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24 relations: Abd al-Hafid of Morocco, Agadir Crisis, Ali Amhaouch, Anti-Atlas, Fez, Morocco, France, France–Morocco relations, French Algeria, French protectorate in Morocco, French protectorate of Tunisia, Hubert Lyautey, Joseph-François Poeymirau, Middle Atlas, Moha ou Said, Mouha ou Hammou Zayani, North Africa, Paul Prosper Henrys, Philippe Pétain, Rif War, Spanish protectorate in Morocco, The Journal of African History, Treaty of Fez, Zaian War, Zayanes.
Abd al-Hafid of Morocco
Abdelhafid of Morocco or Mulai Abdelhafid (24 February 1875, in Fes – 4 April 1937, in Enghien-les-Bains) (عبد الحفيظ) was the Sultan of Morocco from 1908 to 1912 and a member of the Alaouite Dynasty.
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Agadir Crisis
The Agadir Crisis or Second Moroccan Crisis (also known as the Panthersprung in German) was a brief international crisis sparked by the deployment of a substantial force of French troops in the interior of Morocco in April 1911.
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Ali Amhaouch
Sidi Ali Amhaouch (1844–1918) was a Moroccan religious leader who opposed the French rule of Morocco.
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Anti-Atlas
The Anti-Atlas (الأطلس الصغير, Aṭlas Ameẓyan), Lesser Atlas or Little Atlas is a mountain range in Morocco, a part of the Atlas Mountains in the northwest of Africa.
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Fez, Morocco
Fez (فاس, Berber: Fas, ⴼⴰⵙ, Fès) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fas-Meknas administrative region.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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France–Morocco relations
France–Morocco relations are bilateral relations between Morocco and France.
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French Algeria
French Algeria (Alger to 1839, then Algérie afterwards; unofficially Algérie française, االجزائر المستعمرة), also known as Colonial Algeria, began in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers and lasted until 1962, under a variety of governmental systems.
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French protectorate in Morocco
The French protectorate in Morocco (Protectorat français au Maroc; حماية فرنسا في المغرب Ḥimāyat Faransā fi-l-Maḡrib) was established by the Treaty of Fez.
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French protectorate of Tunisia
The French protectorate of Tunisia (Protectorat français de Tunisie; الحماية الفرنسية في تونس) was established in 1881, during the French colonial Empire era, and lasted until Tunisian independence in 1956.
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Hubert Lyautey
Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (17 November 1854 – 21 July 1934) was a French Army general and colonial administrator.
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Joseph-François Poeymirau
Joseph-François Poeymirau (8 November 1869 – 22 February 1924) was a French general.
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Middle Atlas
The Middle Atlas (Amazigh: ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, Atlas Anammas, Arabic: الأطلس المتوسط, al-Aṭlas al-Mutawassiṭ) is a mountain range in Morocco.
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Moha ou Said
Moha ou Said l'Irraoui (died March 1924) was a Moroccan tribal leader who opposed French rule of the protectorate of Morocco.
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Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
Mouha Ou Hammou Zayani, by his full name: Mohammed ou Hammou ben Akka ben Ahmed, also known as Amahzoune ben Moussa (1863 – in Khenifra- Died 27 March 1921) was a Berber military figure who played an important role in the history of Morocco.
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North Africa
North Africa is a collective term for a group of Mediterranean countries and territories situated in the northern-most region of the African continent.
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Paul Prosper Henrys
Paul Prosper Henrys (or Paul-Prosper) (13 March 1862 – 6 November 1943) was a French general.
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Philippe Pétain
Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun, and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944.
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Rif War
The Rif War was an armed conflict fought from 1920 to 1927 between the colonial power Spain (later joined by France) and the Berber tribes of the Rif mountainous region. Led by Abd el-Krim, the Riffians at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using guerrilla tactics and captured European weapons. After France's military intervention against Abd el-Krim's forces and the major landing of Spanish troops at Al Hoceima, considered the first amphibious landing in history to involve the use of tanks and aircraft, Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French and was taken into exile. In 1909, Rifian tribes aggressively confronted Spanish workers of the iron mines of the Rif, near Melilla, which led to the intervention of the Spanish Army. The military operations in Jebala, in the Moroccan West, began in 1911 with the Larache Landing. Spain worked to pacify a large part of the most violent areas until 1914, a slow process of consolidation of frontiers that lasted until 1919 due to World War I. The following year, after the signing of the Treaty of Fez, the northern Moroccan area was adjudicated to Spain as a protectorate. The Riffian populations strongly resisted the Spanish, unleashing a conflict that would last for several years. In 1921, the Spanish troops suffered the catastrophic Disaster of Annual, the biggest defeat in the history of Spain, in addition to a rebellion led by Rifian leader Abd el-Krim. As a result, the Spanish retreated to a few fortified positions while Abd el-Krim ultimately created an entire independent state: the Republic of the Rif. The development of the conflict and its end coincided with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, who took on command of the campaign from 1924 to 1927. In addition, and after the Battle of Uarga in 1925, the French intervened in the conflict and established a joint collaboration with Spain that culminated in the notorious renowned Alhucemas landing. By 1926 the area had been pacified; Abd-el-Krim surrendered in July 1927; and the Spanish regained the previously lost territory. The Rif War is still considered controversial among historians. Some see in it a harbinger of the decolonization process in North Africa. Others consider it one of the last colonial wars, as it was the decision of the Spanish to conquer the Rif — nominally part of their Moroccan protectorate but de facto independent — that catalyzed the entry of France in 1924. The Rif War left a deep memory both in Spain and in Morocco. The Riffian insurgency of the 1920s can be interpreted as a precursor to the Algerian war of independence, which took place three decades later.
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Spanish protectorate in Morocco
The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.
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The Journal of African History
The Journal of African History is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal.
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Treaty of Fez
The Treaty of Fez (معاهدة فاس) was a treaty signed on 30 March 1912 in which Sultan Abdelhafid agreed to allow France to make Morocco a French protectorate, ending the Agadir Crisis of 1 July 1911.
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Zaian War
The Zaian (or Zayan) War was fought between France and the Zaian confederation of Berber tribes in Morocco between 1914 and 1921.
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Zayanes
Zayanes (Azayi (singular), Izayen (plural)) are a Berber population inhabiting the Khenifra region, located in the central Middle Atlas mountains of Morocco.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco
