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History of Spain (1810–73)

Index History of Spain (1810–73)

Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. [1]

240 relations: Abdication, Absolute monarchy, Affair of the Spanish Marriages, Afrancesado, Agustín Argüelles, Agustín de Iturbide, Alejandro Mon y Menéndez, Alfonso XII of Spain, Alhambra Decree, Allan Pinkerton, Amadeo I of Spain, Amnesty, Andalusia, Andes, Anthem, Anti-clericalism, Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, Antonio José de Sucre, Aosta, Aragon, Argentina, Authoritarianism, Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara, Barcelona, Basque Country (autonomous community), Basques, Battle of Alcolea (1868), Battle of Ayacucho, Battle of Boyacá, Battle of Carabobo, Battle of Chacabuco, Battle of Junín, Battle of Luchana, Battle of Ocaña, Bienio progresista, British invasions of the River Plate, Brussels, Buenos Aires, Captaincy General, Caracas, Carlism, Carlist Wars, Cartagena, Spain, Catalonia, Catholic Church, Caudillo, Cádiz, Central America, Charles III of Spain, Charles IV of Spain, ..., Charles X of France, Chile, City council, Civil Guard (Spain), Cochinchina, Cochinchina Campaign, Colombia, Commander-in-chief, Concert of Europe, Concordat, Congress of Deputies, Congress of Verona, Congress of Vienna, Constitutional monarchy, Constitutionalism, Convention of Vergara, Cortes Generales, Cortes of Cádiz, Crimean War, Cuba, Diego de León, 1st Count of Belascoáin, Ebro, Ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal, Ecuador, Election, Enlightened absolutism, Famine, Federico de Roncali, 1st Count of Alcoy, Ferdinand II of Portugal, Ferdinand VII of Spain, First Carlist War, First Spanish Republic, Francis, Duke of Cádiz, Francisco Armero Peñaranda, Francisco de Lersundi y Hormaechea, Francisco Javier de Istúriz y Montero, Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre, Franco-Prussian War, Free trade, Freedom of religion, Freedom of the press, French Revolution of 1848, Fuero, Galicia (Spain), General officer, Glorious Revolution (Spain), Grain, Guerrilla warfare, Guild, Habsburg Spain, Haiti, Head of state, Himno de Riego, Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60), History of Spain (1810–73), Holy Alliance, House arrest, House of Bourbon, House of Savoy, Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis, Industrialisation, Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier, Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin, Inquisition, Isabella II of Spain, Isidro Barradas, Isla de León, J. M. W. Turner, Jamaica, Jews, José de San Martín, José Ramón Rodil, 1st Marquis of Rodil, Joseph Bonaparte, Juan Álvarez Mendizábal, Juan Bautista Topete, Juan Bravo Murillo, Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos, July Revolution, Junta (Peninsular War), Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte, Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern, Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan, Liberal Union (Spain), Liberal Wars, Liberalism, Lima, List of Prime Ministers of Spain, List of Spanish monarchs, List of Spanish regents, Logroño, Louis Philippe I, Louis XVIII of France, Luis González-Bravo y López de Arjona, Luis José Sartorius, 1st Count of San Luis, Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga, Madrid, Manifesto of Manzanares, Manuel de la Concha, Manuel Pavía y Lacy, Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, Marcha Real, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Marià Fortuny, Martín Zurbano, Martyr, Maximilian I of Mexico, Mexican War of Independence, Mexico, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel I of Portugal, Ministry (government department), Monarchy of Spain, Monroe Doctrine, Morality, Morocco, Mutiny, Napoleon, Napoleonic Wars, Nationalism, Navarre, New World, Officer (armed forces), Order of succession, Ostend, Pascual Madoz, Pedro Gómez Labrador, Peninsular War, Peru, Philip II of Spain, Philip IV of Spain, Philip V of Spain, Plan of Iguala, Plus ultra, Power loom, Pragmatic sanction, Prime Minister of Spain, Progressive Party (Spain), Prussia, Puerto Rico, Pyrenees, Radicalism (historical), Rafael del Riego, Rafael Tristany, Ramón Cabrera y Griñó, Ramón María Narváez, 1st Duke of Valencia, Reactionary, Regent, Republicanism, Restoration (Spain), Revolutions of 1848, Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, Riot, Salustiano de Olózaga y Almandoz, San Gil, San Juan de Ulúa, Santo Domingo, Second Carlist War, Second French intervention in Mexico, Second Spanish Republic, Senate of Spain, Siege of Cádiz, Simón Bolívar, Socialism, Society of Jesus, Spain, Spanish American wars of independence, Spanish confiscation, Spanish Constitution of 1812, Spanish Constitution of 1837, Spanish Constitution of 1845, Spanish Empire, Spanish escudo, Spanish Inquisition, Spanish language, Spanish peseta, State religion, Strait of Gibraltar, Third Carlist War, Tomás de Zumalacárregui, Treaty of Córdoba, Trienio Liberal, Venezuela, Vicente Guerrero, Viceroyalty of New Granada, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, Vietnam, Whigs (British political party), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, 1822 territorial division of Spain. Expand index (190 more) »

Abdication

Abdication is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority.

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Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

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Affair of the Spanish Marriages

The Affair of the Spanish Marriages was a series of intrigues between France, Spain, and the United Kingdom relating to the marriages of Queen Isabella II of Spain and her sister the infanta Luisa Fernanda in 1846.

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Afrancesado

Afrancesado ("Francophiles" or "turned-French", lit. "Frenchified" or "French-alike") were the Spanish and Portuguese partisans of Enlightenment ideas, Liberalism, or the French Revolution, who were supporters of the French occupation of Iberia (Portugal and Spain) and of the First French Empire.

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Agustín Argüelles

Agustín Argüelles (Ribadesella, Asturias, August 18, 1776 - Madrid, March 26, 1844) was a Spanish liberal politician.

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Agustín de Iturbide

Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (27 September 178319 July 1824), also known as Augustine of Mexico, was a Mexican army general and politician.

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Alejandro Mon y Menéndez

Alejandro Mon y Menéndez (26 February 1801 in Oviedo, Principality of Asturias, Spain – 1 November 1882) was a Spanish politician and jurist who served as Prime Minister of Spain in 1864, during the reign of Queen Isabella II.

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Alfonso XII of Spain

Alfonso XII (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo; 28 November 185725 November 1885) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a revolution deposed his mother Isabella II from the throne in 1868, Alfonso studied in Austria and France.

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Alhambra Decree

The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.

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Allan Pinkerton

Allan J. Pinkerton (25 August 1819 – 1 July 1884) was a Scottish American detective and spy, best known for creating the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.

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Amadeo I of Spain

Amadeo I (Italian: Amedeo, sometimes anglicized as Amadeus; 30 May 184518 January 1890) was the only King of Spain from the House of Savoy.

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Amnesty

Amnesty (from the Greek ἀμνηστία amnestia, "forgetfulness, passing over") is defined as: "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." It includes more than pardon, inasmuch as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense.

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Andalusia

Andalusia (Andalucía) is an autonomous community in southern Spain.

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Andes

The Andes or Andean Mountains (Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world.

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Anthem

An anthem is a musical composition of celebration, usually used as a symbol for a distinct group, particularly the national anthems of countries.

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Anti-clericalism

Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.

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Antoine, Duke of Montpensier

Antoine d'Orléans (Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orléans; 31 July 18245 February 1890) was a member of the French royal family in the House of Orléans.

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Antonio José de Sucre

Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (1795–1830), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" ("Grand Marshal of Ayacucho"), was a Venezuelan independence leader who served as the fourth President of Peru and the second President of Bolivia.

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Aosta

Aosta (Aoste; Aoûta; Augusta Praetoria Salassorum; Augschtal; Osta) is the principal city of Aosta Valley, a bilingual region in the Italian Alps, north-northwest of Turin.

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Aragon

Aragon (or, Spanish and Aragón, Aragó or) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (República Argentina), is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America.

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Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.

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Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara

Joaquín Baldomero Fernández-Espartero y Alvarez de Toro, 1st Prince of Vergara, 1st Duke of la Victoria, 1st Duke of Morella, 1st Count of Luchana, 1st Viscount of Banderas (27 February 17938 January 1879) was a Spanish general and politician, who served as the Regent of Spain.

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Barcelona

Barcelona is a city in Spain.

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Basque Country (autonomous community)

The Basque Country (Euskadi; País Vasco; Pays Basque), officially the Basque Autonomous Community (Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa, EAE; Comunidad Autónoma Vasca, CAV) is an autonomous community in northern Spain.

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Basques

No description.

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Battle of Alcolea (1868)

The Battle of Alcolea took place on 28 September 1868, over a bridge above Guadalquivir river in the town of Alcolea, Córdoba, Spain.

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Battle of Ayacucho

The Battle of Ayacucho (Batalla de Ayacucho) was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. It was the battle that secured the independence of Peru and ensured independence for the rest of South America. In Peru it is considered the end of the Spanish American wars of independence, although the campaign of the victor Antonio José de Sucre, continued through 1825 in Upper Peru and the siege of the fortresses Chiloé and Callao finally ended in 1826. As of late 1824, Royalists still had control of most of the south of Peru as well as of Real Felipe Fort in the port of Callao. On 9 December 1824, the Battle of Ayacucho (Battle of La Quinua) took place at Pampa de Ayacucho (or Quinua), a few kilometers away from Ayacucho, near the town of Quinua between Royalist and Independentist forces. Independentist forces were led by Simón Bolívar's lieutenant Sucre. Viceroy José de la Serna was wounded, and after the battle second commander-in-chief José de Canterac signed the final capitulation of the Royalist army. The modern Peruvian Army celebrates the anniversary of this battle.

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Battle of Boyacá

The Battle of Boyacá was the decisive battle which ensured success of the liberation campaign of New Granada.

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Battle of Carabobo

The Battle of Carabobo, on 24 June 1821, was fought between independence fighters, led by Venezuelan General Simón Bolívar, and the Royalist forces, led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre.

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Battle of Chacabuco

The Battle of Chacabuco, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, occurred on February 12, 1817.

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Battle of Junín

The Battle of Junín was a military engagement of the Peruvian War of Independence, fought in the highlands of the Junín Region on August 6, 1824.

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Battle of Luchana

The Battle of Luchana (Lutxana in Basque) occurred at Bilbao and its vicinities during the night of December 23, 1836 and went on until December 24, 1836.

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Battle of Ocaña

The Battle of Ocaña was fought on 19 November 1809 between French forces under Marshal Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, Duke of Dalmatia and King Joseph Bonaparte and the Spanish army under Juan Carlos de Aréizaga, which suffered its greatest single defeat in the Peninsular War.

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Bienio progresista

In the history of Spain, the bienio progresista ("Progressive Biennium" or "Progressivist Biennium") was the two-year period from July 1854 to July 1856, during which the Progressive Party attempted to reform the political system of the reign of Isabella II, which had been dominated by the Moderate Party since 1843 in the so-called década moderada.

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British invasions of the River Plate

The British invasions of the River Plate were a series of unsuccessful British attempts to seize control of areas in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata that were located around the Río de la Plata in South America — in present-day Argentina and Uruguay.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina.

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Captaincy General

The Captaincy General was a division of a viceroyalty in Spanish or Portuguese colonial administration.

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Caracas

Caracas, officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital and centre of the Greater Caracas Area, and the largest city of Venezuela.

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Carlism

Carlism (Karlismo; Carlisme) is a Traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon dynasty on the Spanish throne.

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Carlist Wars

The Carlist Wars were a series of civil wars that took place in Spain during the 19th century.

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Cartagena, Spain

Cartagena (Carthago Nova) is a Spanish city and a major naval station located in the Region of Murcia, by the Mediterranean coast, south-eastern Spain.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya, Catalonha, Cataluña) is an autonomous community in Spain on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Caudillo

A caudillo (Old Spanish: cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head") was a type of personalist leader wielding military and political power.

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Cádiz

Cádiz (see other pronunciations below) is a city and port in southwestern Spain.

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Central America

Central America (América Central, Centroamérica) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast.

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Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Spanish: Carlos; Italian: Carlo; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain and the Spanish Indies (1759–1788), after ruling Naples as Charles VII and Sicily as Charles V (1734–1759), kingdoms he abdicated to his son Ferdinand.

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Charles IV of Spain

Charles IV (Spanish: Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario Serafín Diego; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788, until his abdication on 19 March 1808.

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Charles X of France

Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

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City council

A city council, town council, town board, or board of aldermen is the legislative body that governs a city, town, municipality, or local government area.

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Civil Guard (Spain)

The Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) is the oldest law enforcement agency in Spain.

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Cochinchina

Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ; ''Kausangsin''.; Cochinchine) is a region encompassing the southern third of current Vietnam whose principal city is Saigon or Prey Nokor in Khmer.

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Cochinchina Campaign

The Cochinchina Campaign (Campagne de Cochinchine; Expedición franco-española a Cochinchina; Chiến dịch Nam Kỳ; Filipino: Expedisiyong pranses-espanyol sa Cochinchina); (1858–1862), fought between the French and Spanish on one side and the Vietnamese on the other, began as a limited punitive campaign for the murder of several Spanish and French missionaries in Vietnam.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.

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Commander-in-chief

A commander-in-chief, also sometimes called supreme commander, or chief commander, is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control of a nation's military forces.

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Concert of Europe

The Concert of Europe, also known as the Congress System or the Vienna System after the Congress of Vienna, was a system of dispute resolution adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power.

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Concordat

A concordat is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both,René Metz, "What is Canon Law?" (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960), pg.

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Congress of Deputies

The Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados; Diputatuen Kongresua; Congrés dels Diputats; Congreso dos Deputados) is the lower house of the Cortes Generales, Spain's legislative branch.

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Congress of Verona

The Congress of Verona met at Verona on 20 October 1822 as part of the series of international conferences or congresses that opened with the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15, which had instituted the Concert of Europe at the close of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna (Wiener Kongress) also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.

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Constitutional monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.

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Constitutionalism

Constitutionalism is "a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law".

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Convention of Vergara

The Convention of Vergara (Convenio de Vergara, Bergarako hitzarmena) was a treaty successfully ending the major fighting in Spain's First Carlist War.

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Cortes Generales

The Cortes Generales (General Courts) are the bicameral legislature of the Kingdom of Spain, consisting of two chambers: the Congress of Deputies (the lower house) and the Senate (the upper house).

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Cortes of Cádiz

The Cádiz Cortes was the first national assembly to claim sovereignty in Spain.

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Crimean War

The Crimean War (or translation) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia.

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos.

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Diego de León, 1st Count of Belascoáin

Don Diego de León y Navarrete (1807 in Córdoba – October 15, 1841 in Madrid) was a Spanish military figure.

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Ebro

The Ebro in English (also in Spanish, Aragonese and Basque: 'Ebre') is one of the most important rivers on the Iberian Peninsula.

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Ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal

The ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal (desamortización eclesiástica de Mendizábal), more often referred to simply as la Desamortización in Spanish, were a set of decrees that resulted in the expropriation and privatisation of monastic properties in Spain from 1835 to 1837.

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Ecuador

Ecuador (Ikwadur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Ikwadur Ripuwlika), is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

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Election

An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.

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Enlightened absolutism

Enlightened absolutism refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment.

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Famine

A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, inflation, crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies.

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Federico de Roncali, 1st Count of Alcoy

Don Federico de Roncali y Ceruti, 1st Count of Alcoy (1809 in Cádiz, Spain – 3 April 1857) was a Spanish noble, politician and military who served as Prime Minister of Spain between 1852 and 1853.

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Ferdinand II of Portugal

Dom Ferdinand II (Portuguese: Fernando II) (29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885) was a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, and King of Portugal jure uxoris as the husband of Queen Maria II, from the birth of their son in 1837 to her death in 1853.

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Ferdinand VII of Spain

Ferdinand VII (Fernando; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death.

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First Carlist War

The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, fought between factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy.

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First Spanish Republic

The Republic of Spain (officially in Spanish República de España), commonly known as the First Spanish Republic to distinguish it from the Spanish Republic of 1931–39, was the short-lived political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's pronunciamento marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain.

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Francis, Duke of Cádiz

Francisco de Asís María Fernando de Borbón, sometimes anglicised Francis of Assisi (13 May 1822 – 17 April 1902), was the husband of Queen Isabella II of Spain and king consort from 1846 to 1868.

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Francisco Armero Peñaranda

Francisco Armero Peñaranda (Fuentes de Andalucía, 3 May 1804 – Seville, 1 July 1866), Marquis of Nervión and Grandee of Spain was a Spanish Captain general of the Navy and politician.

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Francisco de Lersundi y Hormaechea

Francisco de Lersundi y Hormaechea (28 January 1817 in Valencia, Spain – 17 November 1874 in Bayonne, France) was a Spanish noble and politician who served as Prime Minister of Spain in 1853 and held other important offices such as Captain General of Cuba from 1866 to 1869.

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Francisco Javier de Istúriz y Montero

Francisco Javier de Istúriz y Montero (31 October 1790 in Cádiz – 2 April 1871 in Madrid) was a Spanish politician and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of Spain.

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Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre

Don Francisco Serrano Domínguez Cuenca y Pérez de Vargas, 1st Duke of la Torre Grandee of Spain, Count of San Antonio (es: Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, primer duque de la Torre, conde de San Antonio; 17 December 1810 – 25 November 1885) was a Spanish marshal and statesman.

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Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, Guerre franco-allemande), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1871) or in Germany as 70/71, was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Free trade

Free trade is a free market policy followed by some international markets in which countries' governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries.

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Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government influence or intervention.

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Freedom of the press

Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.

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French Revolution of 1848

The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution (révolution de Février), was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe.

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Fuero

Fuero, Fur, Foro or Foru is a Spanish legal term and concept.

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Galicia (Spain)

Galicia (Galician: Galicia, Galiza; Galicia; Galiza) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.

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General officer

A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations' air forces or marines.

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Glorious Revolution (Spain)

The Glorious Revolution (La Gloriosa or Sexenio Democrático) took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II.

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Grain

A grain is a small, hard, dry seed, with or without an attached hull or fruit layer, harvested for human or animal consumption.

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

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Guild

A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area.

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Habsburg Spain

Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516–1700), when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central Europe).

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Haiti

Haiti (Haïti; Ayiti), officially the Republic of Haiti and formerly called Hayti, is a sovereign state located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea.

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Head of state

A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state.

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Himno de Riego

The Himno de Riego ("Anthem of Riego") is a song dating from the Liberal Triennium and named in honour of Colonel Rafael del Riego, composed by José Melchor Gomis.

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Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)

The Hispano-Moroccan War, also known as the Spanish–Moroccan War, the First Moroccan War, the Tetuán War, or, in Spain, as the African War (La Guerra de África), was fought from Spain's declaration of war on Morocco on 22 October 1859 until the Treaty of Wad-Ras on 26 April 1860.

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History of Spain (1810–73)

Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil.

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Holy Alliance

The Holy Alliance (Heilige Allianz; Священный союз, Svyashchennyy soyuz; also called the Grand Alliance) was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.

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House arrest

In justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to a residence.

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House of Bourbon

The House of Bourbon is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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House of Savoy

The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia) is a royal family that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small county in the Alps of northern Italy to absolute rule of the kingdom of Sicily in 1713 to 1720 (exchanged for Sardinia). Through its junior branch, the House of Savoy-Carignano, it led the unification of Italy in 1861 and ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until 1946 and, briefly, the Kingdom of Spain in the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I, Victor Emmanuel III, and Umberto II. The last monarch ruled for a few weeks before being deposed following the Constitutional Referendum of 1946, after which the Italian Republic was proclaimed.

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Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis

The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII to help the Spanish Royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium.

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Industrialisation

Industrialisation or industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.

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Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier

Infanta María Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpensier (30 January 1832 – 2 February 1897) was Infanta of Spain and Duchess of Montpensier.

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Infante Carlos, Count of Molina

Infante Carlos of Spain (29 March 178810 March 1855) was an Infante of Spain and the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma.

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Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin

Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolín (31 January 1818 – 13 January 1861), was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos VI after his father's renouncement in 1845, when he took the title of Conde de Montemolín (Count of Montemolín).

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Inquisition

The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat public heresy committed by baptized Christians.

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Isabella II of Spain

Isabella II (Isabel; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868.

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Isidro Barradas

Isidro Barradas Valdés was a Spanish general sent to Mexico in 1829, eight years after Mexican independence in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to reconquer the country for the Spanish Crown.

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Isla de León

Isla de León is a historical name for the piece of land between the city of Cádiz and the Iberian peninsula, in Spain.

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J. M. W. Turner

Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 177519 December 1851), known as J. M. W. Turner and contemporarily as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist, known for his expressive colourisation, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings.

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Jamaica

Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea.

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Jews

Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.

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José de San Martín

José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), known simply as José de San Martín or El Libertador of Argentina, Chile and Peru, was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru.

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José Ramón Rodil, 1st Marquis of Rodil

Don José Ramón Rodil y Campillo, 1st Marquis of Rodil and 3rd Viscount of Trobo (February 5, 1789 in Santa María de Trobo, Lugo Province – February 20, 1853 in Madrid) was a Spanish general and statesman, born in Santa María del Trovo, Galicia region.

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Joseph Bonaparte

Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte, born Giuseppe Buonaparte (7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844) was a French diplomat and nobleman, the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily (1806–1808, as Giuseppe I), and later King of Spain (1808–1813, as José I).

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Juan Álvarez Mendizábal

Juan Álvarez Mendizábal, born Juan Álvarez Méndez (25 February 1790 – 3 November 1853), was a Spanish economist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 25 September 1835 to 15 May 1836.

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Juan Bautista Topete

Juan Bautista Topete y Carballo (24 May 1821 – 29 October 1885), Spanish admiral and politician.

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Juan Bravo Murillo

Juan Bravo Murillo (24 June 1803 – 11 February 1873) was a Spanish politician, jurist and economist.

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Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos

Juan Prim y Prats, 1st Marquis of Los Castillejos, 1st Count of Reus, 1st Viscount of El Bruch, Grandee of Spain, (Joan Prim i Prats; 12 December 1814 – 30 December 1870) was a Spanish general and statesman who was briefly Prime Minister of Spain until his assassination.

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July Revolution

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Third French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French ("Three Glorious "), led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would be overthrown in 1848.

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Junta (Peninsular War)

In the Napoleonic era, junta was the name chosen by several local administrations formed in Spain during the Peninsular War as a patriotic alternative to the official administration toppled by the French invaders.

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Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte

Napoleonic Spain was the part of Spain loyal to Joseph I during the Peninsular War (1808–1813) after the country was partially occupied by French forces.

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Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern

Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern (Leopold Stephan Karl Anton Gustav Eduard Tassilo Fürst von Hohenzollern) (22 September 1835 – 8 June 1905) was the head of the Swabian branch of the House of Hohenzollern, and played a fleeting role in European power politics, in connection with the Franco-Prussian War.

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Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan

Don Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris, 1st Duke of Tetuan, 1st Count of Lucena, 1st Viscount of Aliaga, Grandee of Spain, (Spanish: Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris, I duque de Tetuán, I conde de Lucena, I vizconde de Aliaga, grande de España) (12 January 1809 – 5 November 1867), was a Spanish general and statesman.

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Liberal Union (Spain)

The Liberal Union (Unión Liberal) was a political party in Spain in the third quarter of the 19th century.

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Liberal Wars

The Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers or Miguelite War, was a war between progressive constitutionalists and authoritarian absolutists in Portugal over royal succession that lasted from 1828 to 1834.

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Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.

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Lima

Lima (Quechua:, Aymara) is the capital and the largest city of Peru.

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List of Prime Ministers of Spain

The Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Spain is the head of the Government of Spain.

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List of Spanish monarchs

This is a list of Spanish monarchs, that is, rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word.

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List of Spanish regents

This is a list of Spanish regents, a regent, from the Latin regens "one who reigns", is a person selected to act as head of state (ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated.

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Logroño

Logroño is a city in northern Spain, on the Ebro River.

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Louis Philippe I

Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 as the leader of the Orléanist party.

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Louis XVIII of France

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.

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Luis González-Bravo y López de Arjona

Luis González Bravo y López de Arjona (Cádiz, Spain, 8 July 1811 – Biarritz, France, 1 September 1871) was a Spanish politician, diplomat, intellectual, speaker, author, philanthropist and journalist graduated from law school, who served twice as Prime Minister of Spain, or President of the Government of Spain (Spanish terminology for Prime Minister), from 1843 to 1844 and in 1868.

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Luis José Sartorius, 1st Count of San Luis

Don Luis José Sartorius y Tapia, 1st Count of San Luis (Seville, Spain, 1820 – Madrid, Spain, 22 February 1871) was a Spanish noble, politician and journalist who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 1853 to 1854, during the reign of Queen Isabella II.

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Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga

Don Luis María Cardinal de Borbón y Vallabriga, Farnesio y Rozas (Cadalso de los Vidrios, 22 May 1777 – Madrid, 19 March 1823), son of a morganatic marriage of Luis de Borbón y Farnesio, Infante of Spain and 13th Count of Chinchón, and wife María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas, Español y Drummond, was the 14th Count of Chinchón (1785–1803), Grandee of Spain First Class (4 August 1799), with a coat of arms of Bourbon, and 1st Marqués de San Martín de la Vega.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole.

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Manifesto of Manzanares

The Manifesto of Manzanares (Manifiesto de Manzanares) was issued 7 July 1854 in Manzanares, Spain.

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Manuel de la Concha

Manuel de la Concha was a Spanish commissioned officer of the military forces under Félix María Calleja del Rey Bruder Losada Campaño y Montero de Espinosa, Viceroy of New Spain; his rank was Colonel.

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Manuel Pavía y Lacy

Manuel Pavía y Lacy, 1st Marquis de Novaliches (6 July 1814 – 22 October 1896), was a Spanish marshal.

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Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla

Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla (22 March 183313 June 1895) was a Spanish politician.

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Marcha Real

The "Marcha Real" ("Royal March") is the national anthem of Spain.

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Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies

Princess Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (Maria Cristina Ferdinanda di Borbone, Principessa delle Due Sicilie, María Cristina de Borbón, Princesa de las Dos Sicilias; 27 April 1806 – 22 August 1878) was queen consort of Spain (1829 to 1833) and Regent of Spain (1833 to 1840).

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Marià Fortuny

Marià Josep Maria Bernat Fortuny i Marsal (Mariano José María Bernardo Fortuny y Marsal; June 11, 1838 – November 21, 1874), known more simply as Marià Fortuny or Mariano Fortuny, was the leading Spanish painter of his day, with an international reputation.

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Martín Zurbano

Martín Zurbano Baras (February 29, 1788 – January 21, 1845) was a Spanish military figure.

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Martyr

A martyr (Greek: μάρτυς, mártys, "witness"; stem μάρτυρ-, mártyr-) is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a belief or cause as demanded by an external party.

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Maximilian I of Mexico

Maximilian I (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was the only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire.

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Mexican War of Independence

The Mexican War of Independence (Guerra de Independencia de México) was an armed conflict, and the culmination of a political and social process which ended the rule of Spain in 1821 in the territory of New Spain.

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Mexico

Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo-Costilla y Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor (8 May 1753 – 30 July 1811), more commonly known as Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo, was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence.

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Miguel I of Portugal

Dom Miguel I (English: Michael I; 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866), "the Absolutist" ("o Absolutista") or "the Traditionalist" ("o Tradicionalista"), was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834, the seventh child and third son of King João VI (John VI) and his queen, Carlota Joaquina of Spain.

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Ministry (government department)

A ministry is a governmental organisation, headed by a minister, that is meant to manage a specific sector of public administration.

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Monarchy of Spain

The monarchy of Spain (Monarquía de España), constitutionally referred to as the Crown (La Corona), is a constitutional institution and historic office of Spain.

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Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823.

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Morality

Morality (from) is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper.

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Morocco

Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.

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Mutiny

Mutiny is a criminal conspiracy among a group of people (typically members of the military or the crew of any ship, even if they are civilians) to openly oppose, change, or overthrow a lawful authority to which they are subject.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.

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Navarre

Navarre (Navarra, Nafarroa; Navarra), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre (Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra; Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea), is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.

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New World

The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda).

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Officer (armed forces)

An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority.

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Order of succession

An order of succession is the sequence of those entitled to hold a high office such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility in the order in which they stand in line to it when it becomes vacated.

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Ostend

Ostend (Oostende, or; Ostende; Ostende) is a Belgian coastal city and municipality, located in the province of West Flanders.

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Pascual Madoz

Pascual Madoz Ibáñez (May 7, 1806 – December 13, 1870), Spanish politician, statistician, was born at Pamplona.

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Pedro Gómez Labrador

Don Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador (1755—1852) was a Spanish diplomat and nobleman who served as Spain's representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815).

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Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire (as well as the allied powers of the Spanish Empire), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Portugal, for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Peru

Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.

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Philip II of Spain

Philip II (Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), called "the Prudent" (el Prudente), was King of Spain (1556–98), King of Portugal (1581–98, as Philip I, Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554–58).

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Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV of Spain (Felipe IV; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain (as Philip IV in Castille and Philip III in Aragon) and Portugal as Philip III (Filipe III).

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Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe V, Philippe, Filippo; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to his abdication in favour of his son Louis on 15 January 1724, and from his reascendancy of the throne upon his son's death on 6 September 1724 to his own death on 9 July 1746.

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Plan of Iguala

The Plan of Iguala, also known as The Plan of the Three Guarantees ("Plan Trigarante"), was a revolutionary proclamation promulgated on 24 February 1821, in the final stage of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain.

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Plus ultra

Plus ultra ("Further beyond") is a Latin motto and the national motto of Spain.

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Power loom

A power loom is a mechanized loom, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution.

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Pragmatic sanction

A pragmatic sanction is a sovereign's solemn decree on a matter of primary importance and has the force of fundamental law.

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Prime Minister of Spain

The Prime Minister of Spain, officially the President of the Government of Spain (Presidente del Gobierno de España), is the head of the government of Spain.

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Progressive Party (Spain)

The Progressive Party (Partido Progresista) was one of the two Spanish political parties that contended for power during the reign of Isabel II (reigned 1833–1868).

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.

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Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico (Spanish for "Rich Port"), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico") and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea.

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Pyrenees

The Pyrenees (Pirineos, Pyrénées, Pirineus, Pirineus, Pirenèus, Pirinioak) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France.

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Radicalism (historical)

The term "Radical" (from the Latin radix meaning root) during the late 18th-century and early 19th-century identified proponents of democratic reform, in what subsequently became the parliamentary Radical Movement.

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Rafael del Riego

Rafael del Riego y Flórez (9 April 1784 – 7 November 1823) was a Spanish general and liberal politician, who played a key role in the outbreak of the Liberal Triennium (Trienio liberal in Spanish).

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Rafael Tristany

Rafael Tristany (1814–1899) was a Spanish Catalan carlist general of the Carlist Wars.

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Ramón Cabrera y Griñó

Ramon Cabrera y Griñó (27 December 1806 – 24 May 1877) was a Carlist general of Spain.

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Ramón María Narváez, 1st Duke of Valencia

Don Ramón María de Narváez y Campos, 1st Duke of Valencia (es: Don Ramón María de Narváez y Campos, I Duque de Valencia; 5 August 180023 April 1868) was a Spanish soldier and statesman.

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Reactionary

A reactionary is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporary status quo of a society.

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Regent

A regent (from the Latin regens: ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated.

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Republicanism

Republicanism is an ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty.

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Restoration (Spain)

The Restoration (Restauración), or Bourbon Restoration (Restauración borbónica), is the name given to the period that began on 29 December 1874 — after a coup d'état by Martínez-Campos ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the monarchy under Alfonso XII — and ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.

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Revolutions of 1848

The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, People's Spring, Springtime of the Peoples, or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848.

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Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states

The 1848 revolutions in the Italian states were organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government.

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Riot

A riot is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property or people.

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Salustiano de Olózaga y Almandoz

Salustiano de Olózaga y Almandoz (Oyón-Oion, Álava, 8 June 1805 – Enghien-les-Bains, France, 26 September 1873) was a Spanish politician, diplomat and writer who served as Prime Minister of Spain and was appointed three times ambassador to France.

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San Gil

San Gil is a town municipality in the Department of Santander in northeastern Colombia, located roughly 300 km (192 mi) from Bogotá and 95 km from the department's capital, Bucaramanga.

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San Juan de Ulúa

San Juan de Ulúa, also known as Castle of San Juan de Ulúa, is a large complex of fortresses, prisons and one former palace on an island of the same name in the Gulf of Mexico overlooking the seaport of Veracruz, Mexico.

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Santo Domingo

Santo Domingo (meaning "Saint Dominic"), officially Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is the capital and largest city in the Dominican Republic and the largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean by population.

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Second Carlist War

The Second Carlist War, or the War of the Matiners or Madrugadores (Catalan and Spanish for "early-risers," so-called from the harassing action that took place at the earliest hours of the morning), was a short civil war fought primarily in Catalonia by the Carlists under General Ramón Cabrera against the forces of the government of Isabella II.

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Second French intervention in Mexico

The Second French Intervention in Mexico (Sp.: Segunda intervención francesa en México, 1861–67) was an invasion of Mexico, launched in late 1861, by the Second French Empire (1852–70).

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Second Spanish Republic

The Spanish Republic (República Española), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (Segunda República Española), was the democratic government that existed in Spain from 1931 to 1939.

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Senate of Spain

The Senate (Senado) is the upper house of Spain's parliament, the Cortes Generales.

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Siege of Cádiz

The Siege of Cádiz was a siege of the large Spanish naval base of Cádiz by a French army from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812Fremont-Barnes 2002, p. 12–13.

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Simón Bolívar

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830), generally known as Simón Bolívar and also colloquially as El Libertador, was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule.

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Socialism

Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.

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Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Spanish American wars of independence

The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence that took place during the early 19th century, after the French invasion of Spain during Europe's Napoleonic Wars.

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Spanish confiscation

The Spanish confiscation was the Spanish government's seizure and sale of property, including from the Catholic Church, from the late 18th century to the early 20th century.

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Spanish Constitution of 1812

The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy (Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española), also known as the Constitution of Cádiz (Constitución de Cádiz) and as La Pepa, was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest constitutions in world history.

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Spanish Constitution of 1837

The Spanish Constitution of 1837 was the constitution of Spain from 1837 to 1845.

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Spanish Constitution of 1845

The Spanish Constitution of 1837 was enacted in Spain during the regency of María Cristina de Borbón.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español; Imperium Hispanicum), historically known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Monarquía Hispánica) and as the Catholic Monarchy (Monarquía Católica) was one of the largest empires in history.

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Spanish escudo

The escudo was the name of two distinct Spanish currency denominations.

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Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.

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Spanish language

Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.

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Spanish peseta

The peseta was the currency of Spain between 1869 and 2002.

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State religion

A state religion (also called an established religion or official religion) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state.

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Strait of Gibraltar

The Strait of Gibraltar (مضيق جبل طارق, Estrecho de Gibraltar) is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Peninsular Spain in Europe from Morocco and Ceuta (Spain) in Africa.

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Third Carlist War

The Third Carlist War (Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain.

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Tomás de Zumalacárregui

Tomás de Zumalacárregui e Imaz (in Spanish) or Tomas Zumalakarregi Imatz (in Basque) (29 December 178824 June 1835), Duke of la Victoria de las Amezcoas and Count of Zumalacárregui, known among his troops as "Uncle Tomás", was a Spanish Basque Carlist general.

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Treaty of Córdoba

The Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence.

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Trienio Liberal

The Trienio Liberal ("Liberal Triennium") is a period of 3 years in the modern history of Spain between 1820 and 1823, when a liberal government ruled Spain after a military uprising in January 1820 by the lieutenant-colonel Rafael de Riego against the absolutist rule of King Ferdinand VII.

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Venezuela

Venezuela, officially denominated Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela),Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela (1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), Estados Unidos de Venezuela (1864–1953), and again República de Venezuela (1953–1999).

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Vicente Guerrero

Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña (August 10, 1782 – February 14, 1831) was one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence.

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Viceroyalty of New Granada

The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada) was the name given on 27 May 1717, to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.

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Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

Victor Emmanuel II (Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861.

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.

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Whigs (British political party)

The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland and the United Kingdom.

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William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne

William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, (15 March 1779 – 24 November 1848) was a British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary (1830–1834) and Prime Minister (1834 and 1835–1841).

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1822 territorial division of Spain

The 1822 territorial division of Spain was a rearrangement of the territory of Spain into various provinces, enacted briefly during the Trienio Liberal of 1820–1823.

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Redirects here:

Absolutist Restauration, Absolutist Restoration, Absolutist restauration, History of Spain (1810-73), History of Spain (1814-1873), History of Spain (1814-73), History of Spain (1814–1873), History of Spain (1814–73), Mid-19th-century Spain, Mid-nineteenth century Spain, Mid-nineteenth-century Spain, Sexenio Absolutista.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810–73)

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