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318 relations: Abkhazia, Acquis communautaire, Adam Daniel Rotfeld, Aftenposten, Agence France-Presse, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Aleksandr Dugin, Alexander Vershbow, Alexandr Vondra, Allan Widman, Alternative for Germany, Amsterdam, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Armenia–European Union relations, Attack (political party), BBC News, Belarus–European Union relations, Berlin, Berlingske, Biometrics, Border, Boris Kagarlitsky, Boris Yeltsin, Bornholm, Brexit, Brussels, Budapest, Bundestag, Central Intelligence Agency, Chatham House, Circumstantial evidence, Cold War, Cold War II, Common Foreign and Security Policy, Communist Party of Greece, Competition, Competition law, Congress of the New Right, Council of Europe, Crimea, Crimean status referendum, 2014, Criminal case of Lisa F., Crisis management, Cyberattack, Cybercrime, Dagens Nyheter, Dalia Grybauskaitė, De facto, Democracy, Deutsche Welle, ..., Director of National Intelligence, Divide and rule, Dmitry Rogozin, Donbass general elections, 2014, Drug, Economist, El Mundo (Spain), Emil Constantinescu, Energy, Enlargement of NATO, Eston Kohver, Estonia, Estonian Defence League, EU-Russia Centre, EUobserver, Eurasian Economic Union, Europa (Web portal), Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy, Europe of Nations and Freedom, European Border and Coast Guard Agency, European Commission, European Commissioner for Competition, European Council on Foreign Relations, European External Action Service, European migrant crisis, European Neighbourhood Policy, European Parliament, European Union, European Union Association Agreement, European United Left–Nordic Green Left, Euroscepticism, Exclusive economic zone, External border of the European Union, Far-left politics, Far-right politics, Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Federal Protective Service (Russia), Federal republic, Federal Security Service, Fidesz, Financial services, Financial Times, Finland, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Foreign direct investment, Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia), Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, France 24, Freedom Party of Austria, Gazeta Wyborcza, Gazprom, Gerhard Schröder, German Council on Foreign Relations, Global city, Golden Dawn (political party), Good governance, Government of the United Kingdom, Hans-Georg Maaßen, Helsinki Accords, High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, Human trafficking, Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Hybrid warfare, Hydraulic fracturing, Identity document, Institute of Modern Russia, International relations, Investment, Iron Curtain, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Isotopes of polonium, István Gyarmati, Ivan Krastev, James Clapper, Janusz Onyszkiewicz, Jared Taylor, János Martonyi, Jean Monnet, Jean-Claude Juncker, Jean-Maurice Ripert, Jeremy Corbyn, Jim Dowson, Jobbik, Joschka Fischer, Judiciary, Judiciary of Russia, Jyrki Katainen, Kaliningrad Oblast, Karel Schwarzenberg, Konstantin Malofeev, Konstantin Rykov, Konstantin Zatulin, Kyiv Post, Kyoto Protocol, L'Obs, Languages of the European Union, Latvia, Latvian Russian Union, Latvijas Televīzija, Law, Le Monde, Lech Wałęsa, Left–right political spectrum, Lega Nord, Leonid Reshetnikov, Linas Antanas Linkevičius, Lisbon, List of ambassadors of France to Russia, Lithuania, London, Luboš Dobrovský, Lubomír Zaorálek, Madrid, Main Intelligence Directorate, Margrethe Vestager, Marieluise Beck, Marina Kaljurand, Mart Laar, Martin Bútora, Mátyás Eörsi, Mediapart, Meelis Kiili, Member of the European Parliament, Member state of the European Union, Memorial (society), Michael McFaul, Michal Kováč, Miloš Zeman, Ministry of Energy (Russia), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia), Money laundering, Montenegro, Moscow, Multilateralism, Munich Security Conference, Nagorno-Karabakh, National Democratic Party of Germany, National Rally (France), NATO, Natural environment, Natural gas, Near abroad, Neo-Nazism, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Nick Griffin, Nigel Farage, Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov, Nord Stream, NordBalt, Northern Dimension, Novichok agent, NPR, Nuclear safety and security, Oblast, Orders of magnitude (numbers), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Paris, Paris Charter, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Parliamentary system, Party for Freedom, Pavol Demeš, Per capita, Petroleum, Philip M. 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Expand index (268 more) »
Abkhazia
Abkhazia (Аҧсны́; აფხაზეთი; p) is a territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in northwestern Georgia.
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Acquis communautaire
The Community acquis or acquis communautaire, sometimes called the EU acquis and often shortened to acquis, is the accumulated legislation, legal acts, and court decisions which constitute the body of European Union law.
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Adam Daniel Rotfeld
Adam Daniel Rotfeld (born 4 March 1938) is a Polish researcher, diplomat, and former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland from 5 January 2005 until 31 October 2005 when a change of government took place.
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Aftenposten
Aftenposten (Norwegian for "The Evening Post") is Norway's largest printed newspaper by circulation.
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Agence France-Presse
Agence France-Presse (AFP) is an international news agency headquartered in Paris, France.
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Aleksander Kwaśniewski
Aleksander Kwaśniewski (born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician and journalist.
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Aleksandr Dugin
Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin (Алекса́ндр Ге́льевич Ду́гин; born 7 January 1962) is a Russian philosopher, political analyst and strategist known for his fascist views and calls to hasten the "end of times" with all-out war.
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Alexander Vershbow
Alexander Russell "Sandy" Vershbow (born July 3, 1952) is an American diplomat and former Deputy Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
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Alexandr Vondra
Alexandr Vondra (born 17 August 1961) is a Czech politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Defence from 2010 to 2012 under Prime Minister Petr Nečas.
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Allan Widman
Allan Widman, born 1964, is a Swedish Liberal People's Party politician, member of the Riksdag since 2002.
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Alternative for Germany
Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland, AfD) is a right-wing to far-right political party in Germany.
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Netherlands.
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Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
The Crimean peninsula was annexed from Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February–March 2014.
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Armenia–European Union relations
Armenia and the European Union have maintained positive relations over the years.
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Attack (political party)
Attack (Атака) is a Bulgarian nationalist party, founded by Volen Siderov in 2005, who was at the time presenter of the homonymous TV Show "Attack" on SKAT TV.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.
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Belarus–European Union relations
Euro-Belarusian relations refers to relations between the Republic of Belarus and the European Union (EU).
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Berlin
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.
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Berlingske
Berlingske, previously known as Berlingske Tidende (Berling's Times), is a Danish national daily newspaper based in Copenhagen.
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Biometrics
Biometrics is the technical term for body measurements and calculations.
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Border
Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities.
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Boris Kagarlitsky
Boris Yulyevich Kagarlitsky (Бори́с Ю́льевич Кагарли́цкий; born 29 August 1958) is a Russian Marxist theoretician and sociologist who has been a political dissident in the Soviet Union and in post-Soviet Russia.
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Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (p; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.
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Bornholm
Bornholm (Burgundaholmr) is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea, to the east of the rest of Denmark, south of Sweden, northeast of Germany and north of the westernmost part of Poland.
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Brexit
Brexit is the impending withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU).
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Brussels
Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.
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Budapest
Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and one of the largest cities in the European Union.
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Bundestag
The Bundestag ("Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).
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Chatham House
The Royal Institute of International Affairs, commonly known as Chatham House, is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation based in London whose mission is to analyse and promote the understanding of major international issues and current affairs.
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Circumstantial evidence
Circumstantial evidence is evidence that relies on an inference to connect it to a conclusion of fact—like a fingerprint at the scene of a crime.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Cold War II
Cold War II (also called the New Cold War or Second Cold War) is a term used to describe an ongoing state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power-blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia and/or China, and the other led by the United States, European Union, and NATO.
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Common Foreign and Security Policy
The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is the organised, agreed foreign policy of the European Union (EU) for mainly security and defence diplomacy and actions.
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Communist Party of Greece
The Communist Party of Greece (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας; Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas, KKE) is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Greece.
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Competition
Competition is, in general, a contest or rivalry between two or more entities, organisms, animals, individuals, economic groups or social groups, etc., for territory, a niche, for scarce resources, goods, for mates, for prestige, recognition, for awards, for group or social status, or for leadership and profit.
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Competition law
Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.
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Congress of the New Right
The Congress of the New Right (Kongres Nowej Prawicy, Nowa Prawica or just KNP) is an economically libertarian, socially conservative and radically Eurosceptic political party in Poland.
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Council of Europe
The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe) is an international organisation whose stated aim is to uphold human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.
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Crimea
Crimea (Крым, Крим, Krym; Krym; translit;; translit) is a peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe that is almost completely surrounded by both the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov to the northeast.
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Crimean status referendum, 2014
A controversial referendum on the status of Crimea was held on March 16, 2014, by the legislature of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and by the local government of Sevastopol (both subdivisions of Ukraine).
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Criminal case of Lisa F.
In the alleged criminal case of Lisa F., a 13 year old Russian-German girl was reported missing for over a day in Berlin in January 2016 and, after returning, she first claimed that she had been kidnapped and raped by three strangers.
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Crisis management
Crisis management is the process by which an organization deals with a disruptive and unexpected event that threatens to harm the organization or its stakeholders.
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Cyberattack
A cyberattack is any type of offensive maneuver that targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, or personal computer devices.
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Cybercrime
Cybercrime, or computer oriented crime, is crime that involves a computer and a network.
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Dagens Nyheter
Dagens Nyheter (lit. "the day's news"), abbreviated DN, is a daily newspaper in Sweden.
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Dalia Grybauskaitė
Dalia Grybauskaitė (born 1 March 1956) is a Lithuanian politician and the President of Lithuania, inaugurated on 12 July 2009 and reelected in May 2014.
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De facto
In law and government, de facto (or;, "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised by official laws.
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Democracy
Democracy (δημοκρατία dēmokraa thetía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.
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Deutsche Welle
Deutsche Welle ("German wave" in German) or DW is Germany's public international broadcaster.
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Director of National Intelligence
The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is the United States government Cabinet-level official—subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President of the United States—required by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 to.
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Divide and rule
Divide and rule (or divide and conquer, from Latin dīvide et imperā) in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into pieces that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy.
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Dmitry Rogozin
Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin (Дми́трий Оле́гович Рого́зин; born 21 December 1963) is a Russian politician, currently serve as Director General of, Roscosmos.
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Donbass general elections, 2014
Elections were held on 2 November 2014 by the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.
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Drug
A drug is any substance (other than food that provides nutritional support) that, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes a temporary physiological (and often psychological) change in the body.
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Economist
An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.
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El Mundo (Spain)
El Mundo (The World), formally El Mundo del Siglo Veintiuno (The World of the Twenty-First Century) is the second largest printed daily newspaper in Spain.
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Emil Constantinescu
Emil Constantinescu (born 19 November 1939) is a Romanian professor and politician, who served as the third President of Romania, from 1996 to 2000.
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Energy
In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.
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Enlargement of NATO
Enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the process of including new member states in NATO.
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Eston Kohver
Eston Kohver (born 1971) is an Estonian officer of the Estonian Internal Security Service who was detained by the Russian FSB on under disputed circumstances, creating a major political rift in Estonia–Russia relations.
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Estonia
Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.
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Estonian Defence League
The Estonian Defence League (Eesti Kaitseliit) is the name of the unified paramilitary armed forces of the Republic of Estonia.
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EU-Russia Centre
The EU-Russia Centre is an independent information and expertise resource for anyone interested in modern Russia, its democratic status and the future of EU-Russia relations.
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EUobserver
EUobserver is a European online newspaper, launched in 2000 by the Brussels-based organisation EUobserver.com ASBL.
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Eurasian Economic Union
The Eurasian Economic Union (officially EAEU, but sometimes called EEU or EAU)The acronym is used in the.
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Europa (Web portal)
Europa is the official web portal of the European Union (EU), providing information on how the EU works, related news, events, publications and links to websites of institutions, agencies and other bodies.
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Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy
Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD or EFD2) is a populist Eurosceptic political group in the European Parliament.
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Europe of Nations and Freedom
Europe of Nations and Freedom (Europe des nations et des libertés, ENL) is a political group in the European Parliament launched on 15 June 2015.
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European Border and Coast Guard Agency
The European Border and Coast Guard Agency, also known as Frontex (from French: Frontières extérieures for "external borders"), is an agency of the European Union headquartered in Warsaw, Poland, tasked with border control of the European Schengen Area, in coordination with the border and coast guards of Schengen Area member states.
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European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
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European Commissioner for Competition
The Commissioner for Competition is the member of the European Commission responsible for competition.
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European Council on Foreign Relations
The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) is a pan-European think tank with offices in seven European capitals.
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European External Action Service
The European External Action Service (EEAS) is the diplomatic service and foreign and defence ministry of the European Union (EU).
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European migrant crisis
The European migrant crisis, or the European refugee crisis, is a term given to a period beginning in 2015 when rising numbers of people arrived in the European Union (EU), travelling across the Mediterranean Sea or overland through Southeast Europe.
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European Neighbourhood Policy
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is a foreign relations instrument of the European Union (EU) which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union.
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European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU).
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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European Union Association Agreement
A European Union Association Agreement (for short, Association Agreement or AA) is a treaty between the European Union (EU), its Member States and a non-EU country that creates a framework for co-operation between them.
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European United Left–Nordic Green Left
European United Left–Nordic Green Left (Gauche unitaire européenne, GUE-NGL) is a left-wing political group in the European Parliament, established in 1995.
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Euroscepticism
Euroscepticism (also known as EU-scepticism) means criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration.
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Exclusive economic zone
An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.
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External border of the European Union
The border of the European Union consists of the borders with the countries which are not members of the European Union.
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Far-left politics
Far-left politics are political views located further on the left of the left-right spectrum than the standard political left.
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Far-right politics
Far-right politics are politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of more extreme nationalist, and nativist ideologies, as well as authoritarian tendencies.
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Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz or BfV) is the Federal Republic of Germany's domestic security agency.
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Federal Protective Service (Russia)
The Federal Protective Service (FSO) (Федеральная служба охраны, ФСО (Federalnaya Sluzhba Okhrany) of the Russian Federation, official name in English Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation) is a federal government agency concerned with the tasks related to the protection of several high-ranking state officials, mandated by the relevant law, including the President of Russia, as well as certain federal properties.
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Federal republic
A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government.
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Federal Security Service
The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB; fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə ˈsluʐbə bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjɪ) is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to the USSR's Committee of State Security (KGB).
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Fidesz
Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (in full, Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség) is a national-conservative and right-wing populist political party in Hungary.
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Financial services
Financial services are the economic services provided by the finance industry, which encompasses a broad range of businesses that manage money, including credit unions, banks, credit-card companies, insurance companies, accountancy companies, consumer-finance companies, stock brokerages, investment funds, individual managers and some government-sponsored enterprises.
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Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is a Japanese-owned (since 2015), English-language international daily newspaper headquartered in London, with a special emphasis on business and economic news.
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Finland
Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.
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Finnish Institute of International Affairs
The Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA, Ulkopoliittinen instituutti, Utrikespolitiska institutet, UPI) is an independent research institute located in Töölö, Helsinki, that produces topical information on international relations and the European Union.
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Foreign direct investment
A foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country.
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Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)
The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (p) or SVR RF (СВР РФ) is Russia's external intelligence agency, mainly for civilian affairs.
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Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development
The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP7 with "FP8" being named "Horizon 2020", are funding programmes created by the European Union/European Commission to support and foster research in the European Research Area (ERA).
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France 24
France 24 (pronounced "France vingt-quatre") is a state-owned 24-hour international news and current affairs television network based in Paris.
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Freedom Party of Austria
The Freedom Party of Austria (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ) is a right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Austria.
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Gazeta Wyborcza
Gazeta Wyborcza (meaning Electoral Newspaper in English) is a newspaper published in Warsaw, Poland.
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Gazprom
Public Joint Stock Company Gazprom (Публи́чное акционе́рное о́бщество «Газпром», Publichnoe Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Gazprom, abbreviated PAO Gazprom, ПАО «Газпром») is a large Russian company founded in 1989, which carries on the business of extraction, production, transport, and sale of natural gas.
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Gerhard Schröder
Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (born 7 April 1944) is a German politician, and served as Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005, during which his most important political project was the Agenda 2010.
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German Council on Foreign Relations
The German Council on Foreign Relations (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik e. V. (DGAP) is Germany's national foreign policy network. As an independent, private, non-partisan and non-profit organisation, the Council actively takes part in political decision-making and promotes the understanding of German foreign policy and international relations. It serves as forum for foreign policy and facilitates a comprehensive network of political, economic and academic decision makers. The institution aims at linking foreign politicians to the German public.
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Global city
A global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city which is a primary node in the global economic network.
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Golden Dawn (political party)
The Popular Association – Golden Dawn (Λαϊκός Σύνδεσμος – Χρυσή Αυγή, Laïkós Sýndesmos – Chrysí Avgí), usually known simply as Golden Dawn (Χρυσή Αυγή, Chrysí Avgí), is an ultranationalist, far-right political party in Greece.
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Good governance
Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the international development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources.
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Government of the United Kingdom
The Government of the United Kingdom, formally referred to as Her Majesty's Government, is the central government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Hans-Georg Maaßen
Hans-Georg Maaßen (born 24 November 1962 in Mönchengladbach) is a German civil servant and lawyer.
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Helsinki Accords
The Helsinki Accords, Helsinki Final Act, or Helsinki Declaration was the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Finlandia Hall of Helsinki, Finland, during July and August 1, 1975.
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High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community
The High Authority was the executive branch of the former European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
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Human trafficking
Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others.
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Hungarian Revolution of 1956
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, or Hungarian Uprising of 1956 (1956-os forradalom or 1956-os felkelés), was a nationwide revolt against the Marxist-Leninist government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956.
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Hybrid warfare
Hybrid warfare is a military strategy that employs political warfare and blends conventional warfare, irregular warfare and cyberwarfare with other influencing methods, such as fake news, diplomacy and foreign electoral intervention.
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Hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing (also fracking, fraccing, frac'ing, hydrofracturing or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid.
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Identity document
An identity document (also called a piece of identification or ID, or colloquially as papers) is any document which may be used to prove a person's identity.
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Institute of Modern Russia
The Institute of Modern Russia (IMR) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan public policy organization—a think tank—headquartered in New York City.
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International relations
International relations (IR) or international affairs (IA) — commonly also referred to as international studies (IS) or global studies (GS) — is the study of interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global level.
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Investment
In general, to invest is to allocate money (or sometimes another resource, such as time) in the expectation of some benefit in the future – for example, investment in durable goods, in real estate by the service industry, in factories for manufacturing, in product development, and in research and development.
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Iron Curtain
The Iron Curtain was the name for the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.
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Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), Islamic State (IS) and by its Arabic language acronym Daesh (داعش dāʿish), is a Salafi jihadist terrorist organisation and former unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Salafi/Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam.
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Isotopes of polonium
Polonium (84Po) has 33 isotopes, all of which are radioactive, with between 186 and 227 nucleons.
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István Gyarmati
István Gyarmati is an Hungarian political scientist.
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Ivan Krastev
Ivan Krastev (Иван Кръстев, born 1965 in Lukovit, Bulgaria), is a political scientist, the Chairman of the Centre for Liberal Strategies in Sofia, permanent fellow at the IWM (Institute of Human Sciences) in Vienna, and 2013-14-17 Richard von Weizsäcker fellow at the Robert Bosch Stiftung in Berlin.
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James Clapper
James Robert Clapper Jr. (born March 14, 1941) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force and is the former Director of National Intelligence.
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Janusz Onyszkiewicz
Janusz Adam Onyszkiewicz (born 18 December 1937) is a Polish mathematician, alpinist, politicianEuropa Publications, "The International Who's Who 2004", Routledge, 2003, and was a vice-president of the European Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee from January 2007 until mid-2009.
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Jared Taylor
Samuel Jared Taylor (born September 15, 1951) is an American white supremacist.
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János Martonyi
János Martonyi (born in Kolozsvár, Hungary (today Cluj-Napoca, Romania), 5 April 1944) is a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1998 to 2002 and from 2010 to 2014.
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Jean Monnet
Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet (9 November 1888 – 16 March 1979) was a French political economist and diplomat.
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Jean-Claude Juncker
Jean-Claude Juncker (born 9 December 1954) is a Luxembourgish politician serving as President of the European Commission since 2014.
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Jean-Maurice Ripert
Jean-Maurice Ripert (born 22 June 1953) is a French diplomat.
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Jeremy Corbyn
Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (born 26 May 1949).
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Jim Dowson
James "Jim" Dowson (born September 1964) is a far-right political activist from Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, Scotland.
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Jobbik
Jobbik, the Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom), commonly known as Jobbik, is a Hungarian political party with radical and nationalist roots.
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Joschka Fischer
Joseph Martin "Joschka" Fischer (born 12 April 1948) is a German politician of the Alliance '90/The Greens.
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Judiciary
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system or court system) is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state.
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Judiciary of Russia
The Judiciary of Russia interprets and applies the law of Russia.
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Jyrki Katainen
Jyrki Tapani Katainen (born 14 October 1971) is a Finnish politician and the European Commission Vice-President for Jobs, Growth, Investment and Competitiveness, in office since 2014.
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Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad Oblast (Калинингра́дская о́бласть, Kaliningradskaya oblast), often referred to as the Kaliningrad Region in English, or simply Kaliningrad, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation that is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea.
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Karel Schwarzenberg
Karel Schwarzenberg (born 10 December 1937) is a Czech politician, former leader of the TOP 09 party and its candidate for President of the Czech Republic in the 2013 election.
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Konstantin Malofeev
Konstantin Valeryevich Malofeev (Константин Валерьевич Малофеев) is a Russian businessman.
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Konstantin Rykov
Konstantin Rykov (Константин Игоревич Рыков), a.k.a. Jason Foris (Джейсон Форис) (born 27 May 1979) is a Russian politician.
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Konstantin Zatulin
Konstantin Fyodorovich Zatulin (Константин Фёдорович Затулин, born on 7 September 1958, in Batumi, Soviet Union) is a Russian politician, first deputy chairman of the committee of the State Duma for the CIS and relations with Russian nationals abroad.
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Kyiv Post
The Kyiv Post is Ukraine's oldest English language newspaper.
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Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
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L'Obs
L’Obs, previously known as Le Nouvel Observateur (1964–2014), is a weekly French news magazine.
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Languages of the European Union
The languages of the European Union are languages used by people within the member states of the European Union (EU).
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Latvia
Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
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Latvian Russian Union
The Latvian Russian Union (Latvijas Krievu savienība, Русский союз Латвии) is an ethnic minority, left-wing political party in Latvia, supported mainly by ethnic Russians and other Russian-speaking minorities.
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Latvijas Televīzija
Latvijas Televīzija (Latvian Television, LTV) is the state-owned public service television company in Latvia.
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Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.
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Le Monde
Le Monde (The World) is a French daily afternoon newspaper founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry at the request of Charles de Gaulle (as Chairman of the Provisional Government of the French Republic) on 19 December 1944, shortly after the Liberation of Paris, and published continuously since its first edition.
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Lech Wałęsa
Lech Wałęsa (born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist.
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Left–right political spectrum
The left–right political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions, ideologies and parties.
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Lega Nord
Lega Nord (LN; italic), whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania (Northern League for the Independence of Padania), is a regionalist political party in Italy.
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Leonid Reshetnikov
Leonid Aleksandrovich Reshetnikov (Леонид Александрович Решетников; born 30 May 1986) is a Russian professional football player.
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Linas Antanas Linkevičius
Linas Antanas Linkevičius (born 6 January 1961) is a Lithuanian politician of the Social Democratic Party.
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Lisbon
Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 552,700, Census 2011 results according to the 2013 administrative division of Portugal within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2.
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List of ambassadors of France to Russia
This is an incomplete list of ambassadors from France to Russia.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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Luboš Dobrovský
Luboš Dobrovský (born Luboš Hamerschlag, 3 February 1932) is a Czech journalist and politician of Jewish origin, former Czechoslovak Minister of Defence.
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Lubomír Zaorálek
Lubomír Zaorálek (born 6 September 1956) is a Czech politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka from 2014 to 2017.
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Madrid
Madrid is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole.
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Main Intelligence Directorate
Main Intelligence Directorate (p), abbreviated GRU (p), is the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union).
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Margrethe Vestager
Margrethe Vestager (born 13 April 1968) is a Danish politician, who is currently serving as the European Commissioner for Competition.
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Marieluise Beck
Marieluise Beck (born 25 June 1952 in Bramsche, Lower Saxony) is a German politician who served as member of the Alliance '90/The Greens group in the Bundestag until 2017.
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Marina Kaljurand
Marina Kaljurand (née Rajevskaja; born 6 September 1962) is an Estonian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
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Mart Laar
Mart Laar (born 22 April 1960) is an Estonian politician and historian.
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Martin Bútora
Martin Bútora (born 7 October 1944) is a Slovak sociologist, writer, university professor and diplomat.
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Mátyás Eörsi
Mátyás Eörsi (born 24 November 1954) is a Hungarian politician who was the leader of the liberal Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (ALDE-PACE) Group in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE).
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Mediapart
Mediapart is an independent left-leaning French online investigative and opinion journal created in 2008 by Edwy Plenel, former editor-in-chief of Le Monde.
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Meelis Kiili
Meelis Kiili (born 20 March 1965) is an Estonian Major General.
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Member of the European Parliament
A Member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament.
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Member state of the European Union
The European Union (EU) consists of 28 member states.
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Memorial (society)
Memorial (Мемориа́л) is a Russian historical and civil rights society that operates in a number of post-Soviet states.
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Michael McFaul
Michael Anthony McFaul (born October 1, 1963) is an American academic who served as the United States Ambassador to Russia from 2012 to 2014.
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Michal Kováč
Michal Kováč (5 August 1930 – 5 October 2016) was the first President of Slovakia, having served from 1993 through 1998.
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Miloš Zeman
Miloš Zeman (born 28 September 1944) is a Czech politician serving as the third and current President of the Czech Republic since 8 March 2013.
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Ministry of Energy (Russia)
The Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation is, since 2008, the Russian federal ministry responsible for energy policy.
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (MFA Russia; Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации, МИД РФ) is the central government institution charged with leading the foreign policy and foreign relations of Russia.
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Money laundering
Money laundering is the act of concealing the transformation of profits from illegal activities and corruption into ostensibly "legitimate" assets.
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Montenegro
Montenegro (Montenegrin: Црна Гора / Crna Gora, meaning "Black Mountain") is a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe.
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Moscow
Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.
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Multilateralism
In international relations, multilateralism refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.
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Munich Security Conference
The Munich Security Conference (MSC; Münchner Sicherheitskonferenz) is an annual conference on international security policy that has taken place in Munich, Bavaria since 1963.
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Nagorno-Karabakh
Nagorno-Karabakh, meaning "Mountainous Karabakh," also known as Artsakh, is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, within the mountainous range of Karabakh, lying between Lower Karabakh and Zangezur, and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains.
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National Democratic Party of Germany
The National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, NPD) is a far-right and ultranationalist political party in Germany.
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National Rally (France)
The National Rally (Rassemblement national, RN), formerly known as the National Front (Front national,; FN) until 2018, is a right-wing populist and nationalist political party in France.
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.
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Natural environment
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.
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Natural gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
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Near abroad
In the political language of Russia and some other post-Soviet states, the near abroad (italic) refers to the newly independent republics (other than Russia itself) which emerged after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
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Neo-Nazism
Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II militant social or political movements seeking to revive and implement the ideology of Nazism.
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Neue Zürcher Zeitung
The Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ; lit.: "New Journal of Zurich") is a Swiss, German-language daily newspaper, published by NZZ Mediengruppe in Zurich.
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Nick Griffin
Nicholas John Griffin (born 1 March 1959) is a British politician who represented North West England as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2009 to 2014.
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Nigel Farage
Nigel Paul Farage (While Farage himself pronounces it thus, he has stated that he does not mind if the alternative pronunciation of is used by others –, Newsnight (YouTube – UKIP webmaster's channel), 18 April 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2013. born 3 April 1964) is a British politician, broadcaster and political analyst who was the leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) from 2006 to 2009 and again from 2010 to 2016.
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Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov
Army General Nikolai Yegorovich Makarov (p; born 7 October 1949) was Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia and First Deputy Minister of Defence from 2007 to 2012 when he was replaced by Valery Gerasimov.
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Nord Stream
Nord Stream (former names: North Transgas and North European Gas Pipeline; Северный поток, Severny potok) is an offshore natural gas pipeline from Vyborg in the Russian Federation to Greifswald in Germany that is owned and operated by Nord Stream AG.
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NordBalt
NordBalt (also formerly known as SwedLit) is a submarine power cable between Klaipėda in Lithuania and Nybro in Sweden.
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Northern Dimension
The Northern Dimension is a joint policy between four equal partners - the European Union, Russia, Norway and Iceland - regarding the cross-border and external policies geographically covering North-West Russia, the Baltic Sea and the Arctic regions, including the Barents region.
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Novichok agent
Novichok (Новичо́к, "newcomer"/ "newbie") is a series of nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union and Russia between 1971 and 1993.
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NPR
National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.
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Nuclear safety and security
Nuclear safety is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation hazards".
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Oblast
An oblast is a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Ukraine, and the former Soviet Union and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
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Orders of magnitude (numbers)
This list contains selected positive numbers in increasing order, including counts of things, dimensionless quantity and probabilities.
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization.
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Paks Nuclear Power Plant
The Paks Nuclear Power Plant (Paksi atomerőmű), located from Paks, central Hungary, is the first and only operating nuclear power station in Hungary.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Paris Charter
The Charter of Paris for a New Europe (also known as the Paris Charter) was adopted by a summit meeting of most European governments in addition to those of Canada, the United States and the Soviet Union, in Paris from 19–21 November 1990.
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Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) is the parliamentary arm of the Council of Europe, a 47-nation international organisation dedicated to upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
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Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.
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Party for Freedom
The Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV) is a Dutch nationalist and right-wing populist political party in the Netherlands.
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Pavol Demeš
Pavol Demeš (born in 1956) is a Transatlantic Fellow at the German Marshall Fund's Bratislava office.
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Per capita
Per capita is a Latin prepositional phrase: per (preposition, taking the accusative case, meaning "by means of") and capita (accusative plural of the noun caput, "head").
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Petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.
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Philip M. Breedlove
Philip Mark Breedlove (born September 21, 1955) is a retired four-star General in the United States Air Force who served as the Commander, U.S. European Command, as well as the 17th Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) of NATO Allied Command Operations, from May 2013 until May 4, 2016.
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Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
Alexander Litvinenko was a former officer of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) and KGB, who fled from court prosecution in Russia and received political asylum in the United Kingdom.
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Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
Sergei Skripal is a former Russian military officer and British spy who acted as a double agent for the UK's intelligence services during the 1990s and early 2000s, until his arrest in December 2004.
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) was the third of the three pillars of the European Union (EU).
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Populism
In politics, populism refers to a range of approaches which emphasise the role of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite".
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Presidential system
A presidential system is a democratic and republican system of government where a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch.
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Prime Minister of Russia
The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation (translit), colloquially referred to as the Prime Minister (translit) is the head of the Russian government and the second most powerful figure of the Russian Federation.
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Propaganda
Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
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Public relations
Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) and the public.
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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcasting organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed".
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Reinhard Bütikofer
Reinhard Hans Bütikofer (born 26 January 1953) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany.
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Republic
A republic (res publica) is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or property of the rulers.
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Request for tender
A request for tenders (RFT) is a formal, structured invitation to suppliers to submit a bid to supply products or services.
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Research and development
Research and development (R&D, R+D, or R'n'D), also known in Europe as research and technological development (RTD), refers to innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, or improving existing services or products.
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Reuters
Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
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Right-wing populism
Right-wing populism is a political ideology which combines right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes.
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Rinkeby
Rinkeby is a district in the Rinkeby-Kista borough, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Roberto Fiore
Roberto Fiore (born 15 April 1959 in Rome) is an Italian politician and a founding member of the European Third Position (Terza Posizione) movement which is against both communism and capitalism.
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Rodina (political party)
Rodina or Motherland-National Patriotic Union (Rodina - Narodno-Patrioticheskiy Soyuz, Партия "РОДИНА") is a political party in Russia.
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Rome
Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).
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Rosatom
Rosatom, (r) stylized as ROSATOM and also known as the Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation, the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, or the Rosatom State Corporation, is a Russian state corporation headquartered in Moscow that specializes in nuclear energy.
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Rosen Plevneliev
Rosen Asenov Plevneliev (Росен Асенов Плевнелиев; born 14 May 1964) is a Bulgarian politician who was the 4th President of Bulgaria from January 2012 to January 2017.
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RT (TV network)
RT (formerly Russia Today) is a Russian international television network funded by the Russian government.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Russia in the European energy sector
The Russian Federation supplies a significant volume of fossil fuels and is the largest exporter of oil and natural gas to the European Union.
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Russian foreign agent law
The Russian "foreign agent" law, officially "On Amendments to Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation regarding the Regulation of the Activities of Non-profit Organisations Performing the Functions of a Foreign Agent", is a law in Russia that requires non-profit organizations that receive foreign donations and engage in "political activity" to register and declare themselves as foreign agents.
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Russian language
Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
In February 2014, Russia made several military incursions into Ukrainian territory.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Salisbury
Salisbury is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England, with a population of 40,302, at the confluence of the rivers Nadder, Ebble, Wylye and Bourne.
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Sandra Kalniete
Sandra Kalniete (born 22 December 1952) is a Latvian politician, author, diplomat and independence movement leader.
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Schengen Area
The Schengen Area is an area comprising 26 European states that have officially abolished passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders.
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Secret Intelligence Service
The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, is the foreign intelligence service of the government of the United Kingdom, tasked mainly with the covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence (HUMINT) in support of the UK's national security.
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Security
Security is freedom from, or resilience against, potential harm (or other unwanted coercive change) from external forces.
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Security Information Service
The Security Information Service (BIS) (Bezpečnostní informační služba), is the primary domestic national intelligence agency of the Czech Republic.
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Self-defence in international law
Hugo Grotius, the 17th century jurist and father of public international law, stated in his 1625 magnum opus ''The Law of War and Peace'' that "Most Men assign three Just Causes of War, Defence, the Recovery of what's our own, and Punishment.".
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Sergei Shmatko
Sergei Ivanovich Shmatkó (born September 26, 1966) is a Russian businessman and politician specializing in the energy industry.
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Sergei Skripal
Sergei Viktorovich Skripal (p, born 23 June 1951) is a former Russian military intelligence officer who acted as a double agent for the UK's intelligence services during the 1990s and early 2000s.
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Sergey Lavrov
Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (Серге́й Ви́кторович Лавро́в,; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat and politician; he is currently the Foreign Minister of Russia, in office since 2004.
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Sergey Naryshkin
Sergey Yevgenyevich Naryshkin (p; born 27 October 1954) is a Russian official, politician and businessman who has been Chairman of the State Duma (2011 - 2016).
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Silvio Berlusconi
Silvio Berlusconi (born 29 September 1936) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who has served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments.
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South Ossetia
South Ossetia or Tskhinvali Region, is a disputed territory in the South Caucasus, in the northern part of the internationally recognised Georgian territory.
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Space
Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction.
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Space launch
Space launch is the earliest part of a flight that reaches space.
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Sphere of influence
In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it.
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Sputnik (news agency)
Sputnik (formerly The Voice of Russia and RIA Novosti) is a news agency, news website platform and radio broadcast service established by the Russian government-controlled news agency Rossiya Segodnya.
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Stefan Löfven
Kjell Stefan Löfven (born 21 July 1957) is a Swedish politician serving as the 33rd and current Prime Minister of Sweden since 2014 and Leader of the Social Democrats since 2012.
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Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 952,058 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area.
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Supranational union
A supranational union is a type of multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states.
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Svenska Dagbladet
Svenska Dagbladet ("The Swedish Daily News"), abbreviated SvD, is a daily newspaper published in Stockholm, Sweden.
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Swedish Security Service
The Swedish Security Service (Säkerhetspolisen, abbreviated Säpo, until 1989 Rikspolisstyrelsens säkerhetsavdelning abbreviated RPS/Säk) is a Swedish government agency organised under the Ministry of Justice.
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Syriza
The Coalition of the Radical Left (translit), mostly known by the syllabic abbreviation Syriza (sometimes stylised SY.RIZ.A.; ΣΥΡΙΖΑ; a pun on the Greek adverb σύρριζα, meaning "from the roots" or "radically"), is a political party in Greece, originally founded in 2004 as a coalition of left-wing and radical left parties.
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Tatjana Ždanoka
Tatyana Arkadyevna Zhdanok, (Татья́на Арка́дьевна Ждано́к; Tatjana Ždanoka), born May 8, 1950 in Riga, is a Latvian politician and Member of the European Parliament.
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Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and sounds or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.
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TEMPUS
The TEMPUS (Trans-European Mobility Programme for University Studies) program encourages higher education institutions in the EU Member States and partner countries to engage in structured cooperation through the establishment of "consortia".
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Terrorism
Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The Independent
The Independent is a British online newspaper.
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The Irish Times
The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper launched on 29 March 1859.
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The Left (Germany)
The Left (Die Linke), also commonly referred to as the Left Party (die Linkspartei), is a democratic socialist political party in Germany.
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The Moscow Times
The Moscow Times is an English-language weekly newspaper published in Moscow, with a circulation of 55,000 copies.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Theresa May
Theresa Mary May (Brasier; born 1 October 1956) is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2016.
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Tonne of oil equivalent
The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil.
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Trade barrier
Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade.
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Transnistria
Transnistria, the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR; Приднестровская Молдавская Республика, ПМР; Republica Moldovenească Nistreană, RMN; Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ; Придністровська Молдавська Республіка), and also called Transdniester, Trans-Dniestr, Transdniestria, or Pridnestrovie, is a non-recognized state which controls part of the geographical region Transnistria (the area between the Dniester river and Ukraine) and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank.
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Transport
Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another.
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Travel visa
A visa (from the Latin charta visa, meaning "paper which has been seen") is a conditional authorization granted by a country to a foreigner, allowing them to enter, remain within, or to leave that country.
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Treaties of the European Union
The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the European Union (EU) member states which sets out the EU's constitutional basis.
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Tupolev Tu-160
The Tupolev Tu-160 (White Swan; NATO reporting name: Blackjack) is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing heavy strategic bomber designed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the Soviet Union.
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TV5Monde
TV5Monde (formerly known as TV5) is a global television network, broadcasting several channels of French language programming.
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Udo Voigt
Udo Voigt (born 14 April 1952) is a German politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany.
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UK Independence Party
The UK Independence Party (UKIP) is a Eurosceptic and right-wing populist political party in the United Kingdom.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.
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Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement
The Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement is a European Union Association Agreement between the European Union (EU), Euratom, Ukraine and the EU's 28 member states (which are separate parties in addition to the EU and Euratom).
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Ukraine–European Union relations
Relations between the European Union (EU) and Ukraine are shaped through the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement and the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA).
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Ukrainian crisis
A prolonged crisis in Ukraine began on 21 November 2013 when then-president Viktor Yanukovych suspended preparations for the implementation of an association agreement with the European Union.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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United Russia
United Russia ((j)ɪˈdʲinəjə rɐˈsʲijə) is the ruling political party of the Russian Federation.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga
Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga (born 1 December 1937) is a Latvian politician who served as the sixth President of Latvia and the first female President of Latvia.
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Valdas Adamkus
Valdas Adamkus (born Voldemaras Adamkavičius; 3 November 1926) is a Lithuanian politician.
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Václav Havel
Václav Havel (5 October 193618 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, writer and former dissident, who served as the last President of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as the first President of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003.
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Vienna
Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.
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Viktor Orbán
Viktor Mihály Orbán (born 31 May 1963) is a Hungarian politician.
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Viktor Yanukovych
Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (Ві́ктор Фе́дорович Януко́вич,; born 9 July 1950) is a Ukrainian politician who was elected as the fourth President of Ukraine on 7 February 2010.
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Visa policy of the Schengen Area
The visa policy of the Schengen Area is set by the European Union and applies to the Schengen Area and to other EU member states without the opt-outs enjoyed by Ireland and the UK.
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Vlaams Belang
Vlaams Belang (VB; Dutch for "Flemish Interest") is a right-wing populist and Flemish nationalist political party in the Flemish Region and Brussels of Belgium.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (a; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian statesman and former intelligence officer serving as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008.
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War in Donbass
The War in Donbass is an armed conflict in the Donbass region of Ukraine.
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Weapon of mass destruction
A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.
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Web brigades
The web brigades (Веб-бригады), also known as Russia's troll army, Russian bots, Kremlinbots, troll factory, or troll farms are state-sponsored anonymous Internet political commentators and trolls linked to the Russian government.
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Witold Waszczykowski
Witold Jan Waszczykowski (born 5 May 1957) is a Polish politician.
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Wolfgang Ischinger
Wolfgang Friedrich Ischinger (born April 6, 1946) is a German diplomat.
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.
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Wprost
Wprost (meaning "Directly") is a Polish-language weekly newsmagazine published in Poznań, Poland.
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Yle
Yleisradio Oy (Finnish), also known as Rundradion (Swedish) or the Finnish Broadcasting Company (English), abbreviated to Yle (pronounced /yle/; previously stylised as YLE before the 2012 corporate rebrand), is Finland's national public broadcasting company, founded in 1926.
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Young European Federalists
Young European Federalists (YEF), French Jeunes Européens Fédéralistes (JEF) is a political youth organisation.
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Zoltán Illés
Dr.
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2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute
The 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute was a pricing dispute between Russia and Ukraine that occurred when Russian natural gas company Gazprom refused to conclude a supply contract for 2009 unless Ukrainian gas company Naftogaz paid its accumulating debts for previous gas supplies.
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2014 Ukrainian revolution
The Ukrainian revolution of 2014 (also known as the Euromaidan Revolution or Revolution of Dignity; Революція гідності, Revoliutsiia hidnosti) took place in Ukraine in February 2014, when a series of violent events involving protesters, riot police, and unknown shooters in the capital, Kiev, culminated in the ousting of the democratically elected Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych, and the overthrow of the Ukrainian Government.
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Redirects here:
Accession of Russia to the EU, Accession of Russia to the European Union, Common European Economic Space, EU membership for Russia, EU-Russia Common Spaces, EU–Russia relations, European Union-Russia Common Spaces, European Union-Russia relations, European Union–Russia Common Spaces, European Union–Russia relations, European integration of Russia, Eurussia, Relations between Russia and the European Union, Russia - European Union relations, Russia and the European Union, Russia – European Union relations, Russia-EU relations, Russia-European Union dispute, Russia-European Union relations, Russian EU membership, Russian-EU relations, Russia–EU relations, Russia–European Union dispute, Visa-free travel for Russians to the EU.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia–European_Union_relations
