Schools of economic thought

In the history of economic thought, a school of economic thought is a group of economic thinkers who share or shared a common perspective on the way economies work. ^[1]

458 relations: Abraham Lincoln, Abu Hanifa, Abu Yusuf, Adam Przeworski, Adam Smith, Adolph Wagner, Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, Al-Maqrizi, Al-Mawardi, Albert Aftalion, Alexander Hamilton, Alfred Marshall, An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, Anarcho-communism, Anarcho-syndicalism, Anders Chydenius, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Antoine Augustin Cournot, Aptitude, Arbitrage, Arnold Toynbee, Arthur Griffith, Assignment (law), Austrian School, Avicenna, Étienne Laspeyres, Bank, Behavioral economics, Bernard Mandeville, Bertil Ohlin, Big business, Binary economics, Biological economics, Biology, Birmingham School (economics), Brill Publishers, Bruno Hildebrand, Buddhist economics, Business cycle, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, Caliphate, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Cameralism, Capital (economics), Capital accumulation, Capital asset, Capital expenditure, Capitalism, ..., Carl Menger, Carnegie Mellon University, Catholic Church, Chanakya, Charles Davenant, Charles Fourier, Charles Gide, Charles Hall (economist), Cheque, Chicago school of economics, Circulating capital, Clarence Edwin Ayres, Classical economics, Classical liberalism, Clément Juglar, Collectivist anarchism, Columbia University Press, Commune, Complexity economics, Constitutional economics, Consumer choice, Contract, Cornell University, Credit, Daron Acemoglu, David D. Friedman, David Gordon (economist), David Harvey, David Hume, David Ricardo, Debt, Debt relief, Decision-making, Dependency theory, Deposit account, Direct action, Direct democracy, Donald Shoup, Double-entry bookkeeping system, Douglass North, Dudley North (economist), Duke University Press, Dynamical system, Ecological economics, Economic efficiency, Economic growth, Economic problem, Economic rent, Economic system, Economics, Economist, Economy, Edmund Burke, Eduard Bernstein, Edward C. Prescott, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Edward Misselden, Emergence, Energy economics, Enrico Barone, Entropy, Ernest Mandel, Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Eugene Fama, Evolution, Evolutionary economics, Evolutionary psychology, Exchange rate, Fabian Society, Factors of production, Fair, Feminist economics, Ferdinand Lassalle, Ferdinando Galiani, Feudalism, Finland, First Report on the Public Credit, Fractal, Fractional-reserve banking, François Quesnay, François Simiand, Francis Hutcheson (philosopher), Francis Place, Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, Frank Fetter, Frank Knight, Frédéric Bastiat, Fred Foldvary, Free-market anarchism, Freiburg school, Freiwirtschaft, Friedrich Engels, Friedrich Hayek, Friedrich List, Friedrich von Wieser, Fritz Machlup, G. K. Chesterton, Game theory, Gary Becker, General strike, Geoffrey Hodgson, Geometry, George Stigler, Georgism, Gerard de Malynes, Gift economy, Greco-Roman world, Green economy, Greg Mankiw, Guild, Gunnar Myrdal, Gustav von Schmoller, Gustave de Molinari, Ha-Joon Chang, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Harry Gunnison Brown, Harry Markowitz, Harvard University, Henri de Saint-Simon, Henry Charles Carey, Henry Clay, Henry George, Henry Hazlitt, Henry Thornton (reformer), Henryk Grossman, Herbert A. Simon, Heterodox economics, Hilaire Belloc, Historical Materialism (journal), Historical school of economics, History of China, History of economic thought, History of India, Huw Dixon, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Taymiyyah, ICLEI, Income statement, Institution, Institutional economics, Insurance, Intangible asset, International relations, International trade, Investment, Irving Fisher, Israel Kirzner, Jacob Viner, James G. March, James Heckman, James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale, James Mill, James Steuart (economist), Jason Furman, Jean Bodin, Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Jean-Baptiste Say, JEL classification codes, Jeremy Bentham, Jesús Huerta de Soto, Jizya, Joan Robinson, Johann Heinrich von Thünen, Johann Karl Rodbertus, John Bates Clark, John Francis Bray, John Gray (socialist), John Hicks, John Kenneth Galbraith, John Locke, John Maurice Clark, John Maynard Keynes, John Muth, John Quincy Adams, John R. Commons, John Rae (economist), John Ramsay McCulloch, John Roemer, John Stuart Mill, Joseph Schumpeter, Joseph Stiglitz, Josiah Child, Karl Bücher, Karl Knies, Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi, Keynesian economics, Knut Wicksell, Labor theory of value, Laissez-faire, Land value tax, Lausanne School, Law, Law of agency, Lawsuit, Léon Say, Léon Walras, Ledger, Legal liability, Leonardus Lessius, Lew Rockwell, Liberalism, Limited partnership, Lionel Robbins, Loan, Ludwig von Mises, Luigi Pasinetti, Lujo Brentano, Macroeconomics, Mainstream economics, Malinvestment, Manchester Liberalism, Marc Faber, Marginalism, Market economy, Market failure, Marxian economics, Mason Gaffney, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mathew Carey, Maurice Block, Max Hirsch, Max Weber, Means of production, Measures of national income and output, Mercantilism, Merchant capitalism, Merton Miller, Methodenstreit, Methodological individualism, Mikhail Bakunin, Milton Friedman, Miskawayh, Modern history, Monetarism, Money changer, Moral hazard, Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Murray Rothbard, Mutualism (economic theory), Myron Scholes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Nassau William Senior, Natural capital, Negotiable instrument, Neo-Marxian economics, Neo-Ricardianism, Neoclassical economics, Neoclassical synthesis, Network effect, Neuroeconomics, Neuroscience, Neutrality of money, New classical macroeconomics, New institutional economics, New Keynesian economics, Niccolò Machiavelli, Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, Nicolaus Tideman, Nicole Oresme, Nobility, Nordic countries, Nouriel Roubini, Oeconomicus, Oliver E. Williamson, Opportunity cost, Option (finance), Organization, Ottmar Edenhofer, Otto von Bismarck, Participatory economics, Partnership, Paul A. Baran, Paul Krugman, Paul Samuelson, Pawnbroker, Persian Empire, Peter Bofinger, Peter Kropotkin, Peter Schiff, Philippe Legrain, Physiocracy, Piero Sraffa, Pierre Émile Levasseur, Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Planned economy, Political economy, Politics (Aristotle), Post-autistic economics, Post-Keynesian economics, Price, Price mechanism, Princeton University, Profit (accounting), Promissory note, Psychology, Public choice, Qabus, Qin Shi Huang, Rational choice theory, Rational expectations, Raymond Crotty, Renaissance, Report on Manufactures, Republic, Revenue, Richard Cantillon, Richard Cyert, Richard D. Wolff, Richard Jones (economist), Riksdag of the Estates, Risk, Robert A. Brady (economist), Robert Lucas Jr., Robert Owen, Robert P. Murphy, Robert Torrens (economist), Robert Z. Aliber, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Ronald Coase, Saltwater and freshwater economics, Samuel Bowles (economist), Savings account, Scarcity, School of Salamanca, School of thought, Second Report on Public Credit, Shadow price, Sharia, Social capital, Social class, Social liberalism, Social market economy, Social norm, Socialist calculation debate, Socialist economics, Sociology, Spontaneous order, Stanley Fischer, Startup company, Steve Keen, Steven N. S. Cheung, Stockholm school (economics), Structuralist economics, Subjective theory of value, Sumptuary law, Tariff, Tax, The American Economic Review, The National Gain, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, The Prince, Thermodynamics, Thermoeconomics, Third World, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie, Thomas Hodgskin, Thomas Mun, Thomas Robert Malthus, Thomas Sowell, Thomas Tooke, Thorold Rogers, Thorstein Veblen, Toll road, Trade-off, Trading company, Transaction account, Triple bottom line, Trust law, United States Secretary of the Treasury, University of California, Berkeley, University of Minnesota, University of Pennsylvania, University of Rochester, Usury, Utilitarianism, Value (economics), Victor Vroom, Vilfredo Pareto, Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev, Walter Bagehot, Walter Block, Walton Hale Hamilton, Wang Anshi, Waqf, Wealth, Werner Sombart, Wesley Clair Mitchell, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher, William Ashley (economic historian), William Cunningham (economist), William Godwin, William McKinley, William Petty, William Stanley Jevons, William Thompson (philosopher), William Whewell, Wolf Ladejinsky, Worker cooperative, World-systems theory, Yale University, Yves Guyot, Zakat, Zollverein. Expand index (408 more) » « Shrink index

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

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Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān b. Thābit b. Zūṭā b. Marzubān (أبو حنيفة نعمان بن ثابت بن زوطا بن مرزبان; c. 699 – 767 CE), known as Abū Ḥanīfa for short, or reverently as Imam Abū Ḥanīfa by Sunni Muslims, was an 8th-century Sunni Muslim theologian and jurist of Persian origin,Pakatchi, Ahmad and Umar, Suheyl, “Abū Ḥanīfa”, in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary.

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Abu Yusuf

Yaqub ibn Ibrahim al-Ansari, better known as Abu Yusuf (أبو يوسف) (d.798) was a student of jurist Abu Hanifah (d.767) who helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school of Islamic law through his writings and the government positions he held.

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Adam Przeworski

Adam Przeworski (born May 5, 1940) is a Polish-American professor of Political Science.

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Adam Smith

Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.

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Adolph Wagner

Adolph Wagner (25 March 1835 – 8 November 1917) was a German economist and politician, a leading Kathedersozialist (academic socialist) and public finance scholar and advocate of agrarianism.

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Al-Farabi

Al-Farabi (known in the West as Alpharabius; c. 872 – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951) was a renowned philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic.

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Al-Ghazali

Al-Ghazali (full name Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī أبو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالي; latinized Algazelus or Algazel, – 19 December 1111) was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, and mysticsLudwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.109.

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Al-Maqrizi

Taqi al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Maqrizi (1364–1442)Franz Rosenthal,.

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Al-Mawardi

Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi (أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن حبيب البصري الماوردي), known in Latin as Alboacen (972-1058 CE), was an Islamic jurist of the Shafi'i school most remembered for his works on religion, government, the caliphate, and public and constitutional law during a time of political turmoil.

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Albert Aftalion

Albert Abram Aftalion (October 21, 1874, Rusçuk, Ottoman Empire – December 6, 1956, Geneva, Switzerland) was a French Jewish economist.

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Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757July 12, 1804) was a statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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Alfred Marshall

Alfred Marshall, FBA (26 July 1842 – 13 July 1924) was one of the most influential economists of his time.

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An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science

Lionel Robbins' Essay (1932, 1935, 2nd ed., 158 pp.) sought to define more precisely economics as a science and to derive substantive implications.

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Anarcho-communism

Anarcho-communism (also known as anarchist communism, free communism, libertarian communism and communist anarchism) is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, wage labour and private property (while retaining respect for personal property) in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs".

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Anarcho-syndicalism

Anarcho-syndicalism (also referred to as revolutionary syndicalism) is a theory of anarchism that views revolutionary industrial unionism or syndicalism as a method for workers in capitalist society to gain control of an economy and with that control influence in broader society.

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Anders Chydenius

Anders Chydenius (26 February 1729 – 1 February 1803) was a Finnish priest and a member of the Swedish Riksdag, and is known as the leading classical liberal of Nordic history.

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Anne Robert Jacques Turgot

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de l'Aulne (10 May 172718 March 1781), commonly known as Turgot, was a French economist and statesman.

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Antoine Augustin Cournot

Antoine Augustin Cournot (28 August 180131 March 1877) was a French philosopher and mathematician who also contributed to the development of economics theory.

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Aptitude

An aptitude is a component of a competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level.

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Arbitrage

In economics and finance, arbitrage is the practice of taking advantage of a price difference between two or more markets: striking a combination of matching deals that capitalize upon the imbalance, the profit being the difference between the market prices.

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Arnold Toynbee

Arnold Toynbee (23 August 18529 March 1883) was a British economic historian also noted for his social commitment and desire to improve the living conditions of the working classes.

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Arthur Griffith

Arthur Joseph Griffith (Art Seosamh Ó Gríobhtha; 31 March 1871 – 12 August 1922) was an Irish politician and writer, who founded and later led the political party Sinn Féin.

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Assignment (law)

An assignment is a legal term used in the context of the law of contract and of real estate.

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Austrian School

The Austrian School is a school of economic thought that is based on methodological individualism—the concept that social phenomena result from the motivations and actions of individuals.

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Avicenna

Avicenna (also Ibn Sīnā or Abu Ali Sina; ابن سینا; – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Étienne Laspeyres

Ernst Louis Étienne Laspeyres (28 November 1834 – 4 August 1913) was a German economist.

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Bank

A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit.

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Behavioral economics

Behavioral economics studies the effects of psychological, cognitive, emotional, cultural and social factors on the economic decisions of individuals and institutions and how those decisions vary from those implied by classical theory.

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Bernard Mandeville

Bernard Mandeville, or Bernard de Mandeville (15 November 1670 – 21 January 1733), was an Anglo-Dutch philosopher, political economist and satirist.

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Bertil Ohlin

Bertil Gotthard Ohlin (23 April 1899 – 3 August 1979) was a Swedish economist and politician.

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Big business

No description.

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Binary economics

Binary economics, also known as Two-factor Economics, is a theory of economics that endorses both private property and a free market but proposes significant reforms to the banking system.

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Biological economics

Biological economics is an interdisciplinary field in which the interaction of human biology and economics is studied.

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Biology

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.

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Birmingham School (economics)

The Birmingham School was a school of economic thought that emerged in Birmingham, England during the post-Napoleonic depression that affected England following the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815.

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Brill Publishers

Brill (known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill Academic Publishers) is a Dutch international academic publisher founded in 1683 in Leiden, Netherlands.

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Bruno Hildebrand

Bruno Hildebrand (6 March 1812 – 29 January 1878) was a German economist representing the "older" historical school of economics.

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Buddhist economics

Buddhist economics is a spiritual and philosophical approach to the study of economics.

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Business cycle

The business cycle, also known as the economic cycle or trade cycle, is the downward and upward movement of gross domestic product (GDP) around its long-term growth trend.

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C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group

The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40) connects 90 of the world’s greatest cities, representing 650+ million people and one quarter of the global economy.

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Caliphate

A caliphate (خِلافة) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (خَليفة), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community).

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Cambridge

Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Cameralism

Cameralism (German: Kameralismus) was a German science and technology of administration in the 18th and early 19th centuries.

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Capital (economics)

In economics, capital consists of an asset that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work.

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Capital accumulation

Capital accumulation (also termed the accumulation of capital) is the dynamic that motivates the pursuit of profit, involving the investment of money or any financial asset with the goal of increasing the initial monetary value of said asset as a financial return whether in the form of profit, rent, interest, royalties or capital gains.

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Capital asset

A capital asset is defined to include property of any kind held by an assessee, whether connected with their business or profession or not connected with their business or profession.

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Capital expenditure

Capital expenditure or capital expense (capex) is the money a company spends to buy, maintain, or improve its fixed assets, such as buildings, vehicles, equipment, or land.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Carl Menger

Carl Menger (February 23, 1840 – February 26, 1921) was an Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics.

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Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Mellon University (commonly known as CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Chanakya

Chanakya (IAST:,; fl. c. 4th century BCE) was an Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist and royal advisor.

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Charles Davenant

Charles Davenant (1656–1714) was an English mercantilist economist, politician, and pamphleteer.

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Charles Fourier

François Marie Charles Fourier (7 April 1772 – 10 October 1837) was a French philosopher, influential early socialist thinker and one of the founders of utopian socialism.

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Charles Gide

Charles Gide (1847–1932) was a French economist and historian of economic thought.

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Charles Hall (economist)

Charles Hall (1740–1825) was a British physician, social critic and Ricardian socialist who published The Effects of Civilization on the People in European States in 1805, condemning capitalism for its inability to provide for the poor.

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Cheque

A cheque, or check (American English; see spelling differences), is a document that orders a bank to pay a specific amount of money from a person's account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.

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Chicago school of economics

The Chicago school of economics is a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago, some of whom have constructed and popularized its principles.

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Circulating capital

Circulating capital includes intermediate goods and operating expenses, i.e., short-lived items that are used in production and used up in the process of creating other goods or services.

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Clarence Edwin Ayres

Clarence Edwin Ayres (May 6, 1891 – July 24, 1972) was the principal thinker in the Texas school of Institutional Economics, during the middle of the 20th century.

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Classical economics

Classical economics or classical political economy (also known as liberal economics) is a school of thought in economics that flourished, primarily in Britain, in the late 18th and early-to-mid 19th century.

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Classical liberalism

Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties under the rule of law with an emphasis on economic freedom.

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Clément Juglar

Clément Juglar (15 October 1819 – 28 February 1905) was a French doctor and statistician.

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Collectivist anarchism

Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is a revolutionaryPatsouras, Louis.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Commune

A commune (the French word appearing in the 12th century from Medieval Latin communia, meaning a large gathering of people sharing a common life; from Latin communis, things held in common) is an intentional community of people living together, sharing common interests, often having common values and beliefs, as well as shared property, possessions, resources, and, in some communes, work, income or assets.

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Complexity economics

Complexity economics is the application of complexity science to the problems of economics.

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Constitutional economics

Constitutional economics is a research program in economics and constitutionalism that has been described as explaining the choice "of alternative sets of legal-institutional-constitutional rules that constrain the choices and activities of economic and political agents".

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Consumer choice

The theory of consumer and choice is the branch of microeconomics that relates preferences to consumption expenditures and to consumer demand curves.

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Contract

A contract is a promise or set of promises that are legally enforceable and, if violated, allow the injured party access to legal remedies.

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Cornell University

Cornell University is a private and statutory Ivy League research university located in Ithaca, New York.

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Credit

Credit (from Latin credit, "(he/she/it) believes") is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party where that second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt), but instead promises either to repay or return those resources (or other materials of equal value) at a later date.

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Daron Acemoglu

Kamer Daron Acemoğlu (born September 3, 1967) is a Turkish-born American economist who has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) since 1993.

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David D. Friedman

David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is an American economist, physicist, legal scholar, and libertarian theorist.

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David Gordon (economist)

David M. Gordon (1944 – March 16, 1996) was an American economist and Professor of Economics at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research.

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David Harvey

David W. Harvey (born 31 October 1935) is the Distinguished Professor of anthropology and geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY).

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David Hume

David Hume (born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.

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David Ricardo

David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist, one of the most influential of the classical economists along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and James Mill.

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Debt

Debt is when something, usually money, is owed by one party, the borrower or debtor, to a second party, the lender or creditor.

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Debt relief

Debt relief or debt cancellation is the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations.

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Decision-making

In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several alternative possibilities.

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Dependency theory

Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

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Deposit account

A deposit account is a savings account, current account or any other type of bank account that allows money to be deposited and withdrawn by the account holder.

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Direct action

Direct action occurs when a group takes an action which is intended to reveal an existing problem, highlight an alternative, or demonstrate a possible solution to a social issue.

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Direct democracy

Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly.

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Donald Shoup

Donald Curran Shoup (born August 24, 1938) is a distinguished research professor of urban planning at UCLA, and a Georgist economist.

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Double-entry bookkeeping system

Double-entry bookkeeping, in accounting, is a system of bookkeeping so named because every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account.

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Douglass North

Douglass Cecil North (November 5, 1920 – November 23, 2015) was an American economist known for his work in economic history.

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Dudley North (economist)

Sir Dudley North (16 May 1641 in Westminster31 December 1691 in London) was an English merchant, politician and economist, a writer on free trade.

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Duke University Press

Duke University Press is an academic publisher of books and journals, and a unit of Duke University.

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Dynamical system

In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space.

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Ecological economics

Ecological economics (also called eco-economics, ecolonomy or bioeconomics of Georgescu-Roegen) is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially.

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Economic efficiency

Economic efficiency is, roughly speaking, a situation in which nothing can be improved without something else being hurt.

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Economic growth

Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time.

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Economic problem

The economic problem – sometimes called the basic or central economic problem – asserts that an economy's finite resources are insufficient to satisfy all human wants and needs.

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Economic rent

In economics, economic rent is any payment to an owner or factor of production in excess of the costs needed to bring that factor into production.

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Economic system

An economic system is a system of production, resource allocation and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area.

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Economics

Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Economist

An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.

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Economy

An economy (from Greek οίκος – "household" and νέμoμαι – "manage") is an area of the production, distribution, or trade, and consumption of goods and services by different agents.

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Edmund Burke

Edmund Burke (12 January 17309 July 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman born in Dublin, as well as an author, orator, political theorist and philosopher, who after moving to London in 1750 served as a member of parliament (MP) between 1766 and 1794 in the House of Commons with the Whig Party.

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Eduard Bernstein

Eduard Bernstein (6 January 185018 December 1932) was a German social-democratic Marxist theorist and politician.

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Edward C. Prescott

Edward Christian Prescott (born December 26, 1940) is an American economist.

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Edward Gibbon Wakefield

Edward Gibbon Wakefield (20 March 1796 – 16 May 1862) is considered a key figure in the early colonisation of South Australia and New Zealand.

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Edward Misselden

Edward Misselden (fl. 1608–1654) was an English merchant, and leading member of the writers in the Mercantilist group of economic thought.

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Emergence

In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have.

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Energy economics

Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies.

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Enrico Barone

Enrico Barone (December 22, 1859, Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – May 14, 1924, Rome, Italy) was a soldier, military historian, and an economist.

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Entropy

In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system.

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Ernest Mandel

Ernest Ezra Mandel (also known by various pseudonyms such as Ernest Germain, Pierre Gousset, Henri Vallin, Walter; 5 April 1923 – 20 July 1995), was a Marxist economist and a Trotskyist activist and theorist.

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Eugen Böhm von Bawerk

Eugen Böhm Ritter von Bawerk (born Eugen Böhm, 12 February 1851 – 27 August 1914) was an Austrian economist who made important contributions to the development of the Austrian School of Economics.

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Eugene Fama

Eugene Francis "Gene" Fama (born February 14, 1939) is an American economist, best known for his empirical work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and the ‘Efficient Market hypothesis’.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolutionary economics

Evolutionary economics is part of mainstream economics as well as a heterodox school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.

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Evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective.

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Exchange rate

In finance, an exchange rate is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another.

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Fabian Society

The Fabian Society is a British socialist organization whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.

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Factors of production

In economics, factors of production, resources, or inputs are which is used in the production process to produce output—that is, finished goods and services.

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Fair

A fair (archaic: faire or fayre), also known as funfair, is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities.

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Feminist economics

Feminist economics is the critical study of economics including its methodology, epistemology, history and empirical research, attempting to overcome alleged androcentric (male and patriarchal) biases.

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Ferdinand Lassalle

Ferdinand Lassalle (11 April 1825 – 31 August 1864), born as Ferdinand Johann Gottlieb Lassal and also known as Ferdinand Lassalle-Wolfson, was a German-Jewish jurist, philosopher, socialist, and political activist.

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Ferdinando Galiani

Ferdinando Galiani (2 December 1728, Chieti, Kingdom of Naples – 30 October 1787, Naples, Kingdom of Naples) was an Italian economist, a leading Italian figure of the Enlightenment.

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Feudalism

Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries.

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Finland

Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.

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First Report on the Public Credit

The First Report on the Public Credit was one of three major reports on fiscal and economic policy submitted by American Founding Father and first United States Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton on the request of Congress.

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Fractal

In mathematics, a fractal is an abstract object used to describe and simulate naturally occurring objects.

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Fractional-reserve banking

Fractional-reserve banking is the practice whereby a bank accepts deposits, makes loans or investments, but is required to hold reserves equal to only a fraction of its deposit liabilities.

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François Quesnay

François Quesnay (4 June 1694 – 16 December 1774) was a French economist and physician of the Physiocratic school.

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François Simiand

François Joseph Charles Simiand (18 April 1873 – 13 April 1935) was a French sociologist and economist best known as a participant in the Année Sociologique.

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Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)

Francis Hutcheson (8 August 1694 – 8 August 1746) was an Irish philosopher born in Ulster to a family of Scottish Presbyterians who became known as one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.

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Francis Place

Francis Place (3 November 1771 in London – 1 January 1854 in London) was an English social reformer.

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Francis Ysidro Edgeworth

Francis Ysidro Edgeworth FBA (8 February 1845 – 13 February 1926) was an Anglo-Irish philosopher and political economist who made significant contributions to the methods of statistics during the 1880s.

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Frank Fetter

Frank Albert Fetter (March 8, 1863 – March 21, 1949) was an American economist of the Austrian School.

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Frank Knight

Frank Hyneman Knight (November 7, 1885 – April 15, 1972) was an American economist who spent most of his career at the University of Chicago, where he became one of the founders of the Chicago school.

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Frédéric Bastiat

Claude-Frédéric Bastiat (29 June 1801 – 24 December 1850) was a French economist and writer who was a prominent member of the French Liberal School.

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Fred Foldvary

Fred Emanuel Foldvary (born May 11, 1946) is a lecturer in economics at San Jose State University, California, and a research fellow at The Independent Institute.

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Free-market anarchism

Free-market anarchism, or market anarchism, includes several branches of anarchism that advocate an economic system based on voluntary market interactions without the involvement of the state.

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Freiburg school

__notoc__ The Freiburg School (Freiburger Schule) is a school of economic thought founded in the 1930s at the University of Freiburg.

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Freiwirtschaft

Freiwirtschaft (German for "free economy") is an economic idea founded by Silvio Gesell in 1916.

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Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.;, sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.

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Friedrich Hayek

Friedrich August von Hayek (8 May 189923 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian-British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism.

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Friedrich List

Georg Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German economist with dual American citizenship who developed the "National System", also known as the National System of Innovation.

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Friedrich von Wieser

Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser (10 July 1851 – 22 July 1926) was an early (so-called "first generation") economist of the Austrian School of economics.

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Fritz Machlup

Fritz Machlup (December 15, 1902 – January 30, 1983) was an Austrian-American economist who was president of the International Economic Association from 1971–1974.

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G. K. Chesterton

Gilbert Keith Chesterton, KC*SG (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936), was an English writer, poet, philosopher, dramatist, journalist, orator, lay theologian, biographer, and literary and art critic.

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Game theory

Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".

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Gary Becker

Gary Stanley Becker (December 2, 1930 – May 3, 2014) was an American economist and empiricist.

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General strike

A general strike (or mass strike) is a strike action in which a substantial proportion of the total labour force in a city, region, or country participates.

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Geoffrey Hodgson

Geoffrey Martin Hodgson (born 28 July 1946) is a Research Professor of Business Studies in the University of Hertfordshire, and also the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Institutional Economics. Hodgson is recognised as one of the leading figures of modern critical institutionalism which carries forth the critical spirit and intellectual tradition of the founders of institutional economics, particularly that of Thorstein Veblen.

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Geometry

Geometry (from the γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.

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George Stigler

George Joseph Stigler (January 17, 1911 – December 1, 1991) was an American economist, the 1982 laureate in Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and a key leader of the Chicago School of Economics.

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Georgism

Georgism, also called geoism and single tax (archaic), is an economic philosophy holding that, while people should own the value they produce themselves, economic value derived from land (including natural resources and natural opportunities) should belong equally to all members of society.

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Gerard de Malynes

Gerard de Malynes (fl. 1585–1641) was an independent merchant in foreign trade, an English commissioner in the Spanish Netherlands, a government advisor on trade matters, assay master of the mint, and commissioner of mint affairs.

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Gift economy

A gift economy, gift culture, or gift exchange is a mode of exchange where valuables are not traded or sold, but rather given without an explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards.

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Greco-Roman world

The Greco-Roman world, Greco-Roman culture, or the term Greco-Roman; spelled Graeco-Roman in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth), when used as an adjective, as understood by modern scholars and writers, refers to those geographical regions and countries that culturally (and so historically) were directly, long-term, and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the ancient Greeks and Romans. It is also better known as the Classical Civilisation. In exact terms the area refers to the "Mediterranean world", the extensive tracts of land centered on the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, the "swimming-pool and spa" of the Greeks and Romans, i.e. one wherein the cultural perceptions, ideas and sensitivities of these peoples were dominant. This process was aided by the universal adoption of Greek as the language of intellectual culture and commerce in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, and of Latin as the tongue for public management and forensic advocacy, especially in the Western Mediterranean. Though the Greek and the Latin never became the native idioms of the rural peasants who composed the great majority of the empire's population, they were the languages of the urbanites and cosmopolitan elites, and the lingua franca, even if only as corrupt or multifarious dialects to those who lived within the large territories and populations outside the Macedonian settlements and the Roman colonies. All Roman citizens of note and accomplishment regardless of their ethnic extractions, spoke and wrote in Greek and/or Latin, such as the Roman jurist and Imperial chancellor Ulpian who was of Phoenician origin, the mathematician and geographer Claudius Ptolemy who was of Greco-Egyptian origin and the famous post-Constantinian thinkers John Chrysostom and Augustine who were of Syrian and Berber origins, respectively, and the historian Josephus Flavius who was of Jewish origin and spoke and wrote in Greek.

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Green economy

The green economy is defined as an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment.

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Greg Mankiw

Nicholas Gregory Mankiw (born February 3, 1958) is an American macroeconomist and the Robert M. Beren Professor of Economics at Harvard University.

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Guild

A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area.

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Gunnar Myrdal

Karl Gunnar Myrdal (6 December 1898 – 17 May 1987) was a Swedish economist and sociologist.

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Gustav von Schmoller

Gustav von Schmoller (24 June 1838 – 27 June 1917) was the leader of the "younger" German historical school of economics.

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Gustave de Molinari

Gustave de Molinari (3 March 1819 – 28 January 1912) was a political economist and classical liberal theorist born in Liège, in the Walloon region of Belgium, and was associated with French laissez-faire economists such as Frédéric Bastiat and Hippolyte Castille.

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Ha-Joon Chang

Ha-Joon Chang (born 7 October 1963) is a South Korean institutional economist and socialist specialising in development economics.

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Hans-Hermann Hoppe

Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is a German-born American Austrian School economist, and paleolibertarian anarcho-capitalist philosopher.

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Harry Gunnison Brown

Harry Gunnison Brown (1880–1975) was a Georgist economist teaching at Yale in the early 20th century.

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Harry Markowitz

Harry Max Markowitz (born August 24, 1927) is an American economist, and a recipient of the 1989 John von Neumann Theory Prize and the 1990 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Henri de Saint-Simon

Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, often referred to as Henri de Saint-Simon (17 October 1760 – 19 May 1825), was a French political and economic theorist and businessman whose thought played a substantial role in influencing politics, economics, sociology, and the philosophy of science.

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Henry Charles Carey

Henry Charles Carey (December 15, 1793 – October 13, 1879) was a leading 19th-century economist of the American School of capitalism, and chief economic adviser to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.

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Henry Clay

Henry Clay Sr. (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852) was an American lawyer, planter, and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives.

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Henry George

Henry George (September 2, 1839 – October 29, 1897) was an American political economist and journalist.

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Henry Hazlitt

Henry Stuart Hazlitt (November 28, 1894July 9, 1993) was an American journalist who wrote about business and economics for such publications as The Wall Street Journal, The Nation, The American Mercury, Newsweek, and The New York Times.

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Henry Thornton (reformer)

Henry Thornton (10 March 1760 – 16 January 1815) was an English economist, banker, philanthropist and parliamentarian.

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Henryk Grossman

Henryk Grossman (alternative spelling: Henryk Grossmann; 14 April 1881 – 24 November 1950) was an economist, historian, and revolutionary from Galicia.

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Herbert A. Simon

Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American economist and political scientist whose primary interest was decision-making within organizations and is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing".

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Heterodox economics

Heterodoxy is a term that may be used in contrast with orthodoxy in schools of economic thought or methodologies, that may be beyond neoclassical economics.

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Hilaire Belloc

Joseph Hilaire Pierre René Belloc (27 July 187016 July 1953) was an Anglo-French writer and historian.

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Historical Materialism (journal)

Historical Materialism is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Brill Publishers of historical materialism, the study of society, economics, and history using a Marxist approach.

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Historical school of economics

The historical school of economics was an approach to academic economics and to public administration that emerged in the 19th century in Germany, and held sway there until well into the 20th century.

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History of China

The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC,William G. Boltz, Early Chinese Writing, World Archaeology, Vol.

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History of economic thought

The history of economic thought deals with different thinkers and theories in the subject that became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day in the 21st Century.

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History of India

The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the advancement of civilisation from the Indus Valley Civilisation to the eventual blending of the Indo-Aryan culture to form the Vedic Civilisation; the rise of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism;Sanderson, Alexis (2009), "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo, Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009.

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Huw Dixon

Huw David Dixon (/hju: devəd dɪksən/), born 1958, is a British economist. He has been a professor at Cardiff Business School since 2006, having previously been Head of Economics at the University of York (2003–2006) after being a Professor of economics there (1992–2003), and the University of Swansea (1991–1992), a Reader at Essex University (1987–1991) and a lecturer at Birkbeck College (University of London) 1983–1987.

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Ibn Khaldun

Ibn Khaldun (أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي.,; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was a fourteenth-century Arab historiographer and historian.

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Ibn Taymiyyah

Taqī ad-Dīn Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (Arabic: تقي الدين أحمد ابن تيمية, January 22, 1263 - September 26, 1328), known as Ibn Taymiyyah for short, was a controversial medieval Sunni Muslim theologian, jurisconsult, logician, and reformer.

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ICLEI

ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, founded in 1990 as the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, is an international organization of local governments and national and regional local government organizations that have made a commitment to sustainable development.

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Income statement

An income statement or profit and loss accountProfessional English in Use - Finance, Cambridge University Press, p. 10 (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), statement of profit or loss, revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement, or statement of operations) is one of the financial statements of a company and shows the company’s revenues and expenses during a particular period.

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Institution

Institutions are "stable, valued, recurring patterns of behavior".

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Institutional economics

Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behaviour.

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Insurance

Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss.

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Intangible asset

An intangible asset is an asset that lacks physical substance or is out of warranty (unlike physical assets such as machinery and buildings) and usually is very hard to evaluate.

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International relations

International relations (IR) or international affairs (IA) — commonly also referred to as international studies (IS) or global studies (GS) — is the study of interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global level.

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International trade

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.

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Investment

In general, to invest is to allocate money (or sometimes another resource, such as time) in the expectation of some benefit in the future – for example, investment in durable goods, in real estate by the service industry, in factories for manufacturing, in product development, and in research and development.

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Irving Fisher

Irving Fisher (February 27, 1867 – April 29, 1947) was an American economist, statistician, inventor, and Progressive social campaigner.

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Israel Kirzner

Israel Meir Kirzner (also Yisroel Mayer Kirzner; born February 13, 1930) is a British-born American economist closely identified with the Austrian School.

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Jacob Viner

Jacob Viner (May 3, 1892 – September 12, 1970) was a Canadian economist and is considered with Frank Knight and Henry Simons to be one of the "inspiring" mentors of the early Chicago School of Economics in the 1930s: he was one of the leading figures of the Chicago faculty.

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James G. March

James Gardner March (born 1928 in Cleveland, Ohio) is Jack Steele Parker professor emeritus at Stanford University and the Stanford Graduate School of Education, best known for his research on organizations, his (jointly with Richard Cyert) ''A behavioral theory of the firm'' and organizational decision making.

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James Heckman

James Joseph Heckman (born April 19, 1944) is an American economist who is currently at the University of Chicago, where he is The Henry Schultz Distinguished Service Professor in Economics and the College; Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies; Director of the.

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James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale

James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale (26 January 1759 – 10 September 1839) was Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and a representative peer for Scotland in the House of Lords.

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James Mill

James Mill (born James Milne, 6 April 1773 – 23 June 1836) was a Scottish historian, economist, political theorist, and philosopher.

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James Steuart (economist)

Sir James Steuart, 3rd Baronet of Goodtrees and eventually 7th Baronet of Coltness; late in life Sir James Steuart Denham, also called Sir James Denham Steuart (8 October 1707, Edinburgh – 26 November 1780, Coltness, Lanarkshire) was a prominent Scottish Jacobite and author of "probably the first systematic treatise written in English about economics" and the first book in English with 'political economy' in the title.

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Jason Furman

Jason Furman (born August 18, 1970) is an American economist who is a professor at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and a Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

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Jean Bodin

Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse.

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Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi

Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi (also known as Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de Sismondi) (9 May 1773 – 25 June 1842), whose real name was Simonde, was a historian and political economist, who is best known for his works on French and Italian history, and his economic ideas.

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Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683) was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV.

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Jean-Baptiste Say

Jean-Baptiste Say (5 January 1767 – 15 November 1832) was a French economist and businessman who had classically liberal views and argued in favor of competition, free trade and lifting restraints on business.

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JEL classification codes

Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to the JEL classification codes, a system originated by the Journal of Economic Literature.

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Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham (15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.

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Jesús Huerta de Soto

Jesús Huerta de Soto Ballester (born 1956) is a Spanish economist of the Austrian School.

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Jizya

Jizya or jizyah (جزية; جزيه) is a per capita yearly tax historically levied on non-Muslim subjects, called the dhimma, permanently residing in Muslim lands governed by Islamic law.

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Joan Robinson

Joan Violet Robinson FBA (31 October 1903 – 5 August 1983), previously Joan Violet Maurice, was a British economist well known for her wide-ranging contributions to economic theory.

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Johann Heinrich von Thünen

Johann Heinrich von Thünen (24 June 1783 – 22 September 1850), sometimes spelt Thuenen, was a prominent nineteenth century economist and a native of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in northern Germany.

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Johann Karl Rodbertus

Johann Karl Rodbertus (August 12, 1805, Greifswald, Swedish Pomerania – December 6, 1875, Jagetzow), also known as Karl Rodbertus-Jagetzow, was a German economist and socialist of the scientific or conservative school from Greifswald.

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John Bates Clark

John Bates Clark (January 26, 1847 – March 21, 1938) was an American neoclassical economist.

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John Francis Bray

John Francis Bray (26 June 1809–1 February 1897) was a radical, Chartist, writer on socialist economics and activist in both Britain and his native America in the 19th century.

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John Gray (socialist)

John Gray (1799–1883) was a British socialist economist.

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John Hicks

Sir John Richard Hicks (8 April 1904 – 20 May 1989) was a British economist.

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John Kenneth Galbraith

John Kenneth Galbraith (October 15, 1908 - April 29, 2006), also known as Ken Galbraith, was a Canadian-born economist, public official, and diplomat, and a leading proponent of 20th-century American liberalism.

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John Locke

John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".

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John Maurice Clark

John Maurice Clark (1884–1963) was an American economist whose work combined the rigor of traditional economic analysis with an "institutionalist" attitude.

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John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946), was a British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments.

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John Muth

John Fraser Muth (September 27, 1930 – October 23, 2005) was an American economist.

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John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman who served as a diplomat, minister and ambassador to foreign nations, and treaty negotiator, United States Senator, U.S. Representative (Congressman) from Massachusetts, and the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829.

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John R. Commons

John Rogers Commons (October 13, 1862 – May 11, 1945) was an American institutional economist, Georgist, progressive and labor historian at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

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John Rae (economist)

John Rae (1 June 1796, Footdee, Aberdeen – 12 July 1872, Staten Island, NY), was a Scottish/Canadian economist.

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John Ramsay McCulloch

John Ramsey McCulloch (1 March 1789 – 11 November 1864) was a Scottish economist, author and editor, widely regarded as the leader of the Ricardian school of economists after the death of David Ricardo in 1823.

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John Roemer

John E. Roemer (born February 1, 1945 in Washington D.C.) is an American economist and political scientist.

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John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill, also known as J.S. Mill, (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant.

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Joseph Schumpeter

Joseph Alois Schumpeter (8 February 1883 – 8 January 1950) was an Austrian political economist.

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Joseph Stiglitz

Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (born February 9, 1943) is an American economist and a professor at Columbia University.

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Josiah Child

Sir Josiah Child, 1st Baronet,, (c.1630/31 – 22 June 1699) was an English merchant and politician.

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Karl Bücher

Karl Wilhelm Bücher (16 February 1847, Kirberg, Hesse – 12 November 1930, Leipzig, Saxony) was an economist, one of the founders of non-market economics, and the founder of journalism as an academic discipline.

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Karl Knies

Karl Gustav Adolf Knies (29 March 18213 August 1898) was a German economist of the historical school of economics, best known as the author of Political Economy from the Standpoint of the Historical Method (1853).

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Karl Marx

Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.

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Karl Polanyi

Karl Paul Polanyi (Polányi Károly; October 25, 1886 – April 23, 1964) was an Austro-Hungarian economic historian, economic anthropologist, economic sociologist, political economist, historical sociologist and social philosopher.

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Keynesian economics

Keynesian economics (sometimes called Keynesianism) are the various macroeconomic theories about how in the short run – and especially during recessions – economic output is strongly influenced by aggregate demand (total demand in the economy).

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Knut Wicksell

Johan Gustaf Knut Wicksell (December 20, 1851 – May 3, 1926) was a leading Swedish economist of the Stockholm school.

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Labor theory of value

The labor theory of value (LTV) is a theory of value that argues that the economic value of a good or service is determined by the total amount of "socially necessary labor" required to produce it, rather than by the use or pleasure its owner gets from it (demand) and its scarcity value (supply).

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Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire (from) is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies.

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Land value tax

A land/location value tax (LVT), also called a site valuation tax, split rate tax, or site-value rating, is an ad valorem levy on the unimproved value of land.

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Lausanne School

The Lausanne School of economics, sometimes referred to as the Mathematical School, refers to the neoclassical economics school of thought surrounding Léon Walras and Vilfredo Pareto.

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Law

Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.

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Law of agency

The law of agency is an area of commercial law dealing with a set of contractual, quasi-contractual and non-contractual fiduciary relationships that involve a person, called the agent, that is authorized to act on behalf of another (called the principal) to create legal relations with a third party.

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Lawsuit

A lawsuit (or suit in law) is "a vernacular term for a suit, action, or cause instituted or depending between two private persons in the courts of law." A lawsuit is any proceeding by a party or parties against another in a court of law.

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Léon Say

Jean-Baptiste-Léon Say (6 June 1826, Paris – 21 April 1896, Paris) was a French statesman and diplomat.

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Léon Walras

Marie-Esprit-Léon Walras (16 December 1834 – 5 January 1910) was a French mathematical economist and Georgist.

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Ledger

A ledger is the principal book or computer file for recording and totaling economic transactions measured in terms of a monetary unit of account by account type, with debits and credits in separate columns and a beginning monetary balance and ending monetary balance for each account.

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Legal liability

In law, liable means "esponsible or answerable in law; legally obligated." Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law and can arise from various areas of law, such as contracts, torts, taxes, or fines given by government agencies.

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Leonardus Lessius

Leonardus Lessius (Lenaert Leys; 1 October 1554, in Brecht – 15 January 1623, in Leuven) was a Flemish moral theologian from the Jesuit order.

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Lew Rockwell

Llewellyn Harrison Rockwell Jr. (born July 1, 1944) is an American author, editor, and political consultant.

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Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.

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Limited partnership

A limited partnership (LP) is a form of partnership similar to a general partnership except that while a general partnership must have at least two general partners (GPs), a limited partnership must have at least one GP and at least one limited partner.

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Lionel Robbins

Lionel Charles Robbins, Baron Robbins, (22 November 1898 – 15 May 1984) was a British economist, and prominent member of the economics department at the London School of Economics.

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Loan

In finance, a loan is the lending of money by one or more individuals, organizations, and/or other entities to other individuals, organizations etc.

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Ludwig von Mises

Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian-American theoretical Austrian School economist.

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Luigi Pasinetti

Luigi L. Pasinetti (born September 12, 1930) is an Italian economist of the post-Keynesian school.

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Lujo Brentano

Ludwig Joseph Brentano (18 December 1844 – 9 September 1931) was an eminent German economist and social reformer.

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Macroeconomics

Macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning "large" and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole.

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Mainstream economics

Mainstream economics may be used to describe the body of knowledge, theories, and models of economics, as taught across universities, that are generally accepted by economists as a basis for discussion.

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Malinvestment

In Austrian business cycle theory, malinvestments are badly allocated business investments, due to artificially low cost of credit and an unsustainable increase in money supply.

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Manchester Liberalism

Manchester Liberalism, Manchester School, Manchester Capitalism and Manchesterism are terms for the political, economic and social movements of the 19th century that originated in Manchester, England.

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Marc Faber

Marc Faber (born February 28, 1946) is a Swiss investor based in Thailand.

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Marginalism

Marginalism is a theory of economics that attempts to explain the discrepancy in the value of goods and services by reference to their secondary, or marginal, utility.

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Market economy

A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.

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Market failure

In economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient, often leading to a net social welfare loss.

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Marxian economics

Marxian economics, or the Marxian school of economics, refers to a school of economic thought tracing its foundations to the critique of classical political economy first expounded upon by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

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Mason Gaffney

Mason Gaffney (born October 18, 1923) is an American economist and a major critic of Neoclassical economics from a Georgist point of view.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

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Mathew Carey

Mathew Carey (January 28, 1760 – September 16, 1839) was an Irish-born American publisher and economist who lived and worked in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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Maurice Block

Maurice Block (Moritz Block); 18 February 18169 January 1901) was a German-French statistician and economist. Block was born in Berlin of Jewish parents. He studied at the University of Bonn and the University of Heidelberg and received his doctorate from the University of Tübingen. In the mid-1840s he moved to Paris to become a statistician with the French ministry of agriculture. In 1853 he moved on to the General Statistic service. Beginning in 1856, Block edited L'Annuaire de l'economie politique et de la statistique. He remained the editor until 1901. Block, along with many French economists of his time, believed that economics was too complex of a subject to be amenable to mathematical techniques. He retired in 1862 and thenceforth wrote predominantly on the topics of agriculture, finance and public administration, turning to criticism of socialism in the 1890s. A prolific writer, he was published in a number of academic and professional magazines and journals of the time. He continued to devote himself to statistical studies as well. He was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques in 1880. He died in Paris on 9 January 1901. His principal works are: Dictionnaire de l'administration francaise (1856); Statistique de la France (1860); Dictionnaire general de la politique (1862); L'Europe politique et sociale (1869); Traité theorique et pratique de statistique (1878); Les Progres de l'economie politique depuis Adam Smith (1890); and wrote in German Die Bevolkerung des franzosischen Kaiserreichs (1861); Die Bevalkerung Spaniens and Portugals (1860); and Die Machtstellung der europäischen Staaten (1862). He wrote several books against socialism: Les théoriciens du socialisme en Allemagne (1872); Le socialisme moderne (1890). He is the author of the famous distinction between the three political lines: Orleanism, Legitimism and Bonapartism. As Adolphe Franck and Michel Breal, he is one of those Jewish Scholars who attempted to remain neutral during the Dreyfus affair.

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Max Hirsch

Maximilian Justice "Max" Hirsch (July 12, 1880 - April 3, 1969) was an American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer.

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Max Weber

Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist.

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Means of production

In economics and sociology, the means of production (also called capital goods) are physical non-human and non-financial inputs used in the production of economic value.

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Measures of national income and output

A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in a country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income also called as NNI at factor cost (NNI* adjusted for natural resource depletion).

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Mercantilism

Mercantilism is a national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and, historically, to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver (as well as crops).

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Merchant capitalism

Some Economic historians use the term merchant capitalism to refer to the earliest phase in the development of capitalism as an economic and social system—though others argue that mercantilism, which has flourished widely in the world without the emergence of systems like modern capitalism, is not actually capitalist as such.

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Merton Miller

Merton Howard Miller (May 16, 1923 – June 3, 2000) was an American economist, and the co-author of the Modigliani–Miller theorem (1958), which proposed the irrelevance of debt-equity structure.

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Methodenstreit

Methodenstreit (German for "method dispute"), in intellectual history beyond German-language discourse, was an economics controversy commenced in the 1880s and persisting for more than a decade, between that field's Austrian School and the (German) Historical School.

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Methodological individualism

Methodological individualism is the requirement that causal accounts of social phenomena explain how they result from the motivations and actions of individual agents, at least in principle.

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Mikhail Bakunin

Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (– 1 July 1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist and founder of collectivist anarchism.

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Milton Friedman

Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy.

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Miskawayh

Ibn Miskawayh (مُسکویه, 932–1030), full name Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb ibn Miskawayh was a Persian chancery official of the Buyid era, and philosopher and historian from Parandak, Iran.

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Modern history

Modern history, the modern period or the modern era, is the linear, global, historiographical approach to the time frame after post-classical history.

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Monetarism

Monetarism is a school of thought in monetary economics that emphasizes the role of governments in controlling the amount of money in circulation.

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Money changer

A money changer is a person or organisation whose business is the exchange of coins or currency of one country, for that of another.

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Moral hazard

In economics, moral hazard occurs when someone increases their exposure to risk when insured.

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Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (آية الله العظمى السيد محمد باقر الصدر) (March 1, 1935 – April 9, 1980) was an Iraqi Shia cleric, philosopher, and ideological founder of the Islamic Dawa Party, born in al-Kazimiya, Iraq.

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Murray Rothbard

Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American heterodox economist of the Austrian School, a historian and a political theorist whose writings and personal influence played a seminal role in the development of modern right-libertarianism.

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Mutualism (economic theory)

Mutualism is an economic theory and anarchist school of thought that advocates a society with free markets and occupation and use property norms.

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Myron Scholes

Myron Samuel Scholes (born July 1, 1941) is a Canadian-American financial economist.

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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tūsī (محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی&lrm; 18 February 1201 – 26 June 1274), better known as Nasir al-Din Tusi (نصیر الدین طوسی; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.

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Nassau William Senior

Nassau William Senior (26 September 1790 – 4 June 1864), was an English lawyer known as an economist.

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Natural capital

Natural capital is the world's stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms.

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Negotiable instrument

A negotiable instrument is a document guaranteeing the payment of a specific amount of money, either on demand, or at a set time, with the payer usually named on the document.

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Neo-Marxian economics

The terms neo-Marxian, post-Marxian and radical political economics were first used to refer to a distinct tradition of economic thought in the 1970s and 1980s.

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Neo-Ricardianism

The neo-Ricardian school is an economic school that derives from the close reading and interpretation of David Ricardo by Piero Sraffa, and from Sraffa's critique of neo-classical economics as presented in his The Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities, and further developed by the neo-Ricardians in the course of the Cambridge capital controversy.

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Neoclassical economics

Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics focusing on the determination of goods, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand.

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Neoclassical synthesis

The neoclassical synthesis was a post-World War II academic movement in economics that worked towards absorbing the macroeconomic thought of John Maynard Keynes into neoclassical economics.

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Network effect

A network effect (also called network externality or demand-side economies of scale) is the positive effect described in economics and business that an additional user of a good or service has on the value of that product to others.

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Neuroeconomics

Neuroeconomics and Economic Psychology is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision making, the ability to process multiple alternatives and to follow a course of action.

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Neuroscience

Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system.

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Neutrality of money

Neutrality of money is the idea that a change in the stock of money affects only nominal variables in the economy such as prices, wages, and exchange rates, with no effect on real variables, like employment, real GDP, and real consumption.

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New classical macroeconomics

New classical macroeconomics, sometimes simply called new classical economics, is a school of thought in macroeconomics that builds its analysis entirely on a neoclassical framework.

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New institutional economics

New institutional economics (NIE) is an economic perspective that attempts to extend economics by focusing on the social and legal norms and rules (which are institutions) that underlie economic activity and with analysis beyond earlier institutional economics and neoclassical economics.

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New Keynesian economics

New Keynesian economics is a school of contemporary macroeconomics that strives to provide microeconomic foundations for Keynesian economics.

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Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the Renaissance period.

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Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (born Nicolae Georgescu, 4 February 1906 – 30 October 1994) was a Romanian American mathematician, statistician and economist.

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Nicolaus Tideman

Thorwald Nicolaus Tideman (not; born August 11, 1943 in Chicago, Illinois) is a Georgist economist and professor at Virginia Tech.

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Nicole Oresme

Nicole Oresme (c. 1320–1325 – July 11, 1382), also known as Nicolas Oresme, Nicholas Oresme, or Nicolas d'Oresme, was a significant philosopher of the later Middle Ages.

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Nobility

Nobility is a social class in aristocracy, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society and with membership thereof typically being hereditary.

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Nordic countries

The Nordic countries or the Nordics are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic, where they are most commonly known as Norden (literally "the North").

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Nouriel Roubini

Nouriel Roubini (born March 29, 1958) is an American economist.

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Oeconomicus

The Oeconomicus (Οἰκονομικός) by Xenophon is a Socratic dialogue principally about household management and agriculture.

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Oliver E. Williamson

Oliver Eaton Williamson (born September 27, 1932) is an American economist, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, which he shared with Elinor Ostrom.

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Opportunity cost

In microeconomic theory, the opportunity cost, also known as alternative cost, is the value (not a benefit) of the choice in terms of the best alternative while making a decision.

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Option (finance)

In finance, an option is a contract which gives the buyer (the owner or holder of the option) the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on a specified date, depending on the form of the option.

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Organization

An organization or organisation is an entity comprising multiple people, such as an institution or an association, that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment.

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Ottmar Edenhofer

Ottmar Georg Edenhofer (born in 8 July 1961 in Gangkofen, Lower Bavaria, Germany) is one of the world's leading experts on climate change policy, environmental and energy policy, and energy economics.

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Otto von Bismarck

Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890.

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Participatory economics

Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is an economic system based on participatory decision making as the primary economic mechanism for allocation in society.

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Partnership

A partnership is an arrangement where parties, known as partners, agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests.

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Paul A. Baran

Paul Alexander Baran (25 August 1909 – 26 March 1964) was an American Marxist economist.

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Paul Krugman

Paul Robin Krugman (born February 28, 1953) is an American economist who is currently Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and a columnist for The New York Times.

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Paul Samuelson

Paul Anthony Samuelson (15 May 1915 – 13 December 2009) was an American economist and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

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Pawnbroker

A pawnbroker is an individual or business (pawnshop or pawn shop) that offers secured loans to people, with items of personal property used as collateral.

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Persian Empire

The Persian Empire (شاهنشاهی ایران, translit., lit. 'Imperial Iran') refers to any of a series of imperial dynasties that were centred in Persia/Iran from the 6th-century-BC Achaemenid Empire era to the 20th century AD in the Qajar dynasty era.

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Peter Bofinger

Peter Bofinger (born September 18, 1954) is a German economist and member of the German Council of Economic Experts.

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Peter Kropotkin

Pyotr Alexeevich Kropotkin (Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин; December 9, 1842 – February 8, 1921) was a Russian activist, revolutionary, scientist and philosopher who advocated anarcho-communism.

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Peter Schiff

Peter David Schiff (born March 23, 1963) is an American stock broker, financial commentator, and radio personality.

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Philippe Legrain

Philippe Legrain is a British political economist and writer.

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Physiocracy

Physiocracy (from the Greek for "government of nature") is an economic theory developed by a group of 18th century Enlightenment French economists who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of "land agriculture" or "land development" and that agricultural products should be highly priced.

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Piero Sraffa

Piero Sraffa (5 August 1898 – 3 September 1983) was an influential Italian economist, who served as lecturer of economics at the University of Cambridge.

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Pierre Émile Levasseur

Pierre Émile Levasseur (8 December 1828 – 10 July 1911), was a French economist, historian, Professor of geography, history and statistics in the Collège de France, at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers and at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques, known as the founders and promoters of the study of commercial geography.

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Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert

Pierre le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert or Boisguillebert (17 February 164610 October 1714) was a French law-maker and a Jansenist, one of the inventors of the notion of an economical market.

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Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu

Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu (9 December 1843 in Saumur – 9 December 1916 in Paris) was a French economist, brother of Henri Jean Baptiste Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, born at Saumur, Maine-et-Loire on 9 December 1843, and educated in Paris at the Lycée Bonaparte and the École de Droit.

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Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was a French politician and the founder of mutualist philosophy.

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Planned economy

A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment and the allocation of capital goods take place according to economy-wide economic and production plans.

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Political economy

Political economy is the study of production and trade and their relations with law, custom and government; and with the distribution of national income and wealth.

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Politics (Aristotle)

Politics (Πολιτικά, Politiká) is a work of political philosophy by Aristotle, a 4th-century BC Greek philosopher.

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Post-autistic economics

The post-autistismo economics movement (autisme-économie) or movement of students for the reform of economics teaching (mouvement des étudiants pour une réforme de l'enseignement de l'économie) is a political movement which criticises neoclassical economics and advocates for pluralism in economics.

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Post-Keynesian economics

Post-Keynesian economics is a school of economic thought with its origins in The General Theory of John Maynard Keynes, with subsequent development influenced to a large degree by Michał Kalecki, Joan Robinson, Nicholas Kaldor, Sidney Weintraub, Paul Davidson, Piero Sraffa and Jan Kregel.

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Price

In ordinary usage, a price is the quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for one unit of goods or services.

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Price mechanism

In economics, a price mechanism is the manner in which the prices of goods or services affect the supply and demand of goods and services, principally by the price elasticity of demand.

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Princeton University

Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.

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Profit (accounting)

Profit, in accounting, is an income distributed to the owner in a profitable market production process (business).

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Promissory note

A promissory note, sometimes referred to as a note payable, is a legal instrument (more particularly, a financial instrument and a debt instrument), in which one party (the maker or issuer) promises in writing to pay a determinate sum of money to the other (the payee), either at a fixed or determinable future time or on demand of the payee, under specific terms.

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Psychology

Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.

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Public choice

Public choice or public choice theory is "the use of economic tools to deal with traditional problems of political science".

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Qabus

Qabus ibn Wushmagir (full name: Abol-Hasan Qābūs ibn Wušmagīr ibn Ziyar Sams al-maʿālī, ابوالحسن قابوس بن وشمگیر بن زیار, شمس المعالی; (died 1012) (r. 977–981; 997–1012) was the Ziyarid ruler of Gurgan and Tabaristan in medieval Iran. His father was Vushmgir and his mother was a daughter of the Bavandi Ispahbad Sharwin II.

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Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang (18 February 25910 September 210) was the founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of a unified China.

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Rational choice theory

Rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior.

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Rational expectations

In economics, "rational expectations" are model-consistent expectations, in that agents inside the model are assumed to "know the model" and on average take the model's predictions as valid.

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Raymond Crotty

Raymond Crotty (22 January 1925 – 1 January 1994) was an Irish farmer, Georgist economist, writer, lecturer and campaigner against Ireland's membership of the European Union.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

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Report on Manufactures

The Report on the Subject of Manufactures, generally referred to by its shortened title Report on Manufactures, is the third major report, and magnum opus, of American founding father and first U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton.

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Republic

A republic (res publica) is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or property of the rulers.

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Revenue

In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers.

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Richard Cantillon

Richard Cantillon (1680s –) was an Irish-French economist and author of Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général (Essay on the Nature of Trade in General), a book considered by William Stanley Jevons to be the "cradle of political economy".

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Richard Cyert

Richard Michael Cyert (July 22, 1921 – October 7, 1998) was an American economist, statistician and organizational theorist, who served as the sixth President of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, known from his seminal 1959 work "''A behavioral theory of the firm''" co-authored with and James G. March.

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Richard D. Wolff

Richard David Wolff (born April 1, 1942) is an American Marxian economist, well known for his work on Marxian economics, economic methodology, and class analysis.

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Richard Jones (economist)

Richard Jones (1790, in Tunbridge Wells – 20 January 1855, in Hertford Heath) was an English economist who criticised the theoretical views of David Ricardo and T. R. Malthus on economic rent and population.

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Riksdag of the Estates

Riksdag of the Estates (formally Riksens ständer; informally Ståndsriksdagen) was the name used for the Estates of Sweden when they were assembled.

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Risk

Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value.

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Robert A. Brady (economist)

Robert Alexander Brady (May 13, 1901 – June 14, 1963) was an American economist who analyzed the dynamics of technological change and the structure of business enterprise.

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Robert Lucas Jr.

Robert Emerson Lucas Jr. (born September 15, 1937) is an American economist at the University of Chicago.

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Robert Owen

Robert Owen (14 May 1771 – 17 November 1858) was a Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropic social reformer, and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.

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Robert P. Murphy

Robert Patrick Murphy (born 23 May 1976) is an American economist, consultant and author.

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Robert Torrens (economist)

Colonel Robert Torrens (1780 in Hervey Hill, Derry – 27 May 1864 in London) was a Royal Marines officer, political economist, MP, owner of the influential Globe newspaper and prolific writer.

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Robert Z. Aliber

Robert Zelwin Aliber (born September 19, 1930) is a professor emeritus of International Economics and Finance at the University of Chicago.

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Romesh Chunder Dutt

Romesh Chunder Dutt, CIE (রমেশচন্দ্র দত্ত) (August 13, 1848 – November 30, 1909) was an Indian civil servant, economic historian, writer, and translator of Ramayana and Mahabharata.

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Ronald Coase

Ronald Harry Coase (29 December 1910 – 2 September 2013) was a British economist and author.

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Saltwater and freshwater economics

In economics, the freshwater school (or sometimes sweetwater school) comprises US-based macroeconomists who, in the early 1970s, challenged the prevailing consensus in macroeconomics research.

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Samuel Bowles (economist)

Samuel Stebbins Bowles (born January 6, 1939), is an American economist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he continues to teach courses on microeconomics and the theory of institutions.

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Savings account

A savings account is a deposit account held at a retail bank that pays interest but cannot be used directly as money in the narrow sense of a medium of exchange (for example, by writing a cheque).

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Scarcity

Scarcity refers to the limited availability of a commodity, which may be in demand in the market.

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School of Salamanca

The School of Salamanca (Escuela de Salamanca) is the Renaissance of thought in diverse intellectual areas by Spanish and Portuguese theologians, rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria.

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School of thought

A school of thought (or intellectual tradition) is a collection or group of people who share common characteristics of opinion or outlook of a philosophy, discipline, belief, social movement, economics, cultural movement, or art movement.

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Second Report on Public Credit

The Second Report on the Public Credit also referred to as The Report on a National Bank Malone, 1960, p. 259 was the second of three influential reports on fiscal and economic policy delivered to Congress by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.

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Shadow price

A shadow price is commonly referred to as a monetary value assigned to currently unknowable or difficult-to-calculate costs.

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Sharia

Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law (شريعة) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

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Social capital

Social capital is a form of economic and cultural capital in which social networks are central; transactions are marked by reciprocity, trust, and cooperation; and market agents produce goods and services not mainly for themselves, but for a common good.

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Social class

A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.

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Social liberalism

Social liberalism (also known as modern liberalism or egalitarian liberalism) is a political ideology and a variety of liberalism that endorses a market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights while also believing that the legitimate role of the government includes addressing economic and social issues such as poverty, health care and education.

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Social market economy

The social market economy (SOME; soziale Marktwirtschaft), also called Rhine capitalism, is a socioeconomic model combining a free market capitalist economic system alongside social policies which establish both fair competition within the market and a welfare state.

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Social norm

From a sociological perspective, social norms are informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society.

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Socialist calculation debate

The socialist calculation debate (sometimes known as the economic calculation debate) was a discourse on the subject of how a socialist economy would perform economic calculation given the absence of the law of value, money, financial prices for capital goods, and private ownership of the means of production.

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Socialist economics

Socialist economics refers to the economic theories, practices, and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems.

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Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.

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Spontaneous order

Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos.

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Stanley Fischer

Stanley Fischer (סטנלי פישר; born October 15, 1943) is an Israeli American economist and former vice chairman of the Federal Reserve.

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Startup company

A startup company (startup or start-up) is an entrepreneurial venture which is typically a newly emerged business that aims to meet a marketplace need by developing a viable business model around a product, service, process or a platform.

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Steve Keen

Steve Keen (born 28 March 1953) is an Australian economist and author.

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Steven N. S. Cheung

Steven Ng-Sheong Cheung (born December 1, 1935) is a Hong-Kong-born American economist who specializes in the fields of transaction costs and property rights, following the approach of new institutional economics.

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Stockholm school (economics)

The Stockholm School (Stockholmsskolan), is a school of economic thought.

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Structuralist economics

Structuralist economics is an approach to economics that emphasizes the importance of taking into account structural features (typically) when undertaking economic analysis.

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Subjective theory of value

The subjective theory of value is a theory of value which advances the idea that the value of a good is not determined by any inherent property of the good, nor by the amount of labor necessary to produce the good, but instead value is determined by the importance an acting individual places on a good for the achievement of his desired ends.

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Sumptuary law

Sumptuary laws (from Latin sumptuāriae lēgēs) are laws that attempt to regulate consumption; Black's Law Dictionary defines them as "Laws made for the purpose of restraining luxury or extravagance, particularly against inordinate expenditures in the matter of apparel, food, furniture, etc." Historically, they were laws that were intended to regulate and reinforce social hierarchies and morals through restrictions, often depending upon a person's social rank, on their permitted clothing, food, and luxury expenditures.

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Tariff

A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states.

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Tax

A tax (from the Latin taxo) is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or other legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures.

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The American Economic Review

The American Economic Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal of economics.

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The National Gain

The National Gain (Swedish title: Den nationnale winsten) is the main work of the Finnish scientist, philosopher and politician Anders Chydenius, published in 1765.

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The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2008), 2nd ed., is an eight-volume reference work on economics, edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume and published by Palgrave Macmillan.

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The Prince

The Prince (Il Principe) is a 16th-century political treatise by the Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

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Thermoeconomics

Thermoeconomics, also referred to as biophysical economics, is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of statistical mechanics to economic theory.

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Third World

The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Communist Bloc.

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Thomas Aquinas

Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.

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Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie

Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie (21 June 1825 – 27 January 1882) was an Irish jurist and economist.

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Thomas Hodgskin

Thomas Hodgskin (born 12 December 1787, Chatham, Kent; d. 21 August 1869, Feltham, Middlesex) was an English socialist writer on political economy, critic of capitalism and defender of free trade and early trade unions.

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Thomas Mun

Sir Thomas Mun (17 June 157121 July 1641) was an English writer on economics and is often referred to as the last of the early mercantilists.

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Thomas Robert Malthus

Thomas Robert Malthus (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography.

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Thomas Sowell

Thomas Sowell (born June 30, 1930) is an American economist and social theorist who is currently Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

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Thomas Tooke

Thomas Tooke (28 February 1774 – 26 February 1858) was an English economist known for writing on money and economic statistics.

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Thorold Rogers

James Edwin Thorold Rogers (23 March 1823 – 14 October 1890), known as Thorold Rogers, was an English economist, historian and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1886.

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Thorstein Veblen

Thorstein Bunde Veblen (born Torsten Bunde Veblen; July 30, 1857 – August 3, 1929), a Norwegian-American economist and sociologist, became famous as a witty critic of capitalism.

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Toll road

A toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private road for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage.

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Trade-off

A trade-off (or tradeoff) is a situational decision that involves diminishing or losing one quality, quantity or property of a set or design in return for gains in other aspects.

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Trading company

Trading companies are businesses working with different kinds of products which are sold for consumer, business or government purposes.

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Transaction account

A transaction account, checking account, current account, demand deposit account, or share draft account (at credit unions) is a deposit account held at a bank or other financial institution.

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Triple bottom line

Triple bottom line (or otherwise noted as TBL or 3BL) is an accounting framework with three parts: social, environmental (or ecological) and financial.

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Trust law

A trust is a three-party fiduciary relationship in which the first party, the trustor or settlor, transfers ("settles") a property (often but not necessarily a sum of money) upon the second party (the trustee) for the benefit of the third party, the beneficiary.

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United States Secretary of the Treasury

The Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the U.S. Department of the Treasury which is concerned with financial and monetary matters, and, until 2003, also included several federal law enforcement agencies.

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University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public research university in Berkeley, California.

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University of Minnesota

The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (often referred to as the University of Minnesota, Minnesota, the U of M, UMN, or simply the U) is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota.

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University of Pennsylvania

The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn or UPenn) is a private Ivy League research university located in University City section of West Philadelphia.

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University of Rochester

The University of Rochester (U of R or UR) frequently referred to as Rochester, is a private research university in Rochester, New York.

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Usury

Usury is, as defined today, the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans that unfairly enrich the lender.

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Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility.

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Value (economics)

Economic value is a measure of the benefit provided by a good or service to an economic agent.

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Victor Vroom

Victor Harold Vroom (born August 9, 1932, in Montreal, Canada) is a business school professor at the Yale School of Management.

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Vilfredo Pareto

Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher, now also known for the 80/20 rule, named after him as the Pareto principle.

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Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev

Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev (Влади́мир Ка́рпович Дми́триев; November 24, 1868, Smolensk Governorate – September 30, 1913, Gatchina) was a Russian mathematical economist and statistician.

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Walter Bagehot

Walter Bagehot (3 February 1826 – 24 March 1877) was a British journalist, businessman, and essayist, who wrote extensively about government, economics, and literature.

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Walter Block

Walter Edward Block (born August 21, 1941) is an American Austrian School economist and anarcho-capitalist theorist.

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Walton Hale Hamilton

Walton Hale Hamilton (October 30, 1881 – October 27, 1958) was an American law professor who taught at the Yale Law School (1928–1948), although he was an economist, not a lawyer.

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Wang Anshi

Wang Anshi (December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086) was a Chinese economist, statesman, chancellor and poet of the Song Dynasty who attempted major and controversial socioeconomic reforms known as the New Policies.

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Waqf

A waqf (وقف), also known as habous or mortmain property, is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law, which typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets.

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Wealth

Wealth is the abundance of valuable resources or valuable material possessions.

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Werner Sombart

Werner Sombart (19 January 1863 – 18 May 1941) was a German economist and sociologist, the head of the “Youngest Historical School” and one of the leading Continental European social scientists during the first quarter of the 20th century.

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Wesley Clair Mitchell

Wesley Clair Mitchell (August 5, 1874 – October 29, 1948) was an American economist known for his empirical work on business cycles and for guiding the National Bureau of Economic Research in its first decades.

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Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher

Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher (October 21, 1817 – June 4, 1894) was a German economist from Hanover.

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William Ashley (economic historian)

Sir William James Ashley (25 February 1860 – 23 July 1927) was an influential English economic historian.

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William Cunningham (economist)

William Cunningham, FBA (29 December 1849 in Edinburgh, Scotland – 10 June 1919 in Cambridge) was a British economist and churchman.

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William Godwin

William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher and novelist.

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William McKinley

William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897 until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term.

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William Petty

Sir William Petty FRS (Romsey, 26 May 1623 – 16 December 1687) was an English economist, physician, scientist and philosopher.

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William Stanley Jevons

William Stanley Jevons FRS (1 September 1835 – 13 August 1882) was an English economist and logician.

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William Thompson (philosopher)

William Thompson (1775 – 28 March 1833) was an Irish political and philosophical writer and social reformer, developing from utilitarianism into an early critic of capitalist exploitation whose ideas influenced the Cooperative, Trade Union and Chartist movements as well as Karl Marx.

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William Whewell

William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science.

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Wolf Ladejinsky

Wolf Isaac Ladejinsky (March 15, 1899 – July 3, 1975) was an American Georgist agricultural economist and researcher, serving first in the United States Department of Agriculture, then the Ford Foundation and later the World Bank.

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Worker cooperative

A worker cooperative, is a cooperative that is owned and self-managed by its workers.

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World-systems theory

World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective)Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), "World-systems Analysis." In World System History, ed.

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Yale University

Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Yves Guyot

Yves Guyot (6 September 184322 February 1928) was a French politician and economist.

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Zakat

Zakat (زكاة., "that which purifies", also Zakat al-mal زكاة المال, "zakat on wealth", or Zakah) is a form of alms-giving treated in Islam as a religious obligation or tax, which, by Quranic ranking, is next after prayer (salat) in importance.

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Zollverein

The Zollverein or German Customs Union was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.

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Redirects here:

Economic Schools of Thought, Economic schools of thought, Economics school, French historical school, School of economic thought, School of economics, Schools of Economics, Schools of economics.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought

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