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118 relations: Acetyltransferase, Adenosine triphosphate, American Public Health Association v. Butz, Antibiotic, Antibiotic sensitivity, Azotemia, Aztecs, Bacillus (shape), Back pain, Bacteremia, Bacteria, Bismuth sulfite agar, Caister Academic Press, Case fatality rate, Chemotroph, Chloramphenicol, Classical swine fever, Clinical research, Cragie tube, Daniel Elmer Salmon, Ectotherm, Endocytosis, Endospore, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriales, Epidemiology, Eukaryote, Facultative anaerobic organism, Fermentation, Five prime untranslated region, Flagellum, Food testing strips, Foodborne illness, Fumaric acid, Gammaproteobacteria, Genus, Georg Theodor August Gaffky, Gram-negative bacteria, Growth medium, Hepatosplenomegaly, Horizontal gene transfer, Host adaptation, Host–pathogen interaction, Hydrogen sulfide, Hypovolemia, Hypoxia (medical), Immune system, Innate immune system, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Integrin beta 2, ..., Intensive care unit, Intracellular parasite, Ion, Iron(II) sulfate, Karl Joseph Eberth, Kauffman–White classification, Lipopolysaccharide, List of foodborne illness outbreaks, Macrophage, Macropinosome, Mesoamerica, Microfold cell, Micrometre, Molecular biology, Mononuclear phagocyte system, Motility, Multilocus sequence typing, Multiple loci VNTR analysis, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Nitrate, Nitric oxide, Oliguria, Oxygen, Paratyphoid fever, Partnership for Food Safety Education, Pathogenicity island, Peyer's patch, Phagocyte, Phagocytosis, Phytic acid, Polymerase chain reaction, Proteobacteria, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Radical (chemistry), Rappaport Vassiliadis soya peptone broth, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Redox, Reptile, Salmonella bongori, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, Salmonellosis, Sepsis, Septic shock, Serine, Serotype, Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Spleen, Spondylosis, Sub-Saharan Africa, Subspecies, Sulfate, Sulfur, Theobald Smith, Threonine, Tight junction, TSI slant, Type three secretion system, Typhoid fever, Ultraviolet, United States Department of Agriculture, Warm-blooded, Whole genome sequencing, Wright County Egg, XLD agar, Zoonosis, 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack, 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak. Expand index (68 more) »
Acetyltransferase
Acetyltransferase (or transacetylase) is a type of transferase enzyme that transfers an acetyl group.
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
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American Public Health Association v. Butz
American Public Health Association v. Butz (APHA v. Butz), 511 F.2d 331 (D.C. Cir. 1974) was a United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit case argued on January 22, 1974 and decided on December 19, 1974.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antibiotic sensitivity
Antibiotic sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility is the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics.
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Azotemia
Azotemia (azot, "nitrogen" + -emia, "blood condition") is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (such as urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds) in the blood.
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Aztecs
The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.
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Bacillus (shape)
A bacillus (plural bacilli) or bacilliform bacterium is a rod-shaped bacterium or archaeon.
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Back pain
Back pain is pain felt in the back of the body.
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Bacteremia
Bacteremia (also bacteraemia) is the presence of bacteria in the blood.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bismuth sulfite agar
Bismuth sulfite agar is a type of agar media used to isolate Salmonella species.
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Caister Academic Press
Caister Academic Press is an independent academic publishing company that produces books and ebooks on microbiology, and molecular biology.
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Case fatality rate
In epidemiology, a case fatality rate (CFR)—or case fatality risk, case fatality ratio or just fatality rate—is the proportion of deaths within a designated population of "cases" (people with a medical condition) over the course of the disease.
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Chemotroph
Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments.
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Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Classical swine fever
Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera (also sometimes called pig plague based on the German word Schweinepest) is a highly contagious disease of swine (Old World and New World pigs).
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Clinical research
Clinical research is a branch of healthcare science that determines the safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of medications, devices, diagnostic products and treatment regimens intended for human use.
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Cragie tube
The Cragie tube or Craigie tube is a method used in microbiology for determining bacterial motility.
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Daniel Elmer Salmon
Daniel Elmer Salmon (July 23, 1850 – August 30, 1914) was a veterinary surgeon.
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Ectotherm
An ectotherm (from the Greek ἐκτός (ektós) "outside" and θερμός (thermós) "hot"), is an organism in which internal physiological sources of heat are of relatively small or quite negligible importance in controlling body temperature.
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Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a form of bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.
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Endospore
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum.
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Enterobacteriaceae
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Enterobacteriales
The Enterobacteriales are an order of gram-negative bacteria that includes only one family which is the Enterobacteriaceae.
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Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Facultative anaerobic organism
The title of this article should be "Facultative Aerobic Organism," as "facultative anaerobe" is a misnomer.
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Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen.
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Five prime untranslated region
The 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) (also known as a leader sequence or leader RNA) is the region of an mRNA that is directly upstream from the initiation codon.
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Flagellum
A flagellum (plural: flagella) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Food testing strips
Food testing strips are products that help determine whether or not food contains bacteria that can cause foodborne illness.
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Foodborne illness
Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and colloquially referred to as food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the food spoilage of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food, as well as toxins such as poisonous mushrooms and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.
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Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH.
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Gammaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria are a class of bacteria.
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Genus
A genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology.
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Georg Theodor August Gaffky
Georg Theodor August Gaffky (17 February 1850 – 23 September 1918) was a Hanover born bacteriologist best known for identifying bacillus salmonella typhi as the cause of typhoid disease in 1884.
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Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation.
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Growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid or semi-solid designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens.
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Hepatosplenomegaly
Hepatosplenomegaly (commonly abbreviated HSM) is the simultaneous enlargement of both the liver (hepatomegaly) and the spleen (splenomegaly).
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Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.
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Host adaptation
When considering pathogens, host adaptation can have varying descriptions.
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Host–pathogen interaction
The host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or population level.
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Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the chemical formula H2S.
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Hypovolemia
Hypovolemia is a state of decreased blood volume; more specifically, decrease in volume of blood plasma.
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Hypoxia (medical)
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.
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Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an agriculture, life science, pathogen, and invasive species research facility in Florida affiliated with University of Florida.
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Integrin beta 2
In molecular biology, CD18 (Integrin beta chain-2) is an integrin beta chain protein that is encoded by the ITGB2 gene in humans.
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Intensive care unit
Intensive care unit An intensive care unit (ICU), also known as an intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit (ITU) or critical care unit (CCU), is a special department of a hospital or health care facility that provides intensive treatment medicine.
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Intracellular parasite
Intracellular parasites are microparasites that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Iron(II) sulfate
Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula FeSO4·xH2O.
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Karl Joseph Eberth
Karl Joseph Eberth (21 September 1835 – 2 December 1926) was a German pathologist and bacteriologist who was a native of Würzburg.
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Kauffman–White classification
The Kauffmann–White classification or Kauffman and White classification scheme is a system that classifies the genus Salmonella into serotypes, based on surface antigens.
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Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
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List of foodborne illness outbreaks
This is a list of foodborne illness outbreaks.
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Macrophage
Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).
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Macropinosome
Macropinosomes are a type of cellular compartment that form as a result of macropinocytosis.
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Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is an important historical region and cultural area in the Americas, extending from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
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Microfold cell
Microfold cells (or M cells) are found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the Peyer's patches in the small intestine, and in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Micrometre
The micrometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is an SI derived unit of length equaling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Mononuclear phagocyte system
In immunology, the mononuclear phagocyte system or mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or macrophage system) is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue.
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Motility
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.
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Multilocus sequence typing
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci.
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Multiple loci VNTR analysis
Multiple loci VNTR analysis (MLVA) is a method employed for the genetic analysis of particular microorganisms, such as pathogenic bacteria, that takes advantage of the polymorphism of tandemly repeated DNA sequences.
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Multiplex polymerase chain reaction
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex PCR) refers to the use of polymerase chain reaction to amplify several different DNA sequences simultaneously (as if performing many separate PCR reactions all together in one reaction).
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Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula and a molecular mass of 62.0049 u.
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Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula NO.
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Oliguria
Oliguria or hypouresis (both names from roots meaning "not enough urine") is the low output of urine.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Paratyphoid fever
Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of Salmonella enterica.
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Partnership for Food Safety Education
The Partnership for Food Safety Education is a nonprofit organization with a mission to end illness and death from foodborne infections in the United States.
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Pathogenicity island
Pathogenicity islands (PAIs), as termed in 1990, are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
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Peyer's patch
Peyer's patches (or aggregated lymphoid nodules, or occasionally PP for brevity) are organized lymphoid follicles, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer.
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Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
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Phagocytosis
In cell biology, phagocytosis is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome.
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Phytic acid
Phytic acid (known as inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), inositol polyphosphate, or phytate when in salt form), discovered in 1903, a saturated cyclic acid, is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds.
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Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
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Proteobacteria
Proteobacteria is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Legionellales, and many other notable genera. Others are free-living (non-parasitic), and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. Carl Woese established this grouping in 1987, calling it informally the "purple bacteria and their relatives". Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, it was named after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea capable of assuming many different shapes and is not named after the genus Proteus. Some Alphaproteobacteria can grow at very low levels of nutrients and have unusual morphology such as stalks and buds. Others include agriculturally important bacteria capable of inducing nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with plants. The type order is the Caulobacterales, comprising stalk-forming bacteria such as Caulobacter. The Betaproteobacteria are highly metabolically diverse and contain chemolithoautotrophs, photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs. The type order is the Burkholderiales, comprising an enormous range of metabolic diversity, including opportunistic pathogens. The Hydrogenophilalia are obligate thermophiles and include heterotrophs and autotrophs. The type order is the Hydrogenophilales. The Gammaproteobacteria are the largest class in terms of species with validly published names. The type order is the Pseudomonadales, which include the genera Pseudomonas and the nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter. The Acidithiobacillia contain only sulfur, iron and uranium-oxidising autotrophs. The type order is the Acidithiobacillales, which includes economically important organisms used in the mining industry such as Acidithiobacillus spp. The Deltaproteobacteria include bacteria that are predators on other bacteria and are important contributors to the anaerobic side of the sulfur cycle. The type order is the Myxococcales, which includes organisms with self-organising abilities such as Myxococcus spp. The Epsilonproteobacteria are often slender, Gram-negative rods that are helical or curved. The type order is the Campylobacterales, which includes important food pathogens such as Campylobacter spp. The Oligoflexia are filamentous aerobes. The type order is the Oligoflexales, which contains the genus Oligoflexus.
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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of large deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules by applying to a gel matrix an electric field that periodically changes direction.
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Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
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Rappaport Vassiliadis soya peptone broth
Rappaport Vassiliadis soya peptone broth (RVS broth) is used as an enrichment growth medium for the isolation of Salmonella species.
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Real-time polymerase chain reaction
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR), also known as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Reptile
Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives.
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Salmonella bongori
Salmonella bongori is a pathogenic bacterium belonging to the genus Salmonella, and was earlier known as Salmonella subspecies V or S. enterica subsp. bongori or S. choleraesuis subsp.
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Salmonella enterica
Salmonella enterica (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) is a rod-shaped, flagellate, facultative anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium and a species of the genus Salmonella.
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Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
Salmonella enterica subsp.
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Salmonellosis
Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella type.
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Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
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Septic shock
Septic shock is a serious medical condition that occurs when sepsis, which is organ injury or damage in response to infection, leads to dangerously low blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism.
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Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Serotype
A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals.
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Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, or the Spanish–Aztec War (1519–21), was the conquest of the Aztec Empire by the Spanish Empire within the context of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
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Spleen
The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates.
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Spondylosis
Spondylosis is a broad term meaning degeneration of the spinal column from any cause.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara.
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Subspecies
In biological classification, the term subspecies refers to a unity of populations of a species living in a subdivision of the species’s global range and varies from other populations of the same species by morphological characteristics.
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Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate (see spelling differences) ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Theobald Smith
Theobald Smith ForMemRS (July 31, 1859 – December 10, 1934) was a pioneering epidemiologist, bacteriologist, pathologist and professor.
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Threonine
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Tight junction
Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens) are multiprotein junctional complex whose general function is to prevent leakage of transported solutes and water and seals the paracellular pathway.
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TSI slant
''E. coli'', ''Salmonella Typhimurium'', ''Shigella flexneri'' The Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) test is a microbiological test roughly named for its ability to test a microorganism's ability to ferment sugars and to produce hydrogen sulfide.
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Type three secretion system
Type three secretion system (often written Type III secretion system and abbreviated TTSS or T3SS, also called Injectisome) is a protein appendage found in several Gram-negative bacteria.
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Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to ''Salmonella'' typhi that causes symptoms.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), also known as the Agriculture Department, is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food.
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Warm-blooded
Warm-blooded animal species can maintain a body temperature higher than their environment.
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Whole genome sequencing
Whole genome sequencing (also known as WGS, full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing) is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time.
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Wright County Egg
Wright County Egg (formerly DeCoster Egg Farms), based in Galt, Iowa, is one of the top ten egg producers in the United States, with a flock of more than 15 million chickens.
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XLD agar
Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD agar) is a selective growth medium used in the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella species from clinical samples and from food.
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Zoonosis
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.
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1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
The 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack was the food poisoning of 751 individuals in The Dalles, Oregon, through the deliberate contamination of salad bars at ten local restaurants with Salmonella.
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2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
The 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak was an outbreak of salmonellosis across multiple U.S. states due to Salmonella enterica serovar Saintpaul.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
