflight

An orbital spaceflight (or orbital flight) is a spaceflight in which a spacecraft is placed on a trajectory where it could remain in space for at least one orbit.

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Orbiter

An orbiter is a space probe that orbits a planet or other astronomical object.

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Orbitrap

In mass spectrometry, Orbitrap is an ion trap mass analyzer consisting of an outer barrel-like electrode and a coaxial inner spindle-like electrode that traps ions in an orbital motion around the spindle.

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Orenburg shawl

The Orenburg Shawl is a Russian knitted lace textile using goat down and stands as one of the classic symbols of Russian handicraft, along with Tula Samovar, the Matrioshka doll, Khokhloma painting, Gzhel ceramics, the Palekh miniature, Vologda lace, Dymkovo toys, Rostov finift (enamel), and Ural malachite.

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Orient

The Orient is the East, traditionally comprising anything that belongs to the Eastern world, in relation to Europe.

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Orlov Trotter

The Orlov Trotter (also known as Orlov; Russian: орловский рысак) is a horse breed with a hereditary fast trot, noted for its outstanding speed and stamina.

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Osprey Publishing

Osprey Publishing is an Oxford-based publishing company specializing in military history.

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Ostankino Tower

Ostankino Tower (Останкинская телебашня, Ostankinskaya telebashnya) is a television and radio tower in Moscow, Russia, owned by the Moscow branch of unitary enterprise Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network.

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Ostrog (fortress)

Ostrog (p) is a Russian term for a small fort, typically wooden and often non-permanently manned.

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Outer space

Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.

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Oven

An oven is a thermally insulated chamber used for the heating, baking, or drying of a substance, and most commonly used for cooking.

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Oxygen cocktail

The oxygen cocktail is a foamy substance containing a beverage drink (juice, milk, etc.) enriched in gaseous oxygen.

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Palekh miniature

Palekh miniature (Палехская миниатюра) is a Russian folk handicraft of a miniature painting, which is done with tempera paints on varnished articles made of papier-mâché (small boxes, cigarette and powder cases etc.). Palekh Russian lacquer art on papier-mâché first appeared in 1923 in the village of Palekh, located in the Palekhsky District (Ivanovo Oblast), and is based on a long local history of icon painting.

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Palm Sunday

Palm Sunday is a Christian moveable feast that falls on the Sunday before Easter.

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Pancake

A pancake (or hotcake, griddlecake, or flapjack) is a flat cake, often thin and round, prepared from a starch-based batter that may contain eggs, milk and butter and cooked on a hot surface such as a griddle or frying pan, often frying with oil or butter.

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Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.

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Parachute

A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag (or in the case of ram-air parachutes, aerodynamic lift).

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Paratrooper

Paratroopers are military parachutists—military personnel trained in parachuting into an operation and usually functioning as part of an airborne force.

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Parchment

Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro)

Park Pobedy (Парк Победы – Victory Park) is a station of the Moscow Metro in the city's Dorogomilovo District.

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Park Pobedy (Saint Petersburg Metro)

Park Pobedy (Парк Побе́ды) (literally "Victory Park") is a station on the Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro.

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Parsley

Parsley or garden parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the central Mediterranean region (southern Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Malta, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and widely cultivated as an herb, a spice, and a vegetable.

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Particle accelerator

A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to nearly light speed and to contain them in well-defined beams.

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Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'

The Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' (Патриарх Московский и всея Руси Patriarkh Moskovskij i vseja Rusi), also known as the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, is the official title of the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Patron saint

A patron saint, patroness saint, patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, or particular branches of Islam, is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family or person.

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Pavel Cherenkov

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Па́вел Алексе́евич Черенко́в, July 28, 1904 – January 6, 1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.

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Pavel Schilling

Baron Pavel L'vovitch Schilling, also known as Paul Schilling (5 April 1786, Reval (now, Tallinn), Russian empire – St. Petersburg, Russia, 25 July 1837), was a diplomat of Baltic German origin employed in the service of Russia in Germany, and who built a pioneering electrical telegraph.

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Pavel Yablochkov

Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov (also transliterated as Jablochkoff) (Павел Николаевич Яблочков in Russian) (&ndash) was a Russian electrical engineer, businessman and the inventor of the Yablochkov candle (a type of electric carbon arc lamp) and the transformer.

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Peaked cap

A peaked cap, forage cap, barracks cover or combination cap is a form of headgear worn by the armed forces of many nations, as well as many uniformed civilian organisations such as law enforcement agencies and fire departments.

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Pearl barley

Pearl barley, or pearled barley, is barley that has been processed to remove its hull and bran.

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Pechenegs

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Oghuz branch of Turkic language family.

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Pedestal

A pedestal (from French piédestal, Italian piedistallo, "foot of a stall") or plinth is the support of a statue or a vase.

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Pelmeni

Pelmeni (пельме́ни — plural, пельмень — singular) are dumplings of Russian cuisine which consist of a filling wrapped in thin, unleavened dough.

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Perch

Perch is a common name for fish of the genus Perca, freshwater gamefish belonging to the family Percidae.

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Perfect fifth

In music theory, a perfect fifth is the musical interval corresponding to a pair of pitches with a frequency ratio of 3:2, or very nearly so.

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Periodic table

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose structure shows periodic trends.

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Periodic trends

Periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element, including its radius and its electronic properties.

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Pernach

A pernach (перна́ч, пірна́ч, piernacz) is a type of flanged mace originating in the 12th century in the region of Kievan Rus' and later widely used throughout Europe.

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Peter and Paul Fortress

The Peter and Paul Fortress is the original citadel of St. Petersburg, Russia, founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and built to Domenico Trezzini's designs from 1706 to 1740 as a star fortress.

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Peter Grushin

Peter Dmitrievich Grushin (Пётр Дмитриевич Грушин, January 15, 1906, Volsk, Russian Empire — November 29, 1993) was a Soviet rocket scientist and, from 1966, an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

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Peter II of Russia

Peter II Alexeyevich (Russian: Пётр II Алексеевич, Pyotr II Alekseyevich) (–) reigned as Emperor of Russia from 1727 until his death.

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Peter the Great

Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.

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Petergof

Petergof (Петерго́ф) or Peterhof (German for "Peter's Court"), known as Petrodvorets (Петродворец) from 1944 to 1997, is a municipal town in Petrodvortsovy District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, located on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland.

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Petr Ufimtsev

Pyotr Yakovlevich Ufimtsev (Пётр Я́ковлевич Уфи́мцев) (born 1931 in Ust-Charyshskaya Pristan, West Siberian Krai, now Altai Krai) is a Soviet/Russian physicist and mathematician, considered the seminal force behind modern stealth aircraft technology.

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Petro Prokopovych

Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850, Петро Прокопович) was the founder of commercial beekeeping.

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Petroleum industry

The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products.

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Pickled cucumber

A pickled cucumber (commonly known as a pickle in the United States and Canada and a gherkin in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation.

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Pickling

Pickling is the process of preserving or expanding the lifespan of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar.

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Pilot (icebreaker)

Pilot (Пайлот. (Paĭlot) was a Russian icebreaker, the world's first steam-powered and metal-ship icebreaker of modern type. Pilot had originally been built as a steam-powered propeller tug. It had the bow altered to achieve an ice-clearing capability (20° raise from keel line). Conversion had been done in 1864 under an order of its owner, the local merchant Mikhail Britnev. This allowed Pilot to push itself on the top of the ice and consequently break it. It's said that M.O. Britnev fashioned the bow of his ship after the shape of old wooden Pomor boats (kochs), which had been navigating icy waters of the White Sea and Barents Sea for centuries. Pilot was used between 1864-1890 for navigation in the Gulf of Finland between Kronstadt and Oranienbaum thus extending the summer navigation season by several weeks. Inspired by the success of Pilot, Mikhail Britnev built a second similar vessel "Boy" ("Battle" in Russian) in 1875 and a third "Booy" ("Buoy" in Russian) in 1889. The cold winter of 1870–1871 led to the international recognition of Britnev's design. That year the Elbe River and the port of Hamburg froze, which caused a prolonged halt of navigation and huge commercial losses. In such circumstances, Germans purchased Pilots design from Britnev for some 300 rubles. Thus the German Eisbrecher I appeared in 1871, and other European countries soon followed the suit. With its rounded shape and strong metal hull, Pilot had all the main features present in the modern icebreakers, therefore it is often considered the first true icebreaker. Another contender for this title is icebreaker Yermak, built in England for Russia according to the design of Admiral Stepan Makarov and under his supervision. Makarov borrowed the main principles from Pilot and applied them for creation of the first polar icebreaker, which was able to run over and crush pack ice.

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Pinafore

A pinafore (colloquially a pinny in British English) is a sleeveless garment worn as an apron.

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Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods or material through a pipe.

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Plasma (physics)

Plasma (Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon, on Perseus) is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.

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Plasma propulsion engine

A plasma propulsion engine is a type of electric propulsion that generates thrust from a quasi-neutral plasma.

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Plate armour

Plate armor is a historical type of personal body armour made from iron or steel plates, culminating in the iconic suit of armour entirely encasing the wearer.

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Platform screen doors

Platform screen doors (PSDs) and platform edge doors (PEDs) at train or subway stations separate the platform from the train.

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Plough

A plough (UK) or plow (US; both) is a tool or farm implement used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil.

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Podstakannik

The podstakannik (подстака́нник, literally "thing under the glass"), or tea glass holder, is a holder with a handle, most commonly made of metal that holds a drinking glass (stakan).

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Pole weapon

A pole weapon or pole arm is a close combat weapon in which the main fighting part of the weapon is fitted to the end of a long shaft, typically of wood, thereby extending the user's effective range.

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Polikarpov Po-2

The Polikarpov Po-2 (also U-2, for its initial ''uchebnyy'' role as a flight instruction aircraft) served as a general-purpose Soviet biplane, nicknamed Kukuruznik (Кукурузник,Gunston 1995, p. 292. from Russian "kukuruza" (кукуруза) for maize; thus, "maize duster" or "crop duster"), NATO reporting name "Mule".

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Polybutadiene

Polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber.

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Polygon

In elementary geometry, a polygon is a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a loop to form a closed polygonal chain or circuit.

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Polyphony

In music, polyphony is one type of musical texture, where a texture is, generally speaking, the way that melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic aspects of a musical composition are combined to shape the overall sound and quality of the work.

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Pomors

Pomors or Pomory (p, Seasiders) are Russian settlers, primarily from Novgorod, and their descendants living on the White Sea coasts and the territory whose southern border lies on a watershed which separates the White Sea river basin from the basins of rivers that flow south.

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Portage

Portage or portaging is the practice of carrying water craft or cargo over land, either around an obstacle in a river, or between two bodies of water.

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Postal code

A postal code (also known locally in various English-speaking countries throughout the world as a postcode, post code, Eircode, PIN Code or ZIP Code) is a series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces or punctuation, included in a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.

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Postconstructivism

Postconstructivism was a transitional architectural style that existed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, typical of early Stalinist architecture before World War II.

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Postnik Yakovlev

Postnik Yakovlev (Постник Яковлев) is most famous as one of the architects and builders of Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow (built between 1555 and 1560, the other architect is Barma).

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Potato

The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum.

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Potato starch

Potato starch is starch extracted from potatoes.

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Powdered milk

Powdered milk or dried milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating milk to dryness.

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Powered exoskeleton

A powered exoskeleton (also known as powered armor, power armor, exoframe, hardsuit, or exosuit) is a wearable mobile machine that is powered by a system of electric motors, pneumatics, levers, hydraulics, or a combination of technologies that allow for limb movement with increased strength and endurance.

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Pressure suit

A pressure suit is a protective suit worn by high-altitude pilots who may fly at altitudes where the air pressure is too low for an unprotected person to survive, even breathing pure oxygen at positive pressure.

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Primary Chronicle

The Tale of Past Years (Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, Pověstĭ Vremęnĭnyhŭ Lětŭ) or Primary Chronicle is a history of Kievan Rus' from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in Kiev about 1113.

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Propaganda

Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.

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Proton

| magnetic_moment.

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Proton (rocket family)

Proton (Russian: Протон) (formal designation: UR-500) is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russian government space launches.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.

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Pugachev's Cobra

In aerobatics, Pugachev's Cobra (or Pugachev Cobra) is a dramatic and demanding maneuver in which an airplane flying at a moderate speed suddenly raises the nose momentarily to the vertical position and slightly beyond, before dropping it back to normal flight.

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Pulsed plasma thruster

A pulsed plasma thruster (PPT), also known as a plasma jet engine, is a form of electric spacecraft propulsion.

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Pulsejet

A pulsejet engine (or pulse jet) is a type of jet engine in which combustion occurs in pulses.

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Punched card

A punched card or punch card is a piece of stiff paper that can be used to contain digital data represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions.

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Purlin

In architecture, structural engineering or building, a purlin (or historically purline, purloyne, purling, perling) is any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof except a type of framing with what is called a crown plate.

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Pylon station

The pylon station is a type of deep underground subway station.

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Pyotr Kapitsa

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa or Peter Kapitza (Russian: Пётр Леони́дович Капи́ца, Romanian: Petre Capiţa (– 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate, best known for his work in low-temperature physics.

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Pyotr Lebedev

Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev was a Russian physicist.

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Pyotr Nesterov

Pyotr Nikolayevich Nesterov (Пётр Николаевич Нестеров (born, Nizhny Novgorod - died, Zhovkva, Lviv Oblast) was a Russian pilot, an aircraft designer and an aerobatics pioneer.

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Pyotr Shilovsky

Pyotr Petrovich Shilovsky (Пётр Петрович Шиловский) (1871 – June 3, 1957 in Herefordshire) was a Russian count, jurist, statesman, and governor of Kostroma in 1910-1912 and of Olonets Governorate in 1912-1913.

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Quantum dot

Quantum dots (QD) are very small semiconductor particles, only several nanometres in size, so small that their optical and electronic properties differ from those of larger particles.

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Quick-firing gun

A quick-firing gun (in U.S. parlance, 'rapid-firing') is an artillery piece, typically a gun or howitzer, which has several characteristics which taken together mean the weapon can fire at a fast rate.

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R-11 Zemlya

The R-11 Zemlya, GRAU index 8A61 was a Soviet tactical ballistic missile.

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R-29 Vysota

R-29 Vysota Р-29 Высота (height, altitude) is a family of Soviet submarine-launched ballistic missiles, designed by Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau.

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R-7 Semyorka

The R-7 (Р-7 "Семёрка") was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War, and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile.

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Radial keratotomy

Radial keratotomy (RK) is a refractive surgical procedure to correct myopia (nearsightedness) that was developed in 1974, by Svyatoslav Fyodorov, a Russian ophthalmologist.

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Radiation pressure

Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted upon any surface due to the exchange of momentum between the object and the electromagnetic field.

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Radiator

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating.

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Radiator (heating)

Radiators and convectors are heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of space heating.

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Radio jamming

Radio jamming is the deliberate jamming, blocking or interference with authorized wireless communications.

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Radio receiver

In radio communications, a radio receiver (receiver or simply radio) is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form.

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Radio telescope

A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to receive radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy.

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Radio-controlled helicopter

A Radio-controlled helicopter (also RC helicopter) is model aircraft which is distinct from a RC airplane because of the differences in construction, aerodynamics, and flight training.

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Railway electrification system

A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply.

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Raketa (hydrofoil)

Raketa (Раке́та, Rocket) was the first type of hydrofoil boats commercially produced in the Soviet Union.

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Rapid transit

Rapid transit or mass rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, MRT, subway, tube, U-Bahn or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas.

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RAR (file format)

RAR is a proprietary archive file format that supports data compression, error recovery and file spanning.

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Rassolnik

Rassolnik (рассольник) is a traditional Russian soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley, and pork or beef kidneys.

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RD-170

The RD-170 (РД-170, Ракетный Двигатель-170, Rocket Engine-170) is the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine, designed and produced in the Soviet Union by NPO Energomash for use with the Energia launch vehicle.

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RD-180

The RD-180 (РД-180, Ракетный Двигатель-180, Rocket Engine-180) is a rocket engine designed and built in Russia.

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Reactive armour

Reactive armor is a type of vehicle armor that reacts in some way to the impact of a weapon to reduce the damage done to the vehicle being protected.

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Rebar

Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), collectively known as reinforcing steel and reinforcement steel, is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in compression.

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Red

Red is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet.

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Red Square

Red Square (ˈkrasnəjə ˈploɕːətʲ) is a city square (plaza) in Moscow, Russia.

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Red wine

Red wine is a type of wine made from dark-colored (black) grape varieties.

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Reentry capsule

A reentry capsule is the portion of a spacecraft which returns to Earth following a space flight.

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Reflectron

A reflectron (mass reflectron) is a type of time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS) that comprises a pulsed ion source, field-free region, ion mirror, and ion detector and uses a static or time dependent electric field in the ion mirror to reverse the direction of travel of the ions entering it.

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Regional jet

A regional jet (RJ) is a class of short to medium-range turbofan powered regional airliners.

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Regular army

A regular army is the official army of a state or country (the official armed forces), contrasting with irregular forces, such as volunteer irregular militias, private armies, mercenaries, etc.

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Reinforced concrete

Reinforced concrete (RC) (also called reinforced cement concrete or RCC) is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility.

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Relief

Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material.

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Rhythm

Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός, rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry") generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions".

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Rhythmic gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which individuals or groups of five manipulate one or two pieces of apparatus: rope, hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon and freehand (no apparatus).

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Rhythmicon

The Rhythmicon—also known as the Polyrhythmophone—was the world's first electronic drum machine (or "rhythm machine", the original term for devices of the type).

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Rock (geology)

Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

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Rocket boots

Rocket boots is an invention by Russian scientist Viktor Gordeyev.

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Rocket engine

A rocket engine uses stored rocket propellant mass for forming its high-speed propulsive jet.

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Rockwell scale

The Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on indentation hardness of a material.

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Roller coaster

A roller coaster is a type of amusement ride that employs a form of elevated railroad track designed with tight turns, steep slopes, and sometimes inversions.

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Rostislav Alexeyev

Rostislav Evgenievich Alexeyev (Ростисла́в Евге́ньевич Алексе́ев; December 18, 1916 – February 9, 1980) was a Russian Soviet shipbuilder known for his pioneering work on hydrofoil ships and ground effect vehicles.

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Rover (space exploration)

A rover (or sometimes planetary rover) is a space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body.

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Royal Cork Yacht Club

The Royal Cork Yacht Club is a claimant to the title of the world's oldest yacht club, founded in 1720, although some consider the Neva Yacht Club to be older by two years.

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RPG-7

The RPG-7 (РПГ-7) is a portable, reusable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade launcher.

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RT-21 Temp 2S

The RT-21 Temp 2S was a mobile intercontinental ballistic missile developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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RT-2PM Topol

The RT-2PM Topol (РТ-2ПМ Тополь ("Poplar"); NATO reporting name SS-25 Sickle; GRAU designation: 15Ж58 ("15Zh58"); START I designation: RS-12M Topol) is a mobile intercontinental ballistic missile designed in the Soviet Union and in service with Russia's Strategic Missile Troops.

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Ruble

The ruble or rouble (p) is or was a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia.

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Rushnyk

Rushnyk, Rushnik (рушник, ручнік, ručnik, рушник, ручник) is a ritual cloth embroidered with symbols and cryptograms of the ancient world.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Airborne Troops

The Russian Airborne Troops or VDV (from "Vozdushno-desantnye voyska Rossii", Russian: Воздушно-десантные войска России, ВДВ; Air-landing Forces) is a military branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

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Russian architecture

Russian architecture follows a tradition whose roots were in war Kievan Rus'.

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Russian battlecruiser Admiral Lazarev

Admiral Lazarev (Адмирал Лазарев) is the second.

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Russian boxing

Russian boxing (Russian - Кулачный бой Kulachniy Boy "fist fighting, pugilism") is the traditional bare-knuckle boxing of Russia.

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Russian conquest of Siberia

The Russian conquest of Siberia took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Khanate of Sibir had become a loose political structure of vassalages that were being undermined by the activities of Russian explorers.

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Russian cruiser Azov

Azov was a missile cruiser of the Soviet and later Russian Navy.

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Russian cruiser General-Admiral

General-Admiral was the lead ship of the armored cruisers built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the early 1870s.

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Russian cuisine

Russian cuisine is a collection of the different cooking traditions of the Russian people.

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Russian culture

Russian culture has a long history.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russian floating nuclear power station

Floating nuclear power stations (Russian: плавучая атомная теплоэлектростанция малой мощности, ПАТЭС ММ - lit. floating combined heat and power (CHP) low-power nuclear station) are vessels designed by Rosatom.

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Russian Ground Forces

The Ground Forces of the Russian Federation (r) are the land forces of the Russian Armed Forces, formed from parts of the collapsing Soviet Army in 1992.

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Russian guitar

The Russian guitar (sometimes referred to as a "Gypsy guitar") is an acoustic seven-string guitar that was developed in Russia toward the end of the 18th century: it shares most of its organological features with the Spanish guitar, although some historians insist on English guitar ascendancy.

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Russian lacquer art

Russian lacquer art developed from the art of icon painting which came to an end with the collapse of Imperial Russia.

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Russian martial arts

There are a number of martial arts styles and schools of Russian origin.

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Russian Navy

The Russian Navy (r, lit. Military-Maritime Fleet of the Russian Federation) is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces.

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Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskóvskiy patriarkhát), is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox patriarchates.

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Russian oven

A Russian oven or Russian stove (Русская печь) is a unique type of masonry stove that first appeared in the 15th century.

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Russian Railway Troops

Railway Troops of the Russian Armed Forces (Железнодорожные войска ВС России) are a railway troops service in the Rear Services of the Armed Forces of Russia.

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Russian Revival architecture

The Russian Revival style is the generic term for a number of different movements within Russian architecture (pseudo-Russian style, neo-Russian style, Russian-Byzantine style/Byzantine style (псевдорусский стиль, неорусский стиль, русско-византийский стиль)) that arose in second quarter of the 19th century and was an eclectic melding of pre-Peterine Russian architecture and elements of Byzantine architecture.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.

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Russian ruble

The Russian ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural: рубли́ rubli; sign: ₽, руб; code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognized republics of Donetsk and Luhansk.

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Russian submarine Novomoskovsk (K-407)

Novomoskovsk (K-407) is a Project 667BDRM ''Delfin''-class ballistic missile submarine (NATO reporting name Delta IV) of the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet.

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Russian traditional music

Russian traditional music specifically deals with the folk music traditions of the ethnic Russian people.

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Russians

Russians (русские, russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia, while notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora also exists all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Israel, and Canada. Russians are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe. The Russians share many cultural traits with their fellow East Slavic counterparts, specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians. They are predominantly Orthodox Christians by religion. The Russian language is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and also spoken as a secondary language in many former Soviet states.

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Russky Bridge

The Russky Bridge (Русский мост, Russian Bridge) is a cable-stayed bridge in Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia.

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Russo-Kazan Wars

The Russo-Kazan Wars was a series of wars fought between the Khanate of Kazan and Muscovite Russia from 1438, until Kazan was finally captured by Ivan the Terrible and absorbed into Russia in 1552.

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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Руско-турска Освободителна война, Russian-Turkish Liberation war) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

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Rutherfordium

Rutherfordium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Rf and atomic number 104, named after physicist Ernest Rutherford.

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Ryazhenka

Ryazhenka (ряжaнка, p) is a traditional fermented milk product in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.

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Rye

Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.

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Sable

The sable (Martes zibellina) is a marten species, a small carnivorous mammal inhabiting forest environments, primarily in Russia from the Ural Mountains throughout Siberia, northern Mongolia.

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Sabre

The sabre (British English) or saber (American English) is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the early modern and Napoleonic periods.

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Sailing

Sailing employs the wind—acting on sails, wingsails or kites—to propel a craft on the surface of the water (sailing ship, sailboat, windsurfer, or kitesurfer), on ice (iceboat) or on land (land yacht) over a chosen course, which is often part of a larger plan of navigation.

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Sailing ship

The term "sailing ship" is most often used to describe any large vessel that uses sails to harness the power of wind.

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Sailor cap

A sailor cap is a round, flat visorless hat worn by sailors in many of the world's navies.

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Saint Basil's Cathedral

The Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed (Собор Василия Блаженного, Sobor Vasiliya Blazhennogo), commonly known as Saint Basil's Cathedral, is a church in Red Square in Moscow, Russia.

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Saint Isaac's Cathedral

Saint Isaac's Cathedral or Isaakievskiy Sobor (Исаа́киевский Собо́р) in Saint Petersburg, Russia, is the largest Russian Orthodox cathedral (sobor) in the city.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).

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Saint Petersburg Metro

The Saint Petersburg Metro (Петербу́ргский метрополитен) is the underground railway system in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

The Peter and Paul Cathedral (Петропавловский собор) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Salmon

Salmon is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae.

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Salyut 1

Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (Салют-1; English translation: Salute 1) was the first space station of any kind, launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1971.

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Sambo (martial art)

Sambo (p; САМозащита Без Оружия) is a Russian-Soviet martial art and combat sport.

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Samovar

A samovar (самовар,; literally "self-brewer") is a heated metal container traditionally used to heat and boil water in Russia.

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Sample-return mission

A sample-return mission is a spacecraft mission with the goal of collecting and returning with tangible samples from an extraterrestrial location to Earth for analysis.

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Sarafan

A sarafan (p, from Persian sarāрā) is a long, trapezoidal traditional Russian jumper dress (pinafore) worn as Russian folk costume by women and girls.

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Sarov

Sarov (Саро́в) is a closed town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia.

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Satellite

In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit.

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Sauerkraut

Sauerkraut is finely cut cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural and linguistic ties.

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Scramjet

A scramjet ("supersonic combustion ramjet") is a variant of a ramjet airbreathing jet engine in which combustion takes place in supersonic airflow.

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Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.

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Sea ice

Sea ice arises as seawater freezes.

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Sea Launch

Sea Launch is a multinational spacecraft launch service that used a mobile maritime launch platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on specialized Zenit-3SL rockets through 2014.

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Seismometer

A seismometer is an instrument that measures motion of the ground, caused by, for example, an earthquake, a volcanic eruption, or the use of explosives.

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Selective fire

Selective fire means the capability of a weapon to be adjusted to fire in semi-automatic, burst mode, and/or fully automatic firing mode.

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Semyon Davidovich Kirlian

Semyon Davidovich Kirlian (Семён Давидович Кирлиан; Սիմոն Կիրլյան; 20 February 1898 – 4 April 1978) was a Russian inventor and researcher of Armenian descent, who along with his wife Valentina Khrisanovna Kirlian (Валентина Хрисановна Кирлиан; died 1972), a teacher and journalist, discovered and developed Kirlian photography.

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Semyon Korsakov

Semyon Nikolaevich Korsakov (Семён Николаевич Корсаков, Semyon Nikolayevich Korsakov) (January 14, 1787 – December 1, 1853 OS) was a Russian government official, noted both as a homeopath and an inventor who was involved with an early version of information technology.

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Sergei Ivanovich Mosin

Sergei Ivanovich Mosin (Серге́й Ива́нович Мо́син, April 2 or 14, 1849 - February 8, 1902) was a Russian Major General, engineer, and the main contributor to the design of the 3-line rifle, Model 1891 (Russian: "трёхлинейная винтовка образца 1891 года"), colloquially known as Mosin–Nagant.

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Sergei Korolev

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (a,, also transliterated as Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov, Сергій Павлович Корольов Serhiy Pavlovych Korolyov; – 14 January 1966) worked as the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer during the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s.

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Sergei Winogradsky

Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky (or Vinogradskiy; Сергій Миколайович Виноградський; 1 September 1856 – 25 February 1953) was a Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle-of-life concept.

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Sergei Yudin

Sergei Yudin (Серге́й Юдин) may refer to.

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Sergey Lebedev (chemist)

Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev (Серге́й Васи́льевич Ле́бедев; July 25, 1874 – May 1, 1934) was a Russian/Soviet chemist and the inventor of polybutadiene synthetic rubber, the first commercially viable and mass-produced type of synthetic rubber.

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Sergey Lebedev (scientist)

Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev (Серге́й Алексе́евич Ле́бедев; 2 November 1902, n.s. – 3 July 1974) was a Russian-born Ukrainian Soviet scientist in the fields of electrical engineering and computer science, and designer of the first Soviet computers.

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Sergey Malyutin

Sergey Vasilyevich Malyutin (Сергей Васильевич Малютин; 4 October 1859 - 6 December 1937) was a Russian painter of fine crafts, (scenic) designer, illustrator and architect; initially associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement.

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Sergey Zagraevsky

Sergey Zagraevsky (Сергей Вольфгангович Заграевский, סרגיי זגרייבסקי; born August 20, 1964, Moscow) is a Russian-Jewish painter, architectural historian, writer and theologian.

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Setun

Setun (Сетунь) was a computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University.

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Seven Sisters (Moscow)

The Seven Sisters (lit) are a group of seven skyscrapers in Moscow designed in the Stalinist style.

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Shashka

The shashka (сэшхуэ; шашка) is a special kind of sabre; a very sharp, single-edged, single-handed, and guardless sword.

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Shchi

Shchi (a) is a Russian style cabbage soup.

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Shielded metal arc welding

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA or MMAW), flux shielded arc welding or informally as stick welding, is a manual arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode covered with a flux to lay the weld.

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Ship

A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying passengers or goods, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing.

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Ship floodability

Floodability is the susceptibility of a ship's construction to flooding.

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Shirt

A shirt is a cloth garment for the upper body (from the neck to the waist).

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Shtil'

Space launch vehicle Shtil' (Russian: (Штиль - calm (weather)), is a converted SLBM used for launching artificial satellites into orbit. It is based on the R-29RM designed by State Rocket Center Makeyev and related to the Volna Launch Vehicle. The Shtil' is a 3-stage launch vehicle that uses liquid propellant. It is the first launch vehicle to successfully launch a payload into orbit from a submarine, although launch from land based structures is possible as well.

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Shukhov cracking process

The Shukhov cracking process is a thermal cracking process invented by Vladimir Shukhov and Sergei Gavrilov.

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Shukhov Tower

The Shukhov radio tower (Шуховская башня), also known as the Shabolovka tower (Шаболовская башня), is a broadcasting tower in Moscow designed by Vladimir Shukhov.

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Siberia

Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.

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Siege of Kazan

The Siege of Kazan in 1552 was the final battle of the Russo-Kazan Wars and led to the fall of the Khanate of Kazan.

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Siege tower

A siege tower or breaching tower (or in the Middle Ages, a belfryCastle: Stephen Biesty'sSections. Dorling Kindersley Pub (T); 1st American edition (September 1994). Siege towers were invented in 300 BC.) is a specialized siege engine, constructed to protect assailants and ladders while approaching the defensive walls of a fortification.

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Sikorsky Ilya Muromets

The Sikorsky Ilya Muromets (Сикорский Илья Муромец) (Sikorsky S-22, S-23, S-24, S-25, S-26 and S-27) were a class of Russian pre-World War I large four-engine commercial airliners and military heavy bombers used during World War I by the Russian Empire.

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Sikorsky R-4

The Sikorsky R-4 is a two-seat helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky with a single, three-bladed main rotor and powered by a radial engine.

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Sikorsky Russky Vityaz

The Sikorsky Russky Vityaz (Русский витязь), or Russian Knight, previously known as the Bolshoi Baltisky (Большой Балтийский) (The Great Baltic) in its first four-engined version, was the first four-engine aircraft in the world, designed by Igor Sikorsky and built at the Russian Baltic Railroad Car Works (Russo-Baltiiskyi Vagonnyi Zavod or R-BVZ) in Saint Petersburg in early 1913.

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Simmering

Simmering is a food preparation technique in which foods are cooked in hot liquids kept just below the boiling point of water (which is 100 °C or 212 °F at average sea level air pressure), but higher than poaching temperature.

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Skittles (sport)

Skittles is an old European lawn game, a variety of bowling from which ten-pin bowling, duckpin bowling, candlepin bowling (in the United States), and five-pin bowling (in Canada) are descended.

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Skomorokh

A skomorokh (скоморох in Russian, скоморохъ in Old East Slavic, скоморaхъ in Church Slavonic) was a medieval East Slavic harlequin, or actor, who could also sing, dance, play musical instruments and compose for oral/musical and dramatic performances.

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Skull crucible

The skull crucible process was developed at the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow to manufacture cubic zirconia.

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Slavic languages

The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the Indo-European languages spoken by the Slavic peoples.

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Slavic paganism

Slavic paganism or Slavic religion define the religious beliefs, godlores and ritual practices of the Slavs before the formal Christianisation of their ruling elites.

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Slavs

Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the various Slavic languages of the larger Balto-Slavic linguistic group.

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Sled

A sled, sledge, or sleigh is a land vehicle with a smooth underside or possessing a separate body supported by two or more smooth, relatively narrow, longitudinal runners that travels by sliding across a surface.

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Smetana (dairy product)

Smetana is one of the names for a range of sour creams from Central and Eastern Europe.

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Smokejumper

A smokejumper is a wildland firefighter who parachutes into a remote area to combat wildfires.

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Snowmobile

A snowmobile, also known as a motor sled, motor sledge, or snowmachine, is a motorized vehicle designed for winter travel and recreation on snow.

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Socialist realism

Socialist realism is a style of idealized realistic art that was developed in the Soviet Union and was imposed as the official style in that country between 1932 and 1988, as well as in other socialist countries after World War II.

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Sokha

In Russia, Finland, and a few nearby countries, a sokha (соха) is a light wooden ard, consisting of two body ards, with their parallel beams forming the two shafts for a single horse-drawn tillage implement with two socket shares (рассоха).

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Solar cell

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.

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Sorrel soup

Sorrel soup is a soup made from water or broth, sorrel leaves, and salt.

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Sounding board

A sounding board, also known as a tester and abat-voix is a structure placed above and sometimes also behind a pulpit or other speaking platforms which helps to project the sound of the speaker.

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Soup

Soup is a primarily liquid food, generally served warm or hot (but may be cool or cold), that is made by combining ingredients of meat or vegetables with stock, juice, water, or another liquid.

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Souvenir

A souvenir (from French, for a remembrance or memory), memento, keepsake, or token of remembrance is an object a person acquires for the memories the owner associates with it.

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Soviet Army

The Soviet Army (SA; Советская Армия, Sovetskaya Armiya) is the name given to the main land-based branch of the Soviet Armed Forces between February 1946 and December 1991, when it was replaced with the Russian Ground Forces, although it was not taken fully out of service until 25 December 1993.

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Soviet space program

The Soviet space program (Russian: Космическая программа СССР, Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) comprised several of the rocket and space exploration programs conducted by the Soviet Union (USSR) from the 1930s until its collapse in 1991.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Soyuz (rocket family)

Soyuz (Союз, meaning "union", GRAU index 11A511) is a family of expendable launch systems developed by OKB-1 and manufactured by Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara, Russia.

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Soyuz (spacecraft)

Soyuz is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today.

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Soyuz TMA-13

Soyuz TMA-13 (Союз ТМА-13, Union TMA-13) was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS).

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Space capsule

A space capsule is an often manned spacecraft which has a simple shape for the main section, without any wings or other features to create lift during atmospheric reentry.

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Space food

Space food is a type of food product created and processed for consumption by astronauts in outer space.

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Space probe

A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that does not orbit the Earth, but, instead, explores further into outer space.

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Space station

A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock.

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Space suit

A space suit is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space, vacuum and temperature extremes.

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Space toilet

A space toilet, or zero gravity toilet is a toilet that can be used in a weightless environment.

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Space tourism

Space tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.

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Spaceflight

Spaceflight (also written space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space.

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Spaceport

A spaceport or cosmodrome is a site for launching (or receiving) spacecraft, by analogy to seaport for ships or airport for aircraft.

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Spade

A spade is a tool primarily for digging, comprising a blade – typically narrower and less curved than that of a shovel – and a long handle.

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Spear

A spear is a pole weapon consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a pointed head.

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Spektr-R

Spektr-R (or RadioAstron) is a Russian scientific satellite with a radio telescope on board.

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Sphere

A sphere (from Greek σφαῖρα — sphaira, "globe, ball") is a perfectly round geometrical object in three-dimensional space that is the surface of a completely round ball (viz., analogous to the circular objects in two dimensions, where a "circle" circumscribes its "disk").

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Sphygmomanometer

A sphygmomanometer, also known as a blood pressure meter, blood pressure monitor, or blood pressure gauge, is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure.

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Spire

A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, often a skyscraper or a church tower, similar to a steep tented roof.

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Sportivnaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)

Sportivnaya (Спорти́вная) is a station on the Frunzensko-Primorskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro.

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Spring-loaded camming device

A spring-loaded camming device (also SLCD, cam or friend) is a piece of rock climbing or mountaineering protection equipment.

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Springer Science+Business Media

Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.

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Sputnik 1

Sputnik 1 (or; "Satellite-1", or "PS-1", Простейший Спутник-1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1, "Elementary Satellite 1") was the first artificial Earth satellite.

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Sputnik 2

Sputnik 2 (Спутник-2, Satellite 2), or Prosteyshiy Sputnik 2 (PS-2, italic, Elementary Satellite 2) was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on 3 November 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a Soviet space dog named Laika, who died a few hours after the launch.

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SS Normandie

The SS Normandie was an ocean liner built in Saint-Nazaire, France, for the French Line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT).

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Staged combustion cycle

The staged combustion cycle (sometimes known as topping cycle or preburner cycle) is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine.

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Stalinist architecture

Stalinist architecture, also referred to as Stalinist Empire style or Socialist Classicism, is a term given to architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, between 1933, when Boris Iofan's draft for Palace of the Soviets was officially approved, and 1955, when Nikita Khrushchev condemned "excesses" of the past decades and disbanded the Soviet Academy of Architecture.

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Standard diving dress

Standard diving dress (also known as hard-hat or copper hat equipment, or heavy gear) is a type of diving suit that was formerly used for all underwater work that required more than breath-hold duration, which included marine salvage, civil engineering, pearl shell diving and other commercial diving work, and similar naval diving applications.

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Stanislavski's system

Stanislavski's system is a systematic approach to training actors that the Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski developed in the first half of the 20th century.

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Stealth technology

Stealth technology also termed low observable technology (LO technology) is a sub-discipline of military tactics and passive electronic countermeasures, which cover a range of techniques used with personnel, aircraft, ships, submarines, missiles and satellites to make them less visible (ideally invisible) to radar, infrared, sonar and other detection methods.

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Steambath

A steambath is a steam-filled room for the purpose of relaxation and cleansing.

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Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.

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Stefan Drzewiecki

Stefan Drzewiecki (Джеве́цкий Степа́н Ка́рлович (Казими́рович); July 26, 1844 in Kunka, Podolia, Russian Empire (today Ukraine, April 23, 1938 in Paris) was a Polish and Russian scientist, journalist, engineer, constructor and inventor, working in France and the Russian Empire. He built the first submarine in the world with electric battery-powered propulsion (1884).

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Stem cell

Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.

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Stepan Makarov

Stepan Osipovich Makarov (Степа́н О́сипович Мака́ров; –) was a Russian vice-admiral, a highly accomplished and decorated commander of the Imperial Russian Navy, an oceanographer, awarded by the Russian Academy of Sciences, and author of several books.

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Steppe

In physical geography, a steppe (p) is an ecoregion, in the montane grasslands and shrublands and temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biomes, characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes.

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Stereo camera

A stereo camera is a type of camera with two or more lenses with a separate image sensor or film frame for each lens.

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Stethoscope

The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.

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Still

A still is an apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor.

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Strategic bomber

A strategic bomber is a medium to long range penetration bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of air-to-ground weaponry onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating the enemy's capacity to wage war.

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Streltsy

Streltsy (t; стреле́ц) were the units of Russian firearm infantry from the 16th to the early 18th centuries and also a social stratum, from which personnel for Streltsy troops were traditionally recruited.

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String instrument

String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.

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Struve Geodetic Arc

The Struve Geodetic Arc is a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over 2,820 km, which yielded the first accurate measurement of a meridian.

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Submarine

A submarine (or simply sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.

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Submarine-launched ballistic missile

A submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) is a ballistic missile capable of being launched from submarines.

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Sugar beet

A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and which is grown commercially for sugar production.

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Sukhoi Su-27

The Sukhoi Su-27 (Сухой Су-27; NATO reporting name: Flanker) is a twin-engine supermaneuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi.

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Sumio Iijima

Sumio Iijima (飯島澄男 Iijima Sumio, born May 2, 1939) is a Japanese physicist, often cited as the inventor of carbon nanotubes.

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Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.

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Sunflower oil

Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil pressed from the seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus).

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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector

The superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) is a type of near-infrared and optical single-photon detector based on a current-biased superconducting nanowire.

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Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.

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Superfluidity

Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without loss of kinetic energy.

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Supermaneuverability

Supermaneuverability is the ability of aircraft to maintain pilot control and perform maneuvers in situations and ways exceeding those that are possible using purely aerodynamic mechanisms.

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Supersonic speed

Supersonic travel is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1).

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Supersonic transport

A supersonic transport (SST) is a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound.

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Svetlana Gerasimenko

Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko (Светла́на Ива́новна Герасиме́нко; Світлана Іванівна Герасименко) is a Soviet and Tajikistani astronomer of Ukrainian origin and discoverer of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

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Svyatoslav Fyodorov

Svyatoslav Nikolayevich Fyodorov (born August 8, 1927 – June 2, 2000) was a Russian ophthalmologist, politician, professor, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.

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Sword

A sword is a bladed weapon intended for slashing or thrusting that is longer than a knife or dagger.

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Sympathetic string

Sympathetic strings or resonance strings are auxiliary strings found on many Indian musical instruments, as well as some Western Baroque instruments and a variety of folk instruments.

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Synchrophasotron

The Synchrophasotron was a synchrotron-based particle accelerator for protons at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna that was operational from 1957 to 2003.

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Synchrotron

A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path.

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Synthetic rubber

A synthetic rubber is any artificial elastomer.

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T-14 Armata

The T-14 Armata (Т-14 «Армата»; industrial designation "Ob'yekt 148") is a next generation Russian main battle tank based on the Armata Universal Combat Platform.

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T-26 variants

More than 50 different modifications and experimental vehicles based on the T-26 light infantry tank chassis were developed in the USSR in the 1930s, with 23 modifications going into series production.

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T-34

The T-34 is a Soviet medium tank that had a profound and lasting effect on the field of tank design.

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T-54/T-55

The T-54 and T-55 tanks are a series of Soviet main battle tanks introduced in the years following the Second World War.

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Table-glass

Table-glass or granyonyi stakan (гранёный стакан, literally faceted glass) (granchak гранчак, derived from грань, meaning facet) is a type of drinkware made from especially hard and thick glass and having a faceted form.

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Tachanka

The tachanka (тача́нка, taczanka) was a horse-drawn machine gun, usually a cart (such as charabanc) or an open wagon with a heavy machine gun installed in the back.

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Tail rotor

The tail rotor is a smaller rotor mounted so that it rotates vertically or near-vertically at the end of the tail of a traditional single-rotor helicopter.

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Tandem rotors

Tandem rotor helicopters have two large horizontal rotor assemblies mounted one in front of the other.

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Tank

A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat, with heavy firepower, strong armour, tracks and a powerful engine providing good battlefield maneuverability.

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Tankette

A tankette is a tracked armoured fighting vehicle that resembles a small tank, roughly the size of a car.

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Taste

Taste, gustatory perception, or gustation is one of the five traditional senses that belongs to the gustatory system.

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Teletank

Teletanks were a series of wireless remotely controlled unmanned tanks produced in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and early 1940s so as to reduce combat risk to soldiers.

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Television

Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white), or in colour, and in two or three dimensions and sound.

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Temple in Jerusalem

The Temple in Jerusalem was any of a series of structures which were located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, the current site of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque.

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Tench

The tench or doctor fish (Tinca tinca) is a fresh- and brackish-water fish of the cyprinid family found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including the British Isles east into Asia as far as the Ob and Yenisei Rivers.

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Tennessine

Tennessine is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Ts and atomic number 117.

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Tensile structure

A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending.

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Tented roof

A tented roof is a type of polygonal hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak.

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Ternary computer

A ternary computer (also called trinary computer) is a computer that uses ternary logic (three possible values) and trits instead of the more common binary logic (two possible values) and bits in its calculations.

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Terpsitone

The terpsitone was an electronic musical instrument, invented by Léon Theremin, which consisted of a platform fitted with space-controlling antennae, through and around which a dancer would control the musical performance.

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Tetris

Tetris (Тетрис) is a tile-matching puzzle video game, originally designed and programmed by Russian game designer Alexey Pajitnov.

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The Motherland Calls

The Motherland Calls (t) is the compositional center of the monument-ensemble "Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad" on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd.

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The Russian Review

The Russian Review is a major independent peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary academic journal devoted to the history, literature, culture, fine arts, cinema, society, and politics of the Russian Federation, former Soviet Union and former Russian Empire.

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The St. Petersburg Times

The St.

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The Thing (listening device)

The Thing, also known as the Great Seal bug, was one of the first covert listening devices (or "bugs") to use passive techniques to transmit an audio signal.

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TheGuardian.com

TheGuardian.com, formerly known as Guardian.co.uk and Guardian Unlimited, is a British news and media website owned by the Guardian Media Group.

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Theodosius Dobzhansky

Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky (Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добжа́нський; Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a prominent Ukrainian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist, and a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis.

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Theophylact Simocatta

Theophylact Simocatta (Byzantine Greek: Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάτ(τ)ης Theophylaktos Simokat(t)es; Theophylactus Simocattus) was an early seventh-century Byzantine historiographer, arguably ranking as the last historian of Late Antiquity, writing in the time of Heraclius (c. 630) about the late Emperor Maurice (582–602).

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Theremin

The theremin (--> originally known as the ætherphone/etherphone, thereminophone or termenvox/thereminvox) is an electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist (performer).

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Theremin Center

The Theremin Center for Electroacoustic Music was created in Moscow, Russia in 1992 by the group of musicians and computer scientists, under the leadership of Andrey Smirnov.

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Thermal energy

Thermal energy is a term used loosely as a synonym for more rigorously-defined thermodynamic quantities such as the internal energy of a system; heat or sensible heat, which are defined as types of transfer of energy (as is work); or for the characteristic energy of a degree of freedom in a thermal system kT, where T is temperature and k is the Boltzmann constant.

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Thermobaric weapon

A thermobaric weapon is a type of explosive that uses oxygen from the surrounding air to generate a high-temperature explosion, and in practice the blast wave typically produced by such a weapon is of a significantly longer duration than that produced by a conventional condensed explosive.

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Thermonuclear fusion

Thermonuclear fusion is a way to achieve nuclear fusion by using extremely high temperatures.

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Thermoplan

The Thermoplan is a Russian lenticular-shaped hybrid airship.

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Thin-shell structure

Thin-shell structures are also called plate and shell structures.

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Tholobate

A tholobate or drum, in architecture, is the upright part of a building on which a dome is raised.

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Three-phase electric power

Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating current electric power generation, transmission, and distribution.

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Tibia

The tibia (plural tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia), and it connects the knee with the ankle bones.

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Tilia

Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

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Tin whistle

The tin whistle, also called the penny whistle, English flageolet, Scottish penny whistle, tin flageolet, Irish whistle, Belfast Hornpipe, feadóg stáin (or simply feadóg) and Clarke London FlageoletThe Clarke Tin Whistle By Bill Ochs is a simple, six-holed woodwind instrument.

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Tokamak

A tokamak (Токамáк) is a device that uses a powerful magnetic field to confine a hot plasma in the shape of a torus.

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Tokyo

, officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and has been the capital since 1869.

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Tokyo subway

The is a part of the extensive rapid transit system that consists of Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway in the Greater Tokyo area of Japan.

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Ton

The ton is a unit of measure.

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Tonne

The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.

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Torpedo boat tender

The torpedo boat tender was a type of warship developed at the end of the 19th century to help bring small torpedo boats to the high seas, and launch them for attack.

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Tower

A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant margin.

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Toy

A toy is an item that is used in play, especially one designed for such use.

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Tractor

A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver at a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction.

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Tram

A tram (also tramcar; and in North America streetcar, trolley or trolley car) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way.

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Trans-Siberian Railway

The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR, p) is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East.

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Transformer

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

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Transmission electron microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, also sometimes conventional transmission electron microscopy or CTEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.

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Treatise

A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject.

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Treshchotka

Treshchotka (p, singular; sometimes referred as Treshchotki, p, plural) is a Russian folk music idiophone instrument which is used to imitate hand clapping.

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Triangle

A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices.

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TRIZ

TRIZ (теория решения изобретательских задач,, literally: "theory of the resolution of invention-related tasks") is "a problem-solving, analysis and forecasting tool derived from the study of patterns of invention in the global patent literature".

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Troika (driving)

A troika ("triplet" or "trio") is a traditional Russian harness driving combination, using three horses abreast, usually pulling a sleigh.

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Trot

The trot is a two-beat diagonal gait of the horse where the diagonal pairs of legs move forward at the same time with a moment of suspension between each beat.

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TsAGI

The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut, TsAGI) was founded in Moscow by the pioneer of Russian aviation, Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky on December 1, 1918.

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Tsar

Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.

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Tsar Bell

The Tsar Bell (Царь–колокол, Tsar-kolokol), also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol, Tsar Kolokol III, or Royal Bell, is a tall, diameter bell on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin.

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Tsar Bomba

Tsar Bomba was the Western nickname for the Soviet RDS-220 hydrogen bomb (code name Ivan or Vanya), the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created.

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Tsar Cannon

The Tsar Cannon (Царь-пушка, Carj-puška) is a large early modern period artillery piece (known as a bombarda in Russian) on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin.

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Tsar Tank

The Tsar Tank (Царь-танк), also known as the Netopyr' (Нетопырь) which stands for Pipistrellus (a genus of bat) or Lebedenko Tank (танк Лебеденко), was an unusual Russian armoured vehicle developed by Nikolai Lebedenko (Николай Лебеденко), Nikolai Zhukovsky (Николай Жуковский), Boris Stechkin (Борис Стечкин), and Alexander Mikulin (Александр Микулин) from 1914 onwards.

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Tsardom of Russia

The Tsardom of Russia (Русское царство, Russkoye tsarstvo or Российское царство, Rossiyskoye tsarstvo), also known as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the name of the centralized Russian state from assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.

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Tsarskoye Selo

Tsarskoye Selo (a, "Tsar's Village") was the town containing a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting nobility, located south from the center of Saint Petersburg.

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Tula pryanik

Tula pryanik (pl. Tula pryaniki) is a famous type of imprinted Russian pryanik from the city of Tula.

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Tula, Russia

Tula (p) is an industrial city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast, Russia, located south of Moscow, on the Upa River.

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Tupolev ANT-20

The Tupolev ANT-20 Maksim Gorki (Туполев АНТ-20 "Максим Горький") was a Soviet eight-engine aircraft, the largest of the 1930s.

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Tupolev Tu-144

The Tupolev Tu-144 (Tyполев Ту-144; NATO reporting name: Charger) is a retired jet airliner and commercial supersonic transport aircraft (SST).

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Tupolev Tu-155

The Tupolev Tu-155 is a modified Tu-154 (СССР-85035) which was used as an alternative fuel testbed.

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Tupolev Tu-160

The Tupolev Tu-160 (White Swan; NATO reporting name: Blackjack) is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing heavy strategic bomber designed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the Soviet Union.

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Turkestan

Turkestan, also spelt Turkistan (literally "Land of the Turks" in Persian), refers to an area in Central Asia between Siberia to the north and Tibet, India and Afghanistan to the south, the Caspian Sea to the west and the Gobi Desert to the east.

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Typhoon-class submarine

The Project 941 or Akula, Russian "Акула" ("Shark") class submarine (NATO reporting name: Typhoon) is a type of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine deployed by the Soviet Navy in the 1980s.

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Udmurt language

Udmurt (удмурт кыл, udmurt kyl) is a Uralic language, part of the Permic subgroup, spoken by the Udmurt natives of the Russian constituent republic of Udmurtia, where it is co-official with Russian.

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Ukha

Ukha (Уха) is a clear Russian soup, made from various types of fish such as bream, wels catfish, northern pike, or even ruffe.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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Ukrainians

Ukrainians (українці, ukrayintsi) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is by total population the sixth-largest nation in Europe.

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Ulyanovsk

Ulyanovsk is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow.

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Underwater firearm

An underwater firearm is a firearm designed for use underwater.

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Unison

In music, unison is two or more musical parts sounding the same pitch or at an octave interval, usually at the same time.

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Unit record equipment

Starting at the end of the nineteenth century, well before the advent of electronic computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical machines called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines (EAM) or tabulating machines.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Ushanka

An ushanka (p, literally "ear flap hat"), also called a ushanka-hat (p), is a Russian fur cap with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap, or fastened at the chin to protect the ears, jaw and lower chin from the cold.

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Valenki

Valenki (p; sg valenok (p)) are traditional Russian winter footwear, essentially felt boots: the name valenok literally means "made by felting".

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Valentin Glushko

Valentin Petrovich Glushko (Валенти́н Петро́вич Глушко́, Valentin Petrovich Glushko; Валентин Петрович Глушко, Valentyn Petrovych Hlushko; born 2 September 1908 – 10 January 1989), was a Soviet engineer, and designer of rocket engines during the Soviet/American Space Race.

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Vandal (tanker)

Vandal was a river tanker designed by Karl Hagelin and Johny Johnson for Branobel.

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Variable-sweep wing

A variable-sweep wing, colloquially known as a "swing wing", is an airplane wing, or set of wings, that may be swept back and then returned to its original position during flight.

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Vasily Andreyev

Vasily Vasilievich Andreyev (Василий Васильевич Андреев; 1918) article on the city site of Bezhetsk was a Russian musician responsible for the modern development of the balalaika and several other traditional Russian folk music instruments, and is considered the father of the academic folk instrument movement in Eastern Europe.

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Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov

Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov (Василий Владимирович Петров.) (– 15 August 1834) was a Russian experimental physicist, self-taught electrical technician, academician of Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1809; Corresponding member since 1802).

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Vasily Zvyozdochkin

Vasily Petrovich Zvyozdochkin (Василий Петрович Звёздочкин) (1876–1956) was a Russian turning craftsman, wood carver and doll maker.

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Vault (architecture)

Vault (French voûte, from Italian volta) is an architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.

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Veliky Novgorod

Veliky Novgorod (p), also known as Novgorod the Great, or Novgorod Veliky, or just Novgorod, is one of the most important historic cities in Russia, which serves as the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast.

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Velvet

Velvet is a type of woven tufted fabric in which the cut threads are evenly distributed, with a short dense pile, giving it a distinctive soft feel.

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Venera

The Venera series space probes were developed by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1984 to gather data from Venus, Venera being the Russian name for Venus.

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Venera 4

Venera 4 (Венера-4 meaning Venus 4), also designated 1V (V-67) s/n 310 was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.

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Vera Mukhina

Vera Ignatyevna Mukhina (Ве́ра Игна́тьевна Му́хина; Vera Muhina; – 6 October 1953) was a prominent Soviet sculptor.

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Vertical launching system

A vertical launching system (VLS) is an advanced system for holding and firing missiles on mobile naval platforms, such as surface ships and submarines.

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Vezdekhod

The Vezdekhod (Вездеход) was the first true tank to be developed by Imperial Russia.

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Viktor Makeyev

Viktor Petrovich Makeyev (Ви́ктор Петро́вич Маке́ев; October 25, 1924 – October 25, 1985) was the founder of the Soviet-Russian school of sea missiles production.

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Viktor Vasnetsov

Viktor Mikhaylovich Vasnetsov (Ви́ктор Миха́йлович Васнецо́в; May 15 (N.S.), 1848 – July 23, 1926) was a Russian artist who specialized in mythological and historical subjects.

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Virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.

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Vitaly Abalakov

Vitaly Mikhaylovich Abalakov (Вита́лий Миха́йлович Абала́ков) (in Krasnoyarsk – 26 May 1986 in MoscowGreat Russian Encyclopedia (2006), Moscow: Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya Enciklopediya Publisher, vol. 1, p. 9) was a Soviet chemical engineer, mountaineer and inventor.

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Vitamin

A vitamin is an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) which is an essential micronutrient - that is, a substance which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism - but cannot synthesize it (either at all, or in sufficient quantities), and therefore it must be obtained through the diet.

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Vladimir Baranov-Rossine

Wladimir Davidovich Baranoff-Rossine (Владимир Давидович Баранов-Россине) (1888–1944) was a Ukrainian, Russian and French painter of Jewish origin, avant-garde artist (Cubo-Futurism), and inventor.

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Vladimir Barmin

Vladimir Pavlovich Barmin (Владимир Павлович Бармин, in Moscow – 17 July 1993 in Moscow) was a Soviet scientist, designer of the first soviet rocket launch complexes.

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Vladimir Chelomey

Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey (Russian: Влади́мир Никола́евич Челоме́й; Ukrainian: Володимир Миколайович Челомей; 30 June 1914 – 8 December 1984) was a Soviet mechanics scientist, aviation and missile engineer.

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Vladimir Demikhov

Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov (Влади́мир Петро́вич Де́михов; Khutor Kulikovsky, July 18, 1916 – Moscow, November 22, 1998) was a Soviet scientist and organ transplant pioneer, who performed several transplantations in the 1930s and 1950s, such as the transplantation of a heart into an animal and a lung-heart replacement in an animal.

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Vladimir K. Zworykin

Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin (Влади́мир Козьми́ч Зворы́кин, Vladimir Koz'mich Zvorykin; July 29, 1982) was a Russian-born American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology.

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Vladimir Kotelnikov

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov (Russian Владимир Александрович Котельников, scientific transliteration Vladimir Alexandrovič Kotelnikov, 6 September 1908 in Kazan – 11 February 2005 in Moscow) was an information theory and radar astronomy pioneer from the Soviet Union.

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Vladimir Oblast

Vladimir Oblast (Влади́мирская о́бласть, Vladimirskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Vladimir Shukhov

Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (Влади́мир Григо́рьевич Шу́хов; – 2 February 1939) was a Russian engineer-polymath, scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of the world's first hyperboloid structures, diagrid shell structures, tensile structures, gridshell structures, oil reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges.

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Vladimir Simonov

Vladimir Vasil'evich Simonov (Владимир Васильевич Симонов) (born 1935) is or was a Russian (Soviet) design engineer working in the Tula Arms Plant.

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Vladimir Syromyatnikov

Vladimir Sergeevich Syromyatnikov (January 7, 1933 - September 19, 2006) was a Soviet and Russian space scientist best known for designing docking mechanisms for manned spacecraft; it was his Androgynous Peripheral Attach System which, in the 1970s, linked the Soviet and American space capsules in the Apollo-Soyuz test flight.

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Vladimir the Great

Vladimir the Great (also (Saint) Vladimir of Kiev; Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь, Volodiměrъ Svętoslavičь, Old Norse Valdamarr gamli; c. 958 – 15 July 1015, Berestove) was a prince of Novgorod, grand prince of Kiev, and ruler of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1015.

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Vladimir Yurkevich

Vladimir Ivanovich Yourkevitch (Владимир Иванович Юркевич, also spelled Yurkevich, 1885 in Moscow – December 13, 1964) was a Russian naval engineer, developer of the modern design of ship hulls, and designer of the famous ocean liner SS ''Normandie''.

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Vodka

Vodka (wódka, водка) is a distilled beverage composed primarily of water and ethanol, but sometimes with traces of impurities and flavorings.

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Voitenko compressor

The Voitenko compressor is a shaped charge adapted from its original purpose of piercing thick steel armour to the task of accelerating shock waves.

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Volga Finns

The Volga Finns (sometimes referred to as Eastern Finns) are a historical group of indigenous peoples of Russia living in the vicinity of the Volga, who speak Uralic languages.

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Volga River

The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe.

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Volume

Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains.

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Vostok (spacecraft)

The Vostok (Восток, translated as "East") was a type of spacecraft built by the Soviet Union.

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Vostok 1

Vostok 1 (Восто́к, East or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight of the Vostok programme and the first manned spaceflight in history.

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Vostok programme

The Vostok programme (Восто́к,, Orient or East) was a Soviet human spaceflight project to put the first Soviet citizens into low Earth orbit and return them safely.

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Vought-Sikorsky VS-300

The Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 (or S-46) is a single-engine helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky.

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Wagon

A wagon (also alternatively and archaically spelt waggon in British and Commonwealth English) is a heavy four-wheeled vehicle pulled by draught animals or on occasion by humans (see below), used for transporting goods, commodities, agricultural materials, supplies and sometimes people.

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Wagon fort

A wagon fort is a mobile fortification made of wagons arranged into a rectangle, a circle or other shape and possibly joined with each other, an improvised military camp.

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Water

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

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Water tower

A water tower is an elevated structure supporting a water tank constructed at a height sufficient to pressurize a water supply system for the distribution of potable water, and to provide emergency storage for fire protection.

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Webcam

A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through a computer to a computer network.

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Welded sculpture

Welded sculpture (related to visual art and works of art) is an art form in which sculpture is made using welding techniques.

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Welding

Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

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Wels catfish

The wels catfish (or; Silurus glanis), also called sheatfish, is a large species of catfish native to wide areas of central, southern, and eastern Europe, in the basins of the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas.

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.

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Wheat

Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food.

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White Sea

The White Sea (Белое море, Béloye móre; Karelian and Vienanmeri, lit. Dvina Sea; Сэрако ямʼ, Serako yam) is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia.

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Wiley-Blackwell

Wiley-Blackwell is the international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons.

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Willgodt Theophil Odhner

Willgodt Theophil Odhner (in Cyrillic, Вильгодт Теофил Однер) was a Swedish engineer and entrepreneur, working in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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William Craft Brumfield

William Craft Brumfield (born June 28, 1944) is a contemporary American historian of Russian architecture, a preservationist and an architectural photographer.

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William Pokhlyobkin

William Vasilyevich Pokhlyobkin (August 20, 1923 – April 15 (burial date), 2000) (Вильям Васильевич Похлёбкин, Viliyam Vasilievich Pokhlyobkin) was the foremost expert on the history of Russian cuisine and the author of numerous culinary books.

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Winged tank

Tanks with glider wings were the subject of several unsuccessful experiments in the 20th century.

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Winogradsky column

The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms.

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Winter Palace

The Winter Palace (p, Zimnij dvorets) in Saint Petersburg, Russia, was, from 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs.

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Worker and Kolkhoz Woman

Worker and Kolkhoz Woman (Рабо́чий и колхо́зница Rabochiy i Kolkhoznitsa) is a sculpture of two figures with a sickle and a hammer raised over their heads.

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World Computer Chess Championship

World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC) is an annual event where computer chess engines compete against each other.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Yablochkov candle

A Yablochkov candle (sometimes electric candle) is a type of electric carbon arc lamp, invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov.

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Yacht club

A yacht club is a sports club specifically related to yachting.

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Yachting

Yachting refers to the use of recreational boats and ships called yachts for sporting purposes.

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Yakovlev Yak-40

The Yakovlev Yak-40 (Яковлев Як-40; NATO reporting name: Codling) is a small, three-engined jet airliner.

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Yeast

Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.

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Yefim Smolin

Yefim Smolin (Ефим Смолин) was a Russian glass-maker and inventor of granyonyi stakan (faceted glass or table-glass), living in the late 17th century and early 18th century in the area of the modern Vladimir Oblast in Russia.

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Yermak (1898 icebreaker)

Yermak (p) was a Russian and later Soviet Union icebreaker, the first polar icebreaker in the world, having a strengthened hull shaped to ride over and crush pack ice.

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Yermak Timofeyevich

Yermak Timofeyevich (p; born between 1532 and 1542 – August 5 or 6, 1585) was a Cossack ataman who started the Russian conquest of Siberia, in the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.

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Yevgeny Chertovsky

Yevgeny Yefimovich Chertovsky (Евгений Ефимович Чертовский; born February 15, 1902, date of death unknown) was a Soviet Russian inventor who designed the first full pressure suit in Leningrad in 1931.

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Yevgeny Zavoisky

Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky (Евгений Константинович Завойский; September 28, 1907 – October 9, 1976) was a Soviet physicist known for discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance in 1944.

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Yuri Gagarin

Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (p; 9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet pilot and cosmonaut.

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Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk

Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (July 27, 1927 in Sochi – May 14, 2006 in Saint Petersburg) a Soviet physicist, one of the founders of optical holography.

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Yury Felten

Yury Matveyevich Felten (Ю́рий Матве́евич Фе́льтен, German name Georg Friedrich Veldten) (1730–1801) was a court architect to Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia.

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Zasechnaya cherta

Zasechnaya cherta (Большая засечная черта, loosely translated as Great Abatis Line or Great Abatis Border) was a chain of fortification lines, created by Grand Duchy of Moscow and later the Tsardom of Russia to protect it from the raids of the Crimean Tatars who, rapidly moving along the Muravsky Trail, ravaged the southern provinces of the country during a series of the Russo-Crimean Wars.

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Zaum

Zaum (зáумь) are the linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation of Russian-empire Futurist poets such as Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh.

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Zenit (rocket family)

Zenit (Зеніт, Зени́т; meaning Zenith) is a family of space launch vehicles designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnipro, Ukraine, which was then part of the Soviet Union.

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Zenit-3SL

The Zenit-3SL is an expendable carrier rocket operated by Sea Launch.

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Zhores Alferov

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (Жоре́с Ива́нович Алфёров,; Жарэс Іва́навіч Алфёраў; born 15 March 1930) is a Soviet and Russian physicist and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.

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Zhostovo painting

Zhostovo painting (Жостовская роспись in Russian) is an old Russian folk handicraft of painting on metal trays, which still exists in a village of Zhostovo in the Moscow Oblast.

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Znamya (satellite)

The Znamya project was a series of experimental orbital mirrors, designed to beam solar power to Earth by reflecting sunlight.

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Zulu-class submarine

The Soviet Navy's Project 611 (NATO reporting name: Zulu class) were one of the first Soviet post-war attack submarines.

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Zvonnitsa

A zvonnitsa (звонница; dzvinytsia; dzwonnica parawanowa; zvoniţă) is a large rectangular structure containing multiple arches or beams that support bells, and a basal platform where bell ringers stand to perform the ringing using long ropes.

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10

10 (ten) is an even natural number following 9 and preceding 11.

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50 Let Pobedy

NS 50 Let Pobedy (50 лет Победы), translated as 50 Years of Victory or Fiftieth Anniversary of Victory (referring to victory of USSR over Nazi Germany in the Great Patriotic War), is a Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker.

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67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (abbreviated as 67P or 67P/C-G) is a Jupiter-family comet, originally from the Kuiper belt, with a current orbital period of 6.45 years, a rotation period of approximately 12.4 hours and a maximum velocity of.

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7-Zip

7-Zip is a free and open-source file archiver, a utility used to place groups of files within compressed containers known as "archives".

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7.62×39mm

The 7.62×39mm (aka 7.62 Soviet or formerly.30 Russian Short) round is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate cartridge of Soviet origin that was designed during World War II.

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7z

7z is a compressed archive file format that supports several different data compression, encryption and pre-processing algorithms.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation

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