675 relations: Acetate, Acrasidae, Actinobacteria, Actinomycetales, Adjuvant, Aflatoxin, Agar, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Agaricostilbomycetes, Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus subrufescens, Agronomy Journal, Alcoholic drink, Algae, Alkaloid, Allergy, Alpine climate, Alternaria, Alveolar macrophage, Alveolate, Amanita, Amanita muscaria, Amanita phalloides, Amanita virosa, Amatoxin, Amber, Ambrosia beetle, Amino acid, Ammonia, Amoebidiidae, Amoebozoa, Amphibian, Amylase, Anaerobic organism, Anastomosis, Ancient Greek, Animal, Ant–fungus mutualism, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial, Aphelida, Appressorium, Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Archaeomarasmius, Archaeorhizomycetes, Armillaria, Armillaria ostoyae, Arthoniomycetes, ..., Arthropod, Arthur Henry Reginald Buller, Ascocarp, Ascomycota, Ascospore, Ascus, Asexual reproduction, Aspergillosis, Aspergillus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Athlete's foot, Atractiellomycetes, August Carl Joseph Corda, Ötzi, Bacteria, Baker's yeast, Bark (botany), Basal (phylogenetics), Basidiobolomycetes, Basidiocarp, Basidiomycota, Basidiospore, Basidium, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Beauveria bassiana, Beer, Beetle, Benthic zone, Benzylpenicillin, Binomial nomenclature, Biochemistry, Biodiversity, Biofilm, Biogeochemical cycle, Biological activity, Biological life cycle, Biological membrane, Biological pest control, Biological pigment, Biology, Bioluminescence, Biomineralization, Biopesticide, Biophysics, Biopolymer, Bioremediation, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Blastocladiomycota, Blastocystis, Blastospore, Blue cheese, Bolete, Boletus edulis, Botanical nomenclature, Botany, Bread, Breeding program, Bryophyte, Budding, Cambrian, Cambridge University Press, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Cancer cell, Candida (fungus), Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Carbon dioxide, Carbon fixation, Carboniferous, Carcinogen, Carl Linnaeus, Carnivorous fungus, Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cell biology, Cell cycle, Cell division, Cell nucleus, Cell signaling, Cell wall, Cellulase, Cellulose, Cellulosic ethanol, Cereal, Chanterelle, Charles Tulasne, Chemical synthesis, Chemical test in mushroom identification, Chestnut blight, Chitin, Chloroplast, Choanozoa, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, Chromatin, Chromosome, Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota, Ciclosporin, Citric acid, Clade, Cladogram, Clamp connection, Class (biology), Classiculomycetes, Claviceps purpurea, Clone (cell biology), Coal tar, Coarse woody debris, Coccidioidomycosis, Cochliobolus, Cockroach, Coenocyte, Colony (biology), Commensalism, Common descent, Competitive exclusion principle, Compression fossil, Conidium, Conocybe, Conservation of fungi, Corallochytrium, Corn smut, Cosmic ray, Craterellus, Creosote, Cretaceous, Crop, Crypsis, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Curtis Gates Lloyd, Cyanobacteria, Cystobasidiomycetes, Cytoplasm, Dacrymycetes, Decomposer, Deep sea, Dermatophyte, Dermatophytosis, Desert fungi, Desiccation, Devonian, Digestive enzyme, Dikarya, Dikaryon, Dimorphic fungus, Disaccharide, DMC1 (gene), DNA repair, DNA sequencing, Domestication, Dothideomycetes, Doushantuo Formation, DPVweb, Dumpling, Dutch elm disease, Earth, Eccrinales, Ecological niche, Ecological succession, Ecosystem, Edible mushroom, Edmond Tulasne, Elias Magnus Fries, Ellobiopsis, Endobiotic, Endophyte, Enokitake, Entheogen, Entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophthorales, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycetes, Enzyme, Epichloë coenophiala, Epidermis (botany), Ergot, Ergotamine, Ergotism, Ethanol, Ethnomycology, Euglenid, Eukaryote, Eukaryotic ribosome (80S), Eumycetoma, Europe, Eurotiomycetes, Evolution, Evolutionary history of life, Evolutionary history of plants, Excavata, Exobasidiomycetes, Exon, Exoskeleton, Fermentation, Fermentation in food processing, Fern, Fission (biology), Fitness (biology), Flagellum, Flammulina, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis betulina, Fonticula, Food security, Food spoilage, Food web, Forage, Fossil, Fragmentation (reproduction), Fumonisin, Fungi imperfecti, Fungiculture, Fungivore, Fungus, Fusarium, Fusarium venenatum, Fusidic acid, G-force, Galerina, Gametangium, Gamete, Gamma ray, Gastrointestinal tract, Genetic divergence, Genetic diversity, Genetic engineering, Genetics, Geoglossaceae, Giambattista della Porta, Glomerales, Glomeromycota, Glucan, Gluconic acid, Glycerol, Glycogen, Greek language, Green algae, Griseofulvin, Grocery store, Gyromitra esculenta, Hallucination, Hallucinogen, Haustorium, Hectare, Heinrich Anton de Bary, Hepatotoxicity, Herbicide, Herbivore, Heterokaryon, Heterokont, Heterothallism, Heterotroph, Hirsutella, Histoplasma, Histoplasmosis, HMG-CoA reductase, Holocene, Homothallism, Horace, Hydrogenosome, Hydrophobin, Hydrothermal circulation, Hymenium, Hypha, Hyphochytriomycetes, Hypomyces chrysospermus, Immunodeficiency, Immunosuppressive drug, Incertae sedis, Incubation period, Index Fungorum, Insecticide, Integrated Taxonomic Information System, Intracellular, Intron, Invertase, Ionizing radiation, Β-lactam antibiotic, Japan, Karyogamy, Keroplatidae, Kickxellomycotina, Kingdom (biology), Kluyveromyces, Koryaks, Laboulbeniomycetes, Labyrinthulomycetes, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactic acid, Lahmiales, Latin, Laundry detergent, Lecanicillium lecanii, Lecanoromycetes, Lentinan, Leotiomyceta, Leotiomycetes, Lepiota, Leprosy, Lichen, Lichinomycetes, Lingzhi mushroom, Lipase, Lipid, List of bioluminescent fungus species, Livestock, Lovastatin, Macroscopic scale, Magnaporthe grisea, Maize, Malassezia, Malic acid, Mannitol, Marine fungi, Mastigomycotina, Mating, Mating in fungi, Mating system, Mating type, Meat analogue, Medication, Medicine, Meiosis, Melanin, Mesomycetozoea, Metabolic engineering, Metabolic pathway, Metabolism, Metarhizium, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mevalonate pathway, Mevalonic acid, Mevastatin, Microbotryomycetes, Micrometre, Microscope, Microsporidia, Miles Joseph Berkeley, Miso, Mite, Mitochondrion, Mixiomycetes, Model organism, Mold, Molecular biology, Molecular cloning, Molecular genetics, Molecular phylogenetics, Monascus, Monoblepharidomycetes, Monophyly, Morchella, Morphology (biology), Mortierellales, Moss, Mucor, Mucoromycotina, Multicellular organism, Multinucleate, Mushroom, Mushroom hunting, Mushroom Observer, Mushroom poisoning, Mutualism (biology), Mycelial cord, Mycelium, Mycetophilidae, Mycetozoa, Myco-heterotrophy, MycoBank, Mycobiota, Mycology, Mycorrhiza, Mycosis, Mycotoxin, Mycovirus, Natural product, Nematode, Nematophagous fungus, Neocallimastigomycota, Neolecta, Neolithic, Neontology, Neoproterozoic, Neotyphodium, Neuroptera, Neurospora crassa, Nidulariaceae, Nitrate, Nomenclature codes, Non-coding DNA, Nucleariida, Nutrient cycle, Ochratoxin, Olpidiaceae, One gene–one enzyme hypothesis, Oomycete, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Ophiostoma ulmi, Opisthokont, Opisthosporidia, Opportunistic infection, Optical microscope, Orbiliomycetes, Ordovician, Organ transplantation, Organelle, Organic compound, Organic matter, Osmolyte, Osmotrophy, Outline of fungi, Oxide, Paecilomyces, Paleoproterozoic, Paleozoic, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Paraphyly, Parasexual cycle, Parasitism, Pasture, Pathogen, Pathogenic fungus, Patulin, Pedogenesis, Penicillin, Penicillium, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium griseofulvum, Penicillium roqueforti, Pennsylvanian (geology), Pentachlorophenol, Peptide, Permian–Triassic extinction event, Permineralization, Petri dish, Pezizomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Phagocytosis, Phallaceae, Pharmacology, Phloem, Phosphate, Photosynthesis, Phycomycetes, Phylogenetics, Phylum, Physiology, Phytochemistry, Phytomyxea, Pichia, Pichia pastoris, Pier Andrea Saccardo, Pier Antonio Micheli, Pilobolus, Pine, Pizza, Plant, Plant breeding, Plant pathology, Plasmogamy, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pliny the Elder, Ploidy, Plural, Pneumocystidomycetes, Polar regions of Earth, Polyketide, Polyphyly, Polypore, Polysaccharide, Polysaccharide-K, Precursor (chemistry), Primitive (phylogenetics), Production of antibiotics, Propagule, Protease, Protein, Protein primary structure, Protein production, Protist, Prototaxites, Protozoa, Psilocybin mushroom, Psychedelic drug, Psychoactive drug, Pucciniomycetes, Pucciniomycotina, Puffball, Purpureocillium, Pyrophosphate, Pythium, Quorn, Quorum sensing, RAD51, Radiotrophic fungus, Reactive oxygen species, RecA, Recreational drug use, Regulation of gene expression, Reproduction, Respiratory burst, Rhabdomyolysis, Rhizaria, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizosphere, Rhynie chert, Ribosomal RNA, Ribosome, Right angle, Root, Roquefort, Roquefortine C, Royall T. Moore, Rozella, Rozellida, Rust (fungus), Rye, Saccharomyces, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycotina, Sake, Saprotrophic nutrition, Sarcoscypha coccinea, Savanna, Sawfly, Scanning electron microscope, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Schizosaccharomycetes, Sciaroidea, Sclerotium, Secondary metabolite, Sediment, Semi-arid climate, Semisynthesis, Septum, Sessility (motility), Sexual reproduction, Shamanism, Shiitake, Siberia, Silurian, Sirex, Slime mold, Smut (fungus), Somatic (biology), Sordariomycetes, Soy sauce, Species description, Species Plantarum, Spitzenkörper, Sporangium, Spore, Sporocarp (fungi), Statin, Sterol, Stilton cheese, Stingless bee, Stipe (mycology), Stone washing, Substrate (biology), Sugar alcohol, Surface-area-to-volume ratio, Symbiosis, Syphilis, T-2 mycotoxin, Taphrinomycetes, Taphrinomycotina, Taxon, Taxonomy (biology), Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph, Tempeh, Termite, Terpene, Tinder, Total organic carbon, Toxin, Traditional Chinese medicine, Traditional medicine, Trametes versicolor, Transmission electron microscopy, Trehalose, Tremellomycetes, Tricholoma equestre, Trichothecene, Tritirachiomycetes, Truffle, Tuber (fungus), Tuberculosis, Turgor pressure, Ultrastructure, Ultraviolet, Uranium, Ustilaginomycetes, Ustilaginomycotina, Ustilago, Vacuole, Vegetative reproduction, Vesicle (biology and chemistry), Virus, Visible spectrum, Volvariella volvacea, Wallemiomycetes, Weed, Wine, Woodboring beetle, Xylanase, Xylem, Xylophagy, YAP1, Year, Yeast, Zea (plant), Zoopagomycotina, Zoospore, Zygomycota, Zygospore. Expand index (625 more) »
Acetate
An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with an alkaline, earthy, metallic or nonmetallic and other base.
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Acrasidae
The family Acrasidae (ICZN, or Acrasiomycota, ICBN) is a family of slime molds which belongs to the protist group Percolozoa.
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Actinobacteria
The Actinobacteria are a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria.
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Actinomycetales
The Actinomycetales are an order of Actinobacteria.
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Adjuvant
An adjuvant is a pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents.
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Aflatoxin
Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens that are produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains.
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Agar
Agar (pronounced, sometimes) or agar-agar is a jelly-like substance, obtained from algae.
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Agaricales
The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills) or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms.
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Agaricomycetes
The Agaricomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota.
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Agaricomycotina
The subdivision Agaricomycotina, also known as the hymenomycetes, is one of three taxa of the fungal division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores on basidia).
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Agaricostilbomycetes
The Agaricostilbomycetes are a class of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina of the Basidiomycota.
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus is an edible basidiomycete mushroom native to grasslands in Europe and North America.
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Agaricus subrufescens
Agaricus subrufescens (syn. Agaricus blazei, Agaricus brasiliensis or Agaricus rufotegulis) is a species of mushroom, commonly known as almond mushroom, mushroom of the sun, God's mushroom, mushroom of life, royal sun agaricus, jisongrong, or himematsutake (Chinese: 杏仁松茸, Japanese: 姫まつたけ, "princess matsutake") and by a number of other names.
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Agronomy Journal
Agronomy Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by American Society of Agronomy.
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Alcoholic drink
An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar.
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Algae
Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.
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Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Alpine climate
Alpine climate is the average weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.
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Alternaria
Alternaria is a genus of ascomycete fungi.
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Alveolar macrophage
An alveolar macrophage (or dust cell) is a type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall.
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Alveolate
The alveolates (meaning "with cavities") are a group of protists, considered a major clade and superphylum within Eukarya, and are also called Alveolata.
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Amanita
The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species.
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Amanita muscaria
Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a basidiomycete mushroom, one of many in the genus Amanita.
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Amanita phalloides
Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita.
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Amanita virosa
Amanita virosa, commonly known in Europe as the destroying angel, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita.
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Amatoxin
Amatoxin is the collective name of a subgroup of at least eight related toxic compounds found in several genera of poisonous mushrooms, most notably the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and several other members of the genus Amanita, as well as some Conocybe, Galerina and Lepiota mushroom species.
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Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin, which has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times.
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Ambrosia beetle
Ambrosia beetles are beetles of the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Amoebidiidae
Amoebidiidae is a family of single-celled eukaryotes, previously thought to be zygomycete fungi belonging to the class, but molecular phylogenetic analysesBenny, G. L., and O'Donnell, K. 2000.
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Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae.
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Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia.
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Amylase
An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.
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Anaerobic organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth.
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Anastomosis
An anastomosis (plural anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Animal
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia.
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Ant–fungus mutualism
Ant–fungus mutualism is a symbiosis seen in certain ant and fungal species, in which ants actively cultivate fungus much like humans farm crops as a food source.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antimicrobial
An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.
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Aphelida
Aphelida is a phylum of eukaryotes that appear to be sister to true fungi.
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Appressorium
An appressorium is a specialized cell typical of many fungal plant pathogens that is used to infect host plants.
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Arbuscular mycorrhiza
An arbuscular mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, a.k.a. endomycorrhiza) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the fungus (AM fungi, or AMF) penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant.
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Archaeomarasmius
Archaeomarasmius is an extinct genus of gilled fungus in the Agaricales family Tricholomataceae, containing the single species Archaeomarasmius leggetti.
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Archaeorhizomycetes
Archaeorhizomycetes is an class of fungi in the subdivision Taphrinomycotina of the Ascomycota.
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Armillaria
Armillaria, is a genus of parasitic fungi that includes the A. mellea species known as honey fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs.
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Armillaria ostoyae
Armillaria ostoyae (sometimes called Armillaria solidipes) is a species of plant pathogenic fungus in the Physalacriaceae family.
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Arthoniomycetes
Arthoniomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
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Arthropod
An arthropod (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint" and πούς pous, "foot") is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.
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Arthur Henry Reginald Buller
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller (August 19, 1874 – July 3, 1944) was a British-Canadian mycologist.
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Ascocarp
An ascocarp, or ascoma (plural: ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus.
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Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya.
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Ascospore
An ascospore is a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus.
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Ascus
An ascus (plural asci; from Greek ἀσκός 'skin bag') is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi.
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Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.
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Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis is the name given to a wide variety of diseases caused by infection by fungi of the genus Aspergillus.
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Aspergillus
Aspergillus is a genus consisting of a few hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.
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Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic and pathogenic fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution.
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Aspergillus nidulans
Aspergillus nidulans (also called Emericella nidulans when referring to its sexual form, or teleomorph) is one of many species of filamentous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.
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Aspergillus oryzae
Aspergillus oryzae, known in English as, is a filamentous fungus (a mold) used in Chinese and other East Asian cuisines to ferment soybeans for making soy sauce and fermented bean paste, and also to saccharify rice, other grains, and potatoes in the making of alcoholic beverages such as huangjiu, sake, makgeolli, and shōchū.
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Aspergillus terreus
Aspergillus terreus, also known as Aspergillus terrestris, is a fungus (mold) found worldwide in soil.
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Athlete's foot
Athlete's foot, known medically as tinea pedis, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by fungus.
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Atractiellomycetes
The Atractiellomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
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August Carl Joseph Corda
August Carl Joseph Corda (1809–1849) was a Czech physician and mycologist.
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Ötzi
Ötzi (also called the Iceman, the Similaun Man, the Man from Hauslabjoch, the Tyrolean Iceman, and the Hauslabjoch mummy) is a nickname given to the well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived between 3400 and 3100 BCE.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Baker's yeast
Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used as a leavening agent in baking bread and bakery products, where it converts the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol.
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Bark (botany)
Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants.
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Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
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Basidiobolomycetes
Basidiobolomycetes is one of the currently recognized classes within the kingdom Fungi.
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Basidiocarp
In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome or basidioma (plural: basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne.
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Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi.
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Basidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts.
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Basidium
Schematic showing a basidiomycete mushroom, gill structure, and spore-bearing basidia on the gill margins. A basidium (pl., basidia) is a microscopic sporangium (or spore-producing structure) found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycellium, developed from secondary mycellium.
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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, also known as Bd or the amphibian chytrid fungus, is a fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis in amphibians.
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Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria bassiana is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease; it thus belongs to the entomopathogenic fungi.
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Beer
Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea.
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Beetle
Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Endopterygota.
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Benthic zone
The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers.
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Benzylpenicillin
Benzylpenicillin, also known as penicillin G, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system") also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.
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Biochemistry
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Biofilm
A biofilm comprises any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface.
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Biogeochemical cycle
In geography and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
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Biological activity
In pharmacology, biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter.
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Biological life cycle
In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state.
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Biological membrane
A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things.
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Biological pest control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms.
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Biological pigment
Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.
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Biology
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.
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Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism.
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Biomineralization
Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues.
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Biopesticide
Biopesticides, a contraction of 'biological pesticides', include several types of pest management intervention: through predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.
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Biophysics
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the approaches and methods of physics to study biological systems.
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Biopolymer
Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules.
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Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms and degrade the target pollutants.
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Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).
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Blastocladiomycota
Blastocladiomycota is one of the currently recognized phyla within the kingdom Fungi.
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Blastocystis
Blastocystis is a genus of single-celled heterokont parasites belonging to a group of organisms known as the Stramenopiles (also called Heterokonts) that includes algae, diatoms, and water molds.
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Blastospore
A blastospore is an asexual fungal spore produced by budding.
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Blue cheese
Blue cheese is a general classification of cheeses that have had cultures of the mold Penicillium added so that the final product is spotted or veined throughout with blue, or blue-grey mold and carries a distinct smell, either from that or various specially cultivated bacteria.
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Bolete
A bolete is a type of fungal fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus that is clearly differentiated from the stipe, with a spongy surface of pores (rather than gills) on the underside of the pileus.
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Boletus edulis
Boletus edulis (English: penny bun, cep, porcino or porcini) is a basidiomycete fungus, and the type species of the genus Boletus.
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Botanical nomenclature
Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants.
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Botany
Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.
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Bread
Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking.
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Breeding program
A breeding program is the planned breeding of a group of animals or plants, usually involving at least several individuals and extending over several generations.
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Bryophyte
Bryophytes are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses.
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Budding
Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
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Cambrian
The Cambrian Period was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and of the Phanerozoic Eon.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.
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Canadian Journal of Forest Research
The Canadian Journal of Forest Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by NRC Research Press.
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Cancer cell
Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.
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Candida (fungus)
Candida is a genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide.
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora.
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Candidiasis
Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any type of Candida (a type of yeast).
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbon fixation
Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms.
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Carboniferous
The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, Mya.
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Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.
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Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.
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Carnivorous fungus
Carnivorous fungi or predaceous fungi are fungi that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and eating microscopic or other minute animals.
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Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of the biology of cells, especially their biochemistry and biophysics.
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Cell biology
Cell biology (also called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, the basic unit of life.
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Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Cell signaling
Cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions.
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Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.
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Cellulase
Cellulase is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides.
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Cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
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Cellulosic ethanol
Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit.
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Cereal
A cereal is any edible components of the grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis) of cultivated grass, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.
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Chanterelle
Chanterelle is the common name of fungi in the genus Cantharellus.
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Charles Tulasne
Charles Tulasne (5 September 1816 – 28 August 1884) was a French physician, mycologist and illustrator born in Langeais in the département of Indre-et-Loire.
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Chemical synthesis
Chemical synthesis is a purposeful execution of chemical reactions to obtain a product, or several products.
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Chemical test in mushroom identification
Chemical tests in mushroom identification are methods that aid in determining the variety of some fungi.
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Chestnut blight
The pathogenic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (formerly Endothia parasitica) is a member of the Ascomycota (sac fungi) taxon.
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Chitin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n, a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, is a derivative of glucose.
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Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.
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Choanozoa
Choanozoa (Greek: χόανος (choanos) "funnel" and ζῶον (zōon) "animal") is the name of a phylum of eukaryotes that belongs to the line of opisthokonts.
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Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) was a mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.
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Chromatin
Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Chytridiomycetes
Chytridiomycetes is a class of fungi.
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Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycota is a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids.
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Ciclosporin
Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is an immunosuppressant medication and natural product.
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Citric acid
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that has the chemical formula.
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Clade
A clade (from κλάδος, klados, "branch"), also known as monophyletic group, is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life".
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Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.
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Clamp connection
A clamp connection is a hook-like structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi.
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Class (biology)
In biological classification, class (classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank.
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Classiculomycetes
The Classiculomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
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Claviceps purpurea
Claviceps purpurea is an ergot fungus that grows on the ears of rye and related cereal and forage plants.
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Clone (cell biology)
A clone is a group of identical cells that share a common ancestry, meaning they are derived from the same cell.
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Coal tar
Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal.
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Coarse woody debris
Coarse woody debris (CWD) or coarse woody habitat (CWH) refers to fallen dead trees and the remains of large branches on the ground in forests and in rivers or wetlands.
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Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as "cocci", "Valley fever", as well as "California fever", "desert rheumatism", and "San Joaquin Valley fever", is a mammalian fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii.
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Cochliobolus
The fungal genus Cochliobolus includes 55 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: C. carbonum, C. heterostrophus, C. miyabeanus, C. sativus and C. lunatus.
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Cockroach
Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea, which also includes termites. About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. About four species are well known as pests. The cockroaches are an ancient group, dating back at least as far as the Carboniferous period, some 320 million years ago. Those early ancestors however lacked the internal ovipositors of modern roaches. Cockroaches are somewhat generalized insects without special adaptations like the sucking mouthparts of aphids and other true bugs; they have chewing mouthparts and are likely among the most primitive of living neopteran insects. They are common and hardy insects, and can tolerate a wide range of environments from Arctic cold to tropical heat. Tropical cockroaches are often much bigger than temperate species, and, contrary to popular belief, extinct cockroach relatives and 'roachoids' such as the Carboniferous Archimylacris and the Permian Apthoroblattina were not as large as the biggest modern species. Some species, such as the gregarious German cockroach, have an elaborate social structure involving common shelter, social dependence, information transfer and kin recognition. Cockroaches have appeared in human culture since classical antiquity. They are popularly depicted as dirty pests, though the great majority of species are inoffensive and live in a wide range of habitats around the world.
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Coenocyte
A coenocyte (from Greek: κοινός (koinós).
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Colony (biology)
In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another.
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Commensalism
Commensalism is a long term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species are neither benefited nor harmed.
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Common descent
Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.
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Competitive exclusion principle
In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle, sometimes referred to as Gause's law, is a proposition named for Georgy Gause that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist at constant population values.
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Compression fossil
A compression fossil is a fossil preserved in sedimentary rock that has undergone physical compression.
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Conidium
A conidium (plural conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (plural chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus.
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Conocybe
Conocybe is a genus of mushrooms with Conocybe tenera as the type species and at least 243 other species.
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Conservation of fungi
Fungi are considered to be in urgent need of conservation by the British Mycological Society on the grounds that it is a traditionally neglected taxon which has legal protection in few countries.
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Corallochytrium
Corallochytrium is a single-celled eukaryote which was found in coral reef lagoons of the Lakshadweep islands of the Arabian sea.
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Corn smut
Corn smut is a plant disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis that causes smut on maize and teosinte.
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Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.
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Craterellus
Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former.
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Creosote
Creosote is a category of carbonaceous chemicals formed by the distillation of various tars and pyrolysis of plant-derived material, such as wood or fossil fuel.
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Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period mya.
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Crop
A crop is a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence.
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Crypsis
In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an animal to avoid observation or detection by other animals.
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Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis, also known as cryptococcal disease, is a potentially fatal fungal disease.
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Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast and an obligate aerobe that can live in both plants and animals.
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Cryptomycocolacomycetes
The Cryptomycocolacomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
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Curtis Gates Lloyd
Curtis Gates Lloyd (July 17, 1859 – November 11, 1926) was an American mycologist known for both his research on the gasteroid and polypore fungi, as well as his controversial views on naming conventions in taxonomy.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cystobasidiomycetes
The Cystobasidiomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Dacrymycetes
The Dacrymycetes are a class consisting of only one family of jelly fungi, which has imperforate parenthesomes and basidia that are usually branched.
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Decomposer
Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, and in doing so, they carry out the natural process of decomposition.
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Deep sea
The deep sea or deep layer is the lowest layer in the ocean, existing below the thermocline and above the seabed, at a depth of 1000 fathoms (1800 m) or more.
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Dermatophyte
Dermatophytes (derived from Greek "δέρματος" (dermatos), from "δέρμα", which means "skin" and -"phyte", from "phutón", meaning "plant") are a common label for a group of three types of fungus that commonly causes skin disease in animals and humans.
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Dermatophytosis
Dermatophytosis, also known as ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin.
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Desert fungi
Desert fungi are a variety of terricolous fungi inhabiting the biological soil crust of arid regions.
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Desiccation
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.
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Devonian
The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya.
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Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body.
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Dikarya
Dikarya is a subkingdom of Fungi that includes the divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, both of which in general produce dikaryons, may be filamentous or unicellular, but are always without flagella.
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Dikaryon
The dikaryon is a nuclear feature which is unique to some fungi.
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Dimorphic fungus
Dimorphic fungi are fungi that can exist in the form of both mold and yeast.
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Disaccharide
A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or bivose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage.
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DMC1 (gene)
Meiotic recombination protein DMC1/LIM15 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DMC1 gene.
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DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
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DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
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Domestication
Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group.
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Dothideomycetes
Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi.
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Doushantuo Formation
The Doushantuo Formation is a fossil Lagerstätte in Weng'an County, Guizhou Province, China that is notable for being one of the oldest beds to contain minutely preserved microfossils, phosphatic fossils that are so characteristic they have given their name to "Doushantuo type preservation".
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DPVweb
DPVweb is a database for virologists working on plant viruses combining taxonomic, bioinformatic and symptom data.
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Dumpling
Dumpling is a broad classification for a dish that consists of pieces of dough (made from a variety of starch sources) wrapped around a filling or of dough with no filling.
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Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles.
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Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
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Eccrinales
Eccrinales are an order of eukaryotes, previously thought to be zygomycete fungi belonging to the class Trichomycetes, but now considered to be members of the opisthokont group Mesomycetozoea.
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Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche (CanE, or) is the fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.
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Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil.
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Edible mushroom
Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi (fungi which bear fruiting structures that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye).
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Edmond Tulasne
Louis René Étienne Tulasne, a.k.a. Edmond Tulasne (12 September 1815 – 22 December 1885) was a French botanist and mycologist born in Azay-le-Rideau.
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Elias Magnus Fries
Elias Magnus Fries FRS FRSE FLS RAS (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist.
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Ellobiopsis
Ellobiopsis is a genus of unicellular, ectoparasitic eukaryotes causing disease in.
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Endobiotic
No description.
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Endophyte
An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease.
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Enokitake
Enokitake (榎茸, エノキタケ), also enokidake (榎茸, エノキダケ) futu (in India found in wild at Bastar region of Chhattisgarh) or enoki (榎, エノキ), is a long, thin white mushroom used in East Asian cuisine (such as that of China, Japan, Vietnam and Korea).
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Entheogen
An entheogen is a class of psychoactive substances that induce any type of spiritual experience aimed at development.
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Entomopathogenic fungus
An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them.
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Entomophthorales
The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes.
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Entomophthoromycota
Entomophthoromycota is a fungus division.
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Entorrhizomycetes
Entorrhizomycota are a phylum of Fungi in the subkingdom Dikarya along with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Epichloë coenophiala
Epichloë coenophiala is a systemic and seed-transmissible endophyte of tall fescue, a grass endemic to Eurasia and North Africa, but widely naturalized in North America, Australia and New Zealand.
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Epidermis (botany)
The word'epidermis' is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants.
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Ergot
Ergot (pron.) or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps.
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Ergotamine
Ergotamine is an ergopeptine and part of the ergot family of alkaloids; it is structurally and biochemically closely related to ergoline.
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Ergotism
Ergotism (pron.) is the effect of long-term ergot poisoning, traditionally due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus that infects rye and other cereals, and more recently by the action of a number of ergoline-based drugs.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Ethnomycology
Ethnomycology is the study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi and can be considered a subfield of ethnobotany or ethnobiology.
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Euglenid
Euglenids (euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida/Euglenoida, ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell structure is typical of that group.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Eukaryotic ribosome (80S)
Ribosomes are a large and complex molecular machine that catalyzes the synthesis of proteins, referred to as translation.
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Eumycetoma
Eumycetoma is a chronic granulomatous fungal disease of humans, affecting mainly the limbs, and sometimes the abdominal and chest walls or the head.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Eurotiomycetes
The Eurotiomycetes are a class of ascomycetes within the subphylum Pezizomycotina.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolutionary history of life
The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which both living organisms and fossil organisms evolved since life emerged on the planet, until the present.
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Evolutionary history of plants
The evolution of plants has resulted in a wide range of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, through multicellular marine and freshwater green algae, terrestrial bryophytes, lycopods and ferns, to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today.
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Excavata
Excavata is a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota.
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Exobasidiomycetes
The Exobasidiomycetes are a class of fungi sometimes associated with the abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues known as galls.
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Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
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Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton (from Greek έξω, éxō "outer" and σκελετός, skeletós "skeleton") is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to the internal skeleton (endoskeleton) of, for example, a human.
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Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen.
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Fermentation in food processing
Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic conditions.
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Fern
A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.
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Fission (biology)
Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate entities resembling the original.
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Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology.
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Flagellum
A flagellum (plural: flagella) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Flammulina
Flammulina is a genus of fungi in the Physalacriaceae family.
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Fomes fomentarius
Fomes fomentarius (commonly known as the tinder fungus, false tinder fungus, hoof fungus, tinder conk, tinder polypore or ice man fungus) is a species of fungal plant pathogen found in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. The species produces very large polypore fruit bodies which are shaped like a horse's hoof and vary in colour from a silvery grey to almost black, though they are normally brown. It grows on the side of various species of tree, which it infects through broken bark, causing rot. The species typically continues to live on trees long after they have died, changing from a parasite to a decomposer. Though inedible, F. fomentarius has traditionally seen use as the main ingredient of amadou, a material used primarily as tinder, but also used to make clothing and other items. The 5,000-year-old Ötzi the Iceman carried four pieces of F. fomentarius, concluded to be for use as tinder. It also has medicinal and other uses. The species is both a pest and useful in timber production.
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Fomitopsis betulina
Fomitopsis betulina (previously Piptoporus betulinus), commonly known as the birch polypore, birch bracket, or razor strop, is a common bracket fungus and, as the name suggests, grows almost exclusively on birch trees.
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Fonticula
Fonticula is a genus of cellular slime mold which forms a fruiting body in a volcano shape.
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Food security
Food security is a condition related to the availability of food supply, group of people such as (ethnicities, racial, cultural and religious groups) as well as individuals' access to it.
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Food spoilage
Spoilage is the process in which food deteriorates to the point in which it is not edible to humans or its quality of edibility becomes reduced.
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Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is a natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community.
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Forage
Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock.
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Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
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Fragmentation (reproduction)
Fragmentation or clonal fragmentation in multi cellular or colonial organisms is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning in which an organism is split into fragments.
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Fumonisin
The fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins derived from Fusarium, Liseola section.
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Fungi imperfecti
The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi, also known as Deuteromycota, are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed.
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Fungiculture
Fungiculture is the process of producing food, medicine, and other products by the cultivation of mushrooms and other fungi.
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Fungivore
Fungivory or mycophagy is the process of organisms consuming fungi.
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Fungus
A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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Fusarium
Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants.
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Fusarium venenatum
Fusarium venenatum is a microfungus of the genus Fusarium that has a high protein content.
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Fusidic acid
Fusidic acid is an antibiotic that is often used topically in creams and eyedrops but may also be given systemically as tablets or injections.
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G-force
The gravitational force, or more commonly, g-force, is a measurement of the type of acceleration that causes a perception of weight.
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Galerina
Galerina is a genus of small brown-spored saprobic mushrooms, with over 300 species found throughout the world, from the far north to remote Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean.
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Gametangium
A gametangium (plural: gametangia) is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants.
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Gamete
A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμετή gamete from gamein "to marry") is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce.
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Gamma ray
A gamma ray or gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
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Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.
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Genetic divergence
Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations) through time, often after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time.
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Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.
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Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Geoglossaceae
Geoglossaceae is a family of fungi in the order Geoglossales, class Geoglossomycetes.
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Giambattista della Porta
Giambattista della Porta (1535? – 4 February 1615), also known as Giovanni Battista Della Porta, was an Italian scholar, polymath and playwright who lived in Naples at the time of the Scientific Revolution and Reformation.
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Glomerales
Glomerales is an order of symbiotic fungi within the phylum Glomeromycota.
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Glomeromycota
Glomeromycota (informally glomeromycetes) is one of eight currently recognized divisions within the kingdom Fungi, with approximately 230 described species.
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Glucan
A glucan molecule is a polysaccharide of D-glucose monomers, linked by glycosidic bonds.
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Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH.
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Glycerol
Glycerol (also called glycerine or glycerin; see spelling differences) is a simple polyol compound.
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Glycogen
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia.
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Griseofulvin
Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat a number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm).
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Grocery store
A grocery store or grocer's shop is a retail shop that primarily sells food.
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Gyromitra esculenta
Gyromitra esculenta, is an ascomycete fungus from the genus Gyromitra, widely distributed across Europe and North America.
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Hallucination
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception.
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Hallucinogen
A hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness.
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Haustorium
In botany and mycology, a haustorium (plural haustoria) is a structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients.
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Hectare
The hectare (SI symbol: ha) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to a square with 100 meter sides, or 10,000 m2, and is primarily used in the measurement of land.
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Heinrich Anton de Bary
Heinrich Anton de Bary (26 January 183119 January 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology).
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Hepatotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage.
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Herbicide
Herbicides, also commonly known as weedkillers, are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants.
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Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet.
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Heterokaryon
A heterokaryon is a multinucleate cell that contains genetically different nuclei.
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Heterokont
The heterokonts or stramenopiles (formally, Heterokonta or Stramenopiles) are a major line of eukaryotes currently containing more than 25,000 known species.
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Heterothallism
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals.
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Heterotroph
A heterotroph (Ancient Greek ἕτερος héteros.
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Hirsutella
Hirsutella is a genus of asexually reproducing fungi in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family.
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Histoplasma
Histoplasma is a genus of dimorphic fungi commonly found in bird and bat fecal material.
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Histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis (also known as "Cave disease", "Darling's disease", "Ohio valley disease", "reticuloendotheliosis", "spelunker's lung" and "caver's disease") is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.
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HMG-CoA reductase
HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, officially abbreviated HMGCR) is the rate-controlling enzyme (NADH-dependent,; NADPH-dependent) of the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and other isoprenoids.
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Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch.
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Homothallism
Homothallic refers to the possession, within a single organism, of the resources to reproduce sexually; i.e., having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus.
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Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (December 8, 65 BC – November 27, 8 BC), known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian).
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Hydrogenosome
A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi, and animals.
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Hydrophobin
Hydrophobins are a group of small (~100 amino acids) cysteine-rich proteins that are expressed only by filamentous fungi.
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Hydrothermal circulation
Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water,Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. and θέρμη, heat). Hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the Earth's crust.
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Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores.
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Hypha
A hypha (plural hyphae, from Greek ὑφή, huphḗ, "web") is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.
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Hyphochytriomycetes
Hyphochytrids are eukaryotic organisms in the group of Stramenopiles (Heterokonta), formerly classified as fungi or as protists.
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Hypomyces chrysospermus
The bolete eater, Hypomyces chrysospermus, is a parasitic ascomycete fungus that grows on bolete mushrooms, turning the afflicted host a whitish, golden yellow, or tan color.
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Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency) is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.
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Immunosuppressive drug
Immunosuppressive drugs or immunosuppressive agents or antirejection medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.
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Incertae sedis
Incertae sedis (Latin for "of uncertain placement") is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined.
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Incubation period
Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent.
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Index Fungorum
Index Fungorum is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the Fungus Kingdom.
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Insecticide
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects.
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Integrated Taxonomic Information System
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) is an American partnership of federal agencies designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the taxonomy of biological species.
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Intracellular
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means "inside the cell".
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Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product.
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Invertase
Invertase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of sucrose (table sugar) into fructose and glucose.
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Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
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Β-lactam antibiotic
β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structures.
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Japan
Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.
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Karyogamy
Karyogamy is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei.
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Keroplatidae
The Keroplatidae are a family of small flies known as fungus gnats.
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Kickxellomycotina
Kickxellomycotina is a fungus grouping.
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Kingdom (biology)
In biology, kingdom (Latin: regnum, plural regna) is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain.
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Kluyveromyces
Kluyveromyces is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae.
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Koryaks
Koryaks (or Koriak) are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea.
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Laboulbeniomycetes
The Laboulbeniomycetes are a unique group of fungi that are apparent external parasites of insects and other arthropods, both terrestrial and aquatic.
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Labyrinthulomycetes
The Labyrinthulomycetes (ICBN) or Labyrinthulea (ICZN) are a class of protists that produce a network of filaments or tubes, which serve as tracks for the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients for them.
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Lactarius deliciosus
Lactarius deliciosus, commonly known as the saffron milk cap and red pine mushroom, is one of the best known members of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales.
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Lactic acid
Lactic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)COOH.
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Lahmiales
The Lahmiales are an order of fungi in the Ascomycota, or sac fungi.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Laundry detergent
Laundry detergent, or washing powder, is a type of detergent (cleaning agent) that is added for cleaning laundry.
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Lecanicillium lecanii
Lecanicillium lecanii is now an approved name of an entomopathogenic fungus species, that was previously widely known as Verticillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Viegas), but is now understood to be an anamorphic form in the Cordyceps group of genera in the Clavicipitaceae. Isolates formerly classified as V. lecanii could be L. attenuatum, L. lecanii, L. longisporum, L. muscarium or L. nodulosum. For example, several recent papers, such as Kouvelis et al. who carried out mitochondrial DNA studies, refer to the name L. muscarium. L. lecanii itself appears primarily to be a pathogen of soft scale insects (Coccidae). The Index Fungorum, referring to L. lecanii, lists the following synonymy.
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Lecanoromycetes
Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi.
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Lentinan
Lentinan is a polysaccharide isolated from the fruit body of shiitake (Lentinula edodes mycelium.
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Leotiomyceta
Leotiomyceta represents all the filamentous ascomycete fungi (Pezizomycotina), excluding the classes Pezizomycetes and Orbiliomycetes.
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Leotiomycetes
The Leotiomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
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Lepiota
Lepiota is a genus of gilled mushrooms in the family Agaricaceae.
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Leprosy
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
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Lichen
A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.
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Lichinomycetes
Lichinomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
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Lingzhi mushroom
The lingzhi mushroom is a species complex that encompasses several fungal species of the genus Ganoderma, most commonly the closely related species Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma tsugae, and Ganoderma lingzhi.
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Lipase
A lipase is any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats (lipids).
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Lipid
In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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List of bioluminescent fungus species
Found largely in temperate and tropical climates, currently there are known more than 75 species of bioluminescent fungi, all of which are members of the order Agaricales (Basidiomycota) with one exceptional ascomycete belonging to the order Xylariales.
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Livestock
Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.
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Lovastatin
Lovastatin (Merck's Mevacor) is a statin drug, used for lowering cholesterol in those with hypercholesterolemia to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Macroscopic scale
The macroscopic scale is the length scale on which objects or phenomena are large enough to be visible almost practically with the naked eye, without magnifying optical instruments.
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Magnaporthe grisea
Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, and Johnson spot, is a plant-pathogenic fungus that causes a serious disease affecting rice.
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Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
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Malassezia
Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of fungi.
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Malic acid
Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6O5.
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Mannitol
Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol which is also used as a medication.
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Marine fungi
Marine fungi are species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments.
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Mastigomycotina
Mastigomycotina is a former polyphyletic taxonomic grouping, a subdivision, of fungi, similar to Phycomycetes, and that included the zoosporic classes Chytridiomycetes, Hyphochytriomycetes, Plasmodiophoromycetes and Oomycetes.
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Mating
In biology, mating (or mateing in British English) is the pairing of either opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms, usually for the purposes of sexual reproduction.
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Mating in fungi
Mating in fungi is a complex process governed by mating types.
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Mating system
A mating system is a way in which a group is structured in relation to sexual behaviour.
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Mating type
Mating types are molecular mechanisms that regulate compatibility in sexually reproducing eukaryotes.
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Meat analogue
A meat analogue, also called a meat alternative, meat substitute, mock meat, faux meat, imitation meat, (where applicable) vegetarian meat, or vegan meat, approximates certain aesthetic qualities (primarily texture, flavor and appearance) and/or chemical characteristics of specific types of meat.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
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Meiosis
Meiosis (from Greek μείωσις, meiosis, which means lessening) is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.
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Melanin
Melanin (from μέλας melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.
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Mesomycetozoea
The Mesomycetozoea (or DRIP clade, or Ichthyosporea) are a small group of Opisthokonta in Eukarya (formerly protists), mostly parasites of fish and other animals.
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Metabolic engineering
Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within cells to increase the cells' production of a certain substance.
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Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Metarhizium
Metarhizium is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) refers to a group of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
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Mevalonate pathway
The mevalonate pathway, also known as the isoprenoid pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an essential metabolic pathway present in eukaryotes, archaea, and some bacteria.
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Mevalonic acid
Mevalonic acid (MVA) is a key organic compound in biochemistry; the name is a contraction of dihydroxymethylvalerolactone.
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Mevastatin
Mevastatin (compactin, ML-236B) is a hypolipidemic agent that belongs to the statins class.
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Microbotryomycetes
The Microbotryomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
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Micrometre
The micrometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is an SI derived unit of length equaling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
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Microscope
A microscope (from the μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
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Microsporidia
Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites.
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Miles Joseph Berkeley
Miles Joseph Berkeley (1 April 1803 – 30 July 1889) was an English cryptogamist and clergyman, and one of the founders of the science of plant pathology.
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Miso
is a traditional Japanese seasoning produced by fermenting soybeans with salt and koji (the fungus Aspergillus oryzae) and sometimes rice, barley, or other ingredients.
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Mite
Mites are small arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida and the subclass Acari (also known as Acarina).
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Mixiomycetes
The Mixiomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Mold
A mold or mould (is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.
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Molecular genetics
Molecular genetics is the field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level and thus employs methods of both molecular biology and genetics.
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Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominately in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.
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Monascus
Monascus is a genus of mold.
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Monoblepharidomycetes
Members of the Monoblepharidomycetes have a filamentous thallus that is either extensive or simple and unbranched.
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Monophyly
In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
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Morchella
Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible sac fungi closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi in the order Pezizales (division Ascomycota).
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Morphology (biology)
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
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Mortierellales
Mortierellales is a fungal order.
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Moss
Mosses are small flowerless plants that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations.
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Mucor
Mucor is a microbial genus of approximately 40 species of moulds commonly found in soil, digestive systems, plant surfaces, some cheeses like tomme de savoie, rotten vegetable matter and iron oxide residue in the biosorption process.
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Mucoromycotina
Mucoromycotina is a subdivision of Fungi of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
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Multicellular organism
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.
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Multinucleate
Multinucleate cells (also called multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm.
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Mushroom
A mushroom, or toadstool, is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source.
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Mushroom hunting
Mushroom hunting, Houby hunting, mushrooming, mushroom picking, mushroom foraging, and similar terms describe the activity of gathering mushrooms in the wild, typically for food.
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Mushroom Observer
Mushroom Observer is a collaborative amateur mycology website started by Nathan Wilson in 2006.
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Mushroom poisoning
Mushroom poisoning (also known as mycetism or mycetismus) refers to harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom.
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Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism or interspecific cooperation is the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other.
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Mycelial cord
Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae.
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Mycelium
Fungal mycelium Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae.
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Mycetophilidae
The Mycetophilidae are a family of small flies, forming the bulk of those species known as fungus gnats.
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Mycetozoa
Mycetozoa is a grouping of slime molds.
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Myco-heterotrophy
Myco-heterotrophy (from Greek μύκης mykes, "fungus", ἕτερος heteros, "another", "different" and τροφή trophe, "nutrition") is a symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis.
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MycoBank
MycoBank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations.
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Mycobiota
Mycobiota (plural noun, no singular) are a group of all the fungi present in a particular geographic region (e.g. "the mycobiota of Ireland") or habitat type (e.g. "the mycobiota of cocoa").
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Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.
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Mycorrhiza
A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης mýkēs, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular host plant.
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Mycosis
Mycosis is a fungal infection of animals, including humans.
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Mycotoxin
A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης mykes, "fungus" and τοξικόν toxikon, "poison") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals.
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Mycovirus
Mycoviruses (ancient Greek μύκης mykes: fungus and Latin virus) are viruses that infect fungi.
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Natural product
A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.
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Nematode
The nematodes or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes).
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Nematophagous fungus
Nematophagous fungi are carnivorous fungi specialized in trapping and digesting nematodes.
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Neocallimastigomycota
Neocallimastigomycota is a phylum containing anaerobic fungi, which are symbionts found in the digestive tracts of larger herbivores.
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Neolecta
Neolecta is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that have fruiting bodies in the shape of unbranched to lobed bright yellowish, orangish to pale yellow-green colored, club-shaped, smooth, fleshy columns up to about 7 cm tall.
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Neolithic
The Neolithic was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, according to the ASPRO chronology, in some parts of Western Asia, and later in other parts of the world and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC.
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Neontology
Neontology is a part of biology that, in contrast to paleontology, deals with living (or, more generally, recent) organisms.
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Neoproterozoic
The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from.
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Neotyphodium
Neotyphodium is a genus of endophytic fungi symbiotic with grasses.
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Neuroptera
The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives.
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Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota.
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Nidulariaceae
The Nidulariaceae ('nidulus' - small nest) are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales.
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Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula and a molecular mass of 62.0049 u.
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Nomenclature codes
Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern biological taxonomic nomenclature, each in their own broad field of organisms.
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Non-coding DNA
In genomics and related disciplines, noncoding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.
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Nucleariida
Nucleariida is a group of amoebae with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater.
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Nutrient cycle
A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of matter.
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Ochratoxin
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by some Aspergillus species (mainly A. ochraceus, but also by 33% of A. niger industrial strains) and some Penicillium species, especially P. verrucosum and P. carbonarius.
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Olpidiaceae
Olpidiaceae is a fungal plant pathogen families that was placed in the order Chytridiales.
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One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
The one gene–one enzyme hypothesis is the idea that genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway.
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Oomycete
Oomycota or oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms.
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Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (formerly known as Cordyceps sinensis) is an entomopathogenic fungus (a fungus that grows on insects) found in mountainous regions of Nepal and Tibet.
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Ophiostoma ulmi
Ophiostoma ulmi is a species of fungus in the family Ophiostomataceae.
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Opisthokont
The opisthokonts (Greek: ὀπίσθιος (opísthios).
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Opisthosporidia
Opisthosporidia (incl. True Fungi) or Zoosporia or Fungi are a sister clade of the Cristidiscoidea together forming the Holomycota.
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Opportunistic infection
An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut microbiota), or breached integumentary barriers.
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Optical microscope
The optical microscope, often referred to as the light microscope, is a type of microscope that uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small subjects.
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Orbiliomycetes
Orbiliomycetes are a class of fungi in the Ascomycota.
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Ordovician
The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era.
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Organ transplantation
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.
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Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Organic matter
Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter (NOM) refers to the large pool of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments.
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Osmolyte
Osmolytes are compounds affecting osmosis.
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Osmotrophy
Osmotrophy is the uptake of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis for nutrition.
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Outline of fungi
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fungi: Fungi – "Fungi" is plural for "fungus".
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Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.
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Paecilomyces
Paecilomyces is a genus of fungi.
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Paleoproterozoic
Paleoproterozoic Era, spanning the time period from (2.5–1.6 Ga), is the first of the three sub-divisions (eras) of the Proterozoic Eon.
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Paleozoic
The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era (from the Greek palaios (παλαιός), "old" and zoe (ζωή), "life", meaning "ancient life") is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon.
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Paracoccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) (also known as "Brazilian blastomycosis", "South American blastomycosis", "Lutz-Splendore-de Almeida disease" and "paracoccidioidal granuloma") is a fungal infection caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
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Paraphyly
In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few—typically only one or two—monophyletic subgroups.
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Parasexual cycle
The parasexual cycle, a process peculiar to fungi and single-celled organisms, is a nonsexual mechanism of parasexuality for transferring genetic material without meiosis or the development of sexual structures.
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Parasitism
In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
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Pasture
Pasture (from the Latin pastus, past participle of pascere, "to feed") is land used for grazing.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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Pathogenic fungus
Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms.
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Patulin
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, in particular, Aspergillus and Penicillium and Byssochlamys.
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Pedogenesis
Pedogenesis (from the Greek pedo-, or pedon, meaning 'soil, earth,' and genesis, meaning 'origin, birth') (also termed soil development, soil evolution, soil formation, and soil genesis) is the process of soil formation as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history.
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Penicillin
Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).
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Penicillium
Penicillium ascomycetous fungi are of major importance in the natural environment as well as food and drug production.
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Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum or P. notatum (formerly) is a species of fungus in the family Trichocomaceae.
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Penicillium griseofulvum
Penicillium griseofulvum is a species of the genus of Penicillium which produces patulin, penifulvin A, cyclopiazonic acid, roquefortine C, shikimic acid and griseofulvin.
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Penicillium roqueforti
Penicillium roqueforti is a common saprotrophic fungus from the family Trichocomaceae.
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Pennsylvanian (geology)
The Pennsylvanian (also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, in the ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two subperiods (or upper of two subsystems) of the Carboniferous Period.
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Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine compound used as a pesticide and a disinfectant.
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Peptide
Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
The Permian–Triassic (P–Tr or P–T) extinction event, colloquially known as the Great Dying, the End-Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction, occurred about 252 Ma (million years) ago, forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
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Permineralization
Permineralization is a process of fossilization in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms.
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Petri dish
A Petri dish (sometimes spelled "Petrie Dish" and alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish), named after the German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri, is a shallow cylindrical glass or plastic lidded dish that biologists use to culture cellssuch as bacteriaor small mosses.
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Pezizomycetes
Pezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the division Ascomycota.
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Pezizomycotina
Pezizomycotina make up majority of the Ascomycota fungi and includes most lichenized fungi too.
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Phagocytosis
In cell biology, phagocytosis is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome.
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Phallaceae
Phallaceae is a family of fungi, commonly known as stinkhorn mushrooms, within the order Phallales.
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Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species).
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Phloem
In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to parts of the plant where needed.
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Phosphate
A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Phycomycetes
Phycomycetes is an obsolete polyphyletic taxon for certain fungi with nonseptate hyphae.
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Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – phylé, phylon.
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Phylum
In biology, a phylum (plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above Class.
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Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.
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Phytochemistry
Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants.
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Phytomyxea
The Phytomyxea are a class of parasites of plants.
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Pichia
Pichia (Hansenula and Hyphopichia are obsolete synonyms) is a genus of yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells.
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Pichia pastoris
Pichia pastoris is a species of methylotrophic yeast.
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Pier Andrea Saccardo
Pier Andrea Saccardo (23 April 1845 in Treviso, Treviso – 12 February 1920 in Padua) was an Italian botanist and mycologist.
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Pier Antonio Micheli
Pier Antonio Micheli (December 11, 1679 – January 1, 1737) was a noted Italian botanist, professor of botany in Pisa, curator of the Orto Botanico di Firenze, author of Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita.
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Pilobolus
Pilobolus is a genus of fungi that commonly grows on herbivore dung.
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Pine
A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus,, of the family Pinaceae.
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Pizza
Pizza is a traditional Italian dish consisting of a yeasted flatbread typically topped with tomato sauce and cheese and baked in an oven.
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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Plant breeding
Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
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Plant pathology
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).
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Plasmogamy
Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.
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Pleurotus ostreatus
Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a common edible mushroom.
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Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder (born Gaius Plinius Secundus, AD 23–79) was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, a naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and friend of emperor Vespasian.
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Ploidy
Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.
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Plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.
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Pneumocystidomycetes
The Pneumocystidomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
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Polar regions of Earth
The polar regions, also called the frigid zones, of Earth are the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles.
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Polyketide
Polyketides are a class of secondary metabolites produced by certain living organisms in order to impart to them some survival advantage.
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Polyphyly
A polyphyletic group is a set of organisms, or other evolving elements, that have been grouped together but do not share an immediate common ancestor.
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Polypore
Polypores are a group of fungi that form fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions).
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages, and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.
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Polysaccharide-K
Polysaccharide-K (Krestin, PSK) is a protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from the fruitbody of Trametes versicolor.
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Precursor (chemistry)
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
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Primitive (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, a primitive (or ancestral) character, trait, or feature of a lineage or taxon is one that is inherited from the common ancestor of a clade (or clade group) and has undergone little change since.
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Production of antibiotics
Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings.
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Propagule
In biology, a propagule is any material that functions in propagating an organism to the next stage in its life cycle, such as by dispersal.
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Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.
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Protein production
Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein.
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Protist
A protist is any eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei and is not an animal, plant or fungus.
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Prototaxites
Prototaxites is a genus of terrestrial fossil fungi dating from the Late Silurian until the Late Devonian periods, approximately.
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Protozoa
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
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Psilocybin mushroom
A psilocybin mushroom is one of a polyphyletic group of fungi that contain any of various psychedelic compounds, including psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin.
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Psychedelic drug
Psychedelics are a class of drug whose primary action is to trigger psychedelic experiences via serotonin receptor agonism, causing thought and visual/auditory changes, and altered state of consciousness.
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Psychoactive drug
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.
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Pucciniomycetes
The Pucciniomycetes (formerly known as the Urediniomycetes) are a class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
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Pucciniomycotina
Pucciniomycotina is a subdivision of fungus within the division Basidiomycota.
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Puffball
A puffball is a member of any of several groups of fungi in the division Basidiomycota.
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Purpureocillium
Purpureocillium is a fungal genus in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family.
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Pyrophosphate
In chemistry, a pyrophosphate is a phosphorus oxyanion.
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Pythium
Pythium is a genus of parasitic oomycotes.
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Quorn
Quorn is a meat substitute product originating in the UK and sold primarily in Europe, but also available in 19 countries.
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Quorum sensing
In biology, quorum sensing is the ability to detect and to respond to cell population density by gene regulation.
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RAD51
RAD51 is a eukaryotic gene.
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Radiotrophic fungus
Radiotrophic fungi are fungi which appear to perform radiosynthesis, that is, to use the pigment melanin to convert gamma radiation into chemical energy for growth.
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Reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.
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RecA
RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein essential for the repair and maintenance of DNA.
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Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness for pleasure, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user.
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Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.
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Reproduction
Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents".
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Respiratory burst
Respiratory burst (sometimes called oxidative burst) is the rapid release of reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide) from different types of cells.
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Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly.
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Rhizaria
The Rhizaria are a species-rich supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.
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Rhizomucor
Rhizomucor is a genus of fungi in the Mucoraceae family.
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Rhizopus
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals.
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Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus stolonifer is commonly known as black bread mold.
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Rhizosphere
The rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms.
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Rhynie chert
The Rhynie chert is an Early Devonian sedimentary deposit exhibiting extraordinary fossil detail or completeness (a Lagerstätte).
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Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms.
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Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).
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Right angle
In geometry and trigonometry, a right angle is an angle of exactly 90° (degrees), corresponding to a quarter turn.
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Root
In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil.
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Roquefort
Roquefort (or;; from Occitan ròcafòrt) is a sheep milk cheese from the south of France, and together with Bleu d'Auvergne, Stilton, and Gorgonzola is one of the world's best known blue cheeses.
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Roquefortine C
Roquefortine C is a mycotoxin that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced by various fungi, particularly species from the genus Penicillium.
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Royall T. Moore
Royall Tyler Moore (October 11, 1930 – August 17, 2014) was an American-born mycologist and mycology professor.
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Rozella
Rozella is a genus of fungi.
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Rozellida
Cryptomycota ('hidden fungi'), Rozellida, or Rozellomycota are a clade of micro-organisms that are either fungi or a sister group to fungi.
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Rust (fungus)
Rusts are plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of the order Pucciniales (previously also known as Uredinales).
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Rye
Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.
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Saccharomyces
Saccharomyces is a genus of fungi that includes many species of yeasts.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.
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Saccharomycetes
Saccharomycetes belongs to the kingdom of Fungi and the division Ascomycota.
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Saccharomycotina
Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota in the Kingdom Fungi.
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Sake
, also spelled saké, also referred to as a Japanese rice wine, is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran.
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Saprotrophic nutrition
Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter.
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Sarcoscypha coccinea
Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, scarlet elf cap, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales.
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Savanna
A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland grassland ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.
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Sawfly
Sawflies are the insects of the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera alongside ants, bees and wasps.
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Scanning electron microscope
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
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Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology.
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Schizosaccharomycetes
Schizosaccharomycetes is a class in the kingdom of fungi.
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Sciaroidea
Sciaroidea is a superfamily in the infraorder Bibionomorpha.
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Sclerotium
A sclerotium, plural sclerotia, is a compact mass of hardened fungal mycelium containing food reserves.
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Secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism.
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Sediment
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles.
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Semi-arid climate
A semi-arid climate or steppe climate is the climate of a region that receives precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate.
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Semisynthesis
Semisynthesis or partial chemical synthesis is a type of chemical synthesis that uses chemical compounds isolated from natural sources (e.g., microbial cell cultures or plant material) as the starting materials to produce other novel compounds with distinct chemical and medicinal properties.
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Septum
In biology, a septum (Latin for something that encloses; plural septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones.
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Sessility (motility)
In biology, sessility (in the sense of positional movement or motility) refers to organisms that do not possess a means of self-locomotion and are normally immobile.
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Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm.
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Shamanism
Shamanism is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with what they believe to be a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world.
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Shiitake
The shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries.
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Siberia
Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.
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Silurian
The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya.
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Sirex
Sirex is a genus of wasps in the family Siricidae, the horntails or wood wasps.
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Slime mold
Slime mold or slime mould is an informal name given to several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but can aggregate together to form multicellular reproductive structures.
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Smut (fungus)
The smuts are multicellular fungi characterized by their large numbers of teliospores.
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Somatic (biology)
The term somatic is often used in biology to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells which usually give rise to the gametes (ovum or sperm).
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Sordariomycetes
Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota), consisting of 28 orders, 90 families, 1344 genera.
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Soy sauce
Soy sauce (also called soya sauce in British English) is a liquid condiment of Chinese origin, made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds.
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Species description
A species description is a formal description of a newly discovered species, usually in the form of a scientific paper.
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Species Plantarum
Species Plantarum (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera.
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Spitzenkörper
The Spitzenkörper (German for pointed body) is a structure found in fungal hyphae that is the organizing center for hyphal growth and morphogenesis.
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Sporangium
A sporangium (pl., sporangia) (modern Latin, from Greek σπόρος (sporos) ‘spore’ + αγγείον (angeion) ‘vessel’) is an enclosure in which spores are formed.
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Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions.
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Sporocarp (fungi)
In fungi, the sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne.
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Statin
Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are a class of lipid-lowering medications.
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Sterol
Sterols, also known as steroid alcohols, are a subgroup of the steroids and an important class of organic molecules.
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Stilton cheese
Stilton is an English cheese, produced in two varieties: Blue, known for its characteristic strong smell and taste, and the lesser-known White.
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Stingless bee
Stingless bees, sometimes called stingless honey bees or simply meliponines, are a large group of bees (about 500 species), comprising the tribe Meliponini (or subtribe Meliponina according to other authors).
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Stipe (mycology)
In mycology, a stipe is the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom.
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Stone washing
Stone washing is a textile manufacturing process used to give a newly manufactured cloth garment a worn-in (or worn-out) appearance.
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Substrate (biology)
In biology, a substrate is the surface on which an organism (such as a plant, fungus, or animal) lives.
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Sugar alcohol
Sugar alcohols (also called polyhydric alcohols, polyalcohols, alditols or glycitols) are organic compounds, typically derived from sugars, that comprise a class of polyols.
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Surface-area-to-volume ratio
The surface-area-to-volume ratio, also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects.
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Symbiosis
Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις "living together", from σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
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Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
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T-2 mycotoxin
T-2 Mycotoxin (pronounced as 'Tee-Two') is a trichothecene mycotoxin.
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Taphrinomycetes
The Taphrinomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi belonging to the subdivision Taphrinomycotina.
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Taphrinomycotina
The Taphrinomycotina are one of three subdivisions constituting the Ascomycota (fungi that form their spores in a sac-like ascus) and is more or less synonymous with the slightly older invalid name Archiascomycetes (sometimes spelled Archaeascomycetes; archea.
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Taxon
In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from taxonomy) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
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Taxonomy (biology)
Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
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Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
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Tempeh
Tempeh (témpé) is a traditional soy product originating from Indonesia.
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Termite
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea.
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Terpene
Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, particularly conifers, and by some insects.
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Tinder
Tinder is easily combustible material used to start a fire.
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Total organic carbon
Total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon found in an organic compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water quality or cleanliness of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment.
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Toxin
A toxin (from toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded.
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Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a style of traditional medicine built on a foundation of more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice that includes various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy, but recently also influenced by modern Western medicine.
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Traditional medicine
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine.
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Trametes versicolor
Trametes versicolor – also known as Coriolus versicolor and Polyporus versicolor – is a common polypore mushroom found throughout the world.
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Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, also sometimes conventional transmission electron microscopy or CTEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.
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Trehalose
Trehalose is a sugar consisting of two molecules of glucose.
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Tremellomycetes
The Tremellomycetes are a class of dimorphic fungi.
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Tricholoma equestre
Tricholoma equestre or Tricholoma flavovirens, also known as man on horseback or yellow knight is a formerly widely eaten but hazardous fungus of the genus Tricholoma that forms ectomycorrhiza with pine trees.
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Trichothecene
Trichothecenes are a very large family of chemically related mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and Stachybotrys.
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Tritirachiomycetes
The Tritirachiomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina.
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Truffle
A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean Ascomycete fungus, predominantly one of the many species of the genus Tuber.
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Tuber (fungus)
Tuber is a genus in the Tuberaceae family of fungi.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Turgor pressure
Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.
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Ultrastructure
Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.
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Ustilaginomycetes
Ustilaginomycetes is the class of true smut fungi.
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Ustilaginomycotina
The Ustilaginomycotina is a subdivision within the division Basidiomycota of the kingdom Fungi.
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Ustilago
Ustilago is a genus of approximately 200 smut fungi parasitic on grasses.
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Vacuole
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.
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Vegetative reproduction
Vegetative reproduction (also known as vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication or vegetative cloning) is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or grows from a specialized reproductive structure.
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Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
In cell biology, a vesicle is a small structure within a cell, or extracellular, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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Visible spectrum
The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.
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Volvariella volvacea
Volvariella volvacea (also known as paddy straw mushroom or straw mushroom) is a species of edible mushroom cultivated throughout East and Southeast Asia and used extensively in Asian cuisines.
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Wallemiomycetes
The Wallemiomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota.
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Weed
A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place".
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Wine
Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients.
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Woodboring beetle
The term woodboring beetle encompasses many species and families of beetles whose larval or adult forms eat and destroy wood (i.e., are xylophagous).
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Xylanase
Xylanase (endo-(1->4)-beta-xylan 4-xylanohydrolase, endo-1,4-xylanase, endo-1,4-beta-xylanase, beta-1,4-xylanase, endo-1,4-beta-D-xylanase, 1,4-beta-xylan xylanohydrolase, beta-xylanase, beta-1,4-xylan xylanohydrolase, beta-D-xylanase) is the name given to a class of enzymes which degrade the linear polysaccharide beta-1,4-xylan into xylose, thus breaking down hemicellulose, one of the major components of plant cell walls.
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Xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, phloem being the other.
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Xylophagy
Xylophagy is a term used in ecology to describe the habits of an herbivorous animal whose diet consists primarily (often solely) of wood.
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YAP1
YAP1 (yes-associated protein 1), also known as YAP or YAP65, is a protein that acts as a transcriptional regulator by activating the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation and suppressing apoptotic genes.
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Year
A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun.
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Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
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Zea (plant)
Zea is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family.
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Zoopagomycotina
The Zoopagomycotina are a subdivision (incertae sedis) of the fungal division Zygomycota sensu lato.
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Zoospore
A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion.
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Zygomycota
Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi.
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Zygospore
A zygospore is a diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi and protists.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus